More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\n
Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\n
IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\n
Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"775",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",subtitle:"Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides detailed and comprehensive coverage on various aspects of prenatal diagnosis-with particular emphasis on sonographic and molecular diagnostic issues. 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1. Introduction
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In the field of physics and applied mathematics research getting an exact solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation is very important. The elaboration of many complex phenomena in fluid mechanics, plasma physics, optical fibers, biology, solid-state physics, etc. is possible if analytical solutions can be obtained. Most of the differential equation arises in these field has no explicit solution as popularly known. This problem creates hindrances in the study of nonlinear phenomena and makes it time-consuming in the research of nonlinear models in the plasma and other science. However recent researches in nonlinear differential equations have seen the development of many approximate analytical solutions of partial and ordinary differential equations.
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The history behind the discovery of soliton is not only interesting but also significant. In 1834 a Scottish scientist and engineer—John Scott-Russell first noticed the solitary water wave on the Edinburgh Glasgow Canal. In 1844 [1] in “Report on Waves” he accounted his examinations to the British Association. He wrote “I was observing the motion of a boat which was rapidly drawn along a narrow channel by a pair of horses, when the boat suddenly stopped not so the mass of water in the channel which it had put in motion; it accumulated round the prow of the vessel in a state of violent agitation, then suddenly leaving it behind, rolled forward with great velocity, assuming the form of a large solitary elevation, a rounded, smooth and well defined heap of water, which continued its course along the channel apparently without change of form or diminution of speed. I followed it on horseback and overtook it still rolling on at a rate of some eight or nine miles an hour, preserving its original figure some thirty feet long and a foot to a foot and a half in height. Its height gradually diminished and after a chase of one or two miles I lost it in the windings of the channel. Such in the month of August 1834 was my first chance interview with that singular and beautiful phenomenon which I have called the Wave of Translation.” He coined the word “solitary wave.” The solitary wave is called so because it often occurs as a single entity and is localized. The most important characteristics of solitary waves were unearthed after thorough study along with extensive wave-tank experiments. The following are the properties of solitary waves:
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(a) These localized bell-shaped waves travel with enduring form and velocity. The speed of these waves are given by \n\n\nc\n2\n\n=\ng\n\n\nh\n+\na\n\n\n\n, where \n\ng\n\n, \n\na\n\n, \n\nh\n\n are respectively represent the acceleration of the gravity, amplitude of the wave and the undisturbed depth of the water. (b) Solitary waves can cross each other without any alteration.
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John Scott-Russell’s study created a stir in the scientific community. His study not only initiated a debate with the prevailing knowledge of the theories of waves but also challenged the antecedent knowledge of waves. The previous study claimed that a periodic wave of finite amplitude and permanent shape are feasible only in deep water unlike Russell’s observation that the permanent profile is also possible in shallow water. Finally the stable form of solitary waves was received in scientific community with the aid of nonlinearity and dispersion. An ideal equilibrium between nonlinearity and dispersion can generate such waves.
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Diederik Johannes Korteweg in 1895 [2] along with his PhD student Gustav De Vries obtained an equation from the primary equation of hydrodynamics. This equation explains shallow water waves where the existence of solitary waves was mathematically recognized. This equation is called KdV equation which is of the form \n\n\n\n∂\nu\n\n\n∂\nt\n\n\n+\nAu\n\n\n∂\nu\n\n\n∂\nx\n\n\n+\nB\n\n\n\n∂\n3\n\nu\n\n\n∂\n\nx\n3\n\n\n\n=\n0\n\n. One of the most popular equations of soliton theory, this equation helps in explaining primary ideas that lie behind the soliton concept. Martin Zabusky and Norman Kruskal [3] in 1965 solved KdV equation numerically and noticed that the localized waves retain their shape and momentum in collisions. These waves were known as “solitons.” Soliton are solitary waves with the significant property that the solitons maintain the form asymptotically even when it experiences a collision. The fundamental “microscopic” properties of the soliton interaction; (i) the interaction does not change the soliton amplitudes; (ii) after the interaction, each soliton gets an additional phase shift; (iii) the total phase shift of a soliton acquired during a certain time interval can be calculated as a sum of the elementary phase shifts in pair wise collisions of this soliton with other solitons during this time interval is of importance. Solitons are mainly used in fiber optics, optical computer etc. which has really generated a stir in today’s scientific community. The conventional signal dispensation depends on linear system and linear systems. After all in this case nonlinear systems create more well-organized algorithms. The optical soliton is comparatively different from KdV solitons. Unlike the KdV soliton that illustrates the wave in a solitary wave, the optical soliton in fibers is the solitary wave of an envelope of a light wave. In this regard, the optical soliton in a fiber is treated as an envelope soliton.
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This chapter will discuss the analytical solitary wave solution of the KdV and KdV-like equations. In the study of nonlinear dispersive waves, these equations are generally seen. The KdV equation, a generic equation, is important in the study of weakly nonlinear long waves. This equation consists of a single humped wave characterized by several unique properties. The Soliton solutions of the KdV equation have been quite popular but it also not devoid of problems. The problems not only restrict to dispersion but also dissipation and interestingly these are not dominated by the KdV equation. The standard KdV equation fails to explain the development of small-amplitude solitary waves in case the particles collide in a plasma system. KdV equation with an additional damping term or the damped Korteweg-de Vries (DKdV) equation becomes handy in explaining this issue of elaborating the character of the wave. But in the presence of any critical physical situation (critical point) nonlinearity of the KdV equation disappears and the amplitude of the waves reaches infinity. To control this situation, a new nonlinear partial differential equation has to be derived that can explain the system at that critical point. This is known as the modified Korteweg-de Vries (MKdV) equation. In the presence of collisions, this equation is not also adequate and a damped MKdV equation is necessary. Also in the presence of force source term then the equation will be further modified and become DFKdV/DFMKdV.
