Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Specifically, the anatomy and physiology of the pneumothorax, the pathological classification into primary and secondary, the different methods of diagnosis, and the rationale behind the different approaches of management are discussed. Strategies for special circumstances are highlighted, such as the pneumothorax around menstrual cycles, during pregnancy, and before general anesthesia for other reasons, air travel, and scuba diving. Attention is drawn to the most contemporary trends of management and the evidence from recently published trials and reviews. A separate chapter is dedicated to controversies in the management of the pneumothorax. Trainees as well as established consultant thoracic surgeons, anesthetists, pulmonologists, pediatricians, obstetricians, and intensivists should find this book both interesting and provocative.",isbn:"978-1-83968-066-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-065-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-067-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73885",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"pneumothorax",numberOfPages:86,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0b1fdb8bb0448f48c2f234753898f3f8",bookSignature:"Khalid Amer",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7093.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5434,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 30th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 28th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 17th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 15th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63412/images/system/63412.jpg",biography:"Qualified from the University of Khartoum - Sudan. Specialised in General surgery by 1980 (MD, University of Khartoum). Moved to UK in 1992, fully trained cardiothoracic surgeon, trained in Cardiff. I worked briefly as a consultant cardiothoracic surgeon in Bristol royal infirmary and the University Hospital of Wales - Cardiff. I left heart surgery to specialise in lung and chest surgery. I have special interest in minimal access thoracic surgery (VATS) for lung cancer (lobectomy), thymectomy for myasthenia, mediastinal cysts and mediastinal tumours.",institutionString:"University Hospital Southampton",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Southampton Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1047",title:"Pulmonology",slug:"pulmonology"}],chapters:[{id:"68669",title:"Indications of Surgery in Pneumothorax",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88640",slug:"indications-of-surgery-in-pneumothorax",totalDownloads:985,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) is a type of collection of air in the pleural cavity that develops in the absence of trauma or iatrogenic cause. Its management has been a matter of debate for many decades. Nevertheless, clear guidelines from the American, British and European societies have been published. In this chapter, we will discuss the different society guidelines and the inter-guideline variations. We will also discuss the author’s perspective for management of first-time pneumothorax which is an unsettled issue between respiratory physicians and thoracic surgeons. Finally, deviation from clinical guidelines is usually associated with deficient patient care, and in this chapter, the reflection on patient care from not following the pneumothorax guidelines will be discussed in detail.",signatures:"Hany Hasan Elsayed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68669",authors:[{id:"63374",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"Elsayed",slug:"hany-elsayed",fullName:"Hany Elsayed"}],corrections:null},{id:"65152",title:"Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax, a Clinical Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83458",slug:"primary-spontaneous-pneumothorax-a-clinical-challenge",totalDownloads:1484,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is a common disease in medical practice that affects young healthy people with a significant recurrence rate. PSP is the presence of air in the pleural space not caused by injury or medical intervention. Some risk factors include male gender, age, and smoking. Classic clinical presentation starts with acute-onset chest pain and shortness of breath. Physical examination can be normal in small pneumothoraces, but in larger pneumothoraces, breath sounds and tactile fremitus are typically decreased or absent, and percussion is hyperresonant. Chest X-ray can help confirm the diagnosis. Evacuation of air from the pleural cavity and prevention of future recurrences are the primary goals of treatment and depend on the patient’s presentation. Initial deciding factors to direct the management are first-time or recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax and size of the pneumothorax. Treatment may include conventional chest tube drainage, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), or open surgery.",signatures:"Fabian Andres Giraldo Vallejo, Rubby Romero, Melissa Mejia and Estefania Quijano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65152",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65152",authors:[{id:"188071",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabian",surname:"Giraldo",slug:"fabian-giraldo",fullName:"Fabian Giraldo"},{id:"268282",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruby",surname:"Romero",slug:"ruby-romero",fullName:"Ruby Romero"},{id:"278567",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",surname:"Mejia",slug:"melissa-mejia",fullName:"Melissa Mejia"},{id:"278568",title:"Dr.",name:"Estefania",surname:"Quijano",slug:"estefania-quijano",fullName:"Estefania Quijano"}],corrections:null},{id:"65217",title:"Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy in the Management of Primary and Secondary Pneumothorax",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83669",slug:"video-assisted-thoracoscopy-in-the-management-of-primary-and-secondary-pneumothorax",totalDownloads:888,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The management of primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax can have many variations depending on the surgeons and their expertise of practice. The end goal is to stop the recurrence. The history of treatment, clinical indications for surgery, and preoperative and postoperative decision-making for intervention are summarized. Surgical intervention plays an important role in the management of recurrent pneumothorax and complex initial pneumothorax. Over the years the surgical techniques have evolved, and currently, video-assisted thoracoscopic techniques are frequently used in the management. In this concise report, we attempt to analyze the surgical techniques currently in use and their outcomes. Furthermore, we attempt to integrate future innovations in the management of this common disorder.",signatures:"Kostantinos Poulikidis, Lee Gerson, John Costello and Wickii T. 