\r\n\t(i) Quantum dots of very high-quality optical applications, Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LED) and ‘QD-White LED’, Quantum dot photodetectors (QDPs), Quantum dot solar cells (Photovoltaics).
\r\n\r\n\t(ii) Quantum Computing (quantum bits or ‘qubits’), (vii) The Future of Quantum Dots (broad range of real-time applications, magnetic quantum dots & graphene quantum dots), Superconducting Loop, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Fingerprints.
\r\n\r\n\t(iii) Biomedical and Environmental Applications (to study intracellular processes, tumor targeting, in vivo observation of cell trafficking, diagnostics and cellular imaging at high resolutions), Bioconjugation, Cell Imaging, Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor, Membranes and Bacterial Cells, Resonance Energy-Transfer Processes, Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Pollutant Control.
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Mamun",surname:"Habib",slug:"dr.-md.-mamun-habib",fullName:"Dr. Md. Mamun Habib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66825",title:"WMO Space-Based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring Demonstration Project (SEMDP): First Outcomes of Regional Cooperation on Drought and Heavy Precipitation Monitoring for Australia and Southeast Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85824",slug:"wmo-space-based-weather-and-climate-extremes-monitoring-demonstration-project-semdp-first-outcomes-o",body:'\nMeteorological observations clearly demonstrate that the global climate change occurs since the beginning of the industrial revolution, with particular rapid change since about 1950, including changes in weather and climate extreme events [1]. This increase in weather and climate extremes leads to significant increase in impact of natural disasters on society worldwide. One of the world’s most disaster-prone regions is Asia-Pacific. In this region, almost 2 million people were killed in disasters between 1970 and 2011, representing 75% of all disaster fatalities globally; the most frequent hazards in the region are hydrometeorological [2]. The increase in frequency and severity of weather and climate extreme events and their impact on society requires the development and implementation of new tools for monitoring these hazardous phenomena globally using modern satellite remote sensing techniques.
\nRecognizing the importance of this issue, in February 2017 the World Meteorological Organization organized a workshop on operational space-based weather and climate extremes monitoring demonstration project which was attended by representatives of satellite operators, research and development space agencies, Regional Climate Centres (RCCs), and National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) to stimulate a dialog about enhancing utilization of space-based observation data and products for monitoring weather and climate extremes.
\nThe workshop recognized that significant progress has been made in recent years in developing space-based observations in most geophysical fields and that several high-resolution satellite products were available on a quasi-real-time basis, enabling enhanced utilization for monitoring weather and climate extremes from space. It was also recognized that for many developing and least developed countries, strengthening human and technological capacity is required to provide an adequate level of services. As such, transfer of knowledge from countries with greater technological developments is essential, in order to fully utilize advantages of modern space-based data and derived products in developing countries.
\nFollowing the workshop’s recommendations, WMO initiated SEMDP – the space-based weather and climate extremes monitoring demonstration project. SEMDP is established to run initially for 2 years (2018–2019) and be focused on weather and climate extremes such as drought and heavy precipitation over the Southeast Asia region and the Pacific Ocean. Space-based data and derived products form critical part of operations at NMHSs and RCCs for weather monitoring; however, satellite products are not fully utilized yet for climate applications.
\nMost NMHSs in countries of Southeast Asia and the Pacific use conventional surface-based rain gauge observations for extreme precipitation monitoring. Rain gauge observations provide accurate measurements of precipitation; however, data are restricted to locations of meteorological observation stations. For example, spatial distribution of rain gauges over Australia is not uniform: while eastern and southern parts of the country, southwest of Western Australia and northern and eastern parts of Tasmania, are densely covered by observation stations, spatial coverage of interior parts of Australia is poor. This issue of nonuniform spatial coverage is typical for countries in the Asia-Pacific region, and the density of rain gauges in many areas is considered as inadequate by users. In contrast with conventional surface-based observations, rainfall estimates derived from global space-based observations better address users’ needs for precipitation information providing uniform spatial coverage.
