Risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-648-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-647-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-649-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b05fa99bbd2c8e02d48dc740c0efbf9c",bookSignature:"Dr. Amjad Zaki Almusaed",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10986.jpg",keywords:"Environmental Housing, Ecological Housing, Climate Change and Housing, Low Energy Housing Design, Recycling Materials, Human Sheltering, Human Mobility, Accessibility and Housing Units, Economic Theory and Housing, Land Administration in Habitat Zone, Decentralization in Housing Area, Private Housing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 5th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 2nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 1st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 20th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 19th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"15 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Almusaed is focused on sustainability in architecture and urban planning and design. He has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work as well as several studies in the aforementioned areas with over 170 published international academic works in different languages.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110471/images/system/110471.png",biography:"Amjad Almusaed was born in 1967. He holds a PhD degree in Architecture (Environmental Design) from Ion Mincu University, Bucharest, Romania. He completed postdoctoral research in 2004 on sustainable and bioclimatic houses, from the School of Architecture in Aarhus, Denmark. His research expertise is sustainability in architecture and urban planning and design. He has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work, and has performed several studies in the above-mentioned areas. He has edited many international books and is an active member of many worldwide architectural associations. He has published more than 170 international academic works (papers, research, books, and book chapters) in different languages.",institutionString:"Jönköping University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:{name:"Jönköping University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"259492",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Gojević-Zrnić",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259492/images/7469_n.png",email:"sara.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5289",title:"Landscape Ecology",subtitle:"The Influences of Land Use and Anthropogenic Impacts of Landscape Creation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"354db0cb765007d8e48728a1356f2b75",slug:"landscape-ecology-the-influences-of-land-use-and-anthropogenic-impacts-of-landscape-creation",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5124",title:"Insulation Materials in Context of Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca203e467e6f6fc2ece46fab2da10bbc",slug:"insulation-materials-in-context-of-sustainability",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5124.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6066",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd4ff3f5b34fb2ee8089dc8da74a843a",slug:"landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and-applications",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7205",title:"Housing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"efb431be41bf8bf41facd7b4a183225e",slug:"housing",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6378",title:"Sustainable Buildings",subtitle:"Interaction Between a Holistic Conceptual Act and Materials Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bc977aee58593c6aeecb1941cae1a0e",slug:"sustainable-buildings-interaction-between-a-holistic-conceptual-act-and-materials-properties",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6378.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2005",title:"Effective Thermal Insulation",subtitle:"The Operative Factor of a Passive Building Model",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7c6c5a9dfad00a32efaa72b9f163e71",slug:"effective-thermal-insulation-the-operative-factor-of-a-passive-building-model",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2005.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5889",title:"Grasses",subtitle:"Benefits, Diversities and Functional Roles",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"605047fa783d21860951085f83b84f47",slug:"grasses-benefits-diversities-and-functional-roles",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Sammera Mohamed Salih Al-Samaraee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5889.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6882",title:"Sustainable Cities",subtitle:"Authenticity, Ambition and Dream",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba808740ddb346ea58d759f6570c8c6d",slug:"sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"23733",title:"Analog and Digital Systems of Imaging in Roentgenodiagnostics",doi:"10.5772/19847",slug:"analog-and-digital-systems-of-imaging-in-roentgenodiagnostics",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/23733.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23733",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23733",totalDownloads:9169,totalViews:140,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 4th 2010",dateReviewed:"July 11th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 9th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/23733",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/23733",book:{slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control"},signatures:"Dominika Oborska-Kumaszynska",authors:[{id:"36485",title:"PhD.",name:"Dominika",middleName:"Izabela",surname:"Oborska-Kumaszynska",fullName:"Dominika Oborska-Kumaszynska",slug:"dominika-oborska-kumaszynska",email:"doborska-kumaszynska@wp.pl",position:null,institution:{name:"Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",publishedDate:"November 9th 2011",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-683-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6073-1",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23726",title:"Analytical Method Validation",slug:"analytical-method-validation",totalDownloads:27408,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pedro Lopez Garcia, Ernesto Buffoni, Fabio Pereira Gomes and Jose Luis Vilchez Quero",authors:[{id:"42129",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"López García",fullName:"Pedro López García",slug:"pedro-lopez-garcia"},{id:"54461",title:"MSc",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Gomes",fullName:"Fabio Pereira Gomes",slug:"fabio-pereira-gomes"},{id:"54462",title:"MSc",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Buffoni",fullName:"Ernesto Buffoni",slug:"ernesto-buffoni"},{id:"87969",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Vilchez Quero",fullName:"Jose Luis Vilchez Quero",slug:"jose-luis-vilchez-quero"}]},{id:"23727",title:"General Introduction to Design of Experiments (DOE)",slug:"general-introduction-to-design-of-experiments-doe-",totalDownloads:7643,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ahmed Badr Eldin",authors:[{id:"47874",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Badr Eldin",fullName:"Ahmed Badr Eldin",slug:"ahmed-badr-eldin"}]},{id:"23728",title:"Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) for Molecular Based Tests Used in Diagnostic Laboratories",slug:"good-clinical-laboratory-practice-gclp-for-molecular-based-tests-used-in-diagnostic-laboratories",totalDownloads:14358,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Raquel V. Viana and Carole L. Wallis",authors:[{id:"54659",title:"Dr.",name:"Carole",middleName:null,surname:"Wallis",fullName:"Carole Wallis",slug:"carole-wallis"},{id:"60112",title:"Ms",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Raquel Viana",slug:"raquel-viana"}]},{id:"23729",title:"Quality of the Trace Element Analysis: Sample Preparation Steps",slug:"quality-of-the-trace-element-analysis-sample-preparation-steps",totalDownloads:25515,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Maja Welna, Anna Szymczycha-Madeja and Pawel Pohl",authors:[{id:"42597",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Pohl",fullName:"Pawel Pohl",slug:"pawel-pohl"},{id:"53899",title:"Dr",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Welna",fullName:"Maja