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2. The Korteweg-de Vries equation
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Now we will derive the KdV equation from a classic plasma model, in which we consider a collision-free unmagnetized plasma consists of electrons and ions, in which ions are mobile and electrons obey the Maxwell distribution. The basic equation will be given as:
where the electrons obey Maxwell distribution, i.e., \n\n\nN\ne\n\n=\n\nen\n0\n\n\ne\n\neϕ\n\n\nK\nB\n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n\n\n\n. \n\n\nN\ni\n\n\n, \n\n\nN\ne\n\n\n, \n\n\nU\ni\n\n\n, \n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n are the ion density, electron density, ion velocity and ion mass, respectively. \n\nψ\n\n is the electrostatic potential, \n\n\nK\nB\n\n\n is the Boltzmann constant, \n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n is the electron temperature and \n\ne\n\n is the charge of the electrons.
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To write Eqs. (1)–(3) in dimensionless from we introduce the following dimensionless variables
where \n\n\nλ\nD\n\n=\n\n\n\nε\n0\n\n\nK\nB\n\n\nT\ne\n\n/\n\nn\n0\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\n\n is the Debye length, \n\n\nc\ns\n\n=\n\n\n\nK\nB\n\n\nT\ne\n\n/\n\nm\ni\n\n\n\n\n is the ion acoustic speed, \n\n\nω\npi\n\n=\n\n\n\nn\n0\n\n\ne\n2\n\n/\n\nε\n0\n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n\n\n is the ion plasma frequency and \n\n\nn\n0\n\n\n is the unperturbed density of ions and electrons. Hence using (4) in (1)–(3) we obtain the normalized set of equations as
To linearized (5)–(7), let us write the dependent variable as sum of equilibrium and perturbed parts, so that we write \n\n\nn\ni\n\n=\n1\n+\n\n\nn\n¯\n\ni\n\n,\n\nu\ni\n\n=\n\n\nu\n¯\n\ni\n\n,\nϕ\n=\n\nϕ\n¯\n\n\n. Putting \n\n\nn\ni\n\n=\n1\n+\n\n\nn\n¯\n\ni\n\n\n where the values of parameters at equilibrium position is given by \n\n\nn\n1\n\n=\n1\n,\n\nu\n1\n\n=\n0\n\n and \n\n\nϕ\ni\n\n=\n0\n\n in Eq. (5), we get
Hence Eqs. (9), (11), (12) are the linearized form of Eq. (5)–(7) respectively.
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To get dispersion relation for low frequency wave let us assume that the perturbation is proportional to \n\n\ne\n\ni\n\n\nkx\n−\nωt\n\n\n\n\n\n and of the form
so that \n\n\nV\np\n\n→\n1\n\n as \n\nk\n→\n0\n\n and \n\n\nV\np\n\n→\n0\n\n as \n\nk\n→\n∞\n\n. The group velocity \n\n\nV\ng\n\n=\n\ndw\ndk\n\n\n is given by
In this case, we have \n\n\nV\ng\n\n<\n\nV\np\n\n\n for all \n\nk\n>\n0\n\n. The group velocity is more important as energy of a medium transfer with this velocity.
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For long-wave as \n\nk\n→\n0\n\n, the leading order approximation is \n\nω\n=\nk\n\n, corresponding to non-dispersive acoustic waves with phase speed \n\nω\n/\nk\n=\n1\n\n. Hence this speed is the same as the speed of the ion-acoustic waves \n\n\nc\ns\n\n\n. The long wave dispersion is weak, i.e., \n\nk\n\nλ\nD\n\n<\n<\n1\n\n. This means that the wavelength is much larger than the Debye length. In these long waves, the electrons oscillate with the ions. The inertia of the wave is provided by the ions and the restoring pressure force by the electrons. At the next order in \n\nk\n\n, we find that
The \n\nO\n\n\nk\n5\n\n\n\n correction corresponds to weak KdV type long wave dispersion. For short wave (\n\nk\n→\n∞\n\n), the frequency \n\nω\n=\n1\n\n, corresponding to the ion plasma frequency \n\n\nω\npi\n\n=\n\n\nc\ns\n\n\nλ\nD\n\n\n\n. Hence the ions oscillate in the fixed background of electrons.
Here \n\nk\n\n\nx\n−\nt\n\n\n\n and \n\n\nk\n3\n\nt\n\n have same dynamic status (dimension) in the phase. Assuming \n\nk\n\n to be small order of \n\n\nε\n\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n\n, \n\nε\n\n being a small parameter measuring the weakness of the dispersion, Here \n\n\n\nx\n−\nt\n\n\n\n is the traveling wave form and time \n\nt\n\n is the linear form.
