\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9078",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biological Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease",title:"Biological Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has posed a major challenge since its appearance. Biomedical researchers, physicians, gastroenterologists, and surgeons have struggled to improve the quality of life of their patients and have sought, above all else, to keep the disease under remission for as long as possible. Blockers for tumoral necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were the first biological drugs to be discovered and for this reason they played a crucial role in the subsequent evolution of IBD treatment. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of such drugs and the latest developments in IBD immunopathology. Our contributors discuss the main indications, efficacy, and possible side effects of the different types of drugs available today for IBD treatment.",isbn:"978-1-83880-264-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-263-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-954-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83074",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"biological-therapy-for-inflammatory-bowel-disease",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"17e742f81cbce5608a67917a671d1386",bookSignature:"Raquel Franco Leal and Tristan Torriani",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9078.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5676,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 4th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 16th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 4th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 4th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"226935",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Leal",slug:"raquel-franco-leal",fullName:"Raquel Franco Leal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226935/images/system/226935.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Raquel Franco Leal is Associate Professor at the Department of Surgery, Colorectal Surgery Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP). She has graduated in Medical Sciences, specialized in General Surgery and Coloproctology, and received her MSc. and Ph.D. degree at the University of Campinas. She was a Postdoctoral fellow at the University of Chicago and at the Institut D\\'Investigacions August Pi I Sunyer Biomèdiques, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. She is member of the Brazilian Society of Coloproctology and the International Society of University Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ISUCRS), honorary member of the Brazilian Association of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn\\'s Disease (ABCD), member of the Study Group of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Brazil (GEDIIB), the European Crohn\\'s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO) and the Pan American Crohn’s Colitis Organisation (PANCCO). As a researcher she has been devoted to biomedical science and in particular to the study of inflammatory bowel diseases for over 14 years. Dr. Franco Leal is the Coordinator of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Research Laboratory at the UNICAMP, developing basic and clinical research on IBD.",institutionString:"University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"302136",title:"Dr.",name:"Tristan",middleName:"Guillermo",surname:"Torriani",slug:"tristan-torriani",fullName:"Tristan Torriani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302136/images/system/302136.jpeg",biography:"Tristan Guillermo Torriani, Ph.D. is Assistant Professor at the School of Applied Sciences, Limeira Campus, University of Campinas, Brazil. He has published 16 research articles in History of Science and Ideas, 5 translations, and has extensive experience in academic English, having provided English editing services for more than 15 articles in the field of Gastroenterology. His qualifications include the Cambridge English Proficiency Exam (CPE), the British Council Researcher Connect Course, and a specialized course in Teaching Academic English Writing at the University of Bath, England.",institutionString:"University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"State University of Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"181",title:"Gastroenterology",slug:"gastroenterology"}],chapters:[{id:"70005",title:"Mucosal Immunology in the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90037",slug:"mucosal-immunology-in-the-inflammatory-bowel-diseases",totalDownloads:984,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes two major phenotypes, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which have different clinical characteristics and immune response profiles. Dysregulation of the intestinal immune response with elevated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is a hallmark of IBD. In this chapter, we will characterize the cells of the innate and adaptive immunity involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Innate lymphoid cells as well as dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, B cells and T cells, including Th1 and Th2, Th9 and Th17 cells will be specifically characterized in this scenario. The cross talks and cytokine-mediated regulation of these cells with emphasis on cytokines IL-17, IL-22 and IL-23 will also be emphasized.",signatures:"Giovanna Rosa Degasperi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70005",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70005",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65690",title:"The Role of TNF in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84375",slug:"the-role-of-tnf-in-the-pathogenesis-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease",totalDownloads:1361,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleotropic cytokine involved in a wide range of pathological processes, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the past, TNF was recognized as a pro-inflammatory cytokine with deleterious effects. This has led to the development of anti-TNF drugs, which revolutionized the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as Crohn’s disease. However, in the past 20 years, clinical studies have shown that anti-TNF drugs are not always effective. Moreover, in some rare cases, anti-TNF drugs can even cause an aggravation of the disease. Nowadays, there is increasing evidence that TNF is not only detrimental but can also play an important role in health and the maintenance of homeostasis. The aim of this chapter is to briefly summarize the literature demonstrating the complex dichotomous role of TNF in IBD and discuss the role of anti-TNF drugs in the treatment of IBD.",signatures:"Martina Perše and Ana Unkovič",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65690",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65690",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69821",title:"Traditional Drugs: Mechanisms of Immunosuppressor and Corticosteroid Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90009",slug:"traditional-drugs-mechanisms-of-immunosuppressor-and-corticosteroid-therapies-for-inflammatory-bowel",totalDownloads:804,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are immunological dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract that develop because of multifactorial processes, including genetic predisposition, gut dysbiosis, and excessive inflammation in susceptible subjects. These pathologies affect millions of people worldwide, with substantial impact on healthcare systems and patients’ quality of life. Considering the chronic inflammation that underlies the IBD presentation, the main treatment options are related to the control of patients’ inflammatory response, through immunosuppressor and modulatory therapies. Therefore, in this chapter we reviewed the main mechanisms associated with the treatments that are aimed at suppressing mucosal immunity and the effects of corticosteroid therapies in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.",signatures:"Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso, Amanda de Castro Habka, Camila Figueiredo Pinzan, Camilla Narjara Simão Oliveira, Jefferson Luiz da Silva and Murillo Duarte-Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69821",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69821",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70282",title:"Inhibitors of Tumoral Necrosis Factor Alpha in Inflammatory Bowel Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90204",slug:"inhibitors-of-tumoral-necrosis-factor-alpha-in-inflammatory-bowel-disease",totalDownloads:663,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has undergone a major paradigm shift in the last two decades with the introduction of biological drugs. Tumoral necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists were the first monoclonal antibodies available for treatment of IBD. New emerging concepts as early initiation of treatment during the “opportunity window,” and “treat to target” with a tight control strategy have contributed to optimum utilization of these drugs allowing better long-term outcomes for treated patients. This chapter aims to review all current pivotal data regarding efficacy and safety of infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab, as long as real life experience with these agents. Comparative efficacy among anti-TNF agents and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of IBD will also be discussed. Last, the authors present future perspectives with the drugs and position anti-TNF agents as viable therapeutic options in the current IBD therapeutic armamentarium.",signatures:"Carlos Walter Sobrado, Natália Sousa Freitas Queiroz and Caio Almeida Perez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70282",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70282",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70635",title:"Biological Therapy in the Prevention of Complications of Crohn",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90557",slug:"biological-therapy-in-the-prevention-of-complications-of-crohn",totalDownloads:592,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In recent years, the advent of biological agents has revolutionized the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). TNF is a cytokine with a very important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD), so it is a therapeutic target to highlight. The efficacy and safety of the anti-TNF, IFX and ADA is widely established, becoming two of the therapeutic pillars of CD. Today the experience with other more recent antibodies and stem cells therapy is more limited. Various limitations such as lack of studies, heterogeneity in inclusion criteria, and achievement of objectives make it difficult to establish which treatment is more appropriate in each case and even the superiority between drugs and/or cellular therapy. This chapter will compare the different currently available therapies with special interest in new therapies and their relationship in the prevention of complications of Crohn’s disease.",signatures:"Dolores Ortiz-Masià",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70635",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70635",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70107",title:"Biological Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Screening Prior to Initiating and How to Proceed When Surgery Is Necessary",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90001",slug:"biological-therapy-for-inflammatory-bowel-diseases-screening-prior-to-initiating-and-how-to-proceed-",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biological therapy has revolutionized the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the last 30 years. However, these drugs have side effects and adverse events. Before starting this therapy, screening is necessary for specific infection diseases and monitoring protocols. Screening for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections must be included. In addition, vaccination should be checked and updated, if necessary. Despite the advent of biological therapy, a significant number of patients with IBD will need surgery in their lifetime due to either clinical intractability or disease complications. Many of them will be on biological therapy, and there is a considerable controversy about adverse effects of biologics on surgical outcomes. In this chapter, we will approach the screening required to start this therapy and how to proceed when surgery is necessary in these patients.",signatures:"Maria de Lourdes Setsuko Ayrizono, Priscilla de Sene Portel Oliveira and João José Fagundes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70107",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70633",title:"Anti-Integrins, Anti-Interleukin 12/23p40, and JAK Inhibitors for the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90536",slug:"anti-integrins-anti-interleukin-12-23p40-and-jak-inhibitors-for-the-inflammatory-bowel-disease-treat",totalDownloads:548,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) present a broad inflammatory cascade that is sometimes difficult to control. Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are exposed to intense and harmful effects that compromise their quality of life. There is a constant need for new classes of drugs that act on different fronts of inflammation control. Initially, biologics revolutionized inflammatory bowel disease treatment. