\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7346",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biogenic Amines",title:"Biogenic Amines",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Biogenic amines (BAs) are low-molecular-mass organic bases that occur in plant- and animal-derived products. BAs in food can occur by free amino acid enzymatic decarboxylation and other metabolic processes. Usually, in the human body, amines contained in foods are quickly detoxified by enzymes such as amine oxidases or by conjugation; however, in allergic individuals or if monoamine oxidase inhibitors are applied, the detoxification process is disturbed and BAs accumulate in the body. Knowing the concentration of BAs is essential because they can affect human health and also because they can be used as freshness indicators to estimate the degree of food spoilage.",isbn:"978-1-78984-134-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-133-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-090-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75221",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"biogenic-amines",numberOfPages:88,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0438601a19ebd4d9dd37f88692b4196a",bookSignature:"Charalampos Proestos",publishedDate:"March 20th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7346.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8016,numberOfWosCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:55,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:105,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 7th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 26th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 25th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"198333",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",middleName:null,surname:"Proestos",slug:"charalampos-proestos",fullName:"Charalampos Proestos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198333/images/system/198333.jpeg",biography:"Charalampos Proestos has a BSc (Ptychio) in Chemistry from the University of Ioannina, Greece, and an MSc in Food Science from Reading University, UK. He obtained his PhD in Food Chemistry at the Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Greece, where he continued his postdoc working on natural antioxidants on programs funded by the European Union and Greece. After further training at Wageningen University (Netherlands), he worked as a research associate at AUA. He also worked as a chemist for the Hellenic Food Authority, being the food industry auditor and supervisor of the Chemical Laboratory in Athens accredited with ISO 17025. Currently, he is an assistant professor at the Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He has published more than 60 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of more than 10 reputable journals. He is a member of the European Committee of the Division of Food Chemistry, European Association of Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuChemS). His research field focuses on food antioxidants, foodomics, and food contaminants.",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"380",title:"Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-biochemistry-molecular-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"65703",title:"Introductory Chapter: Current Knowledge on Biogenic Amines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84447",slug:"introductory-chapter-current-knowledge-on-biogenic-amines",totalDownloads:917,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Proestos Charalampos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65703",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65703",authors:[{id:"198333",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",surname:"Proestos",slug:"charalampos-proestos",fullName:"Charalampos Proestos"}],corrections:null},{id:"63794",title:"Emerging Trends in Biogenic Amines Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81274",slug:"emerging-trends-in-biogenic-amines-analysis",totalDownloads:1086,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biogenic amines are low-molecular-mass substances, essential for proper health for all organisms. These compounds could be detrimental to human health with various toxicological effects when they are present in high concentrations. Therefore, biogenic amines monitoring in food samples is a matter of utmost importance, and their accurate determination is considered indispensable. Under this context, we provide an overview over the most widely employed analytical techniques for biogenic amines determination such as chromatographic techniques and biosensors, emphasizing on new approaches. A critical comparison of the techniques is also given, presenting their advantages and drawbacks regarding important analytical characteristics such as sensitivity. Finally, we focus on foods in which biogenic amines mainly occur such as fish, meat and wine and other fermented products.",signatures:"Antonios-Dionysios G. Neofotistos, Aristeidis S. Tsagkaris, Georgios P. Danezis\nand Charalampos Proestos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63794",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63794",authors:[{id:"198333",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",surname:"Proestos",slug:"charalampos-proestos",fullName:"Charalampos Proestos"},{id:"253056",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Danezis",slug:"georgios-danezis",fullName:"Georgios Danezis"},{id:"265127",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonios-Dionysios",surname:"G. Neofotistos",slug:"antonios-dionysios-g.-neofotistos",fullName:"Antonios-Dionysios G. Neofotistos"},{id:"265128",title:"Dr.",name:"Aristidis",surname:"S. Tsagkaris",slug:"aristidis-s.-tsagkaris",fullName:"Aristidis S. Tsagkaris"}],corrections:null},{id:"63105",title:"Biogenic Amines: A Claim for Wines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80362",slug:"biogenic-amines-a-claim-for-wines",totalDownloads:1073,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many possible factors influence the accumulation of biogenic amines in wines, correlated both to agronomical practices in the vineyard and during the winemaking process. In the literature, it is reported that the quantities of biogenic amines found in many wines are not alarming, especially with regard to those of toxicological interest (histamine and tyramine). For subjects in specific physiological conditions (histamine intolerance, taking class of drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase enzymes), the risk of creating toxic reactions is related to the composition of the whole meal, not only the consumption of wine. It would be desirable to establish a regulatory system, as already existing for sulphites, allowing to read a label with the claim specifying their absence (e.g., histamine free) in order to enhance the quality of wines that would be a priori forbidden.",signatures:"Maria Martuscelli and Dino Mastrocola",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63105",authors:[{id:"253945",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Martuscelli",slug:"maria-martuscelli",fullName:"Maria Martuscelli"},{id:"263600",title:"Prof.",name:"Dino",surname:"Mastrocola",slug:"dino-mastrocola",fullName:"Dino Mastrocola"}],corrections:null},{id:"65545",title:"Histamine and Other Biogenic Amines in Food. From Scombroid