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Let us consider a new stretched coordinates \n\nξ\n\n,\n\nτ\n\n such that
where \n\nε\n\n is the strength of nonlinearity and \n\nλ\n\n is the Mach number (phase velocity of the wave). \n\nε\n\n may be termed as the size of the perturbation. Let the variables be perturbed from the stable state in the following way (considering \n\n\nn\ni\n\n=\n1\n,\n\nu\ni\n\n=\n0\n,\nϕ\n=\n0\n\n and \n\n\nn\ne\n\n=\n\ne\nϕ\n\n=\n\ne\n0\n\n=\n1\n\n at equilibrium)
where x and t are function of \n\nξ\n\n and \n\nτ\n\n so partial derivatives with respect to \n\nx\n\n and \n\nt\n\n can be transform into partial derivative in terms of \n\nξ\n\n and \n\nτ\n\n so
Differentiating Eq. (50) With respect to \n\nξ\n\n and substituting for \n\n\n\n∂\n\nn\ni\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n∂\nξ\n\n\n\n from Eq. (48) and for \n\n\n\n∂\n\nu\ni\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n∂\nξ\n\n\n\n from Eq. (49), we finally obtain
Eq. (51) is known as KdV equation. \n\n\nϕ\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nϕ\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n∂\nξ\n\n\n\n is the nonlinear term and \n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n\n∂\n3\n\n\nϕ\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\n3\n\n\n\n\n is the dispersive terms. Only nonlinearity can impose energy into the wave and the wave breaks but in presence of both nonlinearity and dispersive a stable wave profile is possible.
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The steady-state solution of this KdV equation is obtained by transforming the independent variables \n\nξ\n\n and \n\nτ\n\n to \n\nη\n=\nξ\n−\n\nu\n0\n\nτ\n\n where \n\n\nu\n0\n\n\n is a constant velocity normalized by \n\n\nc\ns\n\n\n.
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The steady state solution of the KdV Eq. (51) can be written as
where \n\n\nϕ\nm\n\n=\n3\n\nu\n0\n\n\n and \n\nΔ\n\n are the amplitude and width of the solitary waves. It is clear that height, width and speed of the pulse propotional to \n\n\nu\n0\n\n,\n\n1\n\n\nu\n0\n\n\n\n,\n\n and \n\n\nu\n0\n\n\n respectively. As \n\n\nϕ\nm\n\n\n the amplitude is equal to \n\n3\n\nu\n0\n\n\n so \n\n\nu\n0\n\n\n specify the energy of the solitary waves. So the larger the energy, the greater the speed, larger the amplitude and narrower the width (Figure 1).
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Figure 1.
Solitary wave solution of Eq. (52) for the parameter value \n\nt\n=\n1\n,\n\nu\n0\n\n=\n0.2\n\n.
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3. Damped force KdV equation
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Let us consider an unmagnetized collisional dusty plasma that contains cold inertial ions, stationary dusts with negative charge and Maxwellian electrons. The normalized ion fluid equations which include the equation of continuity, equation of momentum balance and Poisson’s equation, governing the DIAWs, are given by
where \n\n\nn\nj\n\n\n (j = i,e for ion, electron), \n\n\nu\ni\n\n,\nϕ\n\n are the number density, ion fluid velocity and the electrostatic wave potential respectively. Here \n\nμ\n=\n\n\n\nZ\nd\n\n\nn\n\nd\n0\n\n\n\n\nn\n0\n\n\n\n, \n\n\nν\nid\n\n\n is the dust ion collisional frequency and the term \n\nS\n\nx\nt\n\n\n [4, 5], is a charged density source arising from experimental conditions for a single definite purpose. \n\n\nn\n0\n\n,\n\nZ\nd\n\n,\n\nn\n\nd\n0\n\n\n\n are the
where \n\n\nC\ns\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n\nK\nB\n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n is the ion acoustic speed, \n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n as electron temperature, \n\n\nK\nB\n\n\n as Boltzmann constant, \n\ne\n\n as magnitude of electron charge and \n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n as mass of ions. \n\n\nλ\nD\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n4\nπ\n\nn\n\ne\n0\n\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n is the Debye length and \n\n\nω\npi\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n4\nπ\n\nn\n\ne\n0\n\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n as ion-plasma frequency.
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The normalized electron density is given by
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\n\n\nn\ne\n\n=\n\ne\nϕ\n\n.\n\nE57
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3.2 Phase velocity and nonlinear evolution equation
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We introduced the same stretched coordinates use in Eq.(31). The expansion of the dependent variables also considered as (32)–(34) with
Substituting (31)–(34) and (58)–(59) along with stretching coordinates into Eqs. (53)–(55) and equating the coefficients of lowest order of \n\nε\n\n, we get the phase velocity as
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\n\nλ\n=\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n−\nμ\n\n\n\n\n.\n\nE60
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Taking the coefficients of next higher order of \n\nε\n\n, we obtain the damped force KdV equation
where \n\nA\n=\n\n\n3\n−\n\nλ\n2\n\n\n\n2\nλ\n\n\n\n, \n\nB\n=\n\n\nλ\n3\n\n2\n\n\n,\n\nC\n=\n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n2\n\n\n.
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It has been noticed that the behavior of nonlinear waves changes significantly in the presence of external periodic force. It is paramount to note that the source term or forcing term due to the presence of space debris in plasmas may be of different kind, for example, Gaussian forcing term [4], hyperbolic forcing term [4], (in the form of \n\n\nsech\n2\n\n\nξ\nτ\n\n\n and \n\n\nsech\n4\n\n\nξ\nτ\n\n\n functions) and trigonometric forcing term [6] (in the form of \n\nsin\n\nξ\nτ\n\n\n and \n\ncos\n\nξ\nτ\n\n\n functions). Motivated by these work we assume that \n\n\nS\n2\n\n\n is a linear function of \n\nξ\n\n such as \n\n\nS\n2\n\n=\n\n\n\nf\n0\n\nξ\n\nB\n\ncos\n\nωτ\n\n+\nP\n\n, where P is some constant and \n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n, \n\nω\n\n denote the strength and the frequency of the source respectively. Put the expression of \n\n\nS\n2\n\n\n in Eq. (61) we get,
which is termed as damped and forced KdV (DFKdV) equation.