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents and infliximab, followed by adalimumab and certolizumab pegol, have been proven to induce clinical and endoscopic remission. However, some patients are primary nonresponders, and a significant proportion of initial responders lose response throughout the treatment. The emergence of new therapies, such as anti-integrins, anti-interleukins, and inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK), can become an alternative option for patients with previous therapeutic failures, besides offering greater safety than other biological therapies up to now. Among anti-integrins, vedolizumab is the drug with proven efficacy in both induction and maintenance of remission and has local and selective action in the intestine. Ustekinumab represents the group of anti-interleukins, acting to control interleukin-12 (IL12) and interleukin-23 (IL23). JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib) act on intracellular inflammatory mediators and have the advantage of being orally administered.",signatures:"Karine Mariane Steigleder, Fernando Lopes Ponte Neto, Cristiane Kibune Nagasako and Raquel Franco Leal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70633",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6164",title:"Metagenomics for Gut Microbes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"672dc229a6318cc2b7b7ef16b314e046",slug:"metagenomics-for-gut-microbes",bookSignature:"Ranjith N. Kumavath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6164.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",surname:"Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7959",title:"Digestive System",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13733cf2ed3652affb7832d133815bcd",slug:"digestive-system-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Xingshun Qi and Sam Koruth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7863",title:"Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8ee85f9459f901eba51628f45db7c80",slug:"pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7863.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5210117ff0a6e5c3863f1075ac38be5",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10719",title:"Diverticular Disease of the Colon",subtitle:"Recent Knowledge of Physiopathology, Endoscopic Approaches, Clinical and Surgical Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"624e74d5b757f0d975221fdb8bf19606",slug:"diverticular-disease-of-the-colon-recent-knowledge-of-physiopathology-endoscopic-approaches-clinical-and-surgical-treatments",bookSignature:"José Joaquim Ribeiro da Rocha and Marley Ribeiro Feitosa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10719.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34505",title:"Prof.",name:"José Joaquim",surname:"Ribeiro Da Rocha",slug:"jose-joaquim-ribeiro-da-rocha",fullName:"José Joaquim Ribeiro Da Rocha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10318",title:"Recent Advances in Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4660cc6cfdbc562d1f25e6e05b6b77f1",slug:"recent-advances-in-pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Qiang Yan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10318.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"247970",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiang",surname:"Yan",slug:"qiang-yan",fullName:"Qiang Yan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10316",title:"Doubts, Problems and Certainties about Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5a667ba20185b3a039de5c53772da49",slug:"doubts-problems-and-certainties-about-acute-appendicitis",bookSignature:"Angelo Guttadauro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10316.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"239365",title:"M.D.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Guttadauro",slug:"angelo-guttadauro",fullName:"Angelo Guttadauro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10314",title:"Esophagitis and Gastritis",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"018c77c0b435770edd232fbdf706d573",slug:"esophagitis-and-gastritis-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri and Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206355/images/system/206355.jpeg",biography:"Monjur Ahmed, MD, FRCP, is an Associate Professor of Medicine, at the Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. He has been a practicing gastroenterologist for twenty-four years. He has a special interest in biliary diseases, gastrointestinal bleeding, colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, eosinophilic esophagitis, gastrointestinal motility disorders, and dysphagia. He also serves as an editor-in-chief of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.",institutionString:"Thomas Jefferson University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Thomas Jefferson University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10315",title:"Crohn’s Disease",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ddf7dda3ec43e99aefd9d1ac1ecc35e",slug:"crohn-s-disease-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10315.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10309",title:"Endoscopy in Small Bowel Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7c515b4add9ecf0a5de381a72d145e5",slug:"endoscopy-in-small-bowel-diseases",bookSignature:"Mahesh Goenka, Usha Goenka and Gajanan A. Rodge",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10309.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"292494",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahesh",surname:"Goenka",slug:"mahesh-goenka",fullName:"Mahesh Goenka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64875",slug:"erratum-introductory-chapter-primary-concept-of-hypoxia-and-anoxia",title:"Erratum - Introductory Chapter: Primary Concept of Hypoxia and Anoxia",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64875.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64875",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64875",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64875",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64875",chapter:{id:"62932",slug:"introductory-chapter-primary-concept-of-hypoxia-and-anoxia",signatures:"Shrilaxmi Bagali, Gavishsidappa A. Hadimani, Mallanagouda S. Biradar and Kusal K. Das",dateSubmitted:"June 18th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"December 12th 2018",book:{id:"7009",title:"Hypoxia and Anoxia",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Hypoxia and Anoxia",slug:"hypoxia-and-anoxia",publishedDate:"December 12th 2018",bookSignature:"Kusal K. Das and Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7009.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",fullName:"Kusal Das",slug:"kusal-das",email:"kusaldas@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188854",title:"Prof.",name:"M.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",fullName:"M.S. Biradar",slug:"m.s.-biradar",email:"editor.bjhs@bldeuniversity.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"263841",title:"Dr.",name:"Shrilaxmi",middleName:null,surname:"Bagali",fullName:"Shrilaxmi Bagali",slug:"shrilaxmi-bagali",email:"shrikots@yahoo.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"265434",title:"Dr.",name:"Gavishiddappa A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hadimani",fullName:"Gavishiddappa A. Hadimani",slug:"gavishiddappa-a.-hadimani",email:"gavish.hadimani@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62932",slug:"introductory-chapter-primary-concept-of-hypoxia-and-anoxia",signatures:"Shrilaxmi Bagali, Gavishsidappa A. Hadimani, Mallanagouda S. Biradar and Kusal K. Das",dateSubmitted:"June 18th 2018",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"December 12th 2018",book:{id:"7009",title:"Hypoxia and Anoxia",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Hypoxia and Anoxia",slug:"hypoxia-and-anoxia",publishedDate:"December 12th 2018",bookSignature:"Kusal K. Das and Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7009.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",fullName:"Kusal Das",slug:"kusal-das",email:"kusaldas@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188854",title:"Prof.",name:"M.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",fullName:"M.S. Biradar",slug:"m.s.-biradar",email:"editor.bjhs@bldeuniversity.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"263841",title:"Dr.",name:"Shrilaxmi",middleName:null,surname:"Bagali",fullName:"Shrilaxmi Bagali",slug:"shrilaxmi-bagali",email:"shrikots@yahoo.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"265434",title:"Dr.",name:"Gavishiddappa A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hadimani",fullName:"Gavishiddappa A. Hadimani",slug:"gavishiddappa-a.-hadimani",email:"gavish.hadimani@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7009",title:"Hypoxia and Anoxia",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Hypoxia and Anoxia",slug:"hypoxia-and-anoxia",publishedDate:"December 12th 2018",bookSignature:"Kusal K. Das and Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7009.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10403",leadTitle:null,title:"Recent Advances in Numerical Simulations",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"A numerical simulation is a computing calculation following a program that develops a mathematical model for a physical, social, economic, or biological system. Numerical simulations are required for analyzing and studying the behavior of systems whose mathematical models are very complex, as in the case of nonlinear systems. Capturing the resulting uncertainty of models based on uncertain parameters and constraints in confidence intervals (1-D), or more generally (>1-D) confidence regions, is very common for expressing to which degree the computed result is believed to be consistent with possible values of the targeted observable. This book examines the different methods used in numerical simulations, including adaptive and stochastic methods as well as finite element analysis research. This work is accompanied by studies of confidence regions, often utilized to express the credibility of such calculations and simulations.",isbn:"978-1-83968-169-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-168-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-315-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91589",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-numerical-simulations",numberOfPages:290,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d74c4bc8f3f49c49eb2e80810d938611",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes and Jan Peter Hessling",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10403.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:3238,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 13th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 11th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 30th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in mathematical nanotechnology and formal engineering research theory, appointed director of the IINAMEI and research groups head, many awards, and several badges in the World. Author of more than 100 papers and published many books. Publons reviewer.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Holder of the Chalmers University of Technology Ph.D. degree and M.Sc. degree in physics from the University of Massachusetts. The original proposer of Deterministic Sampling for uncertainty quantification and model calibration.