Welna",slug:"maja-welna"},{id:"53900",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Szymczycha-Madeja",fullName:"Anna Szymczycha-Madeja",slug:"anna-szymczycha-madeja"}]},{id:"23730",title:"Aspects of Quality and Project Management in Analyses of Large Scale Sequencing Data",slug:"aspects-of-quality-and-project-management-in-analyses-of-large-scale-sequencing-data",totalDownloads:2269,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"von Reumont Björn M, Meid Sandra and Misof Bernhard",authors:[{id:"55355",title:"Dr.",name:"Björn M",middleName:null,surname:"Von Reumont",fullName:"Björn M Von Reumont",slug:"bjorn-m-von-reumont"},{id:"102363",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Misof",fullName:"Bernhard Misof",slug:"bernhard-misof"},{id:"102364",title:"MSc.",name:"Sandra",middleName:"A",surname:"Meid",fullName:"Sandra Meid",slug:"sandra-meid"}]},{id:"23731",title:"Gene Markers Representing Stem Cells and Cancer Cells for Quality Control",slug:"gene-markers-representing-stem-cells-and-cancer-cells-for-quality-control",totalDownloads:2502,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shihori Tanabe",authors:[{id:"48635",title:"Dr.",name:"Shihori",middleName:null,surname:"Tanabe",fullName:"Shihori Tanabe",slug:"shihori-tanabe"}]},{id:"23732",title:"Study of Degradation Products and Degradation Pathways of ECD and Its Drug Product, ECD Kit",slug:"study-of-degradation-products-and-degradation-pathways-of-ecd-and-its-drug-product-ecd-kit",totalDownloads:5631,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kung-Tien Liu, Yu-Yung Lin, Yi-Chih Hsia, Jian-Hua Zhao, Chang-Yung Su, Shang-Yu Shen, Lee-Chung Men and Lie-Hang Shen",authors:[{id:"36122",title:"PhD.",name:"Kung-Tien",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Kung-Tien Liu",slug:"kung-tien-liu"},{id:"52883",title:"Mr",name:"Yu-Yung",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Yu-Yung Lin",slug:"yu-yung-lin"},{id:"52884",title:"Mr",name:"Shang-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Shang-Yu Shen",slug:"shang-yu-shen"},{id:"52885",title:"Mrs.",name:"Yi-Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Hsia",fullName:"Yi-Chih Hsia",slug:"yi-chih-hsia"},{id:"52886",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Men",fullName:"Lee-Chung Men",slug:"lee-chung-men"},{id:"52887",title:"Dr.",name:"Lie-Hang",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Lie-Hang Shen",slug:"lie-hang-shen"},{id:"90774",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Jian-Hua Zhao",slug:"jian-hua-zhao"},{id:"90775",title:"Mr.",name:"Chang-Yung",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Chang-Yung Su",slug:"chang-yung-su"}]},{id:"23733",title:"Analog and Digital Systems of Imaging in Roentgenodiagnostics",slug:"analog-and-digital-systems-of-imaging-in-roentgenodiagnostics",totalDownloads:9169,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dominika Oborska-Kumaszynska",authors:[{id:"36485",title:"PhD.",name:"Dominika",middleName:"Izabela",surname:"Oborska-Kumaszynska",fullName:"Dominika Oborska-Kumaszynska",slug:"dominika-oborska-kumaszynska"}]},{id:"23734",title:"Quality Assessment of Solid Pharmaceuticals and Intravenous Fluid Manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"quality-assessment-of-solid-pharmaceuticals-and-intravenous-fluid-manufacturing-in-sub-saharan-afric",totalDownloads:5836,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adedibu C. Tella, Musa O. Salawu, Lyabo M. Phillips, Ojeyemi M. Olabemiwo and George O. Adediran",authors:[{id:"36184",title:"Dr.",name:"Adedibu",middleName:"Clement",surname:"Tella",fullName:"Adedibu Tella",slug:"adedibu-tella"},{id:"58422",title:"Mr.",name:"Musa",middleName:null,surname:"Salawu",fullName:"Musa Salawu",slug:"musa-salawu"},{id:"96556",title:"Dr.",name:"Iyabo",middleName:null,surname:"Phillips",fullName:"Iyabo Phillips",slug:"iyabo-phillips"},{id:"96562",title:"Dr.",name:"Ojeyemi",middleName:null,surname:"Olabemiwo",fullName:"Ojeyemi Olabemiwo",slug:"ojeyemi-olabemiwo"},{id:"96570",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Adediran",fullName:"George Adediran",slug:"george-adediran"}]},{id:"23735",title:"Need for Quality Assurance Program of Donor Screening Tests",slug:"need-for-quality-assurance-program-of-donor-screening-tests",totalDownloads:2104,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Young Joo Cha",authors:[{id:"42386",title:"Prof.",name:"Young Joo",middleName:null,surname:"Cha",fullName:"Young Joo Cha",slug:"young-joo-cha"}]},{id:"23736",title:"Quality Control in Pharmaceuticals: Residual Solvents Testing and Analysis",slug:"quality-control-in-pharmaceuticals-residual-solvents-testing-and-analysis",totalDownloads:19871,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Changqin Hu and Ying Liu",authors:[{id:"50302",title:"Prof.",name:"Changqin",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Changqin Hu",slug:"changqin-hu"},{id:"51182",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Ying Liu",slug:"ying-liu"}]},{id:"23737",title:"The Application of the Potentiometric Stripping Analysis to Determine Traces of M(II) Metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) in Bioinorganic and Similar Materials",slug:"the-application-of-the-potentiometric-stripping-analysis-to-determine-traces-of-m-ii-metals-cu-zn-pb",totalDownloads:2650,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Biljana Kaličanin and Ružica Nikolić",authors:[{id:"56318",title:"Prof.",name:"Biljana",middleName:"Miroslav",surname:"Kalicanin",fullName:"Biljana Kalicanin",slug:"biljana-kalicanin"},{id:"58647",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruzica",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolic",fullName:"Ruzica Nikolic",slug:"ruzica-nikolic"}]},{id:"23738",title:"Near Infra Red Spectroscopy",slug:"near-infra-red-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:2879,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ahmed Badr Eldin",authors:[{id:"47874",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Badr Eldin",fullName:"Ahmed Badr Eldin",slug:"ahmed-badr-eldin"}]},{id:"23739",title:"Quality Control in Hospital Bone Banking",slug:"quality-control-in-hospital-bone-banking",totalDownloads:3679,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Eline Zwitser and Barend van Royen",authors:[{id:"50928",title:"Prof.",name:"Barend J.",middleName:null,surname:"Van Royen",fullName:"Barend J. Van Royen",slug:"barend-j.-van-royen"},{id:"90837",title:"MSc.",name:"Eline W.",middleName:null,surname:"Zwitser",fullName:"Eline W. Zwitser",slug:"eline-w.-zwitser"}]},{id:"23740",title:"Future Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies in Healthcare and Biomedicine",slug:"future-applications-of-electronic-nose-technologies-in-healthcare-and-biomedicine",totalDownloads:5245,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alphus Dan Wilson",authors:[{id:"40680",title:"Dr",name:"Alphus",middleName:"Dan",surname:"Wilson",fullName:"Alphus Wilson",slug:"alphus-wilson"}]},{id:"23741",title:"Quality Assurance and Quality Control of Equipment in Diagnostic Radiology Practice-The Ghanaian Experience",slug:"quality-assurance-and-quality-control-of-equipment-in-diagnostic-radiology-practice-the-ghanaian-exp",totalDownloads:17713,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Stephen Inkoom, Cyril Schandorf, Geoffrey Emi-Reynolds and John Justice Fletcher",authors:[{id:"48333",title:"Mr",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Inkoom",fullName:"Stephen Inkoom",slug:"stephen-inkoom"},{id:"55912",title:"Prof.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Schandorf",fullName:"Cyril Schandorf",slug:"cyril-schandorf"},{id:"55913",title:"Prof.",name:"Geoffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Emi-Reynolds",fullName:"Geoffrey Emi-Reynolds",slug:"geoffrey-emi-reynolds"},{id:"55914",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Fletcher",fullName:"John Fletcher",slug:"john-fletcher"}]},{id:"23742",title:"Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives for Medical Applications",slug:"pressure-sensitive-adhesives-for-medical-applications",totalDownloads:13952,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Zbigniew Czech and Agnieszka Kowalczyk",authors:[{id:"53922",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Czech",fullName:"Zbigniew Czech",slug:"zbigniew-czech"},{id:"94549",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Kowalczyk",fullName:"Agnieszka Kowalczyk",slug:"agnieszka-kowalczyk"},{id:"94550",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Swiderska",fullName:"Jolanta Swiderska",slug:"jolanta-swiderska"}]},{id:"23743",title:"The Role of Empirical Rheology in Flour Quality Control",slug:"the-role-of-empirical-rheology-in-flour-quality-control",totalDownloads:6480,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Tamara Dapčević Hadnađev, Milica Pojić, Miroslav Hadnađev and Aleksandra Torbica",authors:[{id:"55755",title:"MSc",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Dapčević Hadnađev",fullName:"Tamara Dapčević Hadnađev",slug:"tamara-dapcevic-hadnadjev"},{id:"55801",title:"Dr.",name:"Milica",middleName:null,surname:"Pojić",fullName:"Milica Pojić",slug:"milica-pojic"},{id:"55802",title:"MSc.