\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6719",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity and Disease Susceptibility",title:"Genetic Diversity and Disease Susceptibility",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Polymorphism or variation in DNA sequence can affect individual phenotypes such as color of skin or eyes, susceptibility to diseases, and response to drugs, vaccines, chemicals, and pathogens. Especially, the interfaces between genetics, disease susceptibility, and pharmacogenomics have recently been the subject of intense research activity. This book is a self-contained collection of valuable scholarly papers related to genetic diversity and disease susceptibility, pharmacogenomics, ongoing advances in technology, and analytic methods in this field. The book contains nine chapters that cover the three main topics of genetic polymorphism, genetic diversity, and disease susceptibility and pharmacogenomics. Hence, this book is particularly useful to academics, scientists, physicians, pharmacists, practicing researchers, and postgraduate students whose work relates to genetic polymorphisms.",isbn:"978-1-78984-202-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-201-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-671-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72269",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"genetic-diversity-and-disease-susceptibility",numberOfPages:164,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0c9919347cc7cb1dcbc245ce8684eee7",bookSignature:"Yamin Liu",publishedDate:"October 17th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6719.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13648,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:49,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 14th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 5th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 3rd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 24th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 23rd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"201887",title:"Dr.",name:"Yamin",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"yamin-liu",fullName:"Yamin Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201887/images/6352_n.png",biography:"Yamin Liu is a clinical pharmacist and assistant professor in Zhongda hospital, Southeast University, China. She received her PhD in Clinical Pharmacy from China Pharmaceutical University. She also has been a visiting scholar in Cardiology Department, Johns Hopkins University. She has published 26 papers in local and international peer-reviewed journals in the field of pharmacy, cardiology and genomics. She is a member of the American Heart Association and Clinical Pharmacy Association of Jiangsu China. In addition, she had been awarded and completed several grants from the Jiangsu Pharmaceutical Association.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Southeast University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"54",title:"Human Genetics",slug:"human-genetics"}],chapters:[{id:"61204",title:"Polymorphisms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76728",slug:"polymorphisms",totalDownloads:2058,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Polymorphism or variation in DNA sequence can affect individual phenotypes such as color of skin or eyes, susceptible to diseases, and respond to drug, vaccine, chemical, and pathogen. It occurs more often than mutations (frequency ≥ 1%). The common polymorphism is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which is a single base change in a DNA sequence that occurs most commonly in the human genome. SNPs have been used as molecular markers in a wide range of studies. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) searches for SNPs that occur more frequently in person with a particular disease than in person without the disease and pinpoint genes or regions that may contribute to a risk of disease. This topic describes about polymorphisms, SNPs, GWAS, linkage disequilibrium (LD), minor allele frequency, haplotype, method for SNP genotyping, and application of SNPs and genome-wide association study in human diseases and drug development.",signatures:"Wasana Sukhumsirichart",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61204",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61204",authors:[{id:"238537",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wasana",surname:"Sukhumsirichart",slug:"wasana-sukhumsirichart",fullName:"Wasana Sukhumsirichart"}],corrections:null},{id:"62578",title:"DNA Polymorphisms: DNA-Based Molecular Markers and Their Application in Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79517",slug:"dna-polymorphisms-dna-based-molecular-markers-and-their-application-in-medicine",totalDownloads:4485,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"DNA polymorphisms are the different DNA sequences among individuals, groups, or populations. Polymorphism at the DNA level includes a wide range of variations from single base pair change, many base pairs, and repeated sequences. Genomic variability can be present in many forms, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs, e.g., mini- and microsatellites), transposable elements (e.g., Alu repeats), structural alterations, and copy number variations. Different forms of DNA polymorphisms can be tracked using a variety of techniques; some of these techniques include restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) with Southern blots, polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), hybridization techniques using DNA microarray chips, and genome sequencing. During the last years, the recent advance of molecular technologies revealed new discoveries of DNA polymorphisms. DNA polymorphisms are endless, and more discoveries continue at a rapid rate. Mapping the human genome requires a set of genetic markers. DNA polymorphism serves as a genetic marker for its own location in the chromosome; thus, they are convenient for analysis and are often used as in molecular genetic studies.",signatures:"Salwa Teama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62578",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62578",authors:[{id:"249329",title:"Dr.",name:"Salwa",surname:"Teama",slug:"salwa-teama",fullName:"Salwa Teama"}],corrections:null},{id:"61178",title:"Genetic Diversity in Small Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76923",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-small-populations",totalDownloads:1441,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter focuses on animal populations of low genetic diversity, among which some have low population size and are, or have been, threatened by extinction. Genetic diversity is regarded as a must for a species to be able to adapt to environmental challenges, but despite this, several species, also among advanced animal groups like birds and mammals, seem to thrive well with low genetic diversity. Some species are assumed to have done so for thousands of years. Other species have low genetic diversity resulting from heavy bottleneck events, in some cases very close to extinction, caused by human activities. Although some