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In absence of \n\nC\n\n and \n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n, i.e., for \n\nC\n=\n0\n\n and \n\n\nf\n0\n\n=\n0\n\n the Eq.(62) takes the form of well-known KdV equation with the solitary wave solution
where \n\nM\n\nτ\n\n\n is an unknown function of \n\nτ\n\n and \n\n\nϕ\nm\n\n\nτ\n\n=\n\n\n3\nM\n\nτ\n\n\nA\n\n\n, \n\nW\n\nτ\n\n=\n2\n\n\nB\n/\nM\n\nτ\n\n\n\n\n.
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Differentiating Eq. (64) with respect to \n\nτ\n\n and using Eq. (62), one can obtain
where \n\n\nϕ\nm\n\n\nτ\n\n=\n\n\n3\nM\n\nτ\n\n\nA\n\n\n and \n\nW\n\nτ\n\n=\n2\n\n\nB\n\nM\n\nτ\n\n\n\n\n\n. The effect of the parameters, i.e., ion collision frequency parameter\n\n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n\n\n, strength of the external force \n\n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n\non the solitary wave solution of the damp force KdV Eq. (62) have been numerically studied. In Figure 2, the soliton solution of (62) is plotted from (63)in the absence of external periodic force and damping.
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Figure 2.
Solitary wave solution of Eq. (62) in the absence of damping(\n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n=\n0\n\n) and external force(\n\n\nf\n0\n\n=\n0\n\n) with the parameter value \n\n\nM\n0\n\n=\n0.2\n,\nω\n=\n1\n,\nτ\n=\n1\n,\nμ\n=\n0.2\n\n.
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In Figure 3, the soliton solution of the damp force KdV equation is plotted from Eq. (65) for different values of the strength of the external periodic force \n\n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n\n. The values of other parameters are \n\n\nM\n0\n\n=\n0.2\n,\nω\n=\n1\n,\nτ\n=\n1\n,\nμ\n=\n0.2\n,\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n=\n0.01\n\n. It is observed that the solution produces solitary waves and the amplitude of the solitary waves increases as the value of the parameter \n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n increases. In Figure 4, damp force KdV equation is plotted from Eq. (65) for different values of the dust ion collision frequency parameter (\n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n\n). The values of other parameters are \n\n\nM\n0\n\n=\n0.2\n,\nω\n=\n1\n,\nτ\n=\n1\n,\nμ\n=\n0.2\n,\n\nf\n0\n\n=\n0.01\n\n. It is observed that the solution produces solitary waves and the amplitude of the solitary waves decreases as the value of the parameter \n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n\n increases and width of the solitary waves increases for increasing value of \n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n\n.
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Figure 3.
Variation of solitary wave from Eq. (62) for the different values of \n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n with \n\n\nM\n0\n\n=\n0.2\n,\nω\n=\n1\n,\nτ\n=\n1\n,\nμ\n=\n0.2\n,\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n=\n0.01\n\n.
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Figure 4.
Variation of solitary wave from Eq. (62) for the different values of collisional frequency \n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n\n with \n\n\nM\n0\n\n=\n0.2\n,\nω\n=\n1\n,\nτ\n=\n1\n,\nμ\n=\n0.2\n,\n\nf\n0\n\n=\n0.01\n\n.
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4. Damped KdV Burgers equation
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To obtain damped KdV Burgers equation we considered an unmagnetized collisional dusty plasma which contains cold inertial ions, stationary dusts with negative charge and Maxwellian distributed electrons. The normalized ion fluid equations are as follows
where \n\n\nn\ni\n\n,\n\nn\ne\n\n,\n\nu\ni\n\n,\nϕ\n,\n\n are the number density of ions, the number density of electrons, the ion fluid velocity and the electrostatic wave potential, respectively.
\n\n\n\nC\ns\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n\nK\nB\n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n is the ion acoustic speed, \n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n as electron temperature, \n\n\nK\nB\n\n\n as Boltzmann constant and \n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n as mass of ions, \n\ne\n\n as magnitude of electron charge. \n\n\nλ\nD\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n4\nπ\n\nn\n\ne\n0\n\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n is the Debye length and \n\n\nω\npi\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n4\nπ\n\nn\n\ne\n0\n\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n as ion-plasma frequency. Here, \n\n\nν\nid\n\n\n is the dust-ion collisional frequency and \n\nμ\n=\n\n\nn\n\n0\ne\n\n\n\nn\n\n0\ni\n\n\n\n\n, where \n\n\nn\n\n0\ne\n\n\n\n and \n\n\nn\n\n0\ni\n\n\n\n are the unperturbed number densities of electrons and ions, respectively.
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4.1 Perturbation
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To obtain damped KdV burger we introduced the same stretched coordinates use in Eq.(31). The expansion of the dependent variables are also considered same as (32)–(34) with
4.2 Phase velocity and nonlinear evolution equation
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Substituting the above expansions (32)-(34) and (73)–(74) along with stretching coordinates (31) into Eqs. (69)–(71) and equating the coefficients of lowest order of \n\nε\n\n, the phase velocity is obtained as
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\n\nλ\n=\n\n1\n\n\n\n1\n−\nμ\n\n\n\n\n.\n\nE75
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Taking the coefficients of next higher order of \n\nε\n\n, we obtain the DKdVB equation
where \n\nA\n=\n\n\n3\n−\n\nλ\n2\n\n\n\n2\nλ\n\n\n\n, \n\nB\n=\n\n\nv\n3\n\n2\n\n\n, \n\nC\n=\n−\n\n\nη\n10\n\n2\n\n\n and \n\nD\n=\n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n2\n\n\n .