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92918/images/system/92918.png",biography:"Dr. Francisco Bulnes has a Ph.D. in Mathematical Sciences from the Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma deMéxico (IM/UNAM). He is the director of Advanced International Research in Mathematics and Engineering (IINAMEI) and editor in chief of the journal Mathematics. Dr. Bulnes has authored more than 100 journal papers and several books in mathematics and physics research. He is a well known researcher and pioneer in curvature energy theory, mathematical theory of research and mathematical theory of nanotechnology. He has received various honors and awards (Doctorates Honoris Causa) from universities and both governmental and non-governmental organizations. He has two post-doctorates in mathematics from Cuba and Russia. His biography has been published as a tribute book in many countries of the world.",institutionString:"Investigación Internacional Avanzada en Matemáticas e Ingeniería (IINAMEI), Mexico",position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"12",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"20815",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hessling",slug:"jan-peter-hessling",fullName:"Jan Peter Hessling",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/20815/images/system/20815.jpg",biography:"Jan Peter Hessling earned a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1996, and an MSc in Physics from the University of Massachusetts, USA, in 1991. Since then, he has been devoted to novel mathematical and statistical concepts, recently focusing on modeling uncertainty and digital filtering. Dr. Hessling is the original proposer of Deterministic Sampling for uncertainty quantification and Dynamic Metrology for the analysis of dynamic measurements utilizing custom digital filtering. He has authored four book chapters for InTechOpen and about twenty journal articles. Since 2016, these concepts are further developed in the privately held company Kapernicus AB, which is dedicated to applied mathematical R&D, offering statistical model sampling (SavvySampler®) and digital filtering of road surfaces (RoadNotes®) worldwide.",institutionString:"Independent scientist",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"599",title:"Computer Simulation",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-computer-simulation"}],chapters:[{id:"75127",title:"Femtosecond Laser Pulses: Generation, Measurement and Propagation",slug:"femtosecond-laser-pulses-generation-measurement-and-propagation",totalDownloads:231,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"342055",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mounir",surname:"Khelladi",slug:"mounir-khelladi",fullName:"Mounir Khelladi"}]},{id:"75857",title:"Numerical Simulations of Detections, Experiments and Magnetic Field Hall Effect Analysis to Field Torsion",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-detections-experiments-and-magnetic-field-hall-effect-analysis-to-field-tor",totalDownloads:196,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}]},{id:"76600",title:"A Monotonic Method of Split Particles",slug:"a-monotonic-method-of-split-particles",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"181004",title:"Prof.",name:"Yury",surname:"Yanilkin",slug:"yury-yanilkin",fullName:"Yury Yanilkin"},{id:"347790",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",surname:"Kolobyanin",slug:"vadim-kolobyanin",fullName:"Vadim Kolobyanin"},{id:"347791",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Shmelev",slug:"vladimir-shmelev",fullName:"Vladimir Shmelev"}]},{id:"76170",title:"Numerical Simulation Modelling of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facades",slug:"numerical-simulation-modelling-of-building-integrated-photovoltaic-double-skin-facades",totalDownloads:266,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"343273",title:null,name:"Siliang",surname:"Yang",slug:"siliang-yang",fullName:"Siliang Yang"}]},{id:"77110",title:"Parameter Dependencies of a Biomechanical Cervical Spine FSU - The Process of Finding Optimal Model Parameters by Sensitivity Analysis",slug:"parameter-dependencies-of-a-biomechanical-cervical-spine-fsu-the-process-of-finding-optimal-model-pa",totalDownloads:232,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"180120",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Bauer",slug:"sabine-bauer",fullName:"Sabine Bauer"},{id:"343297",title:"MSc.",name:"Ivanna",surname:"Kramer",slug:"ivanna-kramer",fullName:"Ivanna Kramer"}]},{id:"77022",title:"A Numerical Simulator Based on Finite Element Method for Diffusion-Advection-Reaction Equation in High Contrast Domains",slug:"a-numerical-simulator-based-on-finite-element-method-for-diffusion-advection-reaction-equation-in-hi",totalDownloads:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"341891",title:"Dr.",name:"Hani",surname:"Akbari",slug:"hani-akbari",fullName:"Hani Akbari"}]},{id:"75801",title:"A Modified Spectral Relaxation Method for Some Emden-Fowler Equations",slug:"a-modified-spectral-relaxation-method-for-some-emden-fowler-equations",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"185293",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerald Tendayi",surname:"Marewo",slug:"gerald-tendayi-marewo",fullName:"Gerald Tendayi Marewo"}]},{id:"77307",title:"Numerical Modeling of Soil Water Flow and Nitrogen Dynamics in a Tomato Field Irrigated with Municipal Wastewater",slug:"numerical-modeling-of-soil-water-flow-and-nitrogen-dynamics-in-a-tomato-field-irrigated-with-municip",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"191059",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Erfani",surname:"Agah",slug:"ali-erfani-agah",fullName:"Ali Erfani Agah"}]},{id:"75421",title:"Determination of Values Range of Physical Quantities and Existence Parameters of Normal Spherical Detonation by the Method of Numerical Simulation",slug:"determination-of-values-range-of-physical-quantities-and-existence-parameters-of-normal-spherical-de",totalDownloads:228,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"264900",title:"Mr.",name:"Myron",surname:"Polatayko",slug:"myron-polatayko",fullName:"Myron Polatayko"}]},{id:"73036",title:"On Statistical Assessments of Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Cigarette Purchase Price among Daily Smokers in the United States: Non-Hispanic Whites Pay Least",slug:"on-statistical-assessments-of-racial-ethnic-inequalities-in-cigarette-purchase-price-among-daily-smo",totalDownloads:267,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"326641",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Julia N.",surname:"Soulakova",slug:"julia-n.-soulakova",fullName:"Julia N. Soulakova"},{id:"326645",title:"Dr.",name:"Trung",surname:"Ha",slug:"trung-ha",fullName:"Trung Ha"}]},{id:"74426",title:"Intensive Computational Method Applied for Assessing Specialty Coffees by Trained and Untrained Consumers",slug:"intensive-computational-method-applied-for-assessing-specialty-coffees-by-trained-and-untrained-cons",totalDownloads:306,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"326912",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto",surname:"Liska",slug:"gilberto-liska",fullName:"Gilberto Liska"},{id:"337973",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Alberto",surname:"Beijo",slug:"luiz-alberto-beijo",fullName:"Luiz Alberto Beijo"},{id:"337974",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Ângelo",surname:"Cirillo",slug:"marcelo-angelo-cirillo",fullName:"Marcelo Ângelo Cirillo"},{id:"337976",title:"Dr.",name:"Flávio Meira",surname:"Borém",slug:"flavio-meira-borem",fullName:"Flávio Meira Borém"},{id:"337977",title:"Dr.",name:"Fortunato Silva De",surname:"Menezes",slug:"fortunato-silva-de-menezes",fullName:"Fortunato Silva De Menezes"}]},{id:"74188",title:"The Periodic Restricted EXPAR(1) Model",slug:"the-periodic-restricted-expar-1-model",totalDownloads:271,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"326078",title:"Dr.",name:"Mouna",surname:"Merzougui",slug:"mouna-merzougui",fullName:"Mouna Merzougui"}]},{id:"77644",title:"Severe Testing and Characterization of Change Points in Climate Time Series",slug:"severe-testing-and-characterization-of-change-points-in-climate-time-series",totalDownloads:115,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"343188",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Ricketts",slug:"james-ricketts",fullName:"James Ricketts"},{id:"414600",title:"Prof.",name:"Roger",surname:"Jones",slug:"roger-jones",fullName:"Roger Jones"}]},{id:"76773",title:"International Benchmark Activity in the Field of Sodium Fast Reactors",slug:"international-benchmark-activity-in-the-field-of-sodium-fast-reactors",totalDownloads:211,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"14024",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Bruna",slug:"giovanni-bruna",fullName:"Giovanni Bruna"},{id:"346291",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Domenico",surname:"De Luca",slug:"domenico-de-luca",fullName:"Domenico De Luca"},{id:"354262",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Petruzzi",slug:"alessandro-petruzzi",fullName:"Alessandro Petruzzi"},{id:"354264",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Cherubini",slug:"marco-cherubini",fullName:"Marco Cherubini"},{id:"354265",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",surname:"Di Pasquale",slug:"simone-di-pasquale",fullName:"Simone Di Pasquale"}]},{id:"75766",title:"On the Determination of Molar Heat Capacity of Transition Elements: From the Absolute Zero to the Melting Point",slug:"on-the-determination-of-molar-heat-capacity-of-transition-elements-from-the-absolute-zero-to-the-mel",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"208177",title:"Prof.",name:"Amauri",surname:"Garcia",slug:"amauri-garcia",fullName:"Amauri Garcia"},{id:"219198",title:"Prof.",name:"José Adilson",surname:"de Castro",slug:"jose-adilson-de-castro",fullName:"José Adilson de Castro"},{id:"225272",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivaldo",surname:"Leão Ferreira",slug:"ivaldo-leao-ferreira",fullName:"Ivaldo Leão Ferreira"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"184402",firstName:"Romina",lastName:"Rovan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/184402/images/4747_n.jpg",email:"romina.r@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8907",title:"Advances in Quantum Communication and Information",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b074960b5f71319aa57217e7b54216e",slug:"advances-in-quantum-communication-and-information",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes, Vasilios N. Stavrou, Oleg Morozov and Anton V. Bourdine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8907.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8655",title:"Advances in Complex Analysis and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6abcaa5b5cf98a51a769d1bce7e5ebe5",slug:"advances-in-complex-analysis-and-applications",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes and Olga Hachay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7428",title:"Advances on Tensor Analysis and their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2339ac5eb978557d01451489e961b102",slug:"advances-on-tensor-analysis-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7428.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8600",title:"Recent Advances in Integral Equations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55d44e96dac2ef01fb52708933293c71",slug:"recent-advances-in-integral-equations",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3729",title:"Orbital Integrals on Reductive Lie Groups and Their Algebras",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1538fba70d1a9ed222ff4e8d5b8d90",slug:"orbital-integrals-on-reductive-lie-groups-and-their-algebras",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3729.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3036",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39d85d5d566c24744e4ac69fc297bb36",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-2",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3036.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1485",title:"Applications of Monte Carlo Method in Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08abe20f1549c83cfb208c83e12ee7df",slug:"applications-of-monte-carlo-method-in-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Shaul Mordechai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21994",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaul",surname:"Mordechai",slug:"shaul-mordechai",fullName:"Shaul Mordechai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1025",title:"Engineering Education and Research Using MATLAB",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6e4cf9f0e6d7dccba13bc8edc4bf8e70",slug:"engineering-education-and-research-using-matlab",bookSignature:"Ali H. Assi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12279",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Assi",slug:"ali-assi",fullName:"Ali Assi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"11704",title:"Vegetation Mapping of the Mond Protected Area of Bushehr Provice (SW Iran)",doi:"10.5772/9993",slug:"vegetation-mapping-and-ecological-management",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/11704.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/11704",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/11704",totalDownloads:2856,totalViews:134,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:28,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 18th 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/11704",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/11704",book:{id:"3671",slug:"satellite-communications"},signatures:"Ahmadreza Mehrabian, Abdolrassoul Salman Mahiny, Hossein Mostafavi and Homan Liaghati",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3671",type:"book",title:"Satellite Communications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Satellite Communications",slug:"satellite-communications",publishedDate:"September 18th 2010",bookSignature:"Nazzareno Diodato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-135-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5932-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"51018",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazzareno",middleName:null,surname:"Diodato",slug:"nazzareno-diodato",fullName:"Nazzareno Diodato"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"528"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"11686",type:"chapter",title:"About QoS in DVB-S2/RCS Systems",slug:"about-qos-in-dvb-s2-rcs-systems",totalDownloads:4954,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Baptiste Jacquemin, Pascal Berthou, Thierry Gayraud and Lionel Bertaux",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11687",type:"chapter",title:"Antenna System for Land Mobile Satellite Communications",slug:"antenna-system-for-land-mobile-satellite-communications",totalDownloads:8118,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Basari Basari, Kazuyuki Saito, Masaharu Takahashi and Koichi Ito",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11689",type:"chapter",title:"Cooperative Strategies for Satellite Access",slug:"cooperative-strategies-for-satellite-access",totalDownloads:1937,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luca Simone Ronga, Rosalba Suffritti and Enrico Del Re",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11691",type:"chapter",title:"MIMO Channel Modelling for Satellite