species live with surprisingly low genetic diversity, being prone to further loss of genetic variation, this may be retarded due to sexual selection and fitness superiority of heterozygotes. Simulations with population size N = 25 showed that a homozygote fitness of 0.75 compared to fitness = 1.0 of the heterozygote resulted in exclusion of a p = 0.10 frequency allele in <10% of 50 simulation over 50 generations, whereas fitness 1.0 of all genotypes resulted in exclusion of the p = 0.10 allele in 78% of 50 simulations.",signatures:"Arne Nils Linløkken",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61178",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61178",authors:[{id:"235353",title:"Dr.",name:"Arne",surname:"Linløkken",slug:"arne-linlokken",fullName:"Arne Linløkken"}],corrections:null},{id:"61711",title:"Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Cancer Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78029",slug:"toll-like-receptors-gene-polymorphism-and-susceptibility-to-cancer-development",totalDownloads:1073,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in immune-surveillance and responses towards pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. They act as innate immune sensors against endogenous and exogenous danger signals by recognizing the pattern recognition molecules (DAMPs and PAMPs) and drive an adaptive immune response through their signaling pathways, which leads to NF-κB and IRF3 transactivation and induces different inflammatory cytokine genes. TLRs polymorphisms were investigated in various cancer types studies. However, precious studies have reported that the Polymorphisms on TLR1-TLR10 cluster have been associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. However, it has known that TLRs genetic variation is associated with increased the susceptibility to gastric cancer. A same synthetically meta- analysis also confirmed the association of TLRs with increased the gastrointestinal cancer but with decreased prostate cancer risk. Our previous studies have demonstrated a strong link between TLRs polymorphisms and colon cancer and breast cancer in Saudi Arabia population. Similar studies were analyzed with Korean patients with papillary thyroid cancer and their clinic-pathologic features in age matched controls by using direct sequencing. The general objective of this chapter was to investigate the role of different TLRs (i.e., TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6) polymorphisms and their association with cancer development.",signatures:"Abdelhabib Semlali, Rawan Alnemari, Esraa Almalki, Reem Alrashed\nand Mohammed Alanazi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61711",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61711",authors:[{id:"186429",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Alanazi",slug:"mohammad-alanazi",fullName:"Mohammad Alanazi"},{id:"235792",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abdelhabib",surname:"Semlali",slug:"abdelhabib-semlali",fullName:"Abdelhabib Semlali"},{id:"256471",title:"Ms.",name:"Rawan",surname:"Alnemari",slug:"rawan-alnemari",fullName:"Rawan Alnemari"},{id:"256472",title:"Ms.",name:"Esraa",surname:"Almalki",slug:"esraa-almalki",fullName:"Esraa Almalki"},{id:"256473",title:"Ms.",name:"Reem",surname:"Alrashed",slug:"reem-alrashed",fullName:"Reem Alrashed"}],corrections:null},{id:"62109",title:"Developmental Genetics and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77965",slug:"developmental-genetics-and-preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis",totalDownloads:1341,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The genetic code information programs the embryogenesis. In this chapter the three phases of prenatal development the pre-embryonic, the embryonic and the fetal are elaborated. The role played by transforming growth factor beta related genes in the growth and differentiation of early embryo will be described. The implications of Fibroblast growth factor gene in binding heparin its effect on cell survival and mitogenic pathways is discussed. The orchestrated symphony of Sonic Hedgehog genes in early human embryo development is elaborated. The Homeobox genes (Hox gene) and their role in early human embryogenesis are described. The different tests available for prenatal genetic testing are briefly described. Preimplantation genetic diagnostic procedures are indispensable in clinical embryology. The microsurgical techniques of the Polar body biopsy, Blastomere biopsy and Blastocyst biopsy are discussed at the end of the chapter. A diagrammatic representation of individuals and relationships in clinical genetics is described. A brief description of procedures of invasive fetal tests for collecting the fetal tissue is also discussed.",signatures:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti and Nidhi Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62109",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62109",authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"},{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti"}],corrections:null},{id:"60280",title:"Gene Polymorphisms of Immunosuppressants in Solid Organ Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75717",slug:"gene-polymorphisms-of-immunosuppressants-in-solid-organ-transplantation",totalDownloads:876,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The rapid development of immunosuppressants (IS) has already improved the prognosis of recipients post solid organ transplantation (SOT) in the past decades. However, the individual difference in IS metabolism may lead to either rejection or drug toxicity, thus suggesting the importance of personalized therapy. Gene polymorphisms (GP) regarding metabolic enzymes and medication transporters of the IS consist the footstone for personalized therapy, which are the hotspots in recent years. However, although a great of efforts have been put into researching the association between GP and pharmacokinetics (PK) or pharmacodynamics (PD), controversial results still remained. The only consensus that has been reached is the use of GP-based IS therapy could help the recipients to reach target concentration faster with less dose adjustment. Whether the GP-based IS therapy could improve the clinical long-term outcome needs further confirmation. In our chapter, we would summarize the information associated with GP of IS, and discuss the potential impact of GP on clinical practice to provide new insights into guiding tailored therapy of IS in SOT.",signatures:"Yingzi Ming and Meng Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60280",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60280",authors:[{id:"236721",title:"Prof.",name:"Yingzi",surname:"Ming",slug:"yingzi-ming",fullName:"Yingzi Ming"},{id:"243983",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",surname:"Yu",slug:"meng-yu",fullName:"Meng Yu"}],corrections:null},{id:"62556",title:"Pharmacogenetics of Cardiovascular Disease: Genetic Variation and Statin Intolerance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79518",slug:"pharmacogenetics-of-cardiovascular-disease-genetic-variation-and-statin-intolerance",totalDownloads:1322,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Statins are