\nThe satellite-based rainfall estimates are based on retrieval algorithms of passive instrumental measurements (radiometry) relating radio signals recorded in infrared and microwave bands of electromagnetic spectrum to the occurrence and intensity of precipitation. Infrared instruments record signals around 11 μm wavelength providing information about cloud top temperature and then applying mathematical retrieval algorithms converting it to estimates of precipitation. Microwave instruments utilize a broad range of electromagnetic spectrum from 10 to 100 GHz. Channels up to 37 GHz primarily provide information about liquid precipitation in the lower parts of clouds; retrieval algorithms are based on assumption that larger amounts of liquid emit higher amount of microwave radiation. Radio signals received through channels above 37 GHz are primarily used for precipitation estimates in the upper parts of clouds due to scattering microwave radiation by solid precipitation. Microwave satellite-borne instruments are employed on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission.
\nSpace-based observations can also address users’ needs for information about precipitation extremes on short time scales. Current operational climate products for drought monitoring derived from surface-based observations are typically focused on identifying rainfall deficits over extended periods (months to years) using percentile and/or decile analysis. As for heavy precipitation, they are typically diagnosed on a monthly time scale. Using space-based observations, it would be possible to monitor extreme precipitation events over shorter time periods—pentad (5 days), week (7 days), and longer periods of up to a month—in order to respond to current and future users’ requirements. Monitoring weather and climate extremes on shorter time scales is considered by RCCs and NMHSs as a valuable extension of their operational products to enhance climate services for users in Asia-Pacific.
\nIn this chapter, WMO SEMDP and its implementation strategy are described, and first outcomes of Asia-Pacific regional cooperation on drought and heavy precipitation monitoring from space are presented.
\nSEMDP is designed as a demonstration project to bring benefits of utilizing space-based observations of extreme precipitation to operational services of RCCs and NMHSs. During the project’s first implementation stage, SEMDP’s geographical domain covers the Southeast Asia region and the Pacific Ocean—area from 40°N to 45°S and 50°E to 160°W. Two agencies—the Earth Observation Research Center/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and the Climate Prediction Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—provide satellite data and products for the SEMDP region. It is planned to (i) gradually expand SEMDP’s geographical domain during subsequent stages of the project’s implementation to accomplish the global coverage for SEMDP products and (ii) involve more space and meteorological agencies from around the world to contribute to providing RCCs and NMHSs with a range of SEMDP products.
\nSEMDP is focused on monitoring extreme events. “Extreme weather event” and “extreme climate event” according to the IPCC AR5 WG I report are defined as follows. “An extreme weather event is an event that is rare at a particular place and time of year. Definitions of rare vary, but an extreme weather event would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function estimated from observations. By definition, the characteristics of what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place in an absolute sense. When a pattern of extreme weather persists for some time, such as a season, it may be classed as an extreme climate event, especially if it yields an average or total that is itself extreme (e.g., drought or heavy rainfall over a season).” [3]. Thus, SEMDP approach to defining drought and heavy rainfall is based on the above definitions.
\nBased on the workshop’s recommendations and consequent consultations with the satellite data providers (EORC/JAXA and CPC/NOAA) and users (RCCs and NMHSs in Southeast Asia and the Pacific), SEMDP aims to satisfy users’ requirements for monitoring precipitation extremes on short time scales, i.e., on pentad (5 days) to weekly up to monthly basis utilizing satellite-based products available on near real-time basis for monitoring “heavy precipitation” and “drought” events on a routine basis (“operationally”) for climate analysis and monitoring and for the development of improved climate services. Brief introduction of EORC/JAXA and CPC/NOAA satellite-derived data and products available for RCCs and NMHSs in Asia-Pacific is given below.
\nSEMDP precipitation products produced by EORC/JAXA are based on the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) [4]. GSMaP products are in high demand—more than 4200 users from 114 countries from around the world are registered for the GSMaP data distribution. For SEMDP users in Asia-Pacific, EORC/JAXA provides mean precipitation estimates derived from GSMaP version 6 for hourly, daily (00–23 UTC), pentad (5 days), weekly (Monday–Sunday), 10-day, and monthly precipitation with spatial resolution of 0.1°lat/lon grid box (an example of monthly precipitation for July is given in Figure 1). In addition, statistics for daily, pentad, and weekly extreme precipitation (90th–99th percentiles) and percentage of rainy (≥1 mm/day) days in a month is provided (examples are presented in Figures 2 and 3). For drought monitoring, the standardized precipitation index (SPI; 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months) for grid boxes over land with spatial resolution of 0.25°lat/lon grid box is provided.
\nEORC/JAXA GSMaP monthly mean of daily precipitation for the month of July.