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Recently, the etiology of catamenial pneumothorax has been more accurately diagnosed because of increased awareness and interest in the disease. Common and effective use of VATS technique contributed to better understanding of the disease. The management of the disease is difficult because of high recurrence rate. Operative and nonoperative interventions should be practiced more to prevent recurrences. Hormonal therapy should be added to treatment in selected cases. In this chapter, we will discuss all aspects of catamenial pneumothorax from diagnosis to treatment.",signatures:"Sezai Celik and Ezel Erşen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65079",authors:[{id:"268979",title:"Prof.",name:"Sezai",surname:"Celik",slug:"sezai-celik",fullName:"Sezai Celik"},{id:"279787",title:"Dr.",name:"Ezel",surname:"Erşen",slug:"ezel-ersen",fullName:"Ezel Erşen"}],corrections:null},{id:"68427",title:"Controversies in Pneumothorax Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87141",slug:"controversies-in-pneumothorax-treatment",totalDownloads:964,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Surgical intervention either by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or open procedure proved its worth in reducing the incidence of recurrence in pneumothorax. However, many controversies surround the management of this common medical condition. Despite advances in knowledge and technology, chest physicians and surgeons could not be more divisive about the management of pneumothorax. There are no two thoracic surgical centres and possibly no two surgeons within the same hospital that agree on the management of the different aspects of pneumothorax. The variability in reported outcomes and the paucity of published multicentre randomised controlled trials (RCT) highlight the need for further studies investigating the best options for pneumostasis and pleurodesis. This chapter aims at discussing some of these controversies and reviews the literature at its current state of evidence.",signatures:"Khalid Amer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68427",authors:[{id:"63412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",surname:"Amer",slug:"khalid-amer",fullName:"Khalid Amer"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"956",title:"Cystic Fibrosis",subtitle:"Renewed Hopes Through Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"703f0969078948d82535b7b0c08ab613",slug:"cystic-fibrosis-renewed-hopes-through-research",bookSignature:"Dinesh Sriramulu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/956.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91317",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",surname:"Sriramulu",slug:"dinesh-sriramulu",fullName:"Dinesh Sriramulu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"969",title:"Lung Diseases",subtitle:"Selected State of the Art Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4344208b8b993d83e0131d23db46343",slug:"lung-diseases-selected-state-of-the-art-reviews",bookSignature:"Elvis Malcolm Irusen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87213",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",surname:"Irusen",slug:"elvis-irusen",fullName:"Elvis Irusen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"648",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",subtitle:"Current Concepts and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d52ddc19c473a70b91e5a64f41760a04",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",bookSignature:"Kian-Chung Ong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/648.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103585",title:"Dr.",name:"Kian Chung",surname:"Ong",slug:"kian-chung-ong",fullName:"Kian Chung Ong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3843",title:"Lung Inflammation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92938e8752fa3444849d88b776cd7892",slug:"lung-inflammation",bookSignature:"Kian Chung Ong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3843.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103585",title:"Dr.",name:"Kian Chung",surname:"Ong",slug:"kian-chung-ong",fullName:"Kian Chung Ong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5444",title:"Hypoxia and Human Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"331b1aa8d399bc404988a8bc5e431582",slug:"hypoxia-and-human-diseases",bookSignature:"Jing Zheng and Chi Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5444.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jing-zheng",fullName:"Jing Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3309",title:"Respiratory Disease and Infection",subtitle:"A New Insight",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e85d47bf0576f1c2ccf642156ccbda2",slug:"respiratory-disease-and-infection-a-new-insight",bookSignature:"Bassam H. 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\r\n\tAll processes leading to the ever-greater interdependence and integration of states, societies, economies, and cultures are the result of the formation of a global society. The increase in the pace of interaction through the use of information technologies, including the development of mass means of communication, and the growing importance of international organizations are the present day of global markets and world trade.
\r\n
\r\n\tThanks to the development of communication technologies, the removal of legal and psychological barriers, and the search for new sources of income and diversification of investments, markets have become more and more global for several years. Although this process is being hampered by the global financial crises, pandemics, and wars, it is still gaining momentum and changing its forms and effects. Therefore, the phenomenon of globalization and international trade causes an increase in new, unpredictable forms of risk and an increase in social inequalities on a global scale, or on the scale of individual societies.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book will be a comprehensive study of global markets with reference to current events, trends and mechanisms used. The aim of the book will be to present the mechanisms, techniques, and instruments of global markets, their participants, and segments as fully as possible, with reference to events in global markets.