very effective for lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention. While statins are usually well tolerated, individual response to statin therapy varies and intolerance, predominantly muscle symptoms, may appear in a significant proportion of patients. Besides clinical factors, variation in genes coding for proteins with drug transporting, immune or enzymatic function have been implicated in the pathogenesis of statin intolerance. In this review, we will characterise the candidate gene variants for development of statin intolerance, describe their population distribution and summarise current knowledge on their biological plausibility. Clinical relevance and current guidelines/recommendations will be also discussed.",signatures:"Jana Petrkova, Milos Taborsky and Martin Petrek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62556",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62556",authors:[{id:"53526",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",surname:"Petrek",slug:"martin-petrek",fullName:"Martin Petrek"},{id:"238675",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",surname:"Petrkova",slug:"jana-petrkova",fullName:"Jana Petrkova"},{id:"257266",title:"Prof.",name:"Milos",surname:"Taborsky",slug:"milos-taborsky",fullName:"Milos Taborsky"}],corrections:null},{id:"61177",title:"Immunopharmacogenomics in Cancer Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76934",slug:"immunopharmacogenomics-in-cancer-management",totalDownloads:1058,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the unavoidable progress of genomics technologies, “one size fits all” strategy has switched to individual-specific treatment approaches. Hence pharmacogenomics-based personalized cancer medicine has emerged. Promising treatment option immunotherapy includes either “take the brakes off immune system (i.e., checkpoint blockade therapy) or the use of immune cells expanded in an in vitro tumor-free environment’’. Both options have been varied and included unpredictable results. Combination of cancer immunotherapy and pharmacogenomics applications may contribute to solve the complexity of outcome prediction and variations between individuals receiving the same immunotherapeutic treatment. To enhance the tumor immunity and determine cancer patients who response to immunotherapy, classification based on gene polymorphisms in key immunoregulatory molecules including antigen-presenting molecules, immunoglobulins and their receptors, cytokine/chemokines and their receptors, adhesion and costimulatory molecules, toll-like receptors, and intracellular signaling molecules plays a vital role in redirecting or modulating the function of immune cells. 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Within teams, in addition to the diversity of the individual team members (including leaders and followers), uniqueness of team members, individual goals, communication styles, differing leadership and followership styles, and so on introduce challenges to true teamwork and must all be considered to optimize goal achievement of individuals, teams, and organizations [1, 2, 3].
Leadership influences individuals, teams, and groups by enhancing behaviors (actions), cognitions (perceptions, thoughts, beliefs), and motivations (reasons behaviors and cognitions) to achieve common goals. Leaders are aspirational, inspirational, provide resources, and remove barriers to optimize the success of followers, organizations, and the people served by organizations. Leaders must continuously attend to and align all elements of the systems within which they operate to adapt and respond to changes from within and outside the system. Followership refers to the actions of individuals who are not in leadership roles. Followers are members of a team or group who contribute (or not) to the team; align (or not) with the vision of the leader, and adapt (or not) to the situations and to other members of the team. Effective followers are essential to achieve goals and can influence all members of the team, including their leaders [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
Day [10] distinguishes between leaders and leadership, such that “leader” refers to human capital and intrapersonal knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, and attributes, and “leadership” refers to social capital, interpersonal relationships, and organization culture. The same distinction can be made for followers and followership.
Innovative leaders engage their intentions and actions with those of their followers within the organization’s culture and systems to reach the organization’s objectives and goals and those of the people it serves. Innovative leaders consider and serve the interests of the organization and its members. Leaders influence followers, teams, and the whole organization. Followers can influence leaders, other followers, teams, and the entire organization. Innovative leaders and followers adapt and develop themselves and their organizations to optimize effectiveness within changing environments or context (physical, psychological, social) [11, 12].
There are many different models and approaches for leader and leadership development. Some focus on the development of leaders [9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19] and followers [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]
Recently, we have merged two models to address all of these needs for health care leadership [12]. The Innovative Leadership Model helps leaders increase self-understanding and optimize the performance of organizations by focusing on Leader Type, Development Perspective, Resilience, Situational Analysis, and Leadership Behaviors and Mindsets. The Innovative Leadership Model focuses on development perspective and growth of individuals to serve organizations and systems. The Leader-Follower Framework identifies key elements – Character, Competence, Communication, Context – to guide the development of individual leaders and followers across four psychosocial levels – Personal, Interpersonal, Team, Organizational [5, 7]. The Leader-Follower Framework focuses on the elements relevant to meaningfully development and performance of individual leaders and followers. The inclusion of key aspects of these two models may offer a valuable new insight into optimizing. Each of these approaches has value and has been applied in various settings and contexts. The present chapter offers new insights into how integrating these approaches can optimize innovative leadership and followership in a wide range of situations and settings.
Leadership impacts people strategically and tactically, effecting change in intentions, actions, cultures, and systems to move organizations forward in ways that improve the lives of the people it serves while considering the interests of the organization’s members and stakeholders. Innovation refers to novel ideas, processes, and advancements that contribute to and shape organizations and people. Meaningful leadership and innovation are inextricably connected. Merging leadership with innovation encourages and, perhaps, demands transformational personal and organizational growth [33, 34]. Table 1 presents contrasts between traditional leadership and innovative leadership.