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In absence of \n\nC\n\n and \n\nD\n\n, i.e., for \n\nC\n=\n0\n\n and \n\nD\n=\n0\n\n the Eq.(76) takes the form of well-known KdV equation with the solitary wave solution
where amplitude of the solitary waves \n\n\nϕ\nm\n\n=\n\n\n3\n\nM\n0\n\n\nA\n\n\n and width of the solitary waves \n\nW\n=\n2\n\n\nB\n\nM\n0\n\n\n\n\n, with \n\n\nM\n0\n\n\n is the speed of the ion-acoustic solitary waves or Mach number.
For small values of \n\nC\n\n and \n\nD\n\n, let us assume that amplitude, width and velocity of the dust ion acoustic waves are dependent on \n\nτ\n\n and the slow time dependent solution of Eq. (76) is of the form
where the amplitude \n\n\nϕ\nm\n\n\nτ\n\n=\n\n\n3\nM\n\nτ\n\n\nA\n\n\n, width \n\nW\n\nτ\n\n=\n2\n\n\nB\n/\nM\n\nτ\n\n\n\n\n and velocity \n\nM\n\nτ\n\n\n have to be determined.
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Differentiating Eq. (78) with respect to \n\nτ\n\n and using Eq. (76), one can obtain
Therefore, the slow time dependence form of the ion acoustic solitary wave solution of the DKdVB Eq. (76) is given by (79)where.
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\n\n\nM\n\nτ\n\n=\n\n\nPM\n0\n\n\n\nM\n0\n\nQ\n\n\n1\n−\n\ne\nPτ\n\n\n\n+\n\nPe\nPτ\n\n\n\n\n and \n\nM\n\n0\n\n=\n\nM\n0\n\n\n for \n\nτ\n=\n0\n\n.
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5. Damped force MKdV equation
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Let us consider an unmagnetized collisional dusty plasma that contains cold inertial ions, stationary dusts with negative charge and Maxwellian distributed electrons. The normalized ion fluid equations which include the equation of continuity, equation of momentum balance and Poisson’s equation, governing the DIAWs, are given by
where \n\n\nn\nj\n\n\n (j = i,e for ion, electron), \n\n\nu\ni\n\n,\nϕ\n\n are the number density, ion fluid velocity and the electrostatic wave potential respectively. Here \n\nμ\n=\n\n\n\nZ\nd\n\n\nn\n\nd\n0\n\n\n\n\nn\n0\n\n\n\n, \n\n\nν\nid\n\n\n is the dust-ion collisional frequency and the term \n\nS\n\nx\nt\n\n\n [4, 5], is a charged density source arising from experimental conditions for a single definite purpose. \n\n\nn\n0\n\n,\n\nZ\nd\n\n,\n\nn\n\nd\n0\n\n\n\n are the normalization:
where \n\n\nC\ns\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n\nK\nB\n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n is the ion acoustic speed, \n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n as electron temperature, \n\n\nK\nB\n\n\n as Boltzmann constant, \n\ne\n\n as magnitude of electron charge and \n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n as mass of ions. \n\n\nλ\nD\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n4\nπ\n\nn\n\ne\n0\n\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n is the Debye length and \n\n\nω\npi\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n4\nπ\n\nn\n\ne\n0\n\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n as ion-plasma frequency.
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The normalized \n\nq\n\n-nonextensive electron number density takes the form [8]:
We introduced the same stretched coordinates use in Eq. (31). The expansion of the dependent variables also considered same as (32)–(34) and (58)–(59). Substituting (31)–(34) and (58)–(59) along with stretching coordinates into Eqs. (84)–(86) and equating the coefficients of lowest order of \n\nε\n\n, we get the phase velocity as
with \n\na\n=\n\n\nq\n+\n1\n\n2\n\n\n. Now taking the coefficients of next higher order of \n\nε\n\n [i.e., coefficient of \n\n\nε\n\n5\n/\n2\n\n\n\n from Eqs. (84) and (85) and coefficient of \n\n\nε\n2\n\n\n from Eq. (86)], we obtain the DFKdV equation
where \n\nA\n=\n\n\n\n3\n\n2\nλ\n\n\n−\n\nbλ\na\n\n\n\n\n, \n\nB\n=\n\n\nλ\n3\n\n2\n\n\n and \n\nC\n=\n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n2\n\n\n, with \n\nb\n=\n\n\n\n\nq\n+\n1\n\n\n\n\n3\n−\nq\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n.
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Now at the certain values, for example \n\nq\n=\n0.6\n\n and \n\nμ\n=\n0.5\n\n, there is a critical point at which \n\nA\n=\n0\n\n, which imply the infinite growth of the amplitude of the DIASW solution as nonlinearity goes to zero. Therefore, at the critical point at which \n\nA\n=\n0\n\n the stretching (31) is not valid. For describing the evolution of the nonlinear system at or near the critical point we introduce the new stretched coordinate as
Now substituting Eq. (32)–(34) and (91)–(93) into the basic Eqs. (84)–(86) and equating the coefficients of lowest order of \n\nε\n\n, [i.e., coefficients of \n\n\nε\n2\n\n\n from Eq. (84) and (85) and coefficients of \n\nε\n\n from Eq. (86)], we obtain the following relations:
Equating the coefficients of next higher order of \n\nε\n\n, [i.e., coefficients of \n\n\nε\n3\n\n\n from Eq. (84) and (85) and coefficients of \n\nε\n\n from Eq. (86)],we obtain the following relations:
Equating the coefficients of next higher order of \n\nε\n\n, [i.e., coefficients of \n\n\nε\n4\n\n\n from Eq. (84) and (85) and coefficients of \n\nε\n\n from Eq. (86)], we obtain the following relations:
where \n\na\n=\n\n\n\n1\n+\nq\n\n\n2\n\n\n, \n\nb\n=\n\n\n\n\n1\n+\nq\n\n\n\n\n3\n−\nq\n\n\n\n8\n\n\n and \n\nc\n=\n\n\n\n\n1\n+\nq\n\n\n\n\n3\n−\nq\n\n\n\n\n5\n−\n3\nq\n\n\n\n48\n\n\n.