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1. Introduction
Heavy metals are natural elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least five times that of water, due to their high degree of toxicity, some such as Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) Zinc (Zn) and Mercury (Hg) are considered harmful to health and the environment, raising concerns for setting up adequate prevention or restoration measures that reduce these risks. A special topic of global interest is the residual concentrations of heavy metals since some studies have shown that heavy metals, especially because are considered bioaccumulative in various matrices (range from ng kg−1 to less than 10 mg kg−1) [1].
These last components are generated mainly by human activities such as mining, emissions, agriculture, and industrial waste; some studies mention that in high concentrations heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, and Pb can have potential toxic effects, for example, some studies they have observed that they could interact with the to the growth and general metabolism of humans and animals [2]. Also, it was reported that mean concentrations of heavy metals could affect the biodiversity through their bioaccumulation in different organisms, although it has been observed that this also depends on the type of ecosystem, the exposure time and other environmental factors [3]; such as, some reports suggest that the disposal mechanisms could also depend on the balance between sorption and desorption, as well as the natural dynamics of the soils on which they are deposited, the soil constituents (inorganic and organic), and the chemical nature of the soil. Compound [4].
Many studies have found that waste dumps are sources of heavy metals, most have reported As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, although the receptor organs are diverse, due to the conditions of storage, disposal, and importance in food production, the treatment of soils and aquifers contaminated by these compounds has gained interest in the last decade [5, 6, 7]. The disposition that each of them could have to the environment, can be measured in terms of leachates, whose composition varies from one site to another since they regularly are created by the biodegradation of waste, in some cases, depending on their diffusion capacity in the soil, they could pollute both groundwater and surface water [8]. Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of remediating these sites, mentioning that feasible and long-term alternatives must be created, especially, that guarantee low exposure of these pollutants in places that have a population immersed or that are destined for activities of the primary sector [5].
Heavy metal contamination and pesticides is a serious problem worldwide due to their toxicity, furthermore, assessing the impacts is very complex due to the fact that many species have cumulative and non-biodegradable properties, but cases have been reported, in which certain species of plants could be indicators of these pollutants [6, 8]; also, although some organisms usually transport or extract them from a matrix, they only transform it to other oxidation states in the soil, in terms of bioremediation, some technologies take advantage of this behavior to reduce their mobility and toxicity, however, if they are not remediated sites, metals can reach humans [9, 10, 11].
However, although it has been shown that these methods tend to control various types of organic or inorganic pollutants in the long term [12, 13, 14], some studies have warned about the risk factor of those plant species that tend to be hyperaccumulative and can also be a food source for some grazing or wild species (it has been reported that the concentration of Cd or Pb metals in hyperaccumulating plants is usually between 10 and 100 times higher than that of the soil) [15, 16].
Vetiver grass is a perennial herb of the Poaceae family, native to India. It is a plant that has been cultivated for many years in Asia, especially in India [17], can grow in a wide range of climatic conditions, and if planted correctly can be used anywhere in tropical, subtropical or Mediterranean climates [18].
Compiled by Méndez-Cano [19]; the plant vetiver is a perennial herb that forms dense clumps Figure 1; it has sterile inflorescences and seeds and reproduces vegetatively It can withstand extreme droughts due to the high salt content in the sap of its leaves, it can withstand extreme droughts due to the high salt content in the sap of its leaves and also flooding for long periods. It grows in a wide range of soils with different levels of fertility, it is tolerant to extreme climatic variations, such as prolonged droughts, floods and temperatures ranging from −9–55°C. It grows in soils, including rocky soils, and can also be grown in hydroponic conditions. It tolerates pH levels between 3.3 and 12.5, as well as saline, acidic, alkaline and sodic media with a high load of nutrients and heavy metals. It is classified as a C4 type plant due to its high atmospheric CO2 fixation capacity.
Figure 1.
Chrysopogon zizanioides.
Recent research compares the variability in biomechanical properties of Chrysopogon zizanioides, including tensile strength, Young’s modulus and strain at break, which have a direct implication to root reinforcement to slope [20], interesting studies reveal that biomass extracted from the roots of the species can be used as activated carbon. This work offers an innovative and environmentally safe approach to control porosity in biomass-derived activated carbon (BAC) materials for energy storage applications [21]. Natural fibers as compared to synthetic fibers are having higher strength, rigidity and also in supporting the structural load of matrix. Vetiver fiber is used as reinforcement for the polymer composites with polypropylene and polyethylene as matrix material [22].
Authors demonstrate the application of vetiver grass has been widely promoted in tropical regions as a cost-effective and environmental-friendly solution for slope stabilization and erosion control for many years. Despite its potential, vetiver grass utilization has not been widely accepted by disadvantaged agricultural communities at landslide hazard areas [23].
Also floating Hydroponic System (FHS) is a potential and cost-effective technique for wastewater treatment. Vetiver is a more efficacious material for phytoremediation due to its physiological and morphological properties [24].