Poisoning to Histamine Intolerance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84333",slug:"histamine-and-other-biogenic-amines-in-food-from-scombroid-poisoning-to-histamine-intolerance",totalDownloads:2716,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in important physiological activities in the organism, but its ingestion through food is associated with the onset of health disorders. Histamine intoxication, previously known as scombroid fish poisoning, is caused by the intake of foods with high levels of histamine. According to official European Union reports, more than 90% of the outbreaks registered in the last years were caused by the consumption of fish and seafood products. Histamine intolerance, on the other hand, arises when histamine degradation is impaired, mainly by a lower diamine oxidase (DAO) activity. Some of the uncertainties classically associated with histamine intoxication may be explained by this enzymatic deficit in a sensitive population. This chapter reviews the adverse effects of histamine from food within a risk analysis framework, focusing specifically on the components of risk assessment and management.",signatures:"Oriol Comas-Basté, Maria Luz Latorre-Moratalla, Sònia Sánchez-Pérez,\nMaria Teresa Veciana-Nogués and Maria del Carmen Vidal-Carou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65545",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65545",authors:[{id:"256830",title:"Dr.",name:"M.Carmen",surname:"Vidal-Carou",slug:"m.carmen-vidal-carou",fullName:"M.Carmen Vidal-Carou"},{id:"290453",title:"Mr.",name:"Oriol",surname:"Comas-Basté",slug:"oriol-comas-baste",fullName:"Oriol Comas-Basté"},{id:"290454",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariluz",surname:"Latorre-Moratalla",slug:"mariluz-latorre-moratalla",fullName:"Mariluz Latorre-Moratalla"},{id:"290455",title:"Ms.",name:"Sònia",surname:"Sánchez-Pérez",slug:"sonia-sanchez-perez",fullName:"Sònia Sánchez-Pérez"},{id:"290456",title:"Dr.",name:"M.Teresa",surname:"Veciana-Nogués",slug:"m.teresa-veciana-nogues",fullName:"M.Teresa Veciana-Nogués"}],corrections:null},{id:"64327",title:"Biochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Biogenic Amines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81569",slug:"biochemical-and-pharmacological-properties-of-biogenic-amines",totalDownloads:2225,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Biogenic amines are low molecular weight organic nitrogen compounds. They are formed by the decarboxylation of amino acids or by amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones during normal metabolic processes in living cells and therefore are ubiquitous in animals, plants, microorganisms, and humans. In food and beverages, they are formed by the enzymes of raw materials or are generated by microbial decarboxylation of amino acids. The structure of a biogenic amine can be aromatic and heterocyclic amines (histamine, tryptamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, and serotonin); aliphatic di-, tri-, and polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, spermidine, and agmatine); and aliphatic volatile amines (ethylamine, methylamine, isopentylamine, and ethanolamine). Many of them possess a strong pharmacologic effect, and others are important as precursors of hormones and components of coenzymes. The biogenic amine intoxication leads to toxicological risks and health hazards that trigger psychoactive, vasoactive, and hypertensive effects resulting from consumption of high amounts of biogenic amines in foods. The toxicological effects of biogenic amines increase when the mono- and diaminoxidase enzymes are deficient or drugs that inhibit these enzymes (pain reliever, stress, and depression drugs) are used. In this chapter, biosynthesis of biogenic amines, their toxic effects as well as their physiological functions, and their effect on health will be described.",signatures:"Dincer Erdag, Oguz Merhan and Baris Yildiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64327",authors:[{id:"192516",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Oguz",surname:"Merhan",slug:"oguz-merhan",fullName:"Oguz Merhan"},{id:"255704",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Dincer",surname:"Erdag",slug:"dincer-erdag",fullName:"Dincer Erdag"},{id:"270844",title:"Dr.",name:"Baris",surname:"Yildiz",slug:"baris-yildiz",fullName:"Baris Yildiz"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3203",title:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases",subtitle:"A Role for Antioxidants",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7014dbaa632114f7220802475ccd0402",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-chronic-degenerative-diseases-a-role-for-antioxidants",bookSignature:"José A. 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Poultry, as well as animal producers, use sub-therapeutic levels of antimicrobials in feed to get maximum production. Furthermore, in serval countries, non-judicial use of antimicrobials while using for therapeutic purposes is also been observed. However, research has evidence that the use of antibiotics in food animals has many deleterious effects on the animals, the environment, and human beings. One of the prime examples of antimicrobials' side-effects is the development of antimicrobial resistance that results in a reduction of treatment options in human and animal medicine. Nowadays, scientists are looking for viable alternatives to antibiotics including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms that are helpful for digestion and health. They are also capable to reduce harmful bacteria in the gut when supplemented in the diet. Many available studies show that probiotic supplementation in poultry, fish, livestock, and pet animals led to improved production, health, immunity, and meat quality.
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Bicarbonate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103132",slug:"murburn-model-of-photosynthesis-effect-of-additives-like-chloride-and-bicarbonate",body:'Oxygenic photosynthesis is a biological process that uses sunlight to convert simple chemical precursors into usable biomolecules/energy currency, maintains the level of oxygen, and ultimately sustains life on earth. Although, the term “photosynthesis” was proposed by Charles Barnes in 1893, the scientific community was aware almost five decades earlier that green plants used sunlight and water to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. Since then, researchers have made continued efforts to understand the intricate mechanism of photosynthesis, which has been a tantalizing and daunting endeavor [1, 2]. Earlier, scientists believed that light-induced processes result in elaborate rearrangements of atoms and groups in organic compounds. By 1930s, Cornelius van Niel had proposed a generic stoichiometry for photosynthesis as: CO2 + 2H2A +
Over the last few decades, greater structural details of the proteins’ structures and mechanistic insights on redox physiology have led to significant upheavals in biology. This necessitates a systemic appraisal regarding the status of photosynthesis research and new viewpoints in the field. In this regard, this write-up shall focus on some concerns regarding the classical perceptions and detail how a new mechanism (murburn concept) can better explain the overall phenomena of oxygenic photosynthesis, including the effects of diverse additives.