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From Eq. (94)–(96), one can obtain the Phase velocity as \n\n\nλ\n2\n\n=\n\n1\n\na\n\n\n1\n−\nμ\n\n\n\n\n\n and from Eqs. (94)–(102), one can obtain the following nonlinear evaluation equation as:
where \n\n\nA\n1\n\n=\n\n15\n\n4\n\nλ\n3\n\n\n\n−\n\n\n3\n\nλ\n3\n\nc\n\n\n1\n−\nμ\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n, \n\n\nB\n1\n\n=\n\n\nλ\n3\n\n2\n\n\n and \n\n\nC\n1\n\n=\n\n\nν\n\nid\n0\n\n\n2\n\n\n.
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It has been noticed that the behavior of nonlinear waves changes significantly in the presence of external periodic force. For simplicity, we assume that \n\n\nS\n2\n\n\n is a linear function of \n\nξ\n\n such as \n\n\nS\n2\n\n=\n\nf\n0\n\nξ\ncos\n\nωτ\n\n+\nP\n\n, where P is some constant and \n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n, \n\nω\n\n denote the strength and the frequency of the source respectively. Put the expression of \n\n\nS\n2\n\n\n in the Eq. (103) we get,
Such a form of this source function is observed in experimental situations or conditions for a particular device. Eq. (104) is termed as damped force modified Korteweg-de Varies (DFMKdV) equation.
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In absence of \n\n\nC\n1\n\n\n and \n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n, i.e., for \n\n\nC\n1\n\n=\n0\n\n and \n\n\nf\n0\n\n=\n0\n\n the Eq.(104) takes the form of well-known MKdV equation.
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The slow time dependence form of the ion acoustic waves solution of the DFMKdV Eq. (104) is given by,
Let us consider a plasma model [9] consisting of cold ions, Maxwellian electrons in the presence of dust particles and the external static magnetic field \n\nB\n=\n\ny\n̂\n\n\nB\n0\n\n\n along the y-axis. The normalized continuity, momentum and Poisson’s equations are as follows
where \n\nn\n,\n\nn\ne\n\n,\n\nu\ni\n\n\n\n=\nu\n\nv\nw\n\n,\n\nT\ne\n\n,\n\nm\ni\n\n,\ne\n,\nϕ\n,\n\nΩ\ni\n\n,\n\nω\npi\n\n,\nνid\n\n and \n\n\nλ\nD\n\n\n are the ion number density, electron number density, ion velocity, electron temperature, ion mass, electron charge, electrostatic potential, ion cyclotron frequency, ion plasma frequency, dust ion collision frequency and Debye length respectively.
Here \n\n\nδ\n1\n\n=\n\n\nn\n\nd\n0\n\n\n\nn\n\ni\n0\n\n\n\n,\n\nδ\n2\n\n=\n\n\nn\n\ne\n0\n\n\n\nn\n\ni\n0\n\n\n\n\n with the condition \n\n\nδ\n1\n\n+\n\nδ\n2\n\n=\n1\n\n. \n\n\nλ\nD\n\n=\n\n\n\n\nT\ne\n\n\n4\nπ\n\nn\n\ne\n0\n\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n,\n\n\n\n\n\nω\npi\n\n−\n1\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n4\nπ\n\nn\n\ne\n0\n\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n/\n2\n\n\n,\n\nC\ns\n\n=\n\n\n\nT\ne\n\n\nm\ni\n\n\n\n\n.