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Hadnađev",fullName:"Miroslav Hadnađev",slug:"miroslav-hadnadjev"},{id:"55803",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Torbica",fullName:"Aleksandra Torbica",slug:"aleksandra-torbica"}]},{id:"23744",title:"Sensory Analysis in Quality Control: The Gin as an Example",slug:"sensory-analysis-in-quality-control-the-gin-as-an-example",totalDownloads:8213,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Montserrat Riu Aumatell",authors:[{id:"43906",title:"Dr.",name:"Montserrat",middleName:null,surname:"Riu-Aumatell",fullName:"Montserrat Riu-Aumatell",slug:"montserrat-riu-aumatell"}]},{id:"23745",title:"Spectral Imaging as a Tool in Food Research and Quality Monitoring of Food Production",slug:"spectral-imaging-as-a-tool-in-food-research-and-quality-monitoring-of-food-production",totalDownloads:2309,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Stina Frosch, Bjørn Skovlund Dissing, Jens Adler-Nissen and Michael Engelbrecht Nielsen",authors:[{id:"55298",title:"Dr.",name:"Stina",middleName:null,surname:"Frosch",fullName:"Stina Frosch",slug:"stina-frosch"},{id:"55301",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecth Nielsen",fullName:"Michael Engelbrecth Nielsen",slug:"michael-engelbrecth-nielsen"},{id:"55302",title:"Prof.",name:"Jens",middleName:null,surname:"Adler-Nissen",fullName:"Jens Adler-Nissen",slug:"jens-adler-nissen"},{id:"118120",title:"MSc.",name:"Bjørn Skovlund",middleName:null,surname:"Dissing",fullName:"Bjørn Skovlund Dissing",slug:"bjorn-skovlund-dissing"}]},{id:"23746",title:"Mass Rearing and Quality Control Parameters for Tephritid Fruit Flies of Economic Importance in Africa",slug:"mass-rearing-and-quality-control-parameters-for-tephritid-fruit-flies-of-economic-importance-in-afri",totalDownloads:4370,totalCrossrefCites:12,signatures:"Sunday Ekesi and Samira A. Mohamed",authors:[{id:"42713",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:null,surname:"Ekesi",fullName:"Sunday Ekesi",slug:"sunday-ekesi"},{id:"53233",title:"Dr.",name:"Samira",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"Samira Mohamed",slug:"samira-mohamed"}]},{id:"23747",title:"Quality Control of Baculoviral Bioinsecticide Production",slug:"quality-control-of-baculoviral-bioinsecticide-production",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Solange Ana Belén Miele, Mariano Nicolás Belaich and Pablo Daniel Ghiringhelli",authors:[{id:"52118",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Ghiringhelli",fullName:"Pablo Daniel Ghiringhelli",slug:"pablo-daniel-ghiringhelli"},{id:"54727",title:"Mrs.",name:"Solange Ana Belen",middleName:null,surname:"Miele",fullName:"Solange Ana Belen Miele",slug:"solange-ana-belen-miele"},{id:"54728",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariano Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Belaich",fullName:"Mariano Nicolas Belaich",slug:"mariano-nicolas-belaich"}]},{id:"23748",title:"Quality Control and Characterization of Scintillating Crystals for High Energy Physics and Medical Applications",slug:"quality-control-and-characterization-of-scintillating-crystals-for-high-energy-physics-and-medical-a",totalDownloads:2410,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Daniele Rinaldi, Michel Lebeau, Nicola Paone, Lorenzo Scalise and Paolo Pietroni",authors:[{id:"49866",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Scalise",fullName:"Lorenzo Scalise",slug:"lorenzo-scalise"},{id:"54920",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Rinaldi",fullName:"Daniele Rinaldi",slug:"daniele-rinaldi"},{id:"59026",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Lebeau",fullName:"Michel Lebeau",slug:"michel-lebeau"},{id:"59027",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Paone",fullName:"Nicola Paone",slug:"nicola-paone"},{id:"78731",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Pietroni",fullName:"Paolo Pietroni",slug:"paolo-pietroni"}]},{id:"23749",title:"Effect of Last Generation Additives on the Concrete Durability",slug:"effect-of-last-generation-additives-on-the-concrete-durability",totalDownloads:2759,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ana M. Carvajal, M. Soledad Gómez, Pablo Maturana and Raul Molina",authors:[{id:"42072",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:"MarÃa",surname:"Carvajal",fullName:"Ana Carvajal",slug:"ana-carvajal"},{id:"42100",title:"Prof.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Maturana",fullName:"Pablo Maturana",slug:"pablo-maturana"},{id:"84065",title:"Prof.",name:"Soledad",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez",fullName:"Soledad Gomez",slug:"soledad-gomez"},{id:"84067",title:"Mr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Molina",fullName:"Raul Molina",slug:"raul-molina"}]},{id:"23750",title:"A Convenient and Inexpensive Quality Control Method for Examining the Accuracy of Conjugate Cam Profiles",slug:"a-convenient-and-inexpensive-quality-control-method-for-examining-the-accuracy-of-conjugate-cam-prof",totalDownloads:2428,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wen-Tung Chang and Long-Iong Wu",authors:[{id:"43114",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Tung",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Wen-Tung Chang",slug:"wen-tung-chang"},{id:"51808",title:"Prof.",name:"Long-Iong",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Long-Iong Wu",slug:"long-iong-wu"}]},{id:"23751",title:"Material Characterization and Failure Analysis for Microelectronics Assembly Processes",slug:"material-characterization-and-failure-analysis-for-microelectronics-assembly-processes",totalDownloads:7482,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Chien-Yi Huang, Ming-Shu Li, Shan-Yu Huang, Cheng-I Chang and Min-Hui Huang",authors:[{id:"52412",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming-Shu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Ming-Shu Li",slug:"ming-shu-li"},{id:"52426",title:"Prof.",name:"Chien-Yi",middleName:"Jay",surname:"Huang",fullName:"Chien-Yi Huang",slug:"chien-yi-huang"},{id:"98841",title:"MSc.",name:"Cheng-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Cheng-I Chang",slug:"cheng-i-chang"},{id:"98978",title:"BSc.",name:"Min Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Min Hui Huang",slug:"min-hui-huang"},{id:"99353",title:"MSc.",name:"Shan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Shan-Yu Huang",slug:"shan-yu-huang"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3276",title:"Latest Research into Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9b76f5f77b0ad5568b7f6b0feceb1",slug:"latest-research-into-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38256",title:"Quality Control of Rheum and Cassia Species by Immunological Methods Using Monoclonal Antibodies Against Sennosides",slug:"quality-control-of-rheum-and-cassia-species-by-immunological-methods-using-monoclonal-antibodies-aga",signatures:"Osamu Morinaga and Yukihiro Shoyama",authors:[{id:"35812",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Shoyama",fullName:"Yukihiro Shoyama",slug:"yukihiro-shoyama"},{id:"56199",title:"Dr.