As evidenced with the advancement of any sphere of human endeavors, photosynthesis research also faced several obstacles, confusions and perception changes. Even in the light of the classical perception, one of the most challenging and unclear aspect acknowledged was/is to explain how the diverse colored pigments found scattered in photosystems and light-harvesting complexes (LHC) trap the incident energy of the broad visible spectrum of sunlight to relay it to reaction center chlorophylls [17]. Herein, only the simpler aspects of classical biochemistry (non-quantum biology) are addressed in significant detail. Further, since the exhaustive critical review of various aspects of the classical textbook perception (Z-scheme ETC for NADPH synthesis, Kok-Joliot cycle for oxygen evolution, Q-cycle for quinones-roles, and CRAS for phosphorylation chemistry) is already available elsewhere [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35], only the salient problems plaguing the traditional school of thought shall be presented. Also, the myriads of experimental observations that cannot be reasoned within the classical perspective are addressed and briefly resolved in a later part of this write-up (Sections 4 and 5).
Several species of cyanobacteria present the examples of one of the smallest living beings utilizing chlorophylls and deriving their energy from the photosynthetic process. Its sub-micron dimension ensconces a maximal aqueous volume of ∼10−16 liter. Since the organisms thrive at pH 8, calculation using Avogadro number gives us: (10−16 L) × (10−8 molecules/L) × (6 × 1023) ≈ <1. That is—such cells are practically aprotic! Quite simply, these cells possessing thousands of membrane proteins cannot be present to support proton pumping activity. This simple calculation/consideration brings down the whole edifice of the classical purview because without proton-pumping, the ETC is apparently purposeless in its mechanistic scheme [18, 19, 32].
Daniel Arnon, whose observations were one of defining pillars of the Z-scheme, changed his views by the early 1980s. His works and several other researchers also had reported the violation of the classical pathway in situ via multiple modalities and also shown that NADPH could be made at PS II level itself ([35, 36, 37]; and several works mentioned in [37]). The formulators/advocates of Z-scheme had overlooked a key fact that the highly mobile and molecular oxygen (1e/2e active) also served as an acceptor of electrons in the Hill reaction [38]. Also disregarded was the fact that diverse species of organic/inorganic ions/molecules could serve as donors/acceptors of electrons in chloroplasts [39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. This aspect does not fit with the deterministic roles of donors and acceptors in each of the four major steps of the classical perspective, as shown in Figure 1. It can be seen that the purported mobile electron transporters of quinols (PQ) and/or plastocyanin (PC) must jump thylakoid membranes for effective functioning as donors and acceptors in the erstwhile proposal. Further, it was recently demonstrated that the rationale for explaining the Emerson enhancement effect with the serial arrangement of components (Water-PS II-PQ-Cyt.
The RAS paradigm postulates that (quoting verbatim from Lehninger’s acclaimed textbook of biochemistry)
When Mitchell proposed that pumping out protons enabled the conservation of energy in the ‘crowding of protons’ and this could be used for doing useful work by moving it back across the same membrane (and subsequently added a higher electrical energy term to make up for the deficiency in his equation), there was little thermodynamic accounting in the original proposal or its up-gradation thereafter [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. For, this unrealistic exercise is similar to the following banking scenario:
The non-systematized and randomized assembly of the components of leaf/chloroplasts, thylakoid stacks therein and distribution of various proteins and small molecules in and around the highly convoluted lipid membranes hardly support the classical proposals. For example- while PS II dimers are found buried deeper in thylakoid stacks, PS I complexes are found in the peripheries of grana. It is unknown how plastoquinol traverses membranes to serve an electron-relay role in the deterministic ETC. Plastocyanin is found at very low concentrations, and it is present in both phases. The longer chain plastoquinol is more in abundance, which is not expected if quinols are mobile transporters of electrons in the membrane phase. Various pigments of chlorophyll
The quantitative and qualitative arguments listed in the section above conclusively discredit the Z-scheme (ETC)-CRAS explanation, which was proposed when adequate information of the chloroplast system was unavailable. Over the last two decades, murburn concept/model-based pursuits provide an alternative explanation to the photosynthetic process research [17, 25, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34]. In turn, this development was enabled and consolidated by insights derived from two decades of experimental findings and theoretical explorations in diverse redox enzymes and metabolic/physiological systems [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81].
The term murburn is abstracted from ‘mured burning’ (confined oxidation) and invokes mild unrestricted reaction equilibrium dynamics OR electron/moiety transfer interactions among molecules, unbound ions and radicals. It is akin to combustion, but occurs in a more controlled manner because reactive species are generated in a ‘sustained release’manner. Herein (as shown in Figure 2), although the scheme may not involve high affinity-binding based interactions, the reactions may show selectivity and specificity, and at times, a lower order of dependence on the substrate concentrations may be observed [32, 72, 78].