EORC/JAXA GSMaP 90th percentile of daily precipitation for the month of July.
EORC/JAXA GSMaP percentage of rainy days for the month of July.
CPC/NOAA provides SEMDP users with a similar set of products using the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) satellite precipitation estimates (see [5] for detail). In addition to the SPI, weekly normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI; Figure 4) and the vegetation health index (VHI) are also available for SEMDP region.
\nCPC/NOAA CMORPH weekly NDVI for 24–30 December 2018.
In this section, case studies for drought monitoring in Australia using SEMDP products are presented. Australia is the driest continent on the Earth, apart from Antarctica. About 70% of Australia receives less than 500 mm of rain annually, which classifies those parts of the continent as arid or semiarid areas. Drought monitoring is vital for informed decision-making in agriculture, disaster risk management, water management, and other sectors.
\nIn Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology defines drought in the affected region when the rainfall over a 3-month period is being in the lowest decile of what has been recorded for that region in the past [6]. Drought often affects Australia—rainfall observations which the Bureau of Meteorology conducts since the middle of the nineteenth century show that on average drought occurs once every 18 years; severity and duration of drought vary. The worst drought which affected Australia since the European settlement—the Millennium drought—occurred in the 2000s.
\nThe Millennium drought affected southern and eastern regions of the continent (states of Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and South Australia), southwest of Western Australia, and Tasmania. The largest Australian agricultural region—the Murray-Darling basin—was severely affected, and water resources which supply cities and towns including capital cities of Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, and many other cities and towns were also severely affected.
\nThe Millennium drought commenced with rainfall deficit in 1996–1997 and continued during very dry years in 2001–2002 (Figure 5); it was clear that this is the worst drought in Australia on record [7].
\nRainfall deciles for Australia in January 2001–December 2002 derived from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology rain gauge observations.
During the year 2006 southeastern parts of Australia had the second driest year on record [8]; agricultural region of the Murray-Darling basin was particularly severely affected by drought conditions (Figure 6). Drought continued to affect the Murray-Darling basin in 2007; it was already seventh consecutive year of below average rainfall for the basin. Dry and hot conditions continued to affect Australia through to early 2010.
\nRainfall deciles for Australia in January–December 2006 derived from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology rain gauge observations.
The 2010–2011 La Niña event brought the Millennium drought to the end. This La Niña event was one of the strongest on records, and it resulted in record-breaking rainfall in the Murray-Darling basin and above average rainfall over the southeast parts of the country (Figure 7). Significant increase in surface water storage and soil moisture due to continuing above average rainfall ended drought conditions in the southeastern parts of Australia [9].
\nRainfall deciles for Australia in July 2010–March 2011 derived from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology rain gauge observations.
The Millennium drought was the most severe drought which affected Australia over the past few centuries. It is pertinent to examine the usefulness of space-based observations for drought monitoring over Australia; here we present a case study for the year 2007 of the Millennium drought utilizing rainfall percentile, 1-month and 3-month SPI values derived from the EORC/JAXA GSMaP data.
\nThe SPI is an index which is widely used for meteorological drought detection and monitoring. Positive values of the SPI correspond to precipitation above median, and negative values of the SPI correspond to precipitation below median. Drought conditions are classified when the SPI values are equal to or below −1.0. Specifically, for the SPI values −1.0 and below conditions are classified as “moderately dry,” for −1.5 and below as “severely dry,” and for −2.0 and below as “extremely dry.”
\nAs described above, the main agricultural region in southeastern Australia—the Murry-Darling basin—was severely affected by the Millennium drought. Examining 1-month SPI for August 2007 (Figure 8) and rainfall percentile (Figure 9) derived from EORC/JAXA GSMaP, one can find that drought-affected areas where the SPI values are less than −1.5 (i.e., “severely dry”) correspond well to areas of rainfall below the 10th percentile. The detected by space-based observations drought-affected areas are in good correspondence with areas defined as “very much below average” on rainfall decile map for August 2007 derived from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology rain gauge observations (Figure 10). Similarly, areas where values of 3-month SPI for July–September 2007 (Figure 11) are below −1.5 are in good correspondence with areas of “very much below average” rainfall on rainfall decile map (Figure 12).
\nSPI for Australia in August 2007 derived from the EORC/JAXA GSMaP data.
Rainfall percentiles for Australia in August 2007 derived from the EORC/JAXA GSMaP data.