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Morinaga",fullName:"Osamu Morinaga",slug:"osamu-morinaga"}]},{id:"37706",title:"Applications of Anti-natural Compound Immunoaffinity Purification on Quality Control",slug:"applications-of-anti-natural-compound-immunoaffinity-purification-on-quality-control",signatures:"Takuhiro Uto, Nguyen Huu Tung, Hiroyuki Tanaka and Yukihiro Shoyama",authors:[{id:"35812",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Shoyama",fullName:"Yukihiro Shoyama",slug:"yukihiro-shoyama"},{id:"53752",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Hiroyuki Tanaka",slug:"hiroyuki-tanaka"},{id:"56069",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Uto",fullName:"Takuhiro Uto",slug:"takuhiro-uto"},{id:"56074",title:"Dr.",name:"Nguyen Huu",middleName:null,surname:"Tung",fullName:"Nguyen Huu Tung",slug:"nguyen-huu-tung"}]},{id:"38925",title:"Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenolic Compounds Contained in Plant Samples",slug:"standard-operating-procedures-sop-for-the-spectrophotometric-determination-of-phenolic-compounds-con",signatures:"Elba Lúcia Cavalcanti de Amorim, Valérium Thijan Nobre de Almeida de Castro, Joabe Gomes de Melo, Allan Jonathan Chernichiarro Corrêa and Tadeu José da Silva Peixoto Sobrinho",authors:[{id:"152667",title:"Dr.",name:"Elba Lucia",middleName:"Cavalcanti",surname:"Amorim",fullName:"Elba Lucia Amorim",slug:"elba-lucia-amorim"},{id:"153553",title:"MSc.",name:"Valérium",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Valérium Castro",slug:"valerium-castro"},{id:"153554",title:"Dr.",name:"Joabe",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Joabe Melo",slug:"joabe-melo"},{id:"153555",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadeu José Da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto Sobrinho",fullName:"Tadeu José Da Silva Peixoto Sobrinho",slug:"tadeu-jose-da-silva-peixoto-sobrinho"},{id:"163486",title:"MSc.",name:"Allan Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Cernicchiaro",fullName:"Allan Jonathan Cernicchiaro",slug:"allan-jonathan-cernicchiaro"}]},{id:"38511",title:"Microbial Quality of Medicinal Plant Materials",slug:"microbial-quality-of-medicinal-plant-materials",signatures:"Marcelo Gonzaga de Freitas Araújo and Taís Maria Bauab",authors:[{id:"153489",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"Gonzaga De Freitas",surname:"Araujo",fullName:"Marcelo Araujo",slug:"marcelo-araujo"},{id:"153551",title:"Dr.",name:"Tais Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bauab",fullName:"Tais Maria Bauab",slug:"tais-maria-bauab"}]},{id:"37719",title:"Application of ISO 9001 Industrial Standard to Herbal Drug Regulation",slug:"application-of-iso-9001-industrial-standard-to-herbal-drug-regulation",signatures:"Sunday Ameh, Florence Tarfa, Magaji Garba and Karniyus Gamaniel",authors:[{id:"62381",title:"Mr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:null,surname:"Ameh",fullName:"Sunday Ameh",slug:"sunday-ameh"}]},{id:"37729",title:"QA: Fraud Control for Foods and Other Biomaterials by Product Fingerprinting",slug:"qa-fraud-control-for-foods-and-other-biomaterials-by-product-fingerprinting",signatures:"Edoardo Capuano and Saskia M. van Ruth",authors:[{id:"153179",title:"Dr.",name:"Saskia",middleName:null,surname:"Van Ruth",fullName:"Saskia Van Ruth",slug:"saskia-van-ruth"},{id:"153628",title:"Dr.",name:"Edoardo",middleName:null,surname:"Capuano",fullName:"Edoardo Capuano",slug:"edoardo-capuano"}]},{id:"37707",title:"Principle of Meat Aroma Flavors and Future Prospect",slug:"principle-of-meat-aroma-flavors-and-future-prospect",signatures:"Hoa Van Ba, Inho Hwang, Dawoon Jeong and Amna Touseef",authors:[{id:"153361",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Van Ba",fullName:"Hoa Van Ba",slug:"hoa-van-ba"},{id:"163181",title:"Prof.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Amna",fullName:"Touseef Amna",slug:"touseef-amna"}]},{id:"41053",title:"Novel Analytical Tools for Quality Control in Food Science",slug:"novel-analytical-tools-for-quality-control-in-food-science",signatures:"Christian W. Huck",authors:[{id:"153144",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Huck",fullName:"Huck",slug:"huck"}]},{id:"41162",title:"Microbial Quality Concerns for Biopharmaceuticals",slug:"microbial-quality-concerns-for-biopharmaceuticals",signatures:"Farzaneh Lotfipour and Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi",authors:[{id:"153221",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzaneh",middleName:null,surname:"Lotfipour",fullName:"Farzaneh Lotfipour",slug:"farzaneh-lotfipour"},{id:"167868",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Hallaj-Nezhadi",fullName:"Somayeh Hallaj-Nezhadi",slug:"somayeh-hallaj-nezhadi"}]},{id:"37699",title:"New Approachs in Drug Quality Control: Matrices and Chemometrics",slug:"new-approachs-in-drug-quality-control-matrices-and-chemometrics",signatures:"Sigrid Mennickent, M. de Diego, B. Schulz, M. Vega and C. G. Godoy",authors:[{id:"52160",title:"MSc",name:"Sigrid",middleName:null,surname:"Mennickent",fullName:"Sigrid Mennickent",slug:"sigrid-mennickent"},{id:"53986",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"De Diego",fullName:"Marta De Diego",slug:"marta-de-diego"},{id:"155538",title:"Dr.",name:"Berta",middleName:null,surname:"Schulz",fullName:"Berta Schulz",slug:"berta-schulz"}]},{id:"41090",title:"Quality Control of Formulated Medicines",slug:"quality-control-of-formulated-medicines",signatures:"Alexandre S. Leal, Maria Ângela de B. C. Menezes, Ilza Dalmázio, Fernanda P. Sepe, Tatiana C. B. Gomes, Amalia S. Santana, Luzia H. da Cunha and Radojko Jaćimovic",authors:[{id:"152425",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Leal",fullName:"Alexandre Leal",slug:"alexandre-leal"}]},{id:"38212",title:"Quality Assurance in Diagnostic Medical Exposures in Ghana - A Medical Physicist’s Perspective",slug:"quality-assurance-in-diagnostic-medical-exposures-in-ghana-a-medical-physicist-s-perspective",signatures:"Stephen Inkoom",authors:[{id:"48333",title:"Mr",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Inkoom",fullName:"Stephen Inkoom",slug:"stephen-inkoom"}]},{id:"37841",title:"Quality by Design and Risk Assessment for Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Imaging",slug:"quality-by-design-and-risk-assessment-for-radiopharmaceutical-manufacturing-and-clinical-imaging",signatures:"Kung-Tien Liu, Jian-Hua Zhao, Lee-Chung Men and Chien-Hsin Chen",authors:[{id:"36122",title:"PhD.",name:"Kung-Tien",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Kung-Tien Liu",slug:"kung-tien-liu"},{id:"52886",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Men",fullName:"Lee-Chung Men",slug:"lee-chung-men"},{id:"90774",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Jian-Hua Zhao",slug:"jian-hua-zhao"},{id:"153497",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien-Hsin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chien-Hsin Chen",slug:"chien-hsin-chen"}]},{id:"39070",title:"Unified Procedures for Quality Controls in Analogue and Digital Mammography",slug:"unified-procedures-for-quality-controls-in-analogue-and-digital-mammography",signatures:"Barbara Testagrossa, Giuseppe Acri, Federica Causa, Raffaele Novario, Maria Giulia Tripepi and Giuseppe Vermiglio",authors:[{id:"53220",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Vermiglio",fullName:"Giuseppe Vermiglio",slug:"giuseppe-vermiglio"},{id:"53249",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Acri",fullName:"Giuseppe Acri",slug:"giuseppe-acri"},{id:"53250",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Testagrossa",fullName:"Barbara Testagrossa",slug:"barbara-testagrossa"},{id:"53251",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Tripepi",fullName:"Maria Giulia Tripepi",slug:"maria-giulia-tripepi"},{id:"153304",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Causa",fullName:"Federica Causa",slug:"federica-causa"}]},{id:"38585",title:"The Quality Management of The R&D in High Energy Physics Detector",slug:"the-quality-management-of-the-r-d-in-high-energy-physics-detector",signatures:"Xuemin Zhu and Sen Qian",authors:[{id:"153549",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",fullName:"Qian Sen",slug:"qian-sen"},{id:"153598",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhu",middleName:null,surname:"Xuemin",fullName:"Zhu Xuemin",slug:"zhu-xuemin"}]},{id:"41063",title:"Cosmetics’ Quality Control",slug:"cosmetics-quality-control",signatures:"Bruna Galdorfini Chiari, Maria Gabriela José de Almeida, Marcos Antonio Corrêa and Vera Lucia Borges Isaac",authors:[{id:"35801",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Isaac",fullName:"Vera Isaac",slug:"vera-isaac"},{id:"56070",title:"MSc.",name:"Bruna",middleName:null,surname:"Chiari",fullName:"Bruna Chiari",slug:"bruna-chiari"},{id:"56072",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Corręa",fullName:"Marcos Antonio Corręa",slug:"marcos-antonio-correa"},{id:"154324",title:"BSc.",name:"Maria Gabriela José De",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",fullName:"Maria Gabriela José De Almeida",slug:"maria-gabriela-jose-de-almeida"}]},{id:"37593",title:"Standard Operating Procedures (What Are They Good For ?)",slug:"standard-operating-procedures-what-are-they-good-for-",signatures:"Isin Akyar",authors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar"}]},{id:"38721",title:"Postmortem DNA: QC Considerations for Sequence and Dosage Analysis of Genes Implicated in Long QT Syndrome",slug:"postmortem-dna-qc-considerations-for-sequence-and-dosage-analysis-of-genes-implicated-in-long-qt-syn",signatures:"Stella Lai, Renate Marquis-Nicholson, Chuan-Ching Lan, Jennifer M. Love, Elaine Doherty, Jonathan R. Skinner and Donald R. Love",authors:[{id:"18995",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald R.",middleName:null,surname:"Love",fullName:"Donald R. Love",slug:"donald-r.