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To obtain the DFZK equation we introduce the new stretched coordinates as
Choudhury et al. [5] studied analytical electron acoustic solitary wave (EASW) solution in the presence of periodic force for an unmagnetized plasma consisting of cold electron fluid, superthermal hot electrons and stationary ions. Motivated by the these works, here we consider the source term as \n\n\nS\n2\n\n=\n\n\nf\n0\n\nB\n\n\n\neζ\n+\nfξ\n+\ngη\n\n\ncos\n\nωτ\n\n\n,where \n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n and \n\nω\n\n denote the strength and frequency of the source term respectively. Then Eq. (131) is of the form,
where \n\n\nF\n0\n\n=\n−\n\n\nef\n0\n\nB\n\n\n. To find the analytical solution of Eq. (132), we transform the damped-forced ZK equation to the KdV equation. We introduce new variable:
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\n\nξ\n=\n\n\nlζ\n+\nmξ\n+\nnη\n\n\n,\n\nE133
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where \n\nl\n\n, \n\nm\n\n, \n\nn\n\n are the direction cosines of the line of wave propagation, with \n\n\nl\n2\n\n+\n\nm\n2\n\n+\n\nn\n2\n\n=\n1\n\n. Substituting Eqs. (133) into the Eq. (132), we get
It is clear from the structure of the solitary wave solution of the DFKdV, DFMKdV and DFZK that the soliton amplitude and width depends on the nonlinearity and dispersion of the evolution equations, which are the function of different plasma parameter involve in the consider plasma system. Also evident from the structure of the approximate analytical solution that the amplitude and the width of the soliton depends on the Mach number \n\n\n\nM\n\nτ\n\n\n\n\n which involve the forcing term \n\n\nF\n0\n\ncos\n\nωτ\n\n\n and the damping parameter. Thus the amplitude and the width of the solitary wave structure changes with the different plasma parameters. Also they are changes with the change of strength of external force \n\n\nF\n0\n\n\n, frequency of the external force \n\nω\n\n and the collisional frequency between the different plasma species. The effect of these parameter can be studied through numerical simulation.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"solitary wave, soliton, KdV, DKdV, DFZK",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72882.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72882.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72882",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72882",totalDownloads:451,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 6th 2020",dateReviewed:"June 12th 2020",datePrePublished:"September 16th 2020",datePublished:"November 19th 2020",dateFinished:"July 23rd 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Analytical solitary wave solution of the dust ion acoustic waves (DIAWs) is studied in the frame-work of Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), damped force Korteweg-de Vries (DFKdV), damped force modified Korteweg-de Vries (DFMKdV) and damped forced Zakharov-Kuznetsov (DFZK) equations in an unmagnetized collisional dusty plasma consisting of negatively charged dust grain, positively charged ions, Maxwellian distributed electrons and neutral particles. Using reductive perturbation technique (RPT), the evolution equations are obtained for DIAWs.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72882",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72882",signatures:"Laxmikanta Mandi, Kaushik Roy and Prasanta Chatterjee",book:{id:"8490",type:"book",title:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics",slug:"selected-topics-in-plasma-physics",publishedDate:"November 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Sukhmander Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8490.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-679-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-678-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-680-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The Korteweg-de Vries equation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Damped force KdV equation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Normalization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Phase velocity and nonlinear evolution equation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Damped KdV Burgers equation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.1 Perturbation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.2 Phase velocity and nonlinear evolution equation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Damped force MKdV equation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"6. Damped force Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nRussell JS. Report on waves. In: Murray J, editor. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1944. pp. 311-390\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nKorteweg DJ, de Vries G. On the change of form of long waves advancing in a rectangular canal, and on a new type of long stationary waves. Philosophical Magazine. 1985;39:422\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nZabusky NJ, Kruskal MD. Interaction of “solitons” in a collisionless plasma and the recurrence of initial states. Physical Review Letters. 1965;15:240-243\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nSen A, Tiwary S, Mishra S, Kaw P. Nonlinear wave excitations by orbiting charged space debris objects. Advances in Space Research. 2015;56(3):429\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nChowdhury S, Mandi L, Chatterjee P. Effect of externally applied periodic force on ion acoustic waves in superthermal plasmas. Physics of Plasmas. 2018;25:042112\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nAslanov VS, Yudintsev VV. Dynamics, analytical solutions and choice of parameters for towed space debris with flexible appendages. Advances in Space Research. 2015;55:660\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nIsrawi S, Kalisch H. Approximate conservation laws in the KdV equation. Physics Letters A. 2019;383:854\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nTsallis CJ. Possible generalization of Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics. Journal of Statistical Physics. 1988;52:479\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nZakharov VE, Kuznetsov EA. Three-dimensional solitons. Soviet Physics JETP. 1974;39:285\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Laxmikanta Mandi",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Mathematics, Visva-Bharati, India
Department of Mathematics, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, India