Although there are reports of several species discovered with high potential for phytoremediation, vetiver is a grass species that meets all the criteria required to eliminate contaminants in water and soil, but are few reports of use [12]; an important point is that this plant can survive under hydroponic conditions, has been used for a long time in water and soil conservation [25, 26, 27], in the rehabilitation and restoration of landfills, as in the phytoremediation of leachates, it survives under hydroponic conditions [28]. Many species have been reported as metal phytoremediators but few have been reported to be able to adapt to extreme altitude, climate, variable pH, and exposure conditions in eutrophic systems; thus, it is of great importance to continue studying native species to identify potential alternative phytoremediators [29]. For these reasons, in this study, we present a review of the importance of vetiver, its characterization, and its potential use as a remediation alternative.
2. General characteristics of vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides)
Vetiver belonging to the Poaceae family, native to India [19]. Is one of the few species of grass that meets all the criteria necessary to eliminate contaminants [28]. Regarding its morphological characteristics, it’s a tall grass (1–2 m) with abundant vegetative growth, characterized by a massive, finely structured and deep root apparatus, capable of reaching 3–4 m deep in the first year [27]. For this trait, vetiver grass is well known for its effectiveness in controlling erosion and sediments [30].
It has long, narrow leaves that produce a thick growth barrier that cuts and separates runoff water. This type of growth also allows vetiver to act as an effective filter by trapping sediments and contaminants linked to them such as heavy metals and some pesticide residues [31]. One of the most useful physiological characteristics of vetiver is its high tolerance to high concentrations of heavy metals such as Al, B, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Se, Tl, V, and Zn [12, 13, 19, 31, 32]. In Figure 2, shows a summary of the morphological characteristics of vetiver plant, and heavy metals to tolerant.
Figure 2.
Morphological characteristics of vetiver (C. zizainoides).
Some studies mention that the dense and finely structured root of this plant creates an ideal environment for microbiological processes in the rhizosphere, these characteristics also make vetiver a good alternative for stabilizing river banks and road embankments and preventing erosion [31]. However, the efficiency and cost-effectiveness in water and soil conservation, particularly in the treatment of wastewater, were only recognized in the decade of the 80s when its outstanding physiological and morphological characteristics were identified [31], but these distinctive features, make it an effective phytoremediator species for the treatment of various types of contaminants; also these attributes, together with its high biomass production, type of reproduction, and adaptations to climate changes, also make vetiver an ideal species for the phytoremediation not only of soil but also of artificial systems such as wetlands [12].
3. Methods for the characterization of heavy metals in phytoremediation
The different techniques applied for the characterization of heavy metals are presented in Table 1.
Technique
Characteristics
References
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Identify at least 70 elements in quantities as low as 10–14 g, high selectivity.
One of the techniques that can be used for the identification of heavy metals is Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), this analytical technique is widely used to determine more than 70 elements in solution and in different matrices, in quantities as low as 10–14 g with reasonable selectivity, little manipulation, and minimum sample size. It can indirectly identify anions and organic compounds [33, 34]. This technique is older than ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy), and various authors have reported studies comparative with other methods cited in environmental regulations [12, 28, 38], some mention that it makes it possible to quantitatively determine the chemical elements that constitute a material quickly, precisely, and accurately [7, 13, 39].
To convert solid and liquid samples into aqueous solutions for analysis with ICP-OES and AAS, it is necessary to eliminate all organic material to avoid interferences and obtain the analytes of interest at detectable concentrations [12, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43]. Acid digestion is a necessary process in the identification of metals, which is done by acid decomposition at high temperatures [36] or using mixtures of HNO3 and H2O2 [37].
Another method used is X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). It can identify analytes or other components of interest and it is thus very useful for qualitative analysis. It is currently used in the fields of archeology, forensic sciences, medicine, geology, coatings, materials, electronics, pharmaceutics and environmental sciences, used this method to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses of heavy metals [35, 44].
4. Vetiver: potential use in phytoremediation
Several authors have achieved the mitigation of different types of heavy metals using vetiver grass (Table 2) and determined the amount of Cr absorbed from the residual sludge of a tanning facility and found a concentration of 596.92 mg kg−1 in the leaf tissue [38], others studies showed that the effect on vetiver of having a concentration of As of 225 mg kg−1 is a slight yellowing of the leaves and a small decrease in biomass [36]; these results confirm that this grass can survive successfully in soils moderately contaminated by As [31].
The capacity of vetiver to remove contaminants has also been tested using compost leachate, an experiment that was allowed to stand for 112 days without aeration, showed that the concentration of Cd, Cu, Fe, and Pb decreased after the treatment with vetiver, and therefore can be used to for the bio-purification of compost leachate [42]; others study evaluated the efficiency of vetiver in the absorption of metals based on the translocation and bioaccumulation factors, the results revealed that roots have a high uptake capacity for Cd, Pb, and Zn, however, there was a low translocation of metals such as Cd, As, Ni, and Pb towards the aerial part of the plant and accumulation of Zn in the roots was the highest at 100% [28].