-love"},{id:"165225",title:"Ms.",name:"Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",fullName:"Stella Lai",slug:"stella-lai"},{id:"165226",title:"Dr.",name:"Renate",middleName:null,surname:"Marquis-Nicholson",fullName:"Renate Marquis-Nicholson",slug:"renate-marquis-nicholson"},{id:"165227",title:"Dr.",name:"Chuan-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Lan",fullName:"Chuan-Ching Lan",slug:"chuan-ching-lan"},{id:"165228",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Skinner",fullName:"Jonathan Skinner",slug:"jonathan-skinner"}]},{id:"41278",title:"Quality Assurance in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing",slug:"quality-assurance-in-antimicrobial-susceptibility-testing",signatures:"Onur Karatuna",authors:[{id:"157993",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Karatuna",fullName:"Onur Karatuna",slug:"onur-karatuna"}]},{id:"38217",title:"The Investigation of Gene Regulation and Variation in Human Cancers and Other Diseases",slug:"the-investigation-of-gene-regulation-and-variation-in-human-cancers-and-other-diseases",signatures:"Shihori Tanabe and Sun Ha Jee",authors:[{id:"48635",title:"Dr.",name:"Shihori",middleName:null,surname:"Tanabe",fullName:"Shihori Tanabe",slug:"shihori-tanabe"},{id:"153388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sun Ha",middleName:null,surname:"Jee",fullName:"Sun Ha Jee",slug:"sun-ha-jee"}]},{id:"38445",title:"Quality Control Considerations for Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation of Paraffin-Embedded Pathology Specimens in a Diagnostic Laboratory Environment",slug:"quality-control-considerations-for-fluorescence-in-situ-hybridisation-of-paraffin-embedded-pathology",signatures:"Lisa Duffy, Liangtao Zhang, Donald R. Love and Alice M. George",authors:[{id:"18995",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald R.",middleName:null,surname:"Love",fullName:"Donald R. Love",slug:"donald-r.-love"}]},{id:"39938",title:"Quality Control of Biomarkers: From the Samples to Data Interpretation",slug:"quality-control-of-biomarkers-from-the-samples-to-data-interpretation",signatures:"F. G. Ravagnani, D. M. Saidemberg, A. L. C. Faria, S. B. Sartor, D. N. Oliveira and R. R. Catharino",authors:[{id:"153576",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Catharino",fullName:"Rodrigo Catharino",slug:"rodrigo-catharino"},{id:"153578",title:"BSc.",name:"Felipe",middleName:null,surname:"Ravagnani",fullName:"Felipe Ravagnani",slug:"felipe-ravagnani"},{id:"153580",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",fullName:"Ana Faria",slug:"ana-faria"},{id:"153581",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Saidemberg",fullName:"Daniel Saidemberg",slug:"daniel-saidemberg"},{id:"153582",title:"Dr.",name:"Diogo",middleName:"Noin",surname:"De Oliveira",fullName:"Diogo De Oliveira",slug:"diogo-de-oliveira"},{id:"165071",title:"MSc.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Sartor",fullName:"Sabrina Sartor",slug:"sabrina-sartor"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64460",title:"Advances in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82074",slug:"advances-in-the-treatment-of-pancreatic-cancer",body:'\nPancreatic cancer is the 13th most common malignancy worldwide, which was diagnosed in approximately 338,000 people in 2012. Pancreatic cancer is a very aggressive form of malignancy resulting in the seventh leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, over 331,000 deaths in 2012 alone. The worldwide incidence of new pancreatic cancers was 4.9 in 100,000 persons with an associated mortality rate of approximately 4%. The incidence and deaths of pancreatic cancer is higher in developed countries, 188,000 and 184,000 persons as compared to less developed regions, 150,000 and 146,000 persons [1].
\nSpecifically looking at the USA, pancreatic cancer is the eighth most common type of malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths. There are estimated 55,440 new cases of pancreatic cancer that will be diagnosed in the USA in 2018 and result in estimated 44,330 deaths. Incidence rate of pancreatic cancer has increased 1% per year from 2005 to 2014 [2].
\nMost pancreatic cancers develop from the pancreatic exocrine tissue (94%), such as invasive ductal adenocarcinoma, while the remaining 6% of tumors stem from the hormone-producing islet cells, such as insulinomas, gastrinomas, and other pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs). Those pNets will typically occur in younger patients with a better overall prognosis. The focus of this chapter will be on invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [2].
\nThe overall pancreatic cancer mortality rate has shown only slight improvement over the past 35 years. In 1975, pancreatic cancer mortality rate was observed at 3.1%, and in 2000, it increased to 5.2%. The largest incremental improvement in pancreatic cancer survival has occurred over the past 10 years (2008–2104), with the all stage 5 year survival between 8 and 8.5% [2, 3, 4].
\nFor the small percentage of patients with early-stage localized pancreatic cancer (10%), the 5-year survival is between 32 and 34.3%. Once regional lymph node involvement has developed, the 5 year survival decreases to 11.5–12%. Unfortunately, most pancreatic cancer patients (52%) are diagnosed with distant metastatic disease, and that 5-year survival is only 3% [2, 3].
\nAt this point in the time, the cause of pancreatic cancer is still unknown. Increasing age is a significant risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer. The median age of diagnosis of pancreatic cancer in both sexes is at 70 years old. In addition, men have an increased incidence of developing pancreatic cancer as compared to women, 14.4 vs. 11.2 per 100,000 persons across all race and ethnicity [1, 2, 3].
\nThere have been several risk factors to develop pancreatic cancer associated with race/ethnicity, environmental, dietary, medical, and genetic exposures identified (Table 1). Race is also another significant risk factor. African-Americans have the highest incidence (9.9 per 100,000 persons) and mortality (9.4 per 100,000 persons) of pancreatic cancer as compared to non-African-Americans [4]. In addition, Jews of Ashkenazi heritage also have an increased incidence of pancreatic cancer. The age standardized incidence rate of pancreatic cancer for Israeli Jews (7.2 per 100,000 males and 5.7 per 100,000 females) exceeds the incidence of Israeli non-Jews (4.0 per 100,000 males and 2.9 per 100,000 females) [5].
\nRisk factors for developing pancreatic cancer.
There are also several hereditary conditions associated with increased risk for pancreatic cancer (Table 2). While persons with these genetic syndromes are at increased risk for pancreatic cancer, they only account for 5% of all pancreatic diagnoses. Familial cases of pancreatic cancer are at increased incidence to develop secondary primary cancers as compared to non-familial-based cancers. Of those listed, Peutz-Jeghers and hereditary pancreatitis syndromes have the highest risk of developing pancreatic cancer [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
\nGenetic syndromes with increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
Tobacco use is the most well-established modifiable risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer and accounts for up to 30% of all pancreatic cancer cases. There is at least a twofold increase in risk for developing pancreatic cancer in cigarette smoker than a non-smoker. The risk also increases with an increase in the number of cigarettes and duration of smoking. It may take up to 20 years after cessation of cigarette smoking for one’s risk of pancreatic cancer to be equal to take of a non-smoker [13].