Rainfall deciles for Australia in August 2007 derived from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology rain gauge observations.
SPI for Australia for 3 months (July–September 2007) derived from the EORC/JAXA GSMaP data.
Rainfall deciles for Australia in July–September 2007 derived from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology rain gauge observations.
It should be noted that space-based and in situ observations are in good agreement over the Murry-Darling basin in southeastern Australia where the density of surface-based observations is high; however, there are noticeable discrepancies between them over the central parts of the continent where the density of surface-based observations is very low. It clearly demonstrates value of space-based rainfall estimates for drought detection and monitoring, especially for regions where rain gauge observations are limited or unavailable.
\nSEMDP products became available to NMHSs and RCCs in Asia-Pacific on a quasi-operational basis from December 2018, thanks to the dedicated efforts of scientists and IT experts from the EORC/JAXA and the CPC/NOAA. Here we demonstrate usefulness of available SEMDP products for operational drought monitoring in Australia using the VHI. 2018 for Australia was a year of persistent warmth (the third warmest year on record with mean temperature 1.14°C above the 1961–1990 average) and protracted drought (average rainfall was 412.8 mm which is 11% below the 1961–1990 average of 465 mm) [10]. Annual rainfall was very low (“very much below average” and “lowest on record”) over the southeastern parts of the country and above average in the area between the northwest and southeast of Western Australia (Figure 13). Rainfall was particularly low over the southeast from April; September was record-dry. Dry conditions had an impact on vegetation which could be estimated by the vegetation health index.
\nRainfall deciles for Australia in January–December 2018 derived from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology rain gauge observations.
The VHI is computed using observations from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument onboard the NOAA polar orbiting satellites in the visible, infrared, and near-infrared bands and used to identify stress on vegetation related to drought [11]. Maps of the VHI for the last week of September 2017 (above average rainfall for Australia was observed in that year) and the last week of September 2018 are presented in Figure 14 demonstrating difference between relatively healthy vegetation over Australia in September 2017 (Figure 14a) and stressed vegetation in September 2018 (Figure 14b) due to impact of dry conditions.
\nCPC/NOAA VHI for (a) 24–30 September 2017 and (b) 24–30 September 2018.
In this section, case studies of heavy precipitation over Australia in December 2010 and Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia in November–December 2014 which caused widespread flooding are presented.
\nAn “extreme rainfall” is defined when a mean rainfall for a specified period is higher than a certain percentile threshold, e.g., 90th–99th percentile (Figure 15).
\nEORC/JAXA GSMaP rainfall percentile over SEMDP domain for December 2010.
Extreme rainfall associated with La Niña event has been observed over Australia in 2010 and 2011. In 2011, Australia experienced its third wettest year since national rainfall records began in 1900 [12]. Averaged across Australia, both years experienced rainfall well above average—690 mm (225 mm above the long-term average of 465 mm) in 2010 [9] and 699 mm (234 mm above the long-term average of 465 mm) in 2011 [12].
\nThe 2010–2011 La Niña event was one of the strongest on record, comparable in strength with the La Niña events of 1917–1918, 1955–1956, and 1975–1976, and it has significant impact on Australian rainfall. La Niña is typically associated with increased rainfall in northern and eastern Australia. During the 2010–2011 La Niña, most of the mainland Australia experienced significantly higher than average rainfall over the 9 months from July 2010 to March 2011 (Figure 7). A number of new Australian rainfall records were set: wettest September, December, and March on record and second wettest October and February. Extreme rainfall associated with La Niña event has been observed over parts of western and eastern Australia in December 2010 (Figure 16). The record-breaking rainfall during the 2010–2011 La Niña led to widespread flooding in many regions between September 2010 and March 2011 including southeast Queensland, large areas of northern and western Victoria, New South Wales, northwestern Western Australia, and eastern Tasmania that were subject to significant flooding.
\nAustralian rainfall deciles for December 2010 derived from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology rain gauge observations.
In Figure 17, EORC/JAXA GSMaP rainfall percentile over Australia for December 2010 is presented. An area above 95th percentile derived from GSMaP approximately corresponds to an area of rainfall deciles “very much above average” as derived from rain gauge observations by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Figure 16); it demonstrates that this extreme rainfall event was well detected using GSMaP.