However, some similar reports found a highs amount of Fe accumulated in the roots, despite this, the results show that vetiver is a good phythostabilizer and potential accumulator of heavy metals since in the roots they also found the presence of Al, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, and Ni, but in concentrations, inferiors to Fe [13]. In research similar, the absorbed metals were found to be in order Fe > Pb > Cu > Mn > Zn, the results also showed that as the length and density of the roots increases, so does the absorption of heavy metals, but suggest being careful if in the site intends to develop other species, due to the competition of Fe and its importance in the physiological processes of plants [12].
In 2007, a study assessed the efficiency of the vetiver grass in the phytoextraction of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in order to establish whether this plant could be considered a good hyperaccumulator of those heavy metals. Phytoextraction experiments showed that vetiver was little efficient in the uptake of Cr and Cu (less than 0.1% in shoots and roots after 30 days for both metals), but highly efficient in the uptake of Pb and Zn (0.4% in shoots and 1% in roots for Pb and 1% in both shoots and roots for Zn, after 30 days), for these reasons, vetiver grass can be considered a good enough “hyperaccumulator” of Pb and Zn [41].
In 2013, other researchers measured the ability to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Vetiver were grown on four samples of industrial wastewater taken from a milk factory, a battery manufacturing plant, an electric lamp plant, and an ink manufacturing plant, the results indicated that could tolerate and grow in wastewater [24].
On the other hand, some studies have evaluated the efficiency of vetiver in the treatment of leachates with the aim of reducing chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and total organic carbon in municipal landfill leachates. The results revealed a removal efficiency of approximately 90% [45]. A relevant study evaluated the differences in tolerance and accumulation of boron between reed (Phragmites australis L.), cattail (T. latifolia L.) and vetiver, these plants survived concentrations of B of up to 250, 500, and 750 mg L−1, respectively, therefore, vetiver showed the highest tolerance to B [40]. Thus, the evidence described above confirms the phytoremediation potential of the vetiver grass, the findings of different studies have confirmed the potential of vetiver as a phytoremediation plant for use in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils [12, 46, 47] and in the rehabilitation of landfills [35]. Although it is not an aquatic plant, vetiver can grow and survive under hydroponic conditions [48] and can be used to remediate eutrophic waters, wastewater from pig farms [49], and waste leachates [50].
Further studies could focus on increasing the uptake of heavy metals using, for example, chelating agents [41] and explore the ability of vetiver to participate in the remediation of other pollutants such as endosulfan [49]. The dense growth of vetiver roots can prevent erosion and landslides and act as a natural barrier that could be used in landfill cells to prevent leachates from infiltrating the aquatic mantle, regardless of the impermeable barrier (geomembrane) that is commonly used in landfills.
5. Conclusions
The new trends in the restoration of degraded soils, wastewater and even leachates generated from urban waste include phyto-management as part of a Circular Economy model which is an attractive and viable alternative that is already being explored by different companies; it is based on the principles of preservation and optimization of natural resources, as well as improving the efficiency of production systems by eliminating or reducing environmental contaminants. Therefore, phytoremediation can be considered a circular economy strategy because it aims to reduce both the entry of materials and the production of waste.
In different matrices water, soil, air there are inorganic contaminants which include trace elements that are essential for the growth and development of plants, heavy metals and some non-metallic elements such as As and B are also included. Toxicity varies according to many factors, such as the chemical form of the elements, concentration, persistence among other factors, some compounds can be transformed to their less toxic forms such as Cr. Chrysopogon zizanioides is a hyper-accumulator species with a sometimes unpleasant appearance and its growth capacity makes it ideal for phytoremediation.
Based on group experience we know that this species can survive, tolerate, absorb and transform. Also based on the literature we know that there must be periods of acclimatization of the species for its transformation and or ideal absorption of the compounds. Due to previous knowledge about the phytoremediation process, which is an integral methodology where at the same time the species phytovolatilizes, rhizofiltration, phytodegrades. Due to the characteristics of the species, it can be a permeable membrane to prevent or sequester toxic elements to the water table, but thanks to the life cycle of this species it can absorb significantly contaminated by its modular growth. However, dead leaves may contain some compounds that cannot be degraded and these should be confined or incinerated to ensure that they do not return to the soil.
The essential oil extracted from vetiver roots can be used in the perfume industry, vetiver leaves can be used for roofing of rustic houses and the plant is already used as a fire barrier because it keeps growing even after being burned. In addition, the use of vetiver has the purpose of improving the management of degraded spaces and their restoration through innovative phytoremediation techniques. Vetiver could be used in many countries throughout the world due to its economical accessibility and ability to adapt to different climatic conditions, as well as its capacity to remove different types of pollutants as has already been evidenced.