\nThe current standard in pancreatic cancer staging is by use of a 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (CT). Specific CT pancreatic protocols can accurately stage the cancer and assess for resectability. These protocols include both the use of low-density oral contrast and nonionic iodinated contrast and scanned 30–45 seconds then again 60 seconds after injection to capture both arterial and venous phases. The arterial phase will allow for good visualization of the celiac axis, common hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery, and gastroduodenal artery. The venous phase will show enhanced visualization of the portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, pancreatic parenchyma, and the liver to assess for metastatic disease [14, 15].
\nOnly 20% of patients who present with pancreatic cancer can undergo surgical resection since most patients present with either unresectable or metastatic disease. The only chance for a curative treatment is with the inclusion of successful surgical removal of the cancer. To determine the patient’s eligibility for pancreatic resection, an experienced pancreatic surgeon is required to review the dedicated pancreatic cross-sectional imaging. The relationship of the tumor to the major intra-abdominal vessels determines the resectability of the pancreatic cancer. Decisions regarding diagnostic and management and resectability should involve multidisciplinary consultation at high-volume center, at least 15–20 pancreatic resections per year [14].
\nIn 2006, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria initially defined pancreatic cancers resectability status into three classifications: resectable, borderline resectable, and unresectable. Since that time, there have been several varying definitions of tumor resectability that have evolved over the past decade. Several international surgical societies such as the American Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Association (AHPBA), Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO), Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract (SSAT), and International Association of Pancreatology (IAP) have issued consensus statements on the definition and criteria of resectability and borderline resectable pancreatic cancers as illustrated in Table 3 [14, 15, 16].
\nDefinitions and criteria of resectable, borderline resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer.
For a tumor to be considered resectable, it must not be in contact with the portal vein (PV) or superior mesenteric vein (SMV) per AHPBA/SSO/SSAT and IAP or less than 180° of contact with SMV/PV by NCCN criteria. By meeting these criteria, the surgeon believes there is a high likelihood of removing the cancer without leaving behind any residual tumor (R0 resection). When pancreatic cancers are classified as borderline resectable based on the vascular involvement, it means that there is a higher likelihood of having residual microscopic disease (R1 resection) if one was to proceed with upfront surgery. Borderline resectable means just that it is not quite resectable but not completely unresectable either. The criteria are less than 180° of arterial involvement of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) or common hepatic artery (CHA) of celiac axis (CA). It also means there can be greater than 180° of involvement of SMV or even complete encasement of SMV or PV but still suitable for resection vascular reconstruction. Unresectable disease has greater than 180° of arterial involvement of SMA, CHA, or CA or non-reconstructable vein involvement including the first jejunal branch [14, 15, 16].
\nThe best outcomes come from margin negative surgical resection with no residual microscopic disease (R0). There is current debate at the true definition of R1 resection as either no microscopic tumor cells at the resection margin or if tumor cells are less than 1 mm from the resection margin. It has been found that the 5-year survival rate has been improved in patients with greater than 1 mm of clearance as compared to those with less than 1 mm. Margins with 0 mm, less than 1 mm, or greater than 1 mm had 5-year survival rates at 16.3, 12.4, and 27.6%, respectively [17]. There is no benefit to performing a surgical resection if gross tumor (R2 resection) will be the result as the prognosis is similar to patients with non-operative management [18].
\nPancreatic surgery should involve high-volume surgeons with the expertise in pancreatic resection. Decisions regarding the management of pancreatic cancer patients require a multidisciplinary team. The location of the tumor and extent of disease will dictate the surgical approaches. Pancreatic head and uncinate tumors require pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) with reconstruction of the pancreas, bile duct, and stomach. If possible, the aim is to preserve the pylorus to limit bile acid reflux and gastric emptying. Tumors that exist in the body and tail of the pancreas will typically require a left-sided surgical resection, distal pancreatectomy, and splenectomy. Borderline resectable and locally advanced cancers may also require venous and/or arterial reconstruction at the time of surgical resection of the pancreatic cancer.
\nIn patients with pancreatic cancer, the overall survival has improved due to systemic chemotherapy and combination therapies. It is still standard treatment to perform upfront surgical resection for resectable pancreatic cancer followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, there has been a shift toward upfront neoadjuvant chemotherapy in order to select out patients with latent metastatic disease or to downstage borderline and locally advanced cancers.
\nThe ESPAC-1 (European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer) showed that there was improvement in overall survival using surgery plus adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus folinic acid (FA). This three-tracked trial compared patients treated with chemotherapy alone, surgical resection alone, or chemotherapy plus radiation therapy. The highest 5-year survival was seen in the chemotherapy arm 21% as compared to surgery alone 8% and chemoradiation 11%. This revealed the only significant survival benefit was with adjuvant chemotherapy [19].
\nThe Charite Onkologie study (CONKO-001) from 2007 compared adjuvant gemcitabine therapy to observation in patients undergoing surgical resection of pancreatic cancer. In the treatment arm, patients received 6 cycles of adjuvant gemcitabine. Patients treated with adjuvant gemcitabine vs. surgery alone had statistically significant increased median overall survival of 22.8 months and 5-year survival of 21% compared to 20.2 months and 5-year survival of 9%. Gemcitabine also significantly delayed the development of recurrent disease as compared to observation alone [20].
\nThe ESPAC-3 was a large randomized controlled trial which compared adjuvant 5-FU plus leucovorin or gemcitabine in patients who underwent RO or R1 resection of pancreatic cancer. This was initially a three-arm study comparing 5-FU plus leucovorin, gemcitabine, and observation; however, once the results of the ESPAC-1 were available, the observation arm was closed. Results of ESPAC-1, ESPAC-1 plus, and ESPAC-3 in subset analysis of 5-FU/FA vs. observation confirmed that adjuvant 5-FU/FA had superior overall survival as compared to observation after surgical resection. The 5 year survival for 5-FU/FA was 24% compared to observation which was 14% [21].
\nESPAC-3 has enrolled 1088 patients and they were followed for over 6.5 years. Median survival for gemcitabine arm was 23.6 months while 5FU/leucovorin arm was 23 months [22]. This had shown that adjuvant gemcitabine had similar survival but less toxicity as compared to 5FU. At this point, there were now two different adjuvant treatment options for resected pancreatic cancer.
\nVan Hoof et al. (2013) performed a phase III trial in which metastatic pancreatic cancer patients were randomized to treatment with either nab-paclitaxel (125 mg per square meter of body surface area) plus gemcitabine (1000 mg per square meter) on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks or gemcitabine monotherapy (1000 mg per square meter) weekly for 7 of 8 weeks and then on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks. The overall survival in the nab-paclitaxel-gemcitabine was 8.5 months as compared to gemcitabine alone with 6.7 months (p > 0.001). This doublet therapy did result in higher rates of myelosuppression and peripheral neuropathy than gemcitabine alone [23]. While this study was based on patients with metastatic disease, it advanced the adjuvant combined chemotherapy regimen in resected pancreatic cancer.
\nThe ESPAC-4 went on to compare adjuvant gemcitabine and capecitabine with gemcitabine monotherapy in patients with resected pancreatic cancer. Capecitabine is an orally active fluoropyrimidine carbamate which can provide prolonged fluorouracil exposure at lower peak concentrations. The 5-year overall survival with gemcitabine and capecitabine compared to gemcitabine alone was 29% vs. 16% [24]. The new standard of care quickly adopted doublet therapy as the new standard of care.
\nThe use of adjuvant FOLFIRINOX [fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin] has been extrapolated from the treatment of pancreatic cancer in the metastatic setting. In the ACCORD-11 trial, FOLFIRINOX was found to have a superior survival advantage over gemcitabine in metastatic pancreatic patients with median overall survival of 11.1 months vs. 6.8 months [25]. This study ultimately launched FOLFIRINOX into new treatment paradigms in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings.