Communications",slug:"mimo-channel-modelling-for-satellite-communications",totalDownloads:4094,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abbas Mohammed and Asad Mehmood",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11692",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Uses and Metrology : an Experiment in Telecommunications by Satellite and Wireless Network Solution for Rural Areas",slug:"analysis-of-uses-and-metrology-an-experiment-in-telecommunications-by-satellite-and-wireless-network",totalDownloads:1877,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gilles Puel, Valérie Fernandez and Valérie Fautrero",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11695",type:"chapter",title:"Design and Implementation of Satellite-Based Networks and Services for Ubiquitous Access to Healthcare",slug:"design-and-implementation-of-satellite-based-networks-and-services-for-ubiquitous-access-to-healthca",totalDownloads:2153,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Georgi Graschew, Theo A. Roelofs, Stefan Rakowsky and Peter M. Schlag",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11697",type:"chapter",title:"Characterisation and Channel Modelling for Mobile Satellite Communication Systems",slug:"characterisation-and-channel-modelling-for-mobile-satellite-communication-systems",totalDownloads:7096,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Asad Mehmood and Abbas Mohammed",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11698",type:"chapter",title:"Combining Satellite and Geospatial Technologies for Exploring Rainstorm Hazard Over Mediterranean Central Area",slug:"combining-satellite-and-geospatial-technologies-for-exploring-rainstorm-hazard-over-mediterranean-ce",totalDownloads:1690,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nazzareno Diodato",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11700",type:"chapter",title:"Design and Simulation of a DVB-S2-like Adaptive Air interface Designed for Low Bit Rate Emergency Communications Satellite Link in Ku/Ka/Q/V Bands",slug:"design-and-simulation-of-a-dvb-s2-like-adaptive-air-interface-designed-for-low-bit-rate-emergency-co",totalDownloads:4226,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ponia Pech, Marie Robert, Alban Duverdier and Michel Bousquet",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11701",type:"chapter",title:"Mapping and Estimation of Chemical Concentrations in Surface Soils using LANDSAT TM Satellite Imagery",slug:"mapping-and-estimation-of-chemical-concentrations-in-surface-soils-using-landsat-tm-satellite-imager",totalDownloads:2957,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Balaji Bhaskar Maruthi Sridhar and Robert K. Vincent",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11703",type:"chapter",title:"OLFISH - a Complete, Paperless Solution for the Collection, Management and Dissemination of Marine Data",slug:"olfish-a-complete-paperless-solution-for-the-collection-management-and-dissemination-of-marine-data",totalDownloads:2938,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Amos Barkai, Fatima Felaar, Karl Geggus, Zahrah Dantie and Arno Hayes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11704",type:"chapter",title:"Vegetation Mapping of the Mond Protected Area of Bushehr Provice (SW Iran)",slug:"vegetation-mapping-and-ecological-management",totalDownloads:2856,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmadreza Mehrabian, Abdolrassoul Salman Mahiny, Hossein Mostafavi and Homan Liaghati",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11705",type:"chapter",title:"Earth to Space Link",slug:"earth-to-space-link",totalDownloads:2323,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mandeep Jit Singh, Mardina Abdullah, Baharudin Yatim, Mahamod Ismail and Wayan Suparta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11707",type:"chapter",title:"Guidelines for Satellite Tracking",slug:"guidelines-for-satellite-tracking",totalDownloads:3623,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dusan Vuckovic, Petar Rajkovic, Dragan Jankovic and Olivera Pavic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11709",type:"chapter",title:"Interference in Cellular Satellite Systems",slug:"interference-studies-in-cellular-satellite-systems",totalDownloads:3253,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ozlem Kilic and Amir I. Zaghloul",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11710",type:"chapter",title:"Beyong Life-Cycle Utilization of Geostationary Communication Satellites in End-of-Life",slug:"multi-life-cycles-utilization-of-retired-satellites",totalDownloads:3665,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shi Hu-Li, Han Yan-Ben, Ma Li-Hua, Pei Jun, Yin Zhi-Qiang and Ji Hai-Fu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11711",type:"chapter",title:"Planar Antennas for Satellite Communications",slug:"planar-antennas-for-satellite-communications",totalDownloads:6419,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jorge Sosa-Pedroza, Fabiola Martinez-zuñiga and Mauro Enciso-Aguilar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11712",type:"chapter",title:"Power and Spectral Efficient Multiuser Broadband Wireless Communication System",slug:"power-and-spectral-efficient-multiuser-broadband-wireless-communication-system",totalDownloads:2436,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Santi Maity",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11713",type:"chapter",title:"Quantum Based Information Transfer in Satellite Communication",slug:"quantum-based-information-transfer-in-satellite-communication",totalDownloads:2454,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Laszlo Bacsardi and Sandor Imre",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11717",type:"chapter",title:"Satellite Coverage Optimization Problems with Shaped Reflector Antennas",slug:"satellite-coverage-optimization-problems-with-shaped-reflector-antennas",totalDownloads:2628,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adriano Lisboa, Douglas Vieira and Rodney Saldanha",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11718",type:"chapter",title:"Satellite Laser Communication",slug:"satellite-laser-communication",totalDownloads:3540,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paul Christopher",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11719",type:"chapter",title:"Satellite Motion",slug:"satellite-motion",totalDownloads:4221,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miljenko Solaric",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"11720",type:"chapter",title:"System Aspects of Active Phased Arrays",slug:"system-aspects-of-active-phased-arrays-",totalDownloads:3648,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Amir Zaghloul, Ozlem Kilic and Eric C. Kohls",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3650",title:"Radio Communications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"radio-communications",bookSignature:"Alessandro Bazzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3650.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4379",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Bazzi",slug:"alessandro-bazzi",fullName:"Alessandro Bazzi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"10779",title:"Radio-Communications Architectures",slug:"radio-communications-architectures",signatures:"Antoine Diet, Martine Villegas, Genevieve Baudoin and Fabien Robert",authors:[null]},{id:"10799",title:"Analytical SIR for Cross Layer Channel Model",slug:"analytical-sir-for-cross-layer-channel-model",signatures:"Abdurazak Mudesir and Harald Haas",authors:[null]},{id:"10771",title:"The Impact of Fixed and Moving Scatterers on the Statistics of MIMO Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels",slug:"the-impact-of-fixed-and-moving-scatterers-on-the-statistics-of-mimo-vehicle-to-vehicle-channels",signatures:"Ali Chelli and Matthias Patzold",authors:[null]},{id:"10788",title:"Planar Antenna Array Hybrid Beamforming for SDMA in Millimeter Wave WPAN",slug:"planar-antenna-array-hybrid-beamforming-for-sdma-in-millimeter-wave-wpan",signatures:"Sau-HsuanWu, Lin-Kai Chiu, Ko-Yen Lin and Ming-Chen Chiang",authors:[null]},{id:"10785",title:"A Distributed Multilayer Software Architecture for MIMO Testbeds",slug:"a-distributed-multilayer-software-architecture-for-mimo-testbeds",signatures:"Jose A. Garcia-Naya, M. Gonzalez-Lopez and L. Castedo",authors:[null]},{id:"10795",title:"Recent Developments in Channel Estimation and Detection for MIMO Systems",slug:"recent-developments-in-channel-estimation-and-detection-for-mimo-systems",signatures:"Seyed Mohammad-Sajad Sadough, Mohammad-Ali Khalighi",authors:[null]},{id:"10772",title:"Cooperative MIMO Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"cooperative-mimo-systems-in-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"M. Riduan Ahmad, Eryk Dutkiewicz, Xiaojing Huang and M. Kadim Suaidi",authors:[null]},{id:"10766",title:"Optimal Cooperative MIMO Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"optimal-cooperative-mimo-scheme-in-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"M. Riduan Ahmad, Eryk Dutkiewicz, Xiaojing Huang and M. Kadim Suaidi",authors:[null]},{id:"10787",title:"Single/Multi-User MIMO Differential Capacity",slug:"single-multi-user-mimo-differential-capacity",signatures:"Daniel Castanheira and Atilio Gameiro",authors:[null]},{id:"10784",title:"Low Dimensional MIMO Systems with Finite Sized Constellation Inputs",slug:"low-dimensional-mimo-systems-with-finite-sized-constellation-inputs",signatures:"Rizwan Ghaffar and Raymond Knopp",authors:[null]},{id:"10798",title:"Advanced Hybrid–ARQ Receivers for Broadband MIMO Communications",slug:"advanced-hybrid-arq-receivers-for-broadband-mimo-communications",signatures:"Tarik Ait-Idir, Houda Chafnaji, Samir Saoudi and Athanasios Vasilakos",authors:[null]},{id:"10786",title:"Cooperative ARQ: A Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer Perspective",slug:"cooperative-arq-a-medium-access-control-mac-layer-perspective",signatures:"Jesus Alonso-Zarate, Elli Kartsakli, Luis Alonso and Christos Verikoukis",authors:[null]},{id:"10789",title:"A Hybrid Feedback Mechanism to Exploit Multiuser Diversity in Wireless Networks",slug:"a-hybrid-feedback-mechanism-to-exploit-multiuser-diversity-in-wireless-networks",signatures:"Yahya S. Al-Harthi",authors:[null]},{id:"10773",title:"Opportunistic Access Schemes for Multiuser OFDM Wireless Networks",slug:"opportunistic-access-schemes-for-multiuser-ofdm-wireless-networks",signatures:"Cedric Gueguen and Sebastien Baey",authors:[null]},{id:"10765",title:"Bidirectional Cooperative Relaying",slug:"bidirectional-cooperative-relaying",signatures:"Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay and Shankar Prakriya",authors:[null]},{id:"10797",title:"A Novel Amplify-and-Forward Relay Channel Model for Mobile-to-Mobile Fading Channels under Line-of-Sight Conditions",slug:"a-novel-amplify-and-forward-relay-channel-model-for-mobile-to-mobile-fading-channels-under-line-of-s",signatures:"Batool Talha and Matthias Patzold",authors:[null]},{id:"10796",title:"Resource Management with Limited Capability of Fixed Relay Station in Multi-Hop Cellular Networks",slug:"resource-management-with-limited-capability-of-fixed-relay-station-in-multi-hop-cellular-networks",signatures:"Jemin Lee and Daesik Hong",authors:[null]},{id:"10774",title:"On Cross-Layer Routing in Wireless Multi-Hop Networks",slug:"on-cross-layer-routing-in-wireless-multi-hop-networks",signatures:"Golnaz Karbaschi, Anne Fladenmuller and Sebastien Baey",authors:[null]},{id:"10767",title:"Mobile WiMAX Performance Investigation",slug:"mobile-wimax-performance-investigation",signatures:"Alessandro Bazzi, Giacomo Leonardi, Gianni Pasolini and Oreste Andrisano",authors:[null]},{id:"10783",title:"Throughput-Enhanced Communication Approach for Subscriber Stations in IEEE 802.16 Point-to-Multipoint Networks",slug:"throughput-enhanced-communication-approach-for-subscriber-stations-in-ieee-802-16-point-to-multipoin",signatures:"Chung-Hsien Hsu and Kai-Ten Feng",authors:[null]},{id:"10770",title:"Holdoff Algorithms for IEEE 802.16 Mesh Mode in Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh Networks",slug:"holdoff-algorithms-for-ieee-802-16-mesh-mode-in-multi-hop-wireless-mesh-networks",signatures:"Bong Chan Kim and Hwang Soo Lee",authors:[null]},{id:"10769",title:"Call Admission Control Algorithms Based on Random Waypoint Mobility for IEEE802.16e Networks",slug:"call-admission-control-algorithms-based-on-random-waypoint-mobility-for-ieee802-16e-networks",signatures:"Khalil Ibrahimi, Rachid El-Azouzi, Thierry Peyre and El Houssine Bouyakhf",authors:[null]},{id:"10793",title:"Queueing-Model-Based Analysis for IEEE802.11 Wireless LANs with Non-Saturated Nodes",slug:"queueing-model-based-analysis-for-ieee802-11-wireless-lans-with-non-saturated-nodes",signatures:"Shigeo Shioda and Mayumi Komatsu",authors:[null]},{id:"10790",title:"Increasing the Time Connected to Already Deployed 802.11 Wireless Networks while Traveling by Subway",slug:"increasing-the-time-connected-to-already-deployed-802-11-wireless-networks-while-traveling-by-subway",signatures:"Jaeouk Ok, Pedro Morales, Masateru Minami and Hiroyuki Morikawa",authors:[null]},{id:"10782",title:"Asymmetric Carrier Sense in Heterogeneous Medical Networks Environment",slug:"asymmetric-carrier-sense-in-heterogeneous-medical-networks-environment",signatures:"Bin Zhen, Huan-Bang Li, Shinsuke Hara and Ryuji Kohno",authors:[null]},{id:"10792",title:"Multi-Agent Design for the Physical Layer of a Distributed Base Station Network",slug:"multi-agent-design-for-the-physical-layer-of-a-distributed-base-station-network",signatures:"Philippe