Murburn scheme sees chloroplasts as simple chemical engines (SCE) employing the principle of effective charge separation/stabilization (ECS), which is afforded by the membrane-embedded protein complexes [34]. Unlike the ordered/serial and highly inter-dependent reaction components within the deterministic classical purview, the murburn model deems each of the protein photosystems as independent elements that work in parallel within a reaction milieu (that has several non-specific interactive equilibriums). While the traditional view deems DR(O)S as toxic waste products, they are essential reaction components in the new model and they form a crucial/dynamic component of the reservoir of redox equivalents in the murburn model. Within the ETC-CRAS view, the events of photo-induced charge transfer-photolysis/oxygenesis-NADPH production-ATP synthesis are supposed to occur at distinct loci centered at PS II RC-MnComplex-FNR-FoF1ATPase respectively. In the murburn mechanism, these activities are delocalized and occur aided by DRS at diverse loci within the murzone (in or around the phospholipid membranes of thylakoids). To aid this function, it would be expected that the membrane proteins would have solvent/DR(O)S access channels to redox centers and also present low-affinity binding sites for ADP adjacently. This prediction is duly validated, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 4 presents a salient snapshot of the events that transpire during the light reaction, centered at/around the various protagonists. All photo-active pigments (including LHC) are deemed as DRS producers and only the photosystems enable ECS, without which the lost charges are reversibly regained by the chlorophylls/carotenoids. The presence of various species like quinones in membrane and PC/Fd in milieu enables ECS, besides the integrally specific arrangement of a select few redox-active centers in the two Photosystems. While Cyt.
Murburn reactions could be seen as continuously-fed single-pot, heterogeneous-phased equilibriums/systems that are auto-activated due to the presence of electron sources and sinks. This aspect is shown in Figure 5, followed by the examples of pertinent mass-charge balanced bimolecular equations and their overall free energy yields, as sourced from [31, 32, 33, 81].
Replenishment of photo-discharged pigments and DR(O)S generation
Other DR(O)S dynamics
O2 evolution
NADPH formation
ATP synthesis
ATP synthesis cum O2 evolution
Simplest overall equation for a 4e reaction
All reactions (other than the photo-activations and some ATP-synthesis steps) are exergonic. Since they result from bimolecular collisions of small mobile species and radicals (which are known to have low activation energy barriers), they are practically diffusion-limited and very highly kinetically viable [20, 81, 82, 83]. The actual stoichiometry would vary with each system/setup, because this model is stochastic, depending on a diverse set of variables. The various components of the reaction systems can work independently and also work synergistically in tandem. Most importantly, the equilibriums permit the scope for a spontaneous evolution of the system over ages. There is no need for intelligent governance, as the presence of substrates switches the system to an activated state (owing to thermodynamic pull, enabled by electron-sinking and porting/partitioning of products) [31, 32]. There are multiple routes and loci for any product formation, making the process highly viable. The phosphorylation reactions are actually the combination of two bimolecular reactions, with ADPOP, ADPOH, and POH standing for ATP, ADP, and Pi, respectively. Since oxygen is practically omnipresent, its intermediacy cannot be avoided in the steady-state, although it is not needed in the initial state. Therefore, a higher rate of oxygen evolution at MnComplex is primarily owing to a peroxidase type of activity, analogous to the role of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria.
The success of a model lies in its ability to explain and predict various aspects of the system. In this regard, the murburn concept is a ubiquitous principle of life (essentially—an interactive equilibrium of various molecules and ions that constitute the cell), which abides by the physics-biology continuum and is favored by Occam’s razor (principle of parsimony) [72, 78]. In stark contrast, ideas such as elaborate deterministic ETCs of diverse components, proton motive force, chemiosmosis, rotary enzymatic synthesis, etc. are unheard of in any area of science, other than bioenergetics [27, 28, 29, 30]. Such ideas were recognized because the research community had long searched for explanations, and these ideas provided an “out of the box” kind of explanation to the frustrated scientists. The findings were recognized before significant evidence was available and critical queries were adequately addressed. Earlier researchers had overlooked the importance of DRS in physiology because of an indoctrinated adherence to only Michaelis-Menten type mechanisms for catalysis. Also, the esthetic/deterministic orientation-
Unlike the time of 1960s–1970s (the times when Z-scheme ETC-CRAS proposals were forged) when the details of chloroplasts and its component proteins/pigments were lesser-known, currently, the system is much better explored [88, 89]. The facts that: (i) chloroplasts have highly convoluted thylakoid stacks of various tiers ensconcing sub-micro- to nano- dimensioned pools, (ii) the membranes are loaded with various protein complexes in a rather random manner, (iii) the protein complexes could aggregate in several supercomplex configurations, (iv) the distribution of low concentrations of plastocyanin and high concentration of ferredoxin across both lumenal and stromal phases, (v) preponderance of longer tail chain lengths of membrane quinols, (vi) multitudes of chlorophylls and carotenoids are found scattered across the membrane phase and also adsorbed on to proteins, without any covalent tethering, (vii) the large membrane-protein complexes subtend extensions into the aqueous milieu presenting multiple low-affinity ADP sites, (viii) there is no special provision seen to localize water-binding or oxygen formation and limit these omnipresent molecules, (ix) the structural features membrane-disc stacking seen in chloroplasts are also seen in rods/cones cells in retina, (x) existence of grooves/channels to redox centers in membrane and soluble proteins facilitate DROS-dynamics, etc. support the simple origin and ubiquitous functioning of the stochastic murburn model (and disclaim the sophisticated affinity-binding based electron-circuitry and proton-pumping facets demanded by ETC-CRAS model) [32, 33]. The clear strategy in nature is to minimize the availability of free protons (so that O▬H bond formations are delayed), enabling photo-reduction and photo-phosphorylation chemistry at the membrane-interface.