\nThe phase III PRODIGE 24/CCTG PA.6 trial compared a modified FOLFIRINOX regimen against single-agent gemcitabine therapy, as the results of the ESPAC-4 were not known at study design. This study used a modified FOLFIRINOX regimen: oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2, leucovorin 400 mg/m2, and irinotecan 180 mg/m2 (dose reduced to 150 mg/m2 after patient 162) on day 1 and continuous fluorouracil infusion 2.4 gm/m2 over 46 hours. This regimen was repeated every 2 weeks for 12 cycles. The gemcitabine regimen was 1000 mg/m2 once per 3 of 4 weeks for 6 cycles [26]. The response rate was 31.18% in the mFOLFIRINOX group and 11.3% in the gemcitabine group. The disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in the mFOLFIRINOX arm were 21.6 and 54.4 months, while the gemcitabine arm were 17.7 and 35.0 months repetitively. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events (neutropenia, diarrhea, neuropathy) were significantly higher in the FOLFIRINOX treatment arm than the gemcitabine arm [26].
\nmFOLFIRINOX has been the largest advancement in overall survival for resected pancreatic cancer patients, which more than doubled the previous median overall survival.
\nThere are mixed opinions regarding the routine use of radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer. The ESPAC-1 did not reveal any significant survival benefit with chemoradiation [19]. A meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials using adjuvant chemoradiation in patients who underwent curation resection was performed to assess the survival benefit. It appeared that adjuvant chemoradiation had benefitted the subset of patients with a positive margin status; however, it was not statistically significant [27].
\nThe RTOG study looks to determine if the addition of gemcitabine to adjuvant fluorouracil chemoradiation improved survival as compared with fluorouracil. Patients were given either fluorouracil (continuous infusion 250 mg/m2 per day) or 30 minutes infusion of gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2 once a week) for 3 weeks prior to fluorouracil chemoradiation and for 12 weeks following chemoradiation. The median survival for the gemcitabine group was 20.5 months, while the median survival for the fluorouracil group was 16.9 months. There appeared to be a survival benefit, but it was not statistically significant [28].
\nThe LAP07 randomized clinical trial aimed to assess if chemoradiation would improve overall survival after 4 months of gemcitabine and to assess erlotinib’s effect on survival as well as in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. There was no difference in overall survival between the chemotherapy alone vs. the addition of chemoradiation, 16.5 months vs. 15.2 months [29].
\nWhile variations may occur at different institutions, a common approach for resectable pancreatic cancer would include the surgical resection of the cancer followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The use of radiation may be used in the adjuvant setting for positive margins following chemotherapy after proving no metastatic disease developed.
\nFor patients that present with borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without chemoradiation allows for systemic control and may improve the likelihood of a R0 resection. The initial rationale for upfront therapies is to potentially downstage tumors to become resectable with a higher R0 resection rate and to allow potential latent metastatic disease to declare itself. In addition, the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation may be used to “sterilize” the tumor margins near vessel involvement. This allows for selection of the most appropriate patients who have the highest likelihood of long-term survival.
\nBased on the ACCORD-11 trial showing superior response to FOLFIRINOX, this regimen has now been used effectively in the neoadjuvant setting for borderline and locally advanced pancreatic cancers. Several series have been published showing institutional success. The Massachusetts General Hospital reported that patients treated with mFOLFIRINOX have significantly smaller tumors and lower rates of lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion. The R0 resection was 92% [30]. Similar reports from the Ohio State University were also noted. They were also able to convert locally advanced and unresectable pancreatic cancers to resectable in 51% of patients who underwent neoadjuvant mFOLFIRINOX with R0 resection of 86% [31].
\nWhile patients are undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, serial imaging with pancreatic protocol CT is used to observe for treatment response. In those patients that develop metastatic disease or progression to unresectable disease while undergoing neoadjuvant, their poor biology of disease had declared itself, and they were spared the major morbidity of a surgical resection. For those demonstrating stable or treatment response, the radiologic imaging can be used to predict treatment response. The appearance of the tumor and pancreatic parenchyma interface that becomes more distinct indicates a cytotoxic response which ultimately translates to pathologic response. The ideal response is for the tumor to pull away from the vessels and no longer see haziness around the vessels, which may indicate an infiltrative process. Another prognostic marker of treatment response is normalization of CA 19–9 during neoadjuvant therapy [32].
\nA pathologic complete response (pCR) can be found in approximately 10% of patients treated in the neoadjuvant approach with FOLFIRINOX and chemoradiation. This is also an independent prognostic risk factor for improved overall and disease-free survival [33]. Additionally, small tumor size, negative margins, and negative lymph node metastasis are favorable prognostic indicators for improved overall and disease-free survival.
\nThe consensus for treatment of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer favors the neoadjuvant approach; however, it may vary per institution. After a multidisciplinary review at our hospital, the typical functional patient would undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy (FOLFIRINOX) for 3–4 cycles followed by restaging with CT and CA 19–9. If stable or responding disease, then the patient would continue additional 3–4 cycles of FOLFIRINOX. The patient would again be restaged with CT and CA 19–9. Barring no metastatic disease developed and there was treatment response, the patient would then undergo surgical intervention. However, if the surgical margins were still threatened and there was concern for R1 resection, then the patient may undergo chemoradiation to “sterilize” the margins. Approximately 4–6 weeks after chemoradiation, the patient would ultimately undergo surgical resection.
\nUnresectable pancreatic cancer means that the tumor cannot safely be removed due to vascular involvement or metastatic disease. Patients may undergo aggressive chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX, and a few may be able to convert to a resectable cancer. It is of utmost importance for early palliative care interventions in these patients. For those with biliary obstruction, the use of endoscopic biliary stents and percutaneous biliary drains may provide relief from the jaundice. If the tumor is found to be unresectable in the operating room, then palliative hepaticojejunostomy may be performed. Gastric outlet obstruction may also be relieved with endoscopically placed luminal stents. Additionally, surgical bypass may be performed in laparoscopic or open fashion with a gastrojejunostomy.
\nPain can also become quite debilitating in patients with locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. Celiac plexus neurolysis can be performed at the time of surgical exploration, or it may be performed by endoscopic or percutaneous routes.
\nIrreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablative modality which relies on high voltage (maximum 3,000 volts) small microsecond pulse lengths. This is a novel option typically used in locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the head or neck that is not amendable to resection. Some institutions are now using IRE to assist with the resection of locally advanced tumors, but this is not standard at this time. The procedure may be performed open or percutaneously. Patients will typical undergo several months of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to not miss occult metastatic disease prior to IRE. IRE can improve progression-free survival from 6 to 14 months and overall survival from 23 to 20 months [34].
\nThere are several active clinical trials investigating additional treatment options for pancreatic cancer. Several phase II trials are looking at the use of targeted agents in addition to systemic chemotherapy. One study is evaluating the safety of niraparib, PARP [poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase] inhibitor, in advanced pancreatic cancer patients [35]. Another clinical trial at the Massachusetts General Hospital is using the checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab, as programed death-1 (PD-1) inhibition in combination with losartan, FOLFIRINOX, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), and surgery in advanced pancreatic cancer. This is a three-armed study: Arm 1 with FOLFIRINOX, SBRT, and then surgery; Arm 2 with FOLFIRINOX plus losartan, SBRT plus losartan, and then surgery; and Arm 3 with FOLFIRINOX plus losartan, SBRT plus nivolumab and losartan, and then surgery [36].
\nReviewing the past studies on chemoradiation, one must keep in mind these studies were using monotherapy chemotherapy and conventional fractionated radiation therapy. There are now several clinical trials assessing the role of radiation therapy, specifically SBRT in the setting of FOLFIRINOX. SBRT utilizes high doses of ablative radiotherapy in typically 1–5 fractions.