Innovative leadership and followership mean that leaders and followers influence and contribute by engaging personal intention/character and action/competence/communication with the organization’s culture, systems, and context. Innovative leadership and followership can improve organizations and the lives of the people it serves by considering the interests, needs, and goals of the organizational members and stakeholders. Innovative leaders consistently deliver results using [35, 36, 37]:
Strategic approaches that inspire individual intentions and goals and organizational vision and culture;
Tactical approaches that influence individuals’ actions and organizations’ systems and processes;
Holistic approaches that align individual intentions and actions with organizational cultures and systems.
Innovative followers embrace, embody, and contribute to all three of these approaches.
Innovating/elevating leadership and followership means to successfully adapt in ways that allow optimal performance, even within the changes and complexity of an organization or system. Conceptually, individuals integrate ideas and perspectives from many leadership and followership principles and concepts, and from developmental, communications, and systems theories [38, 39]. Innovative leaders and followers recognize and critically examine themselves and their organizations’ cultures and systems during various circumstances. It is valuable for individuals to focus on the needs and mission of the organization, system, and cultures to which they contribute. In addition, individuals should recognize how they contribute to something larger than themselves.
Innovative leaders utilize their advanced developmental capability to facilitate transformational ideas and approaches that enable innovation [33, 34, 36]. They are aware of and focus on others and the organizations/systems in which they operate. Behaviors of developmentally mature innovate leaders and followers who grow developmentally and in organizational effectiveness include (Table 2):
Traditional Leadership | Innovative Leadership |
---|---|
The leader is guided primarily by the desire for personal success and peripherally by the organizational success | The leader is humbly guided by a more altruistic vision of success based on both performance and the value of the organization’s positive impact |
The leader decides in a “command and control” style; the leader has all the answers | The leader leverages the team for answers as part of the decision-making process |
The leader picks a direction in “black/white” manner; tends to stay the course dogmatically | The leader perceives and behaves like a scientist: continually experimenting, measuring, and testing for improvement and exploring new models and approaches |
The leader focuses on being technically correct and in charge | The leader is continually learning and developing self and others |
The leader manages people to perform by being autocratic and controlling | The leader motivates people to perform through strategic focus, mentoring and coaching, emotional and social intelligence |
The leader tends to the numbers and primarily utilizes quantitative measures that drive those numbers | The leader pays attention to performance, customer satisfaction, employee engagement, community impact, and cultural cohesion |
Innovative Leaders | Innovative Followers |
---|---|
Articulate clear vision | Embrace and contribute to vision |
Connect vision with attainable actions | Connect vision with attainable actions |
Develop themselves and followers | Develop themselves and other teammates |
Are resilient and navigate complexity, uncertainty, and stress | Are resilient and navigate complexity, uncertainty, and stress |
Communicate effectively, sending and receiving information, verbally and nonverbally | Communicate effectively sending and receiving, verbally and nonverbally |
Build effective teams by helping followers participate and grow | Contribute to their teams |
Communicate roles for all team members clearly | Understand their roles and the roles of others |
Create a culture of fairness, respect and recognition | Ability to impact individuals, teams, and systems to create a fair and engaging organization |
Develop a culture of safety | Embody a culture of safety |
Cultivate alliances and partnerships | Cultivate alliances and partnerships |
Anticipate and effectively respond to challenges and opportunities | Anticipate and effectively respond to challenges and opportunities |
Develop robust and resilient solutions | Apply robust and resilient solutions |
Measure, learn, and adapt | Learn and adapt |
Grow personally and developmentally to evolve perceptions and meaning-making capabilities | Grow personally and developmentally to evolve perceptions and meaning-making capabilities |
Behaviors of innovative leaders and followers.
To optimize innovative leadership and followership, we offer the merging of two conceptual models. The “Innovative Leadership Model” [11, 12] and the “Leader-Follower Framework” [5, 6, 7] complement each other and overlap with a differing depth of emphasis on essential leadership and followership elements and processes. Together they provide new insights into a broadly inclusive structure to develop optimal leadership and followership. These two approaches recently have been applied together to optimize the development of innovative leaders in health care [12, 40]. Yet, they also can be applied more broadly to enhance the innovative leader and follower development in all settings.
The Innovative Leadership Model is a five-element roadmap to becoming an innovative leader [11, 12]. The elements of the Innovative Leadership Model are (Figure 1):
Leader Type
Developmental Perspective
Resilience
Situational Analysis
Leadership Behaviors and Mindsets
Overview of the innovative leadership model.
The Leader-Follower Framework [5, 7] includes four “C” elements:
Character
Competence
Context
Communication
Personal
Interpersonal
Team
Organizational
The Innovative Leadership Model and Leader-Follower Framework are valuable to develop both as leaders and as followers. To be an effective leader, you also must be willing and able to develop followers. It is essential for leaders and followers to understand, develop, and know when and how to lead and follow (Figure 2).
The leader-follower framework.
The Innovative Leadership Model [11, 12] focuses on:
Developmental maturity – developing the advancing meaning-making capacity to easily and intuitively identify complexity, approach others without ego, embrace both tactical and strategic concerns, and embrace transformation (i.e., capabilities to execute highly effective Competence and Communication at the Interpersonal, Team, and Organizational psychosocial levels)
Self-understanding – the inner process including Character and outer behaviors including Competence and Communication (i.e., three of the C’s of the Leader-Follower Framework at the Personal psychosocial level)
Understanding organizational culture and systems (i.e., Context within the Leader-Follower Framework at the Organizational psychosocial level)
The Innovative Leadership model addresses: Leader Type, Developmental Perspective, Resilience, Situational Analysis, and Leadership Behaviors and Mindsets.