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He is a Civil Engineer (1982) specialist in the Teaching of Transport Phenomena (1985) MSc., and a doctor in Hydraulics and Sanitary Eng. (1985 and 1990). He is also a professor in Transport Phenomena (1997), a full professor in Fluid Mechanics and Transport Phenomena (2002). Professor Schulz served as a visiting researcher in the IfH, Universität Karlsruhe (1992-1993, 1998-1999) and in the SAFL, University of Minnesota (2007-2008). He is an advisor to students working towards their titles as Dr and MSc in Civil Eng. (Hydraulics and Sanitation) and in Mechanical Eng. (Fluid Mechanics). 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Instead, new lithic industries and archaeological cultures should be defined only when cultural patterns are observable through systematic analyses.",book:{id:"9251",slug:"pleistocene-archaeology-migration-technology-and-adaptation",title:"Pleistocene Archaeology",fullTitle:"Pleistocene Archaeology - Migration, Technology, and Adaptation"},signatures:"João Carlos Moreno De Sousa",authors:[{id:"303361",title:"Dr.",name:"João Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno De Sousa",slug:"joao-carlos-moreno-de-sousa",fullName:"João Carlos Moreno De Sousa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"36570",title:"Archaeological Geophysics - From Basics to New Perspectives",slug:"archaeological-geophysics-from-basics-to-new-perspectives",totalDownloads:6628,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1999",slug:"archaeology-new-approaches-in-theory-and-techniques",title:"Archaeology",fullTitle:"Archaeology, New Approaches in Theory and Techniques"},signatures:"Roger Sala, Ekhine Garcia and Robert Tamba",authors:[{id:"131865",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Sala",slug:"roger-sala",fullName:"Roger Sala"}]},{id:"36576",title:"Homage to Marcel Proust - Aspects of Dissemination and Didactic in a Museum and a Science Centre: Science Communication Visions for the Third Generation Museums",slug:"generations-of-ancient-history-dissemination-towards-the-public-at-the-university-museum-in-trondhei",totalDownloads:2669,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1999",slug:"archaeology-new-approaches-in-theory-and-techniques",title:"Archaeology",fullTitle:"Archaeology, New Approaches in Theory and Techniques"},signatures:"Kistian Overskaug",authors:[{id:"117119",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristian",middleName:null,surname:"Overskaug",slug:"kristian-overskaug",fullName:"Kristian Overskaug"}]},{id:"63772",title:"Cultural Heritage in Marker-Less Augmented Reality: A Survey",slug:"cultural-heritage-in-marker-less-augmented-reality-a-survey",totalDownloads:1644,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Augmented reality (AR) is considered as one of the most significant technologies in the field of computer graphics and is utilised in many applications. In this chapter, we have presented a brief comprehensive survey of cultural heritage using augmented reality systems. This survey describes the main objectives and characteristics of marker-less augmented reality systems through presenting up-to-date research results in this area. We describe the marker-less technologies in the area of AR, indoor marker-less AR, outdoor marker-less AR, real-time solutions to the tracking problem, real-time registration, cultural heritage in AR, 3D remonstration techniques, as well as presenting the problems in each research.",book:{id:"7699",slug:"advanced-methods-and-new-materials-for-cultural-heritage-preservation",title:"Advanced Methods and New Materials for Cultural Heritage Preservation",fullTitle:"Advanced Methods and New Materials for Cultural Heritage Preservation"},signatures:"Hoshang Kolivand, Abdennour El Rhalibi, Mostafa Tajdini, Sarmad Abdulazeez\nand Pisit Praiwattana",authors:[{id:"151219",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdennour",middleName:null,surname:"El Rhalibi",slug:"abdennour-el-rhalibi",fullName:"Abdennour El Rhalibi"},{id:"225824",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoshang",middleName:null,surname:"Kolivand",slug:"hoshang-kolivand",fullName:"Hoshang Kolivand"},{id:"256916",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarmad",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulazeez",slug:"sarmad-abdulazeez",fullName:"Sarmad Abdulazeez"},{id:"256917",title:"Dr.",name:"Pisit",middleName:null,surname:"Praiwattana",slug:"pisit-praiwattana",fullName:"Pisit Praiwattana"},{id:"289071",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Tajdini",slug:"mostafa-tajdini",fullName:"Mostafa Tajdini"}]},{id:"73769",title:"Human Evolution in the Center of the Old World: An Updated Review of the South Asian Paleolithic",slug:"human-evolution-in-the-center-of-the-old-world-an-updated-review-of-the-south-asian-paleolithic",totalDownloads:883,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The Indian Subcontinent was an important geographic region for faunal and hominin evolution in Asia. While the Oldowan as the earliest technocomplex continues to be elusive, the oldest Acheulean is dated to ~1.5 Ma and the early Middle Paleolithic is ~385 ka (from the same site). New Late Pleistocene dates have been reported for the Middle Paleolithic which continues up to 38 Ka in southern India. The Upper Paleolithic remains ambiguous and requires critically multidisciplinary investigations. The microlithic evidence appears to spread rapidly across the subcontinent soon after its emergence at ~48 Ka (though its origin is debated) and continues into the Iron Age. The timeline of the initial arrival of Homo sapiens continues to be debated based on the archaeology (advanced Middle Paleolithic vs. microlithic) and genetic studies on indigenous groups. Other issues that need consideration are: interactions between archaics and arriving moderns, the marginal occurrence of symbolic behavior, the absolute dating of rock art and the potential role of hominins in specific animal extinctions and ecological marginalization. The region does not appear to have been a corridor for dispersals towards Southeast Asia (although gene flow may have occurred). Instead, once various prehistoric technologies appeared in the Subcontinent, they possibly followed complex trajectories within relative isolation.",book:{id:"9251",slug:"pleistocene-archaeology-migration-technology-and-adaptation",title:"Pleistocene Archaeology",fullTitle:"Pleistocene Archaeology - Migration, Technology, and Adaptation"},signatures:"Parth R. Chauhan",authors:[{id:"307040",title:"Dr.",name:"Parth",middleName:null,surname:"Chauhan",slug:"parth-chauhan",fullName:"Parth Chauhan"}]},{id:"73386",title:"Island Migration, Resource Use, and Lithic Technology by Anatomically Modern Humans in Wallacea",slug:"island-migration-resource-use-and-lithic-technology-by-anatomically-modern-humans-in-wallacea",totalDownloads:742,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Island migration and adaptation including both marine and terrestrial resource use and technological development by anatomically modern humans (AMH) are among the most significant issues for Pleistocene archaeology in Southeast Asia and Oceania, and directly related to the behavioral and technological advancements by AMH. This paper discusses such cases in the Wallacean islands, located between the past Sundaland and the Sahul continent during the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene open sea gaps between the Wallacean islands and both landmasses are very likely the major factor for the relative scarcity of animal species originating from Asia and Oceania and the high diversity of endemic species in Wallacea. They were also a barrier for hominin migration into the Wallacean islands and Sahul continent. We summarize three recent excavation results on the Talaud Islands, Sulawesi Island and Mindoro Island in Wallacea region and discuss the evidence and timeline for migrations of early modern humans into the Wallacean islands and their adaptation to island environments during the Pleistocene.",book:{id:"9251",slug:"pleistocene-archaeology-migration-technology-and-adaptation",title:"Pleistocene Archaeology",fullTitle:"Pleistocene Archaeology - Migration, Technology, and Adaptation"},signatures:"Rintaro Ono, Alfred Pawlik and Riczar Fuentes",authors:[{id:"177123",title:"Dr.",name:"Rintaro",middleName:null,surname:"Ono",slug:"rintaro-ono",fullName:"Rintaro Ono"},{id:"300616",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Pawlik",slug:"alfred-pawlik",fullName:"Alfred Pawlik"},{id:"330591",title:"Dr.",name:"Riczar",middleName:null,surname:"Fuentes",slug:"riczar-fuentes",fullName:"Riczar Fuentes"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"263",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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