By the mid-1950s, Emerson had discovered that two distinct photosystems existed in chloroplasts and that oxygenesis/photophosphorylation (considered as the index of photosynthetic efficiency) were higher with the combined excitation of both photosystems (in comparison to the added outcomes of what was observed when each of the photosystems was excited independently) [5, 6, 7, 90]. This result can be easily visualized from online sources [91, 92]. In the backdrop of David Keilin’s ETC concepts prevailing in the bioenergetic organelle of mitochondria, the researchers in the field reasoned it as an augmentation, from the serial arrangement of the two photosystems, and the Z-scheme was thus rooted. This was a fundamental theoretical error in deduction, as a serial arrangement of components cannot explain the synergism (enhancement of electron transfer and any other kind of mass transfer or reaction rate) [32, 33]. Murburn model’s theorization of stabilization and utilization of DRS pool from common reservoirs (involving multiple reaction equilibriums) via parallel routes explains Emerson’s original observation. Further, the fact that far-red illumination (excitation of PS I with 700 nm) also gave oxygenesis [90] is accommodated in the discretized murburn model whereas inadmissible in the Kok-Joliot and Z-scheme model.
Yet another historically crucial detour in photosynthesis research was taken with the report and interpretation of this experiment [93]. The demonstration (driven by Mitchell’s proposals) made was that even in dark, chloroplasts equilibrated at pH 4 gave ATP synthesis (noted with the provision of radiolabeled phosphate incorporated into ADP) when the external buffer pH was raised to pH 8. All this experiment demonstrates is that a pH gradient (low pH inside versus high pH outside) can give some ATP synthesis within confined aqueous pools, even without photochemistry. Clearly, this has little contextual physiological relevance because plant systems work at pH 8 (in/out) and the mechanism of photo-phosphorylation is to be understood! As per the currently prevailing consensus, both photosystems (I & II) are not proton pumps [32, 94]. Then, the role of trans-membrane proton pumping falls solely upon the remotely located Cyt.
Racker had isolated and reconstituted a preparation of FoF1ATPase and photo-active rhodopsin in a vesicular system [96]. Based on the observation that photophosphorylation occurred within this in vitro reaction milieu, it was inferred that a proton-gradient was responsible for ATP synthesis and this was the way chloroplasts worked in physiology. It was pointed out that considering the high pKa of the Schiff’s base intermediate [17, 97], rhodopsin is unlikely to work as a proton-pump but is more of an interfacial DROS generator [98], owing to the photo-active nature of retinal [99]. Once a negatively charged species is produced in the inside due to photo-activation, protons are bound to enter and this could give equilibrium-assisted ATP synthesis within a closed water pool. Once again, the non-viability of proton-based rationale in rhodopsin system and theoretical aspects pointed out against equilibrium-driven ATP formation in the earlier point preclude the CRAS-type model in physiology. Also, it is a low probability event that the preps of proteins (the hydrophobic Fo and soluble F1 fractions, and the membrane fraction of
While the classical explanation confines only the Photosystem’s reaction center chlorophyll as the source of photo-activated electrons, the murburn perspective allows all pigments to serve as the source of electrons. This permits an effective photo-activity ranging from 400 to 700 nm, with a relatively consistent quantum yield of 0.05 to 0.1 across this range. Else, it is difficult to see how photon or exciton transfers occur from several pigments to the reaction center chlorophyll of the photosystems. The murburn model obviates the unlikely premises where plants would need to resort to some mode of quantum computing [17] for such purposes [100]. Also, while the classical perception permits oxygen evolution only with 680 nm excitation of PS II, the murburn perspective allows for oxygenesis with even 700 nm excitation of PS I.
Traditionally, the mechanism of biochemical reactions is deemed as‘black boxes’and the events transpiring within the ‘boxes’ are usually probed with the incorporation of additives. How an additive affects the system often gives profound insights regarding various aspects that govern the outcomes.
Cyanide presents very potent and debilitating effects on various physiologies of life. Through systematic investigation of a wide variety of factors, it was recently unraveled that the rationale for toxicity resulted from catalytic DRS-modulating action of the respiratory toxic principle of cyanide in mitochondria; and not due to a stoichiometric binding to the heme-center of cytochrome oxidase or any other heme centers of vital proteins, as conventionally perceived [21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 65, 67, 68]. It is known for several decades now that even photosynthetic components and processes are inhibited by cyanide [101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107]. It is quite forthright to infer that the same murburn principles operational in oxidative phosphorylation would be relevant to photosynthesis too; and therefore, the modalities of inhibition by cyanide would also be common. This is because DRS is common to both respiratory and photosynthetic mechanisms whereas heme is not that crucial to the latter system. Further, redox-active interfacial DRS-modulators like disubstituted phenolics were seen as proton-shuttlers or active site inhibitors in mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum systems, respectively. In the liver microsomal (endoplasmic reticulum) systems with membrane-embedded cytochrome-P450 (CYP) and its reductase, the mandate is to metabolize xenobiotics. Therefore, there is a little evolutionary rationale for active site affinity binding-based interpretations for the vast array of ET-substrates and ‘uncouplers’ known. In the CYP system, there is also no scope for proton-pumping-based logic for inhibition, but the same uncoupling is seen in those systems too [58, 59, 64, 67, 70]. As a result, the classical perspective is inapplicable for explaining the effect of “uncoupling” [33]. Further, the shuttling explanation in mitochondrial/chloroplast systems that prevailed in the bioenergetics community was a mere mirage. For, if protons (a small species with a unique positive charge) are not permitted to traverse the lipid membrane, it is unlikely that uncouplers (molecules with multiple positive and negative charges) make repeated and deterministic trans-membrane flip-flop movements [31, 33].