Self-awareness is the practice of engaging in self-reflection and achieving clarity of insight. Internal self-awareness refers to our own understanding of ourselves, whereas external self-awareness refers to understanding how others perceive and understand us. Self-understanding, understanding how others perceive us, and the extent to which perceptions about ourselves are accurate and compatible with others’ perceptions play a pivotal role in our effectiveness and leader-follower relationships. Self-aware individuals possess high levels of emotional intelligence; self-regulate behaviors, cognitions, and emotions more effectively depending on the situation; and continually evaluate their impact on others [49, 50, 51, 52, 53]. These attributes allow self-aware individuals to become more versatile, adaptive, and may perform better. The ability to use deep self-reflection relies on developing self-understanding and self-awareness, features of emotional intelligence. Self-understanding and self-awareness allow us to expand our perspective and to understand others better. A clearer understanding of ourselves and others can help build interpersonal, team, and organizational effectiveness. Feedback from trusted colleagues, family members, and friends in psychologically safe contexts is extremely valuable to develop self-awareness. Leader Type is an aspect of Character.
Developmental growth occurs as other capabilities expand in our lives. By understanding and building upon our Leader Type and Character, we can continue to grow, increasing access to and capacity for additional skills and capabilities. That is, we can develop our capacity to build beyond the basic skills we have now by moving through more progressive stages. The successful individual has a broad repertoire of mindsets and behaviors and can select the most appropriate ones depending on the context.
Innovative leaders and followers must adapt to volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) situations and demands while maintaining physical, psychological, and emotional health to have the resilience essential for success. They must build and sustain flexibility, adaptability, and focus; regain balance after disorienting situations; and be able to support and inspire others. Resilience can inspire and positively impact others.
Resilience requires physical and psychological health, a clear sense of life purpose, emotional intelligence, and strong supportive relationships. For most people, enhancing resilience requires personal change. Our view of resilience has four categories: maintaining physical well-being, managing thinking, working from the heart, and harnessing the power of connection. These categories are interlinked and all must be present and in balance to create long-term resilience. Maintaining resilience is essential to success. Improved resilience is accompanied by clearer thinking and greater positive interactions with others. Investing in resilience supports the entire organization’s effectiveness [12]. Resilience is a transcendent leadership Competence.
In addition, innovative leaders and followers communicate with teammates and stakeholders relevant to the mission and goals of an organization. Effective communication requires “making meaning” of what is happening based on context, translated into words that senders and receivers mutually understand. We sense, receive, and convey messages verbally and non-verbally. Situational analysis allows us to make more informed decisions, and also helps to optimize performance within oneself, teams, and the broader organization.
Knowledge of the key concepts described in the Innovative Leadership Model and associated skills and practice result in effective leadership behaviors and mindsets – the objective actions that leaders take to impact individual, team, and organizational success. Knowledge and practice of these same concepts result in effective followership behaviors. These behaviors align with the idea of developmental maturity and specify critical behaviors and mindsets associated with the most effective leaders in complex and dynamic situations. Therefore, it is important to understand the critical leadership and followership behaviors relevant to you and your organization. With this understanding, you can determine where you excel and where you need to refine your skills.
It also is relevant to consider and to develop your mindset to exercise effective leadership and followership behaviors. Table 3 lists seven mindsets and associated behaviors that effective leaders and followers put into action regularly [12, 59].
Examples of Innovative Mindsets and Behaviors | |
---|---|
Professionally humble |
|
Unwavering commitment to the right action |
|
A 360-degree thinker |
|
Intellectually versatile |
|
Highly authentic and reflective |
|
Inspires followership/team work with others |
|
Innately collaborative |
|
To develop as innovative leaders and followers, it is helpful to reflect upon, consider, and continuously develop Character, Competence, Context, and Communication across the four psychosocial levels – Personal, Interpersonal, Team, and Organizational [5, 6, 7].
Leadership and followership operate at four psychosocial Levels:
Innovative leadership and followership are optimized when elements of the Innovative Leadership Model and the Leader-Follower Framework are understood and applied.
Innovative leaders and followers develop internal and external self-awareness of their leader and follower types; stage of developmental maturity; level of resilience; value of situational analysis; leadership and followership behaviors.
Innovative leader and follower development depends on the four “C” elements of leadership and the four psychosocial levels of interaction.
Innovative leaders and followers develop mindsets, awareness, and maturity; behave in ways that reflect these ways of thinking; and update organizational cultures, systems, and processes to continue evolving. Innovative leaders and followers are open to novel, new, and creative ways to develop themselves and others.
Innovative leaders and followers attend to the development or change of themselves, their behaviors, the culture, systems, and processes concurrently and ensure they continually align all elements during ongoing changes.
Leaders and followers evolve in maturity stages throughout the course of their careers. They learn to behave in ways that optimize effective outcomes, considering themselves, others, and situations. Each stage of developmental maturity advances the individual’s capacities to deal with VUCA environments.
In the book,
Both the Innovative Leadership Model and the Leader-Follower Framework emphasize the importance of self-awareness.