Leroux and Sebastien Roy",authors:[null]},{id:"10777",title:"Inter-RAT Handover Between UMTS And WiMAX",slug:"inter-rat-handover-between-umts-and-wimax",signatures:"Bin Liu and Philippe Martins, Philippe Bertin and Abed Ellatif Samhat",authors:[null]},{id:"10775",title:"MHD-CAR: A Distributed Cross-Layer Solution for Augmenting Seamless Mobility Management Protocols",slug:"mhd-car-a-distributed-cross-layer-solution-for-augmenting-seamless-mobility-management-protocols",signatures:"Faqir Zarrar Yousaf, Christian Muller and Christian Wietfeld",authors:[null]},{id:"10781",title:"Mobility in IP Networks: from Link Layer to Application Layer Protocols and Architectures",slug:"mobility-in-ip-networks-from-link-layer-to-application-layer-protocols-and-architectures",signatures:"Thienne Johnson, Eleri Cardozo, Rodrigo Prado, Eduardo Zagari and Tomas Badan",authors:[null]},{id:"10776",title:"Positioning in Indoor Mobile Systems",slug:"positioning-in-indoor-mobile-systems",signatures:"Milos Borenovic and Aleksandar Neskovic",authors:[null]},{id:"10780",title:"Location in Ad Hoc Networks",slug:"location-in-ad-hoc-networks",signatures:"Israel Martin-Escalona, Marc Ciurana and Francisco Barcelo-Arroyo",authors:[null]},{id:"10768",title:"Location Tracking Schemes for Broadband Wireless Networks",slug:"location-tracking-schemes-for-broadband-wireless-networks",signatures:"Po-Hsuan Tseng and Kai-Ten Feng",authors:[null]},{id:"10794",title:"Wireless Multi-Hop Localization Games for Entertainment Computing",slug:"wireless-multi-hop-localization-games-for-entertainment-computing",signatures:"Tomoya Takenaka, Hiroshi Mineno and Tadanori Mizuno",authors:[null]},{id:"10778",title:"Measuring Network Security",slug:"measuring-network-security",signatures:"Emmanouil Serrelis and Nikolaos Alexandris",authors:[null]},{id:"10791",title:"A Testing Process for Interoperability and Conformance of Secure Web Services",slug:"a-testing-process-for-interoperability-and-conformance-of-secure-web-services",signatures:"Spyridon Papastergiou and Despina Polemi",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3650",title:"Radio Communications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"radio-communications",bookSignature:"Alessandro Bazzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3650.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4379",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Bazzi",slug:"alessandro-bazzi",fullName:"Alessandro Bazzi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6664",title:"Recent Advances in Cryptography and Network Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1fcee77b5c7beb3810f335c1a7f063cf",slug:"recent-advances-in-cryptography-and-network-security",bookSignature:"Pinaki Mitra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89103",title:"Prof.",name:"Pinaki",surname:"Mitra",slug:"pinaki-mitra",fullName:"Pinaki Mitra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10452",title:"Computer-Mediated Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed2d494d96079740341956fe830814ac",slug:"computer-mediated-communication",bookSignature:"Indrakshi Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321151",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrakshi",surname:"Dey",slug:"indrakshi-dey",fullName:"Indrakshi Dey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75764",title:"Artificial Light at Night and Breast Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96896",slug:"artificial-light-at-night-and-breast-cancer",body:'Biological adaptation to the sun light has advanced over billions of years. Historically, 200 years ago was the discovery of electric both lighting and power for the first time. In spite of the fact that this invention has been of incredible advantage for humankind, it has completely changed work environments, social, and home.
Light at night gave us the in-dependency from the normal daylight for living and to work longer hours and with a more income. The utilize of electric has not only been limited to night time but has also moreover made it conceivable to live and work independently of daylight during the day.
The contrast between artificial lighting and the sunlight. Sunlight is strong at all twelve visible wave-lengths which cresting within the yellow region. However, artificial light has either extreme characteristic wave-length crests like fluorescent or shows a monotonic increment in irradiance as wave-length protracts like radiant.
Night light sources have the ability to light the evening sky brighter than the new moon. Many voices has started to complain about increase the night light and its health effects. In spite of the fact that the global increasing of breast cancer rates is observed in industrialized countries [1, 2].
Over the past decade the speculation that night light inhibit melatonin production may act as a risk of breast cancer. This may due to that exposure to night light disturbs endogenous melatonin secretion. There is presently evidence that these changes have had great effect on health globally. Exposing to light after sunset is overriding the natural light–dark exposure pattern [3, 4, 5].
Whereas broad light night is needed for cutting edge society and business. There are a few regulations to overcome this modern phenomena. Therefore, it is crucial to appraise the adverse health effects of night light on the human health so that effective intercession can be formed to reduce harmful effects of exposure to night light.
Night light is a human-made light which can delivered from lighting that radiates from electric lamps. The increase of night light in cities has extended human human activity into the dark hours. It has been assessed that more than 80% of the world population is beneath light-polluted atmosphere that have an excessive artificial light [1, 6, 7].
Shifting to the light emitting diode (LED) technology in cities world wide has consequence in increasing in artificial light at night and especially blue-light because the use of white LED as the brand-new light standard in urban and rural areas [8]. Its well known that shift work affect circadian disruption is likely a carcinogenic risk factor to humans [9]. Most studies focused on breast cancer. However, there are studies focused on prostate cancer and night and showed that light night likely to increase risks for prostate cancer [10, 11, 12].
The possible explanation is that the night light inhibit the melatonin production which is a hormone usually produced at the dark, changes of sleep activities, and deregulation of circadian genes [13, 14]. Melatonin affects on estrogen-receptor positive human breast cancer cells [15, 16, 17].
In addition, several studies about day and night shift workers showed an interruption in both peak and lower melatonin levels in their urine compared to day workers. Furthermore, individuals reading using devices that produced blue light such as e-Book, surfing internet with their smart phones before going to bed compared with those who is reading a printed book will take longer to sleep [18].
Genetic background plays a role in changes in wake and sleep time [19]. For instance, a study showed that the lowest melatonin levels was reported among night-shift workers with the morning preference chronotype [i.e. The chronotype of a person is the individual’s ability to sleep over a 24-hour cycle at a given time]. Other factors that may contributed are sex, age, living indoors, type of personality, nighttime illumination may also be related to chronotype [20].
The main achievement of the past century can be called artificial light. Nevertheless, while artificial lighting is extremely advantageous for modern society. It also poses a major drawbacks to human health and the ecological system of the environment in the form of pollution. It is possible to clearly describe light pollution as unnecessary and misdirected artificial lighting [21]. Light pollution defined as a situation where improper use of night light may hinder with people’s comfort and health [22]. Other than the radical issue of sky glow caused by artificial lighting [23], a variety of known ecological problems are also caused by light pollution. Health problems in humans caused by exposure to night light are the most urgent among the known consequences. Via the eye, light is introduced to the human body. While the majority of the light mediates other biological processes in humans, such as light and dark cycles. The First Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness, reported that about 99% of European and American populations, and about one-fifth of world is under polluted skies [24].
Increase evening exposure to indoor short-wavelength light from LED lights, television, tablete, and smart-phons all these consider to disruptive to circadian function. Electricity system has been improved in the last century due to that the electricity became very cheap [25]. Moreover, artificial light today increased by the wide use of solar panels. This make the night light available in the remote areas. Thus, population exposure to night light in both indoors and out-doors has increased substantially [26]. Unlike the regular light which had fixed and known emission spectra.
The outdoor light is considered the modern world work and lives in. However, most of the people live now in dim light all the day without exploration to the sun light and undimmed light at night. Outdoor artificial lights includes lighting of: streets, advertising, architectural, security, domestic, vehicles, highways, railways, residential and commercial buildings, industries, shopping centers and sport facilities [27].
Light at night emitted from the above sources, is captured by the satellites through the sensors, circling around the Earth and transferral the captured information into the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program’s database. This database incorporate yearly data after excluding moon and sun light, and other sources of light like fires and lightning. These images capture a small portion of the light arise from the earth’s surface light, they symbolize the levels of night light at the ground level.
Outdoor light at night is considered as a permeant environmental threat by stressing the environment and human health [3, 28, 29]. Theories speculate that extreme exposure of night light is contributing to several health problems by interrupt the circadian rhythm [30].
The dark-and-light cycle provides the basic basis for life on our earth. Human adjustment to the solar cycle has consequence in fundamental molecular and genetic endogenous processes that correspond with an 24-hour period. The circadian genetic clock mechanism is closely involved in many cellular and organs function. While near 24-hours rhythms are produced spontaneously by the circadian system, human master clock must be readjust daily by the light–dark cycle to ensure proper temporal synchronization with the environment.
This everyday entertainment is mainly accomplished in humans by novel photo-receptors that project straight to the site of the circadian clock. The cycle production of a light-sensitive endogenous rhythm probably developed to permit for precise 24-hour control of activities and rest, and also to adapt to seasonal changes in night-length changes, while retaining the benefits of the underlying physiology that anticipates day and night.
Light is the most important trigger for human circadian rhythms to be controlled and is the key environmental time signal for the circadian clock. Light also triggers addition neuro-endocrine and neuro-behavioral responses, including restraint of melatonin production, directly alerting the brain, and improving alertness. The most popular biomarkers studied of the human physiological consequence to dark–light is melatonin. Melatonin is correlate with darkness and is produced at night only, irrespective of whether human is day or night active.
The synthesis and timing of the output melatonin includes a suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) afferent signal. Operation of this pathway, which happen in patients with damage of upper cervical spinal, wholly get rid of melatonin production. Some other circadian rhythms not rely on this pathway such as cortisol, body temperature, and sleep–wake cycles.
Increased in tumor development is related to light at night exposure in human [7, 10, 31, 32]. Several studies showed an increased incidence of breast cancer among those living in a heavy artificially lighted areas, due to the effects to circadian and thus suppression of melatonin. Animal study showed a higher tumor and more malignant tumors in female mice exposed to artificial light at night [33].
Three decades ago, a research showed that there was a greater risk of developing breast cancer in women with a history of night shift work. These results contributed to the consideration of light at night is a characteristics of developed nations [34].
Epidemiological studies are a vital component part of the evidence base needed to determine night-time light exposure increase cancer risk. However, these studies are observational studies and cannot provide the mechanism.
Most animal experimental studies showed an accelerate onset of development of mammary tumors followed by continuous bright light at night compared to control animals maintained 12 hours of dark and 12 hours of light.
A dose-dependent suppression of melatonin levels is a consequence from exposure to bright, fluorescent night light. Exposure to the dimmest light intensity at night decreased the peak of circulating melatonin and thus enhancement of tumor growth rates and metabolic activity of linoleic acid.