Reports in literature e.g., [41] show that amino acid like cysteine, sugar like 2-ketogluconate, vitamin like ascorbate, organics like arylamines, organic/inorganic anions like tetraphenylborate or ferrocyanide, small molecules like hydroxylamine/hydrazine, DROS like hydrogen peroxide, etc. all served as electron donors to PS II and some of them (like tetraphenylborate, ascorbate, hydroxylamine/hydrazine, etc.) could also serve as electron donor to PS I. While ferrioxalate, tetrazolium blue, DCPIP (dichlorophenol indophenol or Hill’s reagent), massive ions like silicotungstate, etc. accept electrons from PS I, species like ferricyanide and HgCl2 could accept electrons from both PS I & II. Quite interestingly, benzidines, flavins, quinones, etc. serve as electron donors and acceptors (both functions!) with both photosystems I & II. It is impossible to explain these findings in the context of classical photosynthetic chemistry of Z-scheme (Figure 1), which has a deterministic electron flow governed by affinity-binding driven logic, between definitive donors and acceptors. Affinity is based on molecular descriptors like dimensions, geometry, surface topography, electrostatics, hydrogen bonding, rotatable bonds, log P, etc. Since murburn model does not require the diverse species to directly access the redox centers, and the redox relay could be achieved via small soluble intermediates, the promiscuity and diversity of electron donors/acceptors are explicable. In molecular docking studies with several well-known herbicides/weedicides, there was neither conclusive nor marginal support derived for binding-based inhibitions of various chloroplast proteins [33]. In contrast, several mechanistic aspects supported murburn interpretations; e.g., the fact that iodinated inhibitors were more effective than chlorinated inhibitors (quite like the case in cytochrome P450 system [64]) suggested the conclusive involvement of DRS-based radical chemistry [33].
Researchers had reported unusual concentration-based modulation of chloroplast’s photosynthetic activity upon the introduction of extraneous molecules [108, 109]. The unusual aspect of such an activity would be that a lower concentration of a molecule could show greater activity/impact than a higher concentration. Else, there could be more than one concentration regime of high impact. Since classical explanations for enzyme-substrate and receptor-ligand interactions can only afford simple mono- or biphasic reaction profiles (e.g., linear or hyperbolic asymptote) for non-inhibitory molecules, such observations cannot be explained by classical Michaelis-Menten supposition of the enzyme-substrate complex. Allosteric (binding-based) effects cannot reason this either because a lower concentration cannot give an allosteric effect that a higher concentration cannot. Species like azide gave activation effect at low concentrations owing to the formation of DRS, which may be stabilized at lower concentrations [60]. Since the outcome is catalyzed by such DRS, distinct/discrete concentration ranges of components may help stabilize a pertinent DRS in milieu (owing to multiple competing reaction equilibriums), which could lead to higher activity (i.e., detection of a molecule or product of interest). This finding helped clarify upon hormetic effects and unusual dose responses observed in diverse ambiances by many researchers [61, 68, 71]. Clearly, the same inference applies in photosynthetic physiology also.
Otto Warburg, one of the greatest biochemists of the twentieth century, discovered that chloride ions were needed for reconstituting the oxygenesis function in plant tissues; and he proposed that chloride was an essential cofactor in photosynthesis [110]. This was against the general awareness of plant physiology during that time, which did not consider chloride ion as a dispensable ion in plant growth. Daniel Arnon followed through Warburg’s work with adequate controls, and found that chloride was not essential for growth and the plants could photosynthesize quite effectively when grown on chloride-negative soil. However, he found that Warburg’s observation was highly reproducible and also corroborated that bromide, surely a non-essential element, could also produce the same effect as chloride. Therefore, Arnon asked a key question [111]:
In the wake of the twenty-first century, the effects of chloride (and some other cations also) remained an enigma, in the photosynthesis chemistry [113]. Chloride ion has been considered both as a nutrient and toxicant [114]. In positive roles, it is seen as a micronutrient [115] and also a beneficial macronutrient [116]; considered relevant in photosynthetic [117], osmoregulatory [118] and growth [119] physiology. It was proposed that chloride
While studying the activity of peroxidases, it was found that certain ions/molecules could enhance activities of electron abstraction from other electron donating ions/molecules e.g., [55, 60, 61, 63, 68]. This finding was the origin of pursuits that led to the murburn concept. This interactive electron/moiety transfer equilibriums originating due to the generation of a diffusible reactive intermediate from the active site of a protein could also give specific outcomes due to low-affinity interactions and/or spacing of kinetic windows in interactive equilibriums. It was seen that this mechanistic insight could explain the enhancement of peroxidative electron abstractions by chloride [55, 68]. Given the high distribution of one-electron active redox centers in thylakoid/stromal proteins and the report of high amounts of systems DRS in chloroplasts, it is natural to correlate that the observations in heme-peroxidase systems have contextual relevance in chloroplasts too. In the murburn model, the MnComplex has an electron sequestering peroxidase activity, which also reduces collateral damage. Therefore, the mechanistic enhancement of e-transfer by chloride ions is a direct testimony to the relevance of murburn concept in chloroplast physiology, regardless of its physiological significance. The point to note is that murburn model can explain both the positive and negative effect of an ion like chloride, owing to the ion-radical equilibriums (whereas the classical model cannot, by virtue of being an overall deterministic 2e scheme).