\nEORC/JAXA GSMaP rainfall percentile over Australia for December 2010.
The second case study examines episodes of heavy precipitation over Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia in November–December 2014 [13]. In November 2014, an episode of heavy rainfall and subsequent flooding in the coastal area of northeastern Peninsular Malaysia occurred from 13 to 20 November 2014. In the second half of December 2014, two episodes of heavy precipitation caused widespread flooding in south of Thailand, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang and on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
\nAccumulated rainfall over Peninsular Malaysia in November and December 2014 derived from GSMaP is presented in Figure 18a and b, respectively. Time series of daily precipitation for November–December 2014 averaged over land in the area from 100°E to 105°E; EQ to 8°N is presented in Figure 19. In November 2014, accumulated rainfall exceeded 1000 mm along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The first episode of persistent heavy rainfall occurred from 13 to 20 November. In December 2014, areas of monthly total rainfall above 500 mm expand over the southern part of Thailand and the most of Malaysia. Particularly heavy precipitation occurred over the eastern parts of the Peninsular with monthly total rainfall estimated at 1500 mm and above. Second episode of long-lasting heavy rainfall occurred from 14 to 30 December. Results obtained from space-based observations are in correspondence with results presented in [13].
\nEORC/JAXA GSMaP total precipitation over Peninsular Malaysia in (a) November 2014 and (b) December 2014.
EORC/JAXA GSMaP time series of daily precipitation for November–December 2014 averaged over land in the area from 100°E to 105°E; EQ to 8°N; solid black line represents 18-year mean.
In Figure 20, time series of daily precipitation derived from the EORC/JAXA GSMaP data and in situ observations derived from the CPC rain gauge analysis (CPC GAG) for November–December 2014 averaged over land in the area from 100°E to 105°E; EQ to 8°N are presented. All episodes of heavy precipitation in November and December 2014 are detected well by space-based observations. In general, there is a good correspondence between the EORC/JAXA GSMaP space-based rainfall estimates and the CPC GAG rain gauge analysis.
\nTime series of daily precipitation for November–December 2014 averaged over land in the area from 100°E to 105°E; EQ to 8°N derived from (a) EORC/JAXA GSMaP (red line) and (b) CPC GAG (blue line).
Scatter plot—comparison between CPC GAG and GSMaP satellite precipitation estimates—is presented in Figure 21; results for pentad (5-day) and 10-day mean precipitation (mm/day) are plotted on the top and bottom panels, respectively. Only data pairs of precipitation over a 0.25olat/lon grid box with at least one reporting rain gauge are included in the comparison. The correlation coefficients of pentad and 10 days are 0.84 and 0.88, respectively, indicating good agreement between space-based estimates and surface-based rain gauge observations.
\nScatter plot of (a) pentad (5-day) and (b) 10-day precipitation averaged over land in the area from 100°E to 105°E; EQ to 8°N for November–December 2014 derived from the EORC/JAXA GSMaP versus the CPC GAG.
An example of detecting daily heavy precipitation using GSMaP data is presented in Figure 22. Precipitation was particularly heavy across the eastern coast of the peninsular with daily totals above 200 mm (Figure 22a); this exceeded 18-year climatology more than five times (Figure 22b). In Narathiwat province of Thailand and Kelantan and Terengganu provinces of Malaysia, the daily precipitation was higher than the 99th percentile (Figure 22c) causing widespread flood in the affected areas.
\nEORC/JAXA GSMaP (a) daily precipitation over the Peninsular Malaysia on 18 November 2014, (b) ratio of the daily precipitation to 18-year climatology, and (c) daily percentile.
In summary, presented case studies of detecting extreme precipitation in Australia, Thailand, and the Peninsular Malaysia demonstrate that space-based observations provide valuable information for monitoring heavy rainfall.
\nThese first results of implementation of WMO SEMDP demonstrate that space-based estimates of extreme precipitation are an effective solution to enhance capacity of RCCs and NMHSs for monitoring drought and heavy rainfall assisting governments and local communities with informed decision-making in adaptation to climate variability and change.
\nThe World Meteorological Organization and the Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) international initiative provided financial support for SEMDP. The EORC/JAXA and the CPC/NOAA developed operational SEMDP extreme precipitation products.
\nDeclaration: There is no conflict of interest.
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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/10329",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"10329"},fullPath:"/chapters/10329",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()