Acknowledgments
Grateful for the postgraduate scholarship from the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) -Mexico (430983), the Catedra-CONACyT 781 and DAIP-UGto Project # 811/2016. The authors also thank Promotora Ambiental (S.A. de C.V.) for the financial support provided and for the permission to use their facilities.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Nomenclature
Al
aluminum
B
boron
Ba
barium
Be
beryllium
Cd
cadmium
Co
cobalt
Cr
chromium
Cu
copper
Fe
iron
Mg
magnesium
Mn
manganese
Ni
nickel
Pb
lead
S
sulfur
Se
selenium
Tl
thallium
V
vanadium
Zn
zinc
\n',keywords:"vetiver, leachate, phytoremediation, metals, hyperaccumulation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76888.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/76888.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76888",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76888",totalDownloads:158,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"April 25th 2021",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"May 24th 2021",datePublished:"April 20th 2022",dateFinished:"May 24th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Many researchers have demonstrated the advantages of plants in the phytoremediation of soils and waters contaminated with heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides, leachates, etc. The unique morphological characteristics of Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver, make it a hyperaccumulator of metals; its roots can store high concentrations of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn, and it has thus been successfully used in the field of environmental protection. This chapter presents the importance of vetiver, its characterization, and its potential use as phytoremediation potential for toxic elements in contaminated matrices.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76888",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76888",signatures:"Sebastián A. Ramos-Arcos, Edith G. González-Mondragón, Eduardo S. López-Hernández, Ana R. Rodríguez-Luna, Carlos M. Morales-Bautista, Selene Lagunas-Rivera and Sugey López-Martínez",book:{id:"10681",type:"book",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-896-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-895-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-897-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"347802",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Carlos M.",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Bautista",fullName:"Carlos M. Morales-Bautista",slug:"carlos-m.-morales-bautista",email:"carlos.morales@ujat.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"418682",title:"Dr.",name:"Selene",middleName:null,surname:"Lagunas-Rivera",fullName:"Selene Lagunas-Rivera",slug:"selene-lagunas-rivera",email:"dummy+418682@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"418683",title:"Dr.",name:"Sugey",middleName:null,surname:"López-Martínez",fullName:"Sugey López-Martínez",slug:"sugey-lopez-martinez",email:"dummy+418683@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"418684",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian A.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Arcos",fullName:"Sebastian A. Ramos-Arcos",slug:"sebastian-a.-ramos-arcos",email:"dummy+418684@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"418685",title:"Dr.",name:"Edith G.",middleName:null,surname:"González-Mondragón",fullName:"Edith G. González-Mondragón",slug:"edith-g.-gonzalez-mondragon",email:"dummy+418685@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"418686",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo S.",middleName:null,surname:"López-Hernández",fullName:"Eduardo S. López-Hernández",slug:"eduardo-s.-lopez-hernandez",email:"dummy+418686@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"418687",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana R.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Luna",fullName:"Ana R. Rodríguez-Luna",slug:"ana-r.-rodriguez-luna",email:"dummy+418687@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. General characteristics of vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Methods for the characterization of heavy metals in phytoremediation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Vetiver: potential use in phytoremediation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Conflicts of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Nomenclature",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Tchounwou, P. B.; Yedjou, C. G.; Patlolla, A. K.; & Sutton, D. J. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. 2012; 133-164. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6'},{id:"B2",body:'Subhashini, V.; & Swamy, A. V. V. S. Phytoremediation of lead, cadmium and chromium contaminated soils using selected weed plants. Acta Biologica Indica. 2015; 4, 205-212'},{id:"B3",body:'Kannan, N.; Thirunavukkarasu, N.; Suresh, A.; & Rajagopal, K. Analysis of heavy metals accumulation in mangroves and associated mangroves species of Ennore mangrove ecosystem, east coast India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2016; 9, 1-11. DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i46/101551'},{id:"B4",body:'Shaheen, S. M.; Tsadilas, C. D.; & Rinklebe, J. A review of the distribution coefficients of trace elements in soils: Influence of sorption system, element characteristics, and soil colloidal properties. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2013; 201, 43-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.005'},{id:"B5",body:'Wuana, R. A.; & Okieimen, F. E. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecology. 