Otto Warburg had originally discovered that bicarbonate enhanced the light reaction of photosynthesis [122]. Over the next half a century, researchers could not arrive at a consensus on this aspect (the veracity of this finding) and could not afford a convincing explanation for the same. While some supported bicarbonate as a source of electrons/oxygen [123, 124, 125, 126, 127], other opined against it and some even called such observations irrelevant or artifact [128, 129, 130, 131]. It is in this context that murburn equilibriums aid in explaining the observed outcomes.
Four species coexist in a complex interactive equilibrium when gaseous CO2 mixes with water: CO2aq, H2CO3, HCO3− and CO32−. Among these, bicarbonate is predominant in the physiological ranges. Carbonic anhydrase (CA), the enzyme is known to mediate this equilibrium is a Zn-containing protein. Although Photosystem II is quite distinctly different, it is also supposed to have some carbonic anhydrase-type activity [132, 133]. Also, literature shows that CA substituted with Mn works as a peroxidase, involving DRS [134]. Since CA is a
CO2 + OH− → HCO3−; −44.1 kJ/mol
H+ + HCO3− → CO2 + H2O; −35.9 kJ/mol
H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O; −0.1 kJ/mol
Now, if PS II abstracted an electron from bicarbonate,
the energy term falls between that of hydroxide ion {−596 kJ/mol} and water {−676 kJ/mol}. Two hydroxyl radicals formed can spontaneously coalesce to form a molecule of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction of these DRS with spontaneously formed superoxide from LHCs and other redox centers can easily generate oxygen, as shown in Section 3.2. This reaction could be catalyzed by MnComplex, and this peroxidase-type activity is more probable than the untenable Kok-Joliot cycle. Therefore, in the murburn scheme, besides water, bicarbonate could also potentially serve as a source of electrons and/or oxygen, thereby explaining the experimental findings/discussions of several researchers that worked on this intriguing problem [128, 129, 135, 136, 137], as discussed briefly below.
Provision of 18O-labeled bicarbonate to chloroplasts (depleted of CA and bicarbonate) gave instantaneous evolution of 18O-labeled CO2 and unlabeled oxygen; and delayed evolution of small amounts of 18O-labeled oxygen (Figure 1 of [136]). If bicarbonate is not involved in photosynthesis, there was no way for 18O-labeled oxygen evolution. The low amount and delay in 18O-label in oxygen can be explained by: (i) understanding the fast equilibriums of water (>55 M) and labeled bicarbonate (∼mM, initially), which would lead to immediate loss of label in bicarbonate to water and the loss to water cannot be driven back up into bicarbonate; (ii) noting that oxygen yield goes up significantly in the first cycle reactions (2nd flash also) when bicarbonate is presented (with respect to controls) [137]; (iii) seeing that kinetics for oxygen evolution from labeled water is almost an order slower than unlabeled water [137], which signifies that radical rebound reactions will be much slower for heavy labeled bicarbonate also; (iv) considering that after electron abstraction from labeled HC
The observations/considerations above, in conjunction with the clear finding in several researchers’ experimental data that oxygen is evolved even in 2nd flash (post dark acclimatization) strongly support the murburn model [32, 137, 142]. Further, the murburn model’s projection that bicarbonate could as well be a potential source of electrons or oxygen in the photosynthetic process is supported by the re-interpretation of other researchers’ data/arguments [122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147]. The elucidation of multiple access channels in the lumenal part of the PS II (of small dimensions of 1–2 Ǻ) leading to MnComplex [148] further lends credibility to the roles of DRS advocated in the murburn scheme, as such a redox complex cannot be protected from making/using DRS. However, these channels cannot give direct access to the large molecules/ions purportedly donating electrons to PS II, as solicited in the classical purview. For detailed discussions, refer to other works [142].
As the ubiquity of murburn concept is evidenced in miscellaneous processes of nature and physiology (halogen ecology [55], aerobic respiration [31], xenobiotic metabolism [75], thermogenesis, and homeostasis & electrophysiology [31, 78], etc.), it is forthright to deduce that murburn precepts of photosynthesis [32, 33] would also prove to be enlightening and harness-able. Given the untenable nature of the classical explanation, attempting to use that as a basic pivot [149, 150] may end up limiting, rather than enhancing space-time yields. The new insights available now should enable more robust and cheaper experimental means for simulating oxygenic photosynthesis in synthetic systems.
From the historical progression of the current awareness in bioenergetics, it can be seen that the classical explanation was brought together as an amalgamation of ideas mooted by researchers of various backgrounds. It is also evident that some leading pioneers took the initiative to form a consensus, which did not account for several factual, theoretical and experimental aspects. Steadfast pursuit of evidence-based ideas over decades has birthed the murburn model of oxygenic photosynthesis. Herein, the various aspects of murburn scheme of light reaction were elaborated and applied for explaining several key aspects of the field. Importance was given to the crucial criteria of reaction chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics, structure-function correlations of proteins and architecture of organelles, evolvability of system, etc. Murburn concept endorses the utility of DR(O)S and affords a parallel connectivity among the various components like photosystems, light-harvesting complexes, cytochromes, oxidases, quinones, etc. It also affords a comprehensive global perspective, and maintains the continuum of chemico-physics to explain the theoretical/experimental aspects of biological observations.
The authors have no conflict of interests to declare. All data needed to peruse this document are present within the same or the citations mentioned. KMM wrote the first draft of the manuscript and rendered the images. NMB provided thermodynamic calculations on bicarbonate-based species. YW & AM provided crucial inputs and literature on the overall aspects. The work was powered by Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation. Vivian David Jacob proofed the document.