A study showed that nocturnal melatonin inhibit the growth of both estrogen receptor negative and positive (ER- & ER+). The linoleic acid and poly-unsaturated fatty acid are essential for the alteration of (ER-) tumors. Therefore, and it can be used as a biomarker of cellular growth [35].
In rat hepatoma models, exposure to night light induce tumor growth has been replicated. The opposite is also true, the progressive restoration of circulating melatonin by decreasing exposure to night light is followed by a pronounce decrease in tumor growth.
Its worth mentioning that the growth of xenografts perfused with blood sample collected in the 12-hours dark time was markedly reduced. In addition, the addition of melatonin receptor antagonist blood obtained during darkness eliminated the blood’s ability to suppress perfused tumor growth and metabolic activity.
Moreover, the addition of a melatonin receptor antagonist to the blood obtained during dark time eliminated the ability to suppress perfused tumors growth and metabolic activity. There is also Some evidence that circadian disruption by chronic phase advancement may increase cancer growth in laboratory animals.
Melatonin exhibits anti-proliferative and antioxidant properties modulates both cellular and humoral responses and control epigenetic responses and play a role in the apoptosis of cancer cells and in inhibition of tumor angiogenesis [36, 37, 38, 39, 40].
Experimental evidence from animal studies have linked circadian rhythm disruption and circulating melatonin concentrations to disease progression. However, there is indirect human data and it focused on epidemiological research. These epidemiological research, however, have strengths and limitations, particularly in exposure evaluation and suitable comparison groups. Breast cancer has received the most research has been conducted on breast cancer. The idea was first articulated that the increase of night light may connected to high risk of breast cancer in the developed nations. Thus rising incidence and mortality rate in the developed nations.
Potential mechanisms involve suppression of melatonin and circadian gene activity. This hypothesis would predict that non-day shift work would increase the risk, blind women would be at lower risk, risk would be inversely correlated with recorded sleep length, and the amount of nighttime light in the population would co-distribute with the incidence of breast cancer.
Based on non-day shift occupations studies and breast cancer, it was concluded that shift work involving circadian disturbance is likely to be carcinogenic to humans. Several studies supporting this findings and the WHO has defined shift work as a potential carcinogen due to the chronobiological disturbance [9, 41].
Numerous research about the relationship between breast cancer and light night have been reported mixed findings [42, 43, 44, 45]. Two studies found no association between night work shift and breast cancer [44, 45]. A significant increased risk was found a case control study in Norwegian people with a history of regularly working five nights [42, 43, 46].
Another study showed that a lower risk of breast cancer was associated with increased urinary excretion of melatonin [47]. Non-shift staff with a regular sleep and wake cycle often experience exposure to light at night got disruption of circadian rhythms [48].
After bedtime lights out, it is not yet clear if the ambient background light could affect the circadian system from weak sources in the bedroom or outside light. A brief exposure at these levels does not have a noticeable effect in a laboratory setting, but long-term chronic exposure may.
Four studies have identified an association with a risk of breast cancer of any components of night light level in the bedroom [49, 50, 51]. The elevated risk estimate was statistically significant in two of them [50, 51].
In addition to the limitation of recall error, there is also the potentially important limitation of recall bias as a case–control design. There is a possibility that even a very low of light night exposure may have an effect over a long period of time is significant. Few people in the western world sleep in a complete darkness. The circadian cycle can be disrupted by repeated awakenings with low light exposure in the bedroom but any associated health effects are unknown [52].
The most common cancer among women is breast cancer [53]. Breast cancer incidence rates is increasing rapidly worldwide. The breast cancer incidence increasing rapidly in Western nations such as: Europe, North America, Canada, Australia and New Zeland.
Excessive exposure to night light may raise the risk of breast cancer and there are several mechanisms. The retrieval of non-image-forming photo-receptors in the retina is transferred to the pineal gland as neural information where it suppressing the melatonin secretion. Then changing in the affinity of the estrogen receptor and an increased susceptibility to hormone-dependent cancers like breast cancer [26, 54].
The other possible mechanism is that human can suffer from circadian rhythms disruption by engaging in night time activities which activated by night light contributing to increased susceptibility to breast cancer [26, 55].
According to the third possible mechanism, light at night can function as a general stressor and endocrine disruptor, this is another possible mechanism, particularly when changes in night light intensity are suddenly and unexpected [26, 56]. It was also proposed that melatonin is a mediator between the epigenome and environment [28, 57].
A study found that women exposed to extensive night light are vulnerable to a 12% rise in breast cancer risk. The areas also with the highest night light had a higher rate of occurrence of breast cancer compared to the areas with the darkest environments [31].
In a global study showed that Artificial light at night is significantly correlated for breast cancer. Immediate practical steps should be taken to ban artificial lighting at night in the major cities around the world and also in homes as well [10].
A Nurses’ Health Study reported a small increased breast cancer risk among pre-menopausal women associated with exposure to residential outdoor light at night [30].
A study concluded in Georgia showed that there is a positive associations between breast cancer risk and exposure to night light. This is consistency with the previous research which showed that there is a biological associations between night light exposure to and breast cancer risk. Studies have indicated that disruption of circadian cycle may result in breast tissue carcinogenic. About 30 to 50% higher risk of breast cancer in developed countries with the highest versus lowest light night levels [31, 58].
Blue light exposure before sleeping has been shown to inhibit the development of nocturnal melatonin, which may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancers [13, 59, 60].
All documented reported an environmental impacts of artificial night light, like melatonin production are due to the spectrum of the light [61]. These physiological changes may influence the circadian cycle, sleep timing, control of blood pressure, seasonal reproduction and the role of melatonin as an antioxidant with implications for the prevalence of some certain cancers [15, 62].
The results were not related to a specification lighting technology, but to artificial night light. Studies showed an association between patterns of night light and the incidence of breast cancer and obesity [10, 31, 58, 63].
Blask and colleagues famously showed that a key factor in the connection is melatonin, a hormone produced in nighttime darkness that promotes sleep [64]. They found that when the tumors were perfused with melatonin rich human blood collected during the night, the development of cancer slowed down.
Some studies have concentrated on the CLOCK gene. Stevens and his colleagues found that healthy women displayed lower CLOCK gene expression than women with breast cancer. Switching on or off of genes as a result of artificial light at night may play an important role [65].
Melatonin was first discovered in 1917, indicating that an extract of the bovine pineal gland given to frogs whitened their seed coat (McCord and Allen 1917). Melatonin is a pleiotropic neuro-hormone produced through the darkish section of the 24 hours cycle and secreted by the endocrine gland called pineal gland. Even when the period of light is short with low intensity, melatonin secretion remains to be inhibited by light [37, 64, 66].
About 40 years later chemical extracted from the pineal gland identify and called it melatonin [67]. Since its discovery, melatonin existence has been noted in all studied organisms, ranging from single-cellars to all plants and animals [68].
Various central and peripheral tissues, including the heart and arteries, breast, lung, small intestine, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, ovaries, gallbladder, prostate, and skin. Melatonin also serves as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant that functions as a free radical scavenger during inflammations and injuries. The rhythmic release of melatonin from the pineal gland helps organize circadian rhythms and neuroendocrine processes by activating pairs of MT1 and MT2 G-protein receptors. Melatonin triggers fatigue, sleepiness and a diminution of sleep latency [69].
Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that inhibition of melatonin in humans by light depends on wavelength, with illumination of shorter wavelengths which is greener and more blue, being more effective at suppressing melatonin than yellow–redness of longer wavelengths [62]. Overall, exposure to artificial light by disrupting melatonin production, interferes with our temporal organization, possibly leading to cell dysfunction, and promoting the abnormal proliferation of altered cells.
Several research showed that melatonin plays a significant role in numerous functions of living human and can be an antioxidant and anti-oncogenic agent [70, 71].
The production and secretion of pineal melatonin increases after dusk and, in humans, it resumes between 2 am and 4 am, while after this period, its production slows down and stops about 3 h after sunrise [72]. As we additionally know today, light disturb melatonin creation and secretion.
The immune system exhibits rhythms and disturbance daily. Association between serum melatonin and phagocyte activity was documented. The presence of lymphocytes melatonin receptors is another significant point for connection between melatonin, and changes in the immune system [73].
Among its different capacities, melatonin moves the dark sign to all body cells and tissues keeping up the first essential capacity of a photoreceptor creation, recognizing photophase and scotophase, while the relations between them is likewise moved by melatonin subsequently flagging irregularity to the cells and tissues.
In young people melatonin is known to stifle the development and activation of the reproductive system, thus delaying sexual maturity. Melatonin is also known as a direct anti-oncogenic agent In regards to breast cancer, several mechanisms are suggested for its role, including. Melatonin is also known as anti-oncogeneic agent for breast cancer and prostate cancer. Concerning breast cancer, modification of estrogen receptors is the key that melatonin play its role.
Clinical studies showed a relationship between melatonin levels and metastatic of breast cancer, where a decrease in melatonin were noted in breast cancer patients, when compared with healthy ladies, bigger tumors also related with lower melatonin levels.
Melatonin synthesis and release happens in response to darkness and inhibited by light. Melatonin peak levels normally occur during sleep after midnight. These levels decrease and become minimal when we are exposed to day light.
A call for additional investigation of the connection between night light and shift workers and cancer that might be melatonin depended. This call is as yet applicable for shift workers, urban and rural populations exposed to light at night, electronic gadgets with LED lights become a well known source of light pollution [36].
It has been showed that high melatonin levels at day time result in seasonal affective disorder which is very common in northern America and in northern Europe. This disorder is managed primarily mental doctors, and additionally by chrono-scholars, as a typical solution for Seasonal Affective Disorder is presenting the subjects to short frequency light which stifles melatonin. This demonstrating the significance of timing, the decrease of melatonin secretion at day time is also important for human well-being, while disturbance that may rise out of a deficient amount of light at day time will likewise have negative well-being impacts.
The importance of exposure to natural day light is of great importance for the resetting of melatonin production. The short light wavelength suppresses melatonin production and skin produces vitamin D. Because of the modern life, many individuals around the world are not exposed to natural light as they venture out form home for work before sunshine and come back after sunset. This way of life result in the way that melatonin production isn’t totally smothered, suppressed, while vitamin D production is stifled. As a result of night light exposure, environmental temporal cues are not transferred correctly to the cells for adjusting our temporal organization.
Driven brightening in electronic gadgets encompasses us and goes with us even while sleeping. Therefore, children exposed to such brightening for a long time during the dark period during the time melatonin is to be created under dim conditions. As melatonin levels are not tested consistently, a large portion of people are unconscious of the risks involves.