Combining the Innovative Leadership Model and the Leader-Follower Framework perspectives and their component elements provides new insights for leader and follower development. Understanding and developing each of these elements will optimize effective leadership and followership in a wide range of situations and settings.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The opinions and assertions contained herein are the sole ones of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting the views of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences or the Department of Defense.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
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\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
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Blanco, Shih-Chieh Chang and Yueh-Hsin Lo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5301.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"A.",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"52735",doi:"10.5772/64963",title:"Fauna Diversity in Tropical Rainforest: Threats from Land-Use Change",slug:"fauna-diversity-in-tropical-rainforest-threats-from-land-use-change",totalDownloads:2464,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Tropical rainforests are the cradle of life (perfect conditions for life) on Earth, i.e., rich in plant species composition (>250 plant species/hectare) and fauna diversity (>50% of animal species in the world). Rainforests occur near the Earth's equator and cover 6% of the Earth's surface across the tropical regions and are characterized by wet climate, i.e., heavy rainfall (125—660 cm), relative humidity (77—88%) and temperature (20—34°C). They are dominated by a wide range of broad-leaved trees that form dense canopy and the most complex ecosystem. Currently, the tropical rainforest ecosystem is changing faster than ever in human history due to anthropogenic activities, such as habitat loss and degradation due to deforestation for timber and conversion into agriculture fields (oil palm plantation), mining, fire, climate change, etc. The habitat loss and degradation had adversely influenced the distribution and richness of the fauna species. The current information on the fauna diversity of tropical rainforest is not sufficient and in the future, more research is required to document the various community parameters of the fauna species in order to conserve and protect them. For better future, conservation, and management, we must identify the major drivers of changes and how these factors alter the tropical rainforest.",book:{id:"5301",slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape"},signatures:"Mohamed Zakaria, Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar, Ibrahim Ozdemir\nand Zamri Rosli",authors:[{id:"183095",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Rajpar",slug:"muhammad-nawaz-rajpar",fullName:"Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar"},{id:"186144",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"mohamed-zakaria",fullName:"Mohamed Zakaria"},{id:"186573",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"ibrahim-ozdemir",fullName:"Ibrahim Ozdemir"},{id:"186575",title:"Dr.",name:"Zamri",middleName:null,surname:"Rosli",slug:"zamri-rosli",fullName:"Zamri Rosli"}]},{id:"51852",doi:"10.5772/64533",title:"Analysis of Precipitation and Evapotranspiration in Atlantic Rainforest Remnants in Southeastern Brazil from Remote Sensing Data",slug:"analysis-of-precipitation-and-evapotranspiration-in-atlantic-rainforest-remnants-in-southeastern-bra",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The Atlantic Rainforest has been intensely devastated since the beginning of the colonization of Brazil, mainly due to wood extraction and urban and rural settlement. Although the Atlantic Rainforest has been reduced and fragmented, its remnants are important sources of heat and water vapor to the atmosphere. The present study aimed to characterize and to analyze the temporal dynamics of precipitation and evapotranspiration in the Atlantic Rainforest remnants in São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, for the period from January 2000 to December 2010. To achieve this, global precipitation and evapotranspiration data from TRMM satellite and MOD16 algorithm as well as forest remnant maps produced by SOS Mata Atlântica Foundation and Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE) were used. Results found in this study demonstrated that the use of remote sensing was an important tool for analyzing hydrological variables in Atlantic Rainforest remnants, which can contribute to better understand the interaction between tropical forests and the atmosphere, and for generating input data necessary for surface models coupled to atmospheric general circulation models.",book:{id:"5301",slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape"},signatures:"Gabriel de Oliveira, Elisabete C. Moraes, Nathaniel A. Brunsell, Yosio\nE. Shimabukuro, Guilherme A.V. Mataveli and Thiago V. dos Santos",authors:[{id:"182397",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"de Oliveira",slug:"gabriel-de-oliveira",fullName:"Gabriel de Oliveira"},{id:"190568",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Brunsell",slug:"nathaniel-brunsell",fullName:"Nathaniel Brunsell"},{id:"190569",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabete",middleName:null,surname:"C. Moraes",slug:"elisabete-c.-moraes",fullName:"Elisabete C. Moraes"},{id:"190573",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosio",middleName:null,surname:"E. Shimabukuro",slug:"yosio-e.-shimabukuro",fullName:"Yosio E. Shimabukuro"},{id:"190574",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Augusto Verola",surname:"Mataveli",slug:"guilherme-mataveli",fullName:"Guilherme Mataveli"},{id:"190575",title:"MSc.",name:"Thiago",middleName:null,surname:"V. Dos Santos",slug:"thiago-v.-dos-santos",fullName:"Thiago V. Dos Santos"},{id:"193463",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz E. O. C.",middleName:null,surname:"Aragão",slug:"luiz-e.-o.-c.