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Higher education institutions should expand the portfolio of their e-services, given that the demands of students are expected to increase in the future.",book:{id:"11914",title:"E-service Digital Innovation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11914.jpg"},signatures:"Adam Malešević"},{id:"82995",title:"A Hybrid Genetic, Differential Evolution Optimization Algorithm",slug:"a-hybrid-genetic-differential-evolution-optimization-algorithm",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106204",abstract:"This chapter presents a heuristic evolutionary optimization algorithm that is loosely based on the principles of evolution and natural genetics. In particular, this chapter describes an evolutionary algorithm that is a hybrid of a genetic algorithm and a differential evolution algorithm. This algorithm uses an elitist, ranking, random selection method, several mutation methods and both two level and three level Taguchi crossover. This algorithm is applied to 13 commonly used global numerical optimization test functions, including a spherical, three hyper-ellipsoid, the sum of different powers, Rastrigin’s, Schwefel’s, Griewank’s, Rosenbrock’s valley, Styblinski-Tang, Ackley’s Path, Price-Rosenbrock, and Eggholder’s functions. This algorithm is applied 1000 times to each of the 13 test functions, and the results shows that this algorithm always converges to each of the 13 test function’s global minimum.",book:{id:"11555",title:"Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing - New Trends and Opportunities",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11555.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Stubberud"},{id:"82921",title:"A Survey of Lightweight Image Encryption for IoT",slug:"a-survey-of-lightweight-image-encryption-for-iot",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104431",abstract:"IoT networks serve as a way for various devices interconnected over the internet to exchange data with each other and with other services. Most smartphones, laptops, and other communication devices are connected to the cloud today, making data accessible to everyone. There are many applications for IoT, from smart IoT applications to industrial products. Encryption is one of the best ways to make IoT networks secure since so much data is being transferred. A lightweight block cipher is one of the most sophisticated means for overcoming the security problems inherent to IoT networks. Because of the limited resources available to nodes, classical cryptography methods are costly and inefficient. In this paper, we have compared the systems, we have found that these modifications were made to the original AES algorithm, while the original algorithm security remains robust, the modified AES algorithm remains lightweight and faster, providing more satisfaction for embedding in IoT devices and sensors that consume little power. Furthermore, this algorithm enhanced the AES-ECC hybrid encryption system, which has good flexibility and versatility, and optimized the design of the ECC function according to the characteristics of wireless sensor networks. Using Salsa20/12 stream cipher, the texture images can be encrypted using bit masking and permutation procedures and as part of a new scheme for encrypting 3D objects, which complements the existing methods for 3D object encryption. With PLIE implemented in Python, the encryption time was approximately 50% faster than that of AES using the throughput increase, faster encryption time, and minimal complexity.",book:{id:"11190",title:"Lightweight Cryptographic Techniques and Cybersecurity Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11190.jpg"},signatures:"Haneen Dweik and Mohammad Abutaha"},{id:"82098",title:"Perspective chapter: Internet of Things in Healthcare - New Trends, Challenges and Hurdles",slug:"perspective-chapter-internet-of-things-in-healthcare-new-trends-challenges-and-hurdles",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104946",abstract:"Applied to health field, Internet of Things (IoT) systems provides continuous and ubiquitous monitoring and assistance, allowing the creation of valuable tools for diagnosis, health empowerment, and personalized treatment, among others. Advances in these systems follow different approaches, such as the integration of new protocols and standards, combination with artificial intelligence algorithms, application of big data processing methodologies, among others. These new systems and applications also should face different challenges when applying this kind of technology into health areas, such as the management of personal data sensed, integration with electronic health records, make sensing devices comfortable to wear, and achieve an accurate acquisition of the sensed data. The objective of this chapter is to present the state of the art, indicating the most current IoT trends applied to the health field, their contributions, technologies applied, and challenges faced.",book:{id:"11197",title:"Internet of Things - New Trends, Challenges and Hurdles",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11197.jpg"},signatures:"Luis Muñoz-Saavedra, Francisco Luna-Perejón, Javier Civit-Masot and Elena Escobar-Linero"},{id:"82742",title:"Activity Based Learning (ABL) Using Gamification (GBL) in Mechanical Engineering Design Education: A Studio-Based Case Study",slug:"activity-based-learning-abl-using-gamification-gbl-in-mechanical-engineering-design-education-a-stud",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104773",abstract:"In our research, we aim to introduce Game-based learning (GBL) activity as part of a holistic approach to supporting knowledge acquisition within a Mechanical Design module. Our case study evaluates Activity Based Learning (ABL) by use of GBL as a tool to drive collaborative student learning. The activity described targets students’ ability to engage in hands-on practical collaborative learning, utilising existing skills in order to collectively share and reinforce knowledge. It relies on knowledge acquired from several subject topics thus consolidating applications through a studio-based activity in the form of a game bringing about its own benefits in teaching and learning. Widely used in a range of subjects, the application of GBL in Engineering and Technology and its effectiveness is less explored and reported as a learning tool in Engineering education. We present an approach to underpinning engineering education as part of a studio-based activity for Mechanical Engineering Design. We explore the options and potential for collaborative learning whilst offering students the opportunity to compete with peer teams for ranked positions on a leader board. We report on the level of student engagement and the extent to which learning outcomes were met through the introduction of such an activity.",book:{id:"11552",title:"Gamification - Analysis, Design and Development",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11552.jpg"},signatures:"Mike Mavromihales and Violeta Holmes"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:109},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. 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The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. 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