Several studies suggested the existence of the “immune-pineal” axis. The pineal gland serves as an inflammation mediator to synthesis melatonin, where pro-inflammatory mediators inhibit the production of melatonin while anti-inflammatory mediate potentiate melatonin production [74, 75, 76].
Mechanisms of many diseases can be explaned by understanding the relationship between the pineal gland and immune response. In addition to being a photoperiodic information transducer, the pineal gland is also a constitutive participant in the intrinsic immune response [76].
As a likely mechanism, sleep would possibly affects circulating hormones such as melatonin, cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin and insulin levels, which can be key factors in many disease processes, including breast cancer [77]. Thus, many studies have examined the association between sleep period and breast cancer incidence [78, 79, 80, 81].
Circadian and sleep disruption might also additionally act on molecular, immunologic, cellular, neuroendocrine, and metabolic levels in methods that make contributes to development of breast cancer.
Mammary carcinogenesis stars with mutation of a healthy cell through alterations in immune and cellular processes, including:
Oxidative nuclear DNA damage.
Changes in cellular apoptosis.
Changes in innate immune function.
Mutated cells are capable to survive despite the innate tumor suppressor mechanisms through inactivation of the p53 gene which could reduced apoptosis of aberrant cells [82]. Steroid hormones play an important role in the growth of breast cells, and estrogen considered an oncogenic agent is well known. The availability and timing of melatonin is adversely affected by sleep disturbance and circadian disruption.
Continual inflammation can stimulate genetic instability that can result in cell mutations. Disruptions in sleep and circadian cycle have affect on predispose the organism and metabolic processes to increased adiposity, which increase the risk of breast cancer.
Repeated sleep and circadian cycle have an impact on innate and acquired immune function. Several studies have shown that decreased circulating NK cell numbers and NK cytotoxicity are associated with a single night of sleep deprivation [83, 84].
Sleep disruption may also causes a shift in cytokine creation from Th-1 cytokines to Th-2 cytokines, including IL-10, that may permit tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance and this may increased breast cancer risk [85]. Healthy sleep is associated with pre-myeloid dendritic cells production, which produce IL-12 a cytokine related to the delay of tumor onset [86].
Chronic inflammation is implicated in the oncogenic pathway, and both circadian disruption and sleep disruption were confirmed to have pro-inflammatory effects [87]. Certain lymphocytes are able to produce melatonin and in turn, melatonin has been proven to moderate the function of many immune functions [83].
Repeated disruptions in melatonin synthesis as a consequences of nightly circadian and sleep disruption might also additionally have negative effects on healthy immune functioning [88].
Sleep disruption is associated with increased glucocorticoid production and several studies indicated that short sleep duration and sleep deprivation are both associated with altered cortisol profiles and raised evening cortisol levels [89]. Glucocorticoid input from the adrenal gland has suppressive impacts on the amplitude of circadian cycle within the pituitary gland and hypothalamus [90].
Oxidative stress is known to cause DNA damage and is related with increased risk of breast cancer. On the other hand, antioxidants decrease DNA damage. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage may be an essential pathway by which sleep disturbance may have effects on breast than circadian disruption [91].
Sleep have antioxidant impacts, giving an opportunity for the body to expel oxidants produced during alertness [92].
Many studies showed that sleep disturbance may increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) [93, 94]. ROS can lead to DNA damage by binding to neighboring molecules with unpaired electrons, causing strand breaks and its formation link between circadian cycle and sleep hardship [95].
Sleep disturbance contribute to oncogenesis through damage cellular, and disrupting the circadian cycle. Oxidative stress play an important role as a mediator of cellular apoptosis [96]; sleep deprivation-induced oxidative stress can permit the mutated cells to elude apoptosis. Circadian cycle also involved in this pathway.
It has been proposed that the circadian cycle formed as a result of counteracting oxidative damage caused by radiation. Melatonin may be a powerful free radical forager that impacts quinine reductases to decrease oxidative damage [97].
Studies showed that animals whose melatonin generation was disrupted by pineal or SCN ablation were prone to increased rates of mammary carcinogenesis. In another study, showed that melatonin suppression is related with increased hyperplastic processes and tumorigenesis in the mammary gland [98, 99, 100].
Several hormones, such as estrogens, progesterone and prolactin influence the etiology of breast cancer. Melatonin has an inhibitory effect on the receptors of estrogen and can counteract the estrogen’s tumor-promoting impact. In addition, melatonin can increase the cell cycle length and avoid progression. These actions oppose the estradiol pathways, which promote cell proliferation and progression of cells [101, 102].
Sleep also impacts hormone levels.
Partial sleep deprivation among healthy women results in increases in Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and estradiol and elevated levels of prolactin levels [103]. Besides, there’s conversely association between sleep hardship with levels of pestradiol. These indicated that regular sleep disturbance and short sleep at night may be related with chitinous elevation of estrogen levels which considered a risk factor of breast cancer. Ladies sleeping more than nine hours decreased the breast cancer risk compared to ladies sleeping seven hours [104].
The natural 24-hour cycle of light and darkness make a difference to preserve exact arrangement of circadian biological cycle, the main activation of the central nervous system and several cellular and biological processes, and pineal gland release of melatonin. All future outdoor lighting must be of energy efficient designs to reduce light pollution. The disturbance of the sleep–wake cycle and melatonin suppression may be due to to more direct health effects of night light. Even low intensity nighttime light has the capability of hinder melatonin release. Melatonin suppresses tumor growth and serves as a circulating anticancer signal. Many epidemiological studies back the theory that night light increases breast cancer risk. The quality and length of sleep and darkness affect several biological processes that are currently under investigation. Further information is required to assess the role of sleep versus the period of darkness on cancer. Due to the nearly present exposure to night light at improper times relative to endogenous circadian cycle, there is an urgent need for multidisciplinary research to address the assocation between night light and cancer.
There is no conflict of interest.
As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review. To maintain these principles IntechOpen has developed basic guidelines to facilitate the avoidance of Conflicts of Interest.
",metaTitle:"Conflicts of Interest Policy",metaDescription:"As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/conflicts-of-interest-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\\n\\nIntechOpen requires:
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\\n\\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\\n\\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\\n\\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\\n\\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\\n\\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\\n\\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\\n\\nNON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\\n\\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES:
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2459},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16,19,25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11702",title:"Eye Diseases - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Therapeutic Options",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"228ecdcbf2ffae4e8cfeedfc7e0fa922",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salvatore Di Lauro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11702.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11881",title:"Ventricular Assist Devices - Advances and Applications in Heart Failure",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c5136113dda974a93f03ba12724b31b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Enkhsaikhan Purevjav, Dr. Hugo R. Martinez, Dr. Mohammed Absi, Dr. Jeffrey Allen Towbin and Dr. Umar Boston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11881.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"231585",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Enkhsaikhan",surname:"Purevjav",slug:"enkhsaikhan-purevjav",fullName:"Enkhsaikhan Purevjav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11732",title:"Multiple Pregnancy - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"70396c6f5f2928c422c1eaf6d33c6269",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hassan S Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11732.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11682",title:"Rare Diseases - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ad68db8a4109ae3acc0d3f001a2f4fde",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. John Kanayochukwu Nduka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11682.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"107866",title:"Dr.",name:"John Kanayochukwu",surname:"Nduka",slug:"john-kanayochukwu-nduka",fullName:"John Kanayochukwu Nduka"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11880",title:"Health Literacy - Advances and Trends",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"936246c4939223eb851ae4df22d15423",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carlos Miguel Rios-González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11880.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196288",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Rios-González",slug:"carlos-rios-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Rios-González"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11583",title:"Parkinson’s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99788a4a7f9ee0b4de55de293a2ed3d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sarat Chandra Yenisetti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11583.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181774",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat Chandra",surname:"Yenisetti",slug:"sarat-chandra-yenisetti",fullName:"Sarat Chandra Yenisetti"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11687",title:"Bariatric Surgery - Past and Present",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8ee32c7f77d3b4b190c87379af61b01",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Burhan Hakan Kanat and Dr. Nizamettin Kutluer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11687.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"183319",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Burhan",surname:"Kanat",slug:"burhan-kanat",fullName:"Burhan Kanat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11587",title:"Updates on ADHD - New Approaches to Assessment and Intervention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e0718a84e5fda7ed4287095c3ef27dae",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Celestino Rodríguez Pérez and Mrs. Debora Areces",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11587.