2011; 2011, 1-20. DOI: 10.5402/2011/402647'},{id:"B6",body:'Rajaganapathy, V.; Xavier, F.; Sreekumar, D.; & Mandal, P. K. Heavy metal contamination in soil, water and fodder and their presence in livestock and products: a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2011; 4, 234-249'},{id:"B7",body:'Xu, Y.; Wu, Y.; Han, J.; & Li, P. The current status of heavy metal in lake sediments from China: Pollution and ecological risk assessment. Ecology and evolution. 2017; 7, 5454-5466. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3124'},{id:"B8",body:'Salem, Z. B.; Capelli, N.; Grisey, E.; Baurand, P. E.; Ayadi, H.; & Aleya, L. First evidence of fish genotoxicity induced by heavy metals from landfill leachates: the advantage of using the RAPD-PCR technique. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2014; 101, 90-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.12.014'},{id:"B9",body:'Hu, B.; Jia, X.; Hu, J.; Xu, D.; Xia, F.; & Li, Y. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and health risks in the soil-plant-human system in the Yangtze river delta, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14, 1042. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091042'},{id:"B10",body:'Ahmadpour, P.; Ahmadpour, F.; Mahmud, T. M. M.; Abdu, A.; Soleimani, & M.; Tayefeh, F. H. Phytoremediation of heavy metals: A green technology. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2012; 11, 14036-14043. DOI: 10.1201/b16566-15'},{id:"B11",body:'Barbafieri, M.; Japenga, J.; Romkens, P.; Petruzzelli, G.; & Pedron, F. Protocols for applying phytotechnologies in metal-contaminated soils. In Plant-based remediation processes. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. 2013; p. 19-37. ISBN 978-3-642-35564-6. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35564-6_2'},{id:"B12",body:'Suelee, A. L.; Hasan S. N. M. S.; Kusin, F. M.; Yusuff, F. M.; & Ibrahim, Z. Z. Phytoremediation Potential of Vetiver Grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) for Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Water. 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Land Use Policy, 2020; 99, 105008'},{id:"B24",body:'Davamani, V., Parameswari, C. I., Arulmani, S., John, J. E., & Poornima, R. Hydroponic phytoremediation of paperboard mill wastewater by using vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021; 105528'},{id:"B25",body:'Darajeh, N.; Idris, A.; Truong, P.; Abdul Aziz, A.; Abu Bakar, R.; & Che Man, H. Phytoremediation potential of vetiver system technology for improving the quality of palm oil mill effluent. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2014; 1-10. DOI: 10.1155/2014/683579'},{id:"B26",body:'Singh, V.; Thakur, L.; & Mondal, P. Removal of lead and chromium from synthetic wastewater using Vetiveria zizanioides. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water. 2015; 43, 538-543. DOI: 10.1002/clen.201300578'},{id:"B27",body:'Truong, P.; & Danh, L. T. The vetiver system for improving water quality. The Vetiver Network International, San Antonio, TX, USA. 2015'},{id:"B28",body:'Ghosh, M.; Paul, J.; Jana, A.; De, A.; & Mukherjee, A. Use of the grass, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash for detoxification and phytoremediation of soils contaminated with fly ash from thermal power plants. Ecological Engineering. 2015; 74, 258-265. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.10.011'},{id:"B29",body:'Badejo, A. A.; Omole, D. O.; Ndambuki, J. M.; & Kupolati, W. K. Municipal wastewater treatment using sequential activated sludge reactor and vegetated submerged bed constructed wetland planted with Vetiveria zizanioides. Ecological Engineering. 2017; 99, 525-529. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.11.012'},{id:"B30",body:'Fasani, E.; DalCorso, G.; Zerminiani, A.; Ferrarese, A.; Campostrini, P.; & Furini, A. Phytoremediatory efficiency of Chrysopogon zizanioides in the treatment of landfill leachate: a case study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26(10), 10057-10069. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04505-7'},{id:"B31",body:'Truong, P. Vetiver system for environmental protection. Vetican Consulting, Brisbane. 2019'},{id:"B32",body:'Cruz López, C. A. D. L.; Ramos Arcos, S. A.; & López Martínez, S. Efecto de la adición de ácidos orgánicos sobre la bioacumulación de Plomo, Talio y Vanadio en Chrysopogon zizanioides creciendo sobre suelos contaminados de un relleno sanitario. Nova scientia. 2018; 10(21), 403-422. DOI: 10.21640/ns.v10i21.1582'},{id:"B33",body:'Ogunfowokan, A. O.; Adekunle, A. S.; Oyebode, B. A.; Oyekunle, J. A. O.; Komolafe, A. O.; & Omoniyi-Esan, G. O. Determination of heavy metals in urine of patients and tissue of corpses by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Chemistry Africa. 2019; 2(4), 699-712. DOI: 10.1007/s42250-019-00073-y'},{id:"B34",body:'Paul, V.; Pandey, R.; Ramesh, K. V.; & Meena, R. C. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for Elemental Analysis of Plant Samples. Manual of ICAR Sponsored Training Programme for Technical Staff of ICAR Institutes on “Physiological Techniques to Analyze the Impact of Climate Change on Crop Plants”. 2017; 84'},{id:"B35",body:'Roongtanakiat, N.; Tangruangkiat, S.; Meesat, R. Utilization of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters. Science Asia. 2007; 33, 397-403. DOI: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2007.33.397'},{id:"B36",body:'Datta, R.; Quispe, M. A.; Sarkar, D. Greenhouse study on the phytoremediation potential of vetiver grass, Chrysopogon zizanioides L., in arsenic-contaminated soils. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2011; 86, 124-128. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0185-8'},{id:"B37",body:'Santos, H. M.; Coutinho, J. P.; Amorim, F. A. C.; Lôbo, I. P.; Moreira, L. S.; Nascimento, M. M.; & de Jesus, R. M. Microwave-assisted digestion using diluted HNO3 and H2O2 for macro and microelements determination in guarana samples by ICP-OES. Food Chemistry. 2019; 273, 159-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.074'},{id:"B38",body:'Torres Rodríguez, D.; Cumana, A.; Torrealba, O.; & Posada, D. Uso del vetiver para la fitorremediación de cromo en lodos residuales de una tenería. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas. 2010; 1, 175-188'},{id:"B39",body:'Cedeño Ochoa, C. J. Metales en agua por Plasma Acoplado por Inducción (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn). Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales. Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial-República de Colombia. 2006'},{id:"B40",body:'Xin, J.; & Huang, B. Comparison of boron uptake, translocation, and accumulation in reed, cattail, and vetiver: an extremely boron-tolerant plant, vetiver. Plant and Soil. 2017; 416, 17-25. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-017-3186-0'},{id:"B41",body:'Antiochia, R.; Campanella, L.; Ghezzi, P.; & Movassaghi, K. The use of vetiver for remediation of heavy metal soil contamination. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2007, 388, 947-956. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1268-1'},{id:"B42",body:'Ibezute, A. C.; Tawari-Fufeyin, P.; & Oghama, O. E. Analysis of pollution removal from compost leachate by vetiver grass (L.) Nash plant (Vetiveria zizanioides). Resources and Environment. 2014; 4, 268-273'},{id:"B43",body:'Benavides Montoya, A. Problemática y alternativas tecnológicas para la remoción de arsénico en la obtención de agua potable. Curso impartido en el Centro de Investigación de Materiales Avanzados. México. 2013'},{id:"B44",body:'Hansen, T. H.; Laursen, K. H.; Persson, D. P.; Pedas, P.; Husted, S.; & Schjoerring, J. K. Micro-scaled high-throughput digestion of plant tissue samples for multi-elemental analysis. Plant Methods. 2009; 5, 12. DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-5-12'},{id:"B45",body:'Pazoki, M.; Abdoli, M. A.; Karbassi, A.; Mehrdadi, N.; & Yaghmaeian, K. Attenuation of municipal landfill leachate through land treatment. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2014; 12(1), 12. DOI: 10.1186/2052-336X-12-12'},{id:"B46",body:'Kočevar Glavač, N.; Djogo, S.; Ražić, S.; Kreft, S.; & Veber, M. Accumulation of heavy metals from soil in medicinal plants. Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju. 2017; 68, 3, 236-244. DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2990'},{id:"B47",body:'Borowczak, M.; & Hołtra, A. The content of heavy metals in soils and plants around the waste landfill in Siechnice (Poland). In E3S Web of Conferences 2017. Vol. 17. EDP Sciences. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171700009'},{id:"B48",body:'Xia, H.; Liu, S.; & Ao, H. A study on purification and uptake of garbage leachate by vetiver grass. In: Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Vetiver, Thailand. 2000'},{id:"B49",body:'Abaga, N. O. Z.; Dousset, S.; Munier-Lamy, C.; & Billet, D. Effectiveness of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash) for phytoremediation of endosulfan in two cotton soils from Burkina Faso. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2014; 16, 95-108. DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2012.759531'},{id:"B50",body:'Kong, X.; Lin, W.; Wang, B.; & Luo, F. Study on vetiver’s purification for wastewater from pig farm. In Proc. Third International Vetiver Conference, Guangzhou, China. 2003'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Sebastián A. Ramos-Arcos",address:null,affiliation:'
University Juárez Autonomous of Tabasco, México
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Edith G. González-Mondragón",address:null,affiliation:'
Institute of Agroindustry, Technological University of the Mixteca, Mexico
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Eduardo S. López-Hernández",address:null,affiliation:'
University Juárez Autonomous of Tabasco, México
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Ana R. Rodríguez-Luna",address:null,affiliation:'
University Juárez Autonomous of Tabasco, México
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Carlos M. Morales-Bautista",address:null,affiliation:'
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
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It consists of a group of disorders showing a higher incidence and severity of infections, expression of immunological dysregulation such as inflammation and lymphoproliferation. The immunophenotyping and in vitro functional characterization of immunodeficient patients contribute, together with the clinical aspects, to define the underlying immune defect particularities. Flow cytometry applications in primary immunodeficiency assessment are multiple and include the study of a wide range of specific cell lymphocyte subpopulations. This chapter describes the main techniques used in the diagnosis of a wide variety of primary immunodeficiencies, in which intracellular proteins or activation markers involved in immunity are evaluated, as well as functional proliferation, cytokine production, phosphorylation of transcription factors, cytotoxic and degranulation capacity. 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She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. 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Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"
\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
\r\n
\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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