-aragao",fullName:"Luiz E. O. C. Aragão"}]},{id:"64644",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80765",title:"Indigenous Communities in the Arctic Change in Socio-Economic and Environmental Perspective",slug:"indigenous-communities-in-the-arctic-change-in-socio-economic-and-environmental-perspective",totalDownloads:1119,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In recent decades, the world has undergone significant changes in the environment, which have led not only to economic losses but also to a deterioration in the quality of human life, a change in the usual way of life. The Arctic today is in the focus of geopolitical and economic interests, the impact on the region of global warming. The ice retreats giving humanity new transport corridors, thereby attracting new participants from non-Arctic countries. Japan, China, and South Korea are interested in developing the Northern Sea Route for the delivery of goods and the development of economic ties between Europe and Asia. However, the importance of this route is also connected with transportation of hydrocarbons and other minerals extracted in the Arctic. Industrial development is a priority for the Arctic countries, and climate change makes remote areas of the subsoil more accessible. Especially this issue should be considered for Russia, where the development of the Arctic is experiencing a third wave and this process affects the interests of state, business, and population including indigenous communities, whose number is more twice than in the rest of the world (2.8 million residents in the Russian Arctic with approximately 4 million people in the Arctic totally).",book:{id:"6982",slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",title:"Arctic Studies",fullTitle:"Arctic Studies - A Proxy for Climate Change"},signatures:"Violetta Gassiy",authors:null},{id:"69119",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85021",title:"The Effect of Space Weather on Human Body at the Spitsbergen Archipelago",slug:"the-effect-of-space-weather-on-human-body-at-the-spitsbergen-archipelago",totalDownloads:795,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The study of the effects of the space weather on the human body was carried out at the Spitsbergen archipelago. A geophysical feature of the arch. Spitsbergen is its location in the cusp region—a kind of funnel on the dayside of the magnetosphere, where phenomena of space weather most express. Diverse radiation (from ULF to VHF) and waves in the field of polar cusp, covering the entire range of the body rhythms, give credit for studying the effects of space weather in the field of polar cusp. Assessment of the relationship between the dynamics of the monthly morbidity in Russian settlements and indicators of space weather revealed that, practically, all forms of morbidity are associated with solar activity and with the local geomagnetic activity in the polar cusp. A difference in correlations between the monthly incidence of residents in the Barentsburg and geocosmic agents during the polar day and the polar night was found. The links between the incidences of the population and the peculiarities of space weather will make it possible to develop prognoses of the morbidity for preventive measures aimed at increasing human health in high latitudes.",book:{id:"6982",slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",title:"Arctic Studies",fullTitle:"Arctic Studies - A Proxy for Climate Change"},signatures:"Natalia K. Belisheva",authors:null},{id:"54992",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68495",title:"Comparison of Evapotranspiration Methods Under Limited Data",slug:"comparison-of-evapotranspiration-methods-under-limited-data",totalDownloads:1795,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"A limited number of parameters or a single meteorological parameter was used in this study to estimate evapotranspiration. The main objectives of this study are as follows. (1) The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ET. The empirical formula published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was applied via substitution to compare situations that were missing certain meteorological parameters. (2) Radiation-based methods and temperature-based methods were compared with the Penman-Monteith method to estimate ET and discuss their applicability in the study area. With Tainan Weather Station of Taiwan as the study area, this study selected the Penman-Monteith method as well as six other radiation-based estimation formulas: Makkink, Turc, Jensen-Haise, Priestley-Taylor, Doorenbos-Pruit, and Abtew methods. The other four temperature-based estimation formulas, namely, Thornthwaite, Blaney-Criddle, Hamon, and Linacre methods, were used to estimate ET and compare the differences and the results were compared with the Penman-Monteith method. The results showed that there was little effect on estimating ET using the Penman-Monteith method when the wind speed data was missing or insufficient. The Turc method was the best among the six radiation-based estimation formulas, while the Linacre method was the best temperature-based estimation formula. Generally speaking, radiation-based estimation formulas were more accurate than temperature-based estimation formulas.",book:{id:"5860",slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration"},signatures:"Hsin-Fu Yeh",authors:[{id:"180104",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-Fu",middleName:null,surname:"Yeh",slug:"hsin-fu-yeh",fullName:"Hsin-Fu Yeh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54992",title:"Comparison of Evapotranspiration Methods Under Limited Data",slug:"comparison-of-evapotranspiration-methods-under-limited-data",totalDownloads:1795,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"A limited number of parameters or a single meteorological parameter was used in this study to estimate evapotranspiration. The main objectives of this study are as follows. (1) The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ET. The empirical formula published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was applied via substitution to compare situations that were missing certain meteorological parameters. (2) Radiation-based methods and temperature-based methods were compared with the Penman-Monteith method to estimate ET and discuss their applicability in the study area. With Tainan Weather Station of Taiwan as the study area, this study selected the Penman-Monteith method as well as six other radiation-based estimation formulas: Makkink, Turc, Jensen-Haise, Priestley-Taylor, Doorenbos-Pruit, and Abtew methods. The other four temperature-based estimation formulas, namely, Thornthwaite, Blaney-Criddle, Hamon, and Linacre methods, were used to estimate ET and compare the differences and the results were compared with the Penman-Monteith method. The results showed that there was little effect on estimating ET using the Penman-Monteith method when the wind speed data was missing or insufficient. The Turc method was the best among the six radiation-based estimation formulas, while the Linacre method was the best temperature-based estimation formula. Generally speaking, radiation-based estimation formulas were more accurate than temperature-based estimation formulas.",book:{id:"5860",slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration"},signatures:"Hsin-Fu Yeh",authors:[{id:"180104",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-Fu",middleName:null,surname:"Yeh",slug:"hsin-fu-yeh",fullName:"Hsin-Fu Yeh"}]},{id:"64644",title:"Indigenous Communities in the Arctic Change in Socio-Economic and Environmental