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"85114",title:"Dr.",name:"Celestino",surname:"Rodríguez Pérez",slug:"celestino-rodriguez-perez",fullName:"Celestino Rodríguez Pérez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:129},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1037",title:"Immunogenetics",slug:"immunogenetics",parent:{id:"184",title:"Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology",slug:"immunology-allergology-and-rheumatology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:80,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitations:51,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1037",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7475",title:"Immunogenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd50ca8b9158dc45b6b23fcae43d1daa",slug:"immunogenetics",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3207",title:"Genes and Autoimmunity",subtitle:"Intracellular Signaling and Microbiome Contribution",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3f99e5e0aaeb582b7c17c19982015f7",slug:"genes-and-autoimmunity-intracellular-signaling-and-microbiome-contribution",bookSignature:"Spaska Angelova Stanilova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69749",title:"Prof.",name:"Spaska",middleName:null,surname:"Stanilova",slug:"spaska-stanilova",fullName:"Spaska Stanilova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2517",title:"Autoimmune Diseases",subtitle:"Contributing Factors, Specific Cases of Autoimmune Diseases, and Stem Cell and Other Therapies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a212e9ae7688cbe123bfb1936b3e3cd4",slug:"autoimmune-diseases-contributing-factors-specific-cases-of-autoimmune-diseases-and-stem-cell-and-other-therapies",bookSignature:"James Chan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135686",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"james-chan",fullName:"James Chan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"60651",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75951",title:"Immunoassay Techniques Highlighting Biomarkers in Immunogenetic Diseases",slug:"immunoassay-techniques-highlighting-biomarkers-in-immunogenetic-diseases",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases is crucial for the clinician and the patient alike. The immunoassay techniques most commonly used for this purpose are immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Western blotting. For the detection of more specific biomarkers or the discovery of new ones for diagnostic purposes and as therapeutic targets, microarray techniques are increasingly used, for example, protein microarray, Luminex, and in recent years, surface plasmon resonance imaging. All of these technologies have undergone changes over time, making them easier to use. Similar technologies have been invented but responding to specific requirements for both diagnostic and research purposes. The goals are to study more analytes in the same sample, in a shorter time, and with increased accuracy. The reproducibility and reliability of the results are also a target pursued by manufacturers. In this chapter, we present these technologies and their utility in the diagnosis of immunogenetic diseases.",book:{id:"7475",slug:"immunogenetics",title:"Immunogenetics",fullTitle:"Immunogenetics"},signatures:"Emilia Manole, Alexandra E. Bastian, Ionela D. Popescu, Carolina Constantin, Simona Mihai, Gisela F. Gaina, Elena Codrici and Monica T. Neagu",authors:[{id:"52215",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Teodora Neagu",slug:"monica-teodora-neagu",fullName:"Monica Teodora Neagu"},{id:"52218",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Constantin",slug:"carolina-constantin",fullName:"Carolina Constantin"},{id:"89397",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Manole",slug:"emilia-manole",fullName:"Emilia Manole"},{id:"216223",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Codrici",slug:"elena-codrici",fullName:"Elena Codrici"},{id:"216226",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionela Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"ionela-daniela-popescu",fullName:"Ionela Daniela Popescu"},{id:"216227",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",slug:"simona-mihai",fullName:"Simona Mihai"},{id:"233495",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Eugenia Bastian",slug:"alexandra-eugenia-bastian",fullName:"Alexandra Eugenia Bastian"},{id:"242747",title:"Dr.",name:"Gisela",middleName:null,surname:"Gaina",slug:"gisela-gaina",fullName:"Gisela Gaina"}]},{id:"66722",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85505",title:"Introductory Chapter: Immunogenetics",slug:"introductory-chapter-immunogenetics",totalDownloads:1245,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"7475",slug:"immunogenetics",title:"Immunogenetics",fullTitle:"Immunogenetics"},signatures:"Amene Saghazadeh and Nima Rezaei",authors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"},{id:"301367",title:"Dr.",name:"Amene",middleName:null,surname:"Saghazadeh",slug:"amene-saghazadeh",fullName:"Amene Saghazadeh"}]},{id:"38017",doi:"10.5772/48207",title:"New Therapeutic Challenges in Autoimmune Diseases",slug:"new-therapeutic-challenges-in-autoimmune-diseases",totalDownloads:3170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"2517",slug:"autoimmune-diseases-contributing-factors-specific-cases-of-autoimmune-diseases-and-stem-cell-and-other-therapies",title:"Autoimmune Diseases",fullTitle:"Autoimmune Diseases - Contributing Factors, Specific Cases of Autoimmune Diseases, and Stem Cell and Other Therapies"},signatures:"Eun Wha Choi",authors:[{id:"140501",title:"Dr.",name:"Eun Wha",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",slug:"eun-wha-choi",fullName:"Eun Wha Choi"}]},{id:"43359",doi:"10.5772/53799",title:"Gene Polymorphisms of Immunoregulatory Cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus",slug:"gene-polymorphisms-of-immunoregulatory-cytokines-il-10-and-tgf-1-in-systemic-lupus-erythematosus",totalDownloads:1821,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3207",slug:"genes-and-autoimmunity-intracellular-signaling-and-microbiome-contribution",title:"Genes and Autoimmunity",fullTitle:"Genes and Autoimmunity - Intracellular Signaling and Microbiome Contribution"},signatures:"Irena Manolova, Mariana Ivanova and Spaska Stanilova",authors:[{id:"69749",title:"Prof.",name:"Spaska",middleName:null,surname:"Stanilova",slug:"spaska-stanilova",fullName:"Spaska Stanilova"},{id:"91539",title:"MSc.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Manolova",slug:"irena-manolova",fullName:"Irena Manolova"}]},{id:"38023",doi:"10.5772/48164",title:"Apoptosis and Autoimmune Disorders",slug:"apoptosis-and-autoimmune-disorders",totalDownloads:2714,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"2517",slug:"autoimmune-diseases-contributing-factors-specific-cases-of-autoimmune-diseases-and-stem-cell-and-other-therapies",title:"Autoimmune Diseases",fullTitle:"Autoimmune Diseases - Contributing Factors, Specific Cases of Autoimmune Diseases, and Stem Cell and Other Therapies"},signatures:"Reginald Halaby",authors:[{id:"139872",title:"Dr.",name:"Reginald",middleName:null,surname:"Halaby",slug:"reginald-halaby",fullName:"Reginald Halaby"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60651",title:"Immunoassay Techniques Highlighting Biomarkers in Immunogenetic Diseases",slug:"immunoassay-techniques-highlighting-biomarkers-in-immunogenetic-diseases",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases is crucial for the clinician and the patient alike. The immunoassay techniques most commonly used for this purpose are immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Western blotting. For the detection of more specific biomarkers or the discovery of new ones for diagnostic purposes and as therapeutic targets, microarray techniques are increasingly used, for example, protein microarray, Luminex, and in recent years, surface plasmon resonance imaging. All of these technologies have undergone changes over time, making them easier to use. Similar technologies have been invented but responding to specific requirements for both diagnostic and research purposes. The goals are to study more analytes in the same sample, in a shorter time, and with increased accuracy. The reproducibility and reliability of the results are also a target pursued by manufacturers. In this chapter, we present these technologies and their utility in the diagnosis of immunogenetic diseases.",book:{id:"7475",slug:"immunogenetics",title:"Immunogenetics",fullTitle:"Immunogenetics"},signatures:"Emilia Manole, Alexandra E. Bastian, Ionela D. Popescu, Carolina Constantin, Simona Mihai, Gisela F. Gaina, Elena Codrici and Monica T. Neagu",authors:[{id:"52215",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Teodora Neagu",slug:"monica-teodora-neagu",fullName:"Monica Teodora Neagu"},{id:"52218",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Constantin",slug:"carolina-constantin",fullName:"Carolina Constantin"},{id:"89397",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Manole",slug:"emilia-manole",fullName:"Emilia Manole"},{id:"216223",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Codrici",slug:"elena-codrici",fullName:"Elena Codrici"},{id:"216226",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionela Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"ionela-daniela-popescu",fullName:"Ionela Daniela Popescu"},{id:"216227",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",slug:"simona-mihai",fullName:"Simona Mihai"},{id:"233495",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Eugenia Bastian",slug:"alexandra-eugenia-bastian",fullName:"Alexandra Eugenia Bastian"},{id:"242747",title:"Dr.",name:"Gisela",middleName:null,surname:"Gaina",slug:"gisela-gaina",fullName:"Gisela Gaina"}]},{id:"66722",title:"Introductory Chapter: Immunogenetics",slug:"introductory-chapter-immunogenetics",totalDownloads:1245,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"7475",slug:"immunogenetics",title:"Immunogenetics",fullTitle:"Immunogenetics"},signatures:"Amene Saghazadeh and Nima Rezaei",authors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"},{id:"301367",title:"Dr.",name:"Amene",middleName:null,surname:"Saghazadeh",slug:"amene-saghazadeh",fullName:"Amene Saghazadeh"}]},{id:"43369",title:"Microbiome and Autoimmunity",slug:"microbiome-and-autoimmunity",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3207",slug:"genes-and-autoimmunity-intracellular-signaling-and-microbiome-contribution",title:"Genes and Autoimmunity",fullTitle:"Genes and Autoimmunity - Intracellular Signaling and Microbiome Contribution"},signatures:"Natalie Cherepahina, Zaur Shogenov, Mariya Bocharova, Murat Agirov, Jamilyia Tabaksoeva, Mikhail Paltsev and Sergey Suchkov",authors:[{id:"49135",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalie",middleName:null,surname:"Cherepahina",slug:"natalie-cherepahina",fullName:"Natalie Cherepahina"},{id:"49136",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamiliya",middleName:null,surname:"Tabaksoeva",slug:"jamiliya-tabaksoeva",fullName:"Jamiliya Tabaksoeva"},{id:"49137",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Agirov",slug:"murat-agirov",fullName:"Murat Agirov"},{id:"155909",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Suchkov",slug:"sergey-suchkov",fullName:"Sergey Suchkov"},{id:"158987",title:"BSc.",name:"Mariya",middleName:null,surname:"Bocharova",slug:"mariya-bocharova",fullName:"Mariya Bocharova"},{id:"160426",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaur",middleName:null,surname:"Shogenov",slug:"zaur-shogenov",fullName:"Zaur Shogenov"},{id:"160429",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Paltsev",slug:"mikhail-paltsev",fullName:"Mikhail Paltsev"}]},{id:"43367",title:"Immune Synapses Between Lymphocytes and Target Cells in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases",slug:"immune-synapses-between-lymphocytes-and-target-cells-in-autoimmune-thyroid-diseases",totalDownloads:2006,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3207",slug:"genes-and-autoimmunity-intracellular-signaling-and-microbiome-contribution",title:"Genes and Autoimmunity",fullTitle:"Genes and Autoimmunity - Intracellular Signaling and Microbiome Contribution"},signatures:"Iwona Ben-Skowronek and Roman Ciechanek",authors:[{id:"37123",title:"Dr",name:"Iwona",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Skowronek",slug:"iwona-ben-skowronek",fullName:"Iwona Ben-Skowronek"}]},{id:"38017",title:"New Therapeutic Challenges in Autoimmune Diseases",slug:"new-therapeutic-challenges-in-autoimmune-diseases",totalDownloads:3170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"2517",slug:"autoimmune-diseases-contributing-factors-specific-cases-of-autoimmune-diseases-and-stem-cell-and-other-therapies",title:"Autoimmune Diseases",fullTitle:"Autoimmune Diseases - Contributing Factors, Specific Cases of Autoimmune Diseases, and Stem Cell and Other Therapies"},signatures:"Eun Wha Choi",authors:[{id:"140501",title:"Dr.",name:"Eun Wha",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",slug:"eun-wha-choi",fullName:"Eun Wha Choi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1037",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,submissionDeadline:"May 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11670",title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",hash:"69f009be08998711eecfb200adc7deca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:15,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Pollution",value:38,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]}},subseries:{item:{id:"14",type:"subseries",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:349,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77455",title:"Marek’s Disease Is a Threat for Large Scale Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98939",signatures:"Wojciech Kozdruń, Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk and Natalia Styś-Fijoł",slug:"marek-s-disease-is-a-threat-for-large-scale-poultry-production",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"74655",title:"Taxon-Specific Pair Bonding in Gibbons (Hylobatidae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95270",signatures:"Thomas Geissmann, Simone Rosenkranz-Weck, Judith J.G.M. Van Der Loo and Mathias Orgeldinger",slug:"taxon-specific-pair-bonding-in-gibbons-hylobatidae",totalDownloads:397,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14794/images/system/14794.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Murat Şentürk obtained a baccalaureate degree in Chemistry in 2002, a master’s degree in Biochemistry in 2006, and a doctorate degree in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"},selectedSubseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/11704",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"11704"},fullPath:"/chapters/11704",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()