Perspective",slug:"indigenous-communities-in-the-arctic-change-in-socio-economic-and-environmental-perspective",totalDownloads:1119,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In recent decades, the world has undergone significant changes in the environment, which have led not only to economic losses but also to a deterioration in the quality of human life, a change in the usual way of life. The Arctic today is in the focus of geopolitical and economic interests, the impact on the region of global warming. The ice retreats giving humanity new transport corridors, thereby attracting new participants from non-Arctic countries. Japan, China, and South Korea are interested in developing the Northern Sea Route for the delivery of goods and the development of economic ties between Europe and Asia. However, the importance of this route is also connected with transportation of hydrocarbons and other minerals extracted in the Arctic. Industrial development is a priority for the Arctic countries, and climate change makes remote areas of the subsoil more accessible. Especially this issue should be considered for Russia, where the development of the Arctic is experiencing a third wave and this process affects the interests of state, business, and population including indigenous communities, whose number is more twice than in the rest of the world (2.8 million residents in the Russian Arctic with approximately 4 million people in the Arctic totally).",book:{id:"6982",slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",title:"Arctic Studies",fullTitle:"Arctic Studies - A Proxy for Climate Change"},signatures:"Violetta Gassiy",authors:null},{id:"63616",title:"Introductory Chapter: Arctic Studies - A Proxy for Climate Change",slug:"introductory-chapter-arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",totalDownloads:735,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"6982",slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",title:"Arctic Studies",fullTitle:"Arctic Studies - A Proxy for Climate Change"},signatures:"Masaki Kanao",authors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}]},{id:"52735",title:"Fauna Diversity in Tropical Rainforest: Threats from Land-Use Change",slug:"fauna-diversity-in-tropical-rainforest-threats-from-land-use-change",totalDownloads:2464,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Tropical rainforests are the cradle of life (perfect conditions for life) on Earth, i.e., rich in plant species composition (>250 plant species/hectare) and fauna diversity (>50% of animal species in the world). Rainforests occur near the Earth's equator and cover 6% of the Earth's surface across the tropical regions and are characterized by wet climate, i.e., heavy rainfall (125—660 cm), relative humidity (77—88%) and temperature (20—34°C). They are dominated by a wide range of broad-leaved trees that form dense canopy and the most complex ecosystem. Currently, the tropical rainforest ecosystem is changing faster than ever in human history due to anthropogenic activities, such as habitat loss and degradation due to deforestation for timber and conversion into agriculture fields (oil palm plantation), mining, fire, climate change, etc. The habitat loss and degradation had adversely influenced the distribution and richness of the fauna species. The current information on the fauna diversity of tropical rainforest is not sufficient and in the future, more research is required to document the various community parameters of the fauna species in order to conserve and protect them. For better future, conservation, and management, we must identify the major drivers of changes and how these factors alter the tropical rainforest.",book:{id:"5301",slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",title:"Tropical Forests",fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape"},signatures:"Mohamed Zakaria, Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar, Ibrahim Ozdemir\nand Zamri Rosli",authors:[{id:"183095",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Rajpar",slug:"muhammad-nawaz-rajpar",fullName:"Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar"},{id:"186144",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"mohamed-zakaria",fullName:"Mohamed Zakaria"},{id:"186573",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"ibrahim-ozdemir",fullName:"Ibrahim Ozdemir"},{id:"186575",title:"Dr.",name:"Zamri",middleName:null,surname:"Rosli",slug:"zamri-rosli",fullName:"Zamri Rosli"}]},{id:"54972",title:"Sensitivity of Evapotranspiration Models to Onsite and Offsite Meteorological Data for a Ponderosa Pine Forest",slug:"sensitivity-of-evapotranspiration-models-to-onsite-and-offsite-meteorological-data-for-a-ponderosa-p",totalDownloads:1076,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Evapotranspiration (ET) is a major component of the water budget in most forests, in many cases exceeding 70% of annual precipitation. Due to limitations in time and resources, input data necessary to model ET are not always available for a study site, but offsite data from meteorological networks may be a suitable substitute. In this study, we evaluated three models for estimating ET, Priestly-Taylor (P-T), Shuttleworth-Wallace (S-W), and Penman-Monteith with dynamic stomatal resistance (P-M-d), in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest in northern Arizona where eddy covariance data exist for comparison. We tested the sensitivity of the models to the use of offsite meteorological data from a weather station and offsite soil moisture data from two snow monitoring sites in the SNOTEL network. Onsite data are required for accurate ET estimation with the P-M-d model because of its complexity. Acceptable accuracy in ET estimation required onsite net radiation data for the P-T model and onsite vapor pressure deficit data for the S-W model; other input data can be obtained from nearby offsite weather stations. Errors in ET estimation produced by the use of offsite soil moisture data varied between two nearby SNOTEL sites. Recommendations about the use of offsite data are presented.",book:{id:"5860",slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",fullTitle:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration"},signatures:"Wonsook Ha, Abraham E. Springer, Frances C. O'Donnell and\nThomas E. Kolb",authors:[{id:"198958",title:"Dr.",name:"Wonsook",middleName:null,surname:"Ha",slug:"wonsook-ha",fullName:"Wonsook Ha"},{id:"205040",title:"Prof.",name:"Abraham",middleName:null,surname:"Springer",slug:"abraham-springer",fullName:"Abraham Springer"},{id:"205044",title:"Dr.",name:"Frances",middleName:null,surname:"O'Donnell",slug:"frances-o'donnell",fullName:"Frances O'Donnell"},{id:"205045",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Kolb",slug:"thomas-kolb",fullName:"Thomas Kolb"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"833",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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