\nThe ALLIANCE A021501 is a randomized controlled trial using modified FOLFIRINOX regimen (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2, irinotecan 180 mg/m2, leucovorin 400 mg/m2, and infusional 5-fluorouracil 2400 mg/m2 over 2 days for 4 cycles) in borderline resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinomas. Arm 1 is delivering this regimen for 8 cycles, while Arm 2 is receiving 7 cycles followed by SBRT (33–40 Gy in 5 fractions). The patient then undergoes pancreaticoduodenectomy followed 4 cycles of adjuvant-modified FOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2, leucovorin 400 mg/m2, bolus 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m2, and infusional 5-fluorouracil 2400 mg/m2 over 2 days for 4 cycles). The main aim of this study is to assess 18-month overall survival, R0 resection, and event-free survival [37].
\nAnother randomized controlled trial by the Pancreatic Cancer Radiotherapy Study Group (PanCRS) is assessing the progression-free survival between mFOLFIRINOX alone vs. mFOLFIRINOX and SBRT in locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer [38].
\nAlso, a novel class of drug, cancer stemness inhibitors, is being investigated as a potential new treatment for pancreatic cancer. Napabucasin is an oral small molecule that blocks stem cell activity by targeting the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway. This pathway is believed to be an important pathway in the propagation of stem-cell-mediated cancer cells [39].
\nWhile pancreatic cancer is still an aggressive malignancy which is often lethal, there have been significant improvements in the systemic chemotherapy which has improved patients’ overall survival. In addition, the radiographic quality has improved thus we are better able to appropriately stage patients for resectability from the onset. Future research in the use of targeted and immunotherapy and the promise of SBRT may control to improve the outcomes of pancreatic cancer patients. With the use of multidisciplinary treatment teams, aggressive combination chemotherapies and surgical resections, there is hope for the patients with pancreatic cancer.
\nThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
\nBook - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5820},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10546},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15932}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119318},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"22"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ba81d792368b0fc77e6076df1b9bc8d5",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c03adb67c699df0f07449af0fbf7e43",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10659",title:"Search and Rescue Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b629899b814461c43bbb721b04b4370a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski and Dr. Karol Majek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10659.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bf915895c5372e30c213b65ad1a62322",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Edgar Alonso Martínez García",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"84958",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",surname:"Martínez García",slug:"edgar-martinez-garcia",fullName:"Edgar Martínez García"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:48},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5327},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"459",title:"Education",slug:"globalization-education",parent:{title:"Globalization",slug:"globalization"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:99,numberOfWosCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitations:54,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"globalization-education",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2922",title:"Globalization",subtitle:"Education and Management Agendas",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"68cb740dac25a7b8096685d2aa71943d",slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",bookSignature:"Hector Cuadra-Montiel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2922.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31673",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadra-Montiel",slug:"hector-cuadra-montiel",fullName:"Hector Cuadra-Montiel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"470",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08e011d059a55b7a904787039b394b29",slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",bookSignature:"Piotr Pachura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33832",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Pachura",slug:"piotr-pachura",fullName:"Piotr Pachura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3590",title:"Globalization",subtitle:"Today, Tomorrow",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63d2eefe753f6b341adc052fbca3d766",slug:"globalization--today--tomorrow",bookSignature:"Kent G. Deng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"125761",title:"Dr.",name:"Kent",middleName:null,surname:"Deng",slug:"kent-deng",fullName:"Kent Deng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38271",doi:"10.5772/47800",title:"Human Resource Management and Performance: From Practices Towards Sustainable Competitive Advantage",slug:"human-resource-management-and-performance-from-practices-towards-sustainable-competitive-advantage",totalDownloads:19336,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Asta Savaneviciene and Zivile Stankeviciute",authors:[{id:"146659",title:"Prof.",name:"Asta",middleName:null,surname:"Savaneviciene",slug:"asta-savaneviciene",fullName:"Asta Savaneviciene"},{id:"148268",title:"MSc.",name:"Zivile",middleName:null,surname:"Stankeviciute",slug:"zivile-stankeviciute",fullName:"Zivile Stankeviciute"}]},{id:"38270",doi:"10.5772/48702",title:"Internationalization and Globalization in Higher Education",slug:"internationalization-and-globalization-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:7318,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Douglas E. Mitchell and Selin Yildiz Nielsen",authors:[{id:"148079",title:"Prof.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"douglas-mitchell",fullName:"Douglas Mitchell"},{id:"148080",title:"Dr.",name:"Selin",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"selin-nielsen",fullName:"Selin Nielsen"}]},{id:"38274",doi:"10.5772/50305",title:'"Red Light" in Chile: Parents Participating as Consumers of Education Under Global Neoliberal Policies',slug:"-red-light-in-chile-parents-participating-as-consumers-of-education-under-global-neoliberal-policies",totalDownloads:1581,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Verónica López, Romina Madrid and Vicente Sisto",authors:[{id:"145167",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"veronica-lopez",fullName:"Verónica Lopez"},{id:"148106",title:"Ms.",name:"Romina",middleName:null,surname:"Madrid",slug:"romina-madrid",fullName:"Romina Madrid"},{id:"148107",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Sisto",slug:"vicente-sisto",fullName:"Vicente Sisto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73290",title:"Indian Education: Ancient, Medieval and Modern",slug:"indian-education-ancient-medieval-and-modern",totalDownloads:351,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",fullTitle:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology"},signatures:"Mangesh M. Ghonge, Rohit Bag and Aniket Singh",authors:[{id:"326283",title:"Dr.",name:"Mangesh",middleName:null,surname:"Ghonge",slug:"mangesh-ghonge",fullName:"Mangesh Ghonge"},{id:"326411",title:"Mr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Bag",slug:"rohit-bag",fullName:"Rohit Bag"},{id:"326412",title:"Mr.",name:"Aniket",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"aniket-singh",fullName:"Aniket Singh"}]},{id:"17523",title:"The Importance of Globalization in Higher Education",slug:"the-importance-of-globalization-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:9129,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Patricia Fox and Stephen Hundley",authors:[{id:"29989",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Lynn",surname:"Fox",slug:"patricia-fox",fullName:"Patricia Fox"},{id:"45640",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Hundley",slug:"stephen-hundley",fullName:"Stephen Hundley"}]},{id:"17540",title:"The Impact of Globalization Determinants and the Health of the World’s Population",slug:"the-impact-of-globalization-determinants-and-the-health-of-the-world-s-population",totalDownloads:12105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Mario J. Azevedo and Barbara H. Johnson",authors:[{id:"31127",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",slug:"mario-azevedo",fullName:"Mario Azevedo"},{id:"45668",title:"Dr",name:"Barbara",middleName:"H.",surname:"Johnson",slug:"barbara-johnson",fullName:"Barbara Johnson"}]},{id:"38267",title:"The Impact of Globalization on Cross-Cultural Communication",slug:"the-impact-of-globalization-on-cross-cultural-communication",totalDownloads:24626,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Lowell C. Matthews and Bharat Thakkar",authors:[{id:"148763",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharat",middleName:"S.",surname:"Thakkar",slug:"bharat-thakkar",fullName:"Bharat Thakkar"},{id:"149061",title:"Dr.",name:"Lowell",middleName:"Christopher",surname:"Matthews",slug:"lowell-matthews",fullName:"Lowell Matthews"}]},{id:"17529",title:"Sport in Asia: Globalization, Glocalization, Asianization",slug:"sport-in-asia-globalization-glocalization-asianization",totalDownloads:5360,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Peter Horton",authors:[{id:"42366",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Horton",slug:"peter-horton",fullName:"Peter Horton"}]},{id:"12110",title:"Globalization or Americanization: Implication for Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"globalization-or-americanization-implication-for-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:5907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"globalization--today--tomorrow",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Today, Tomorrow"},signatures:"Jones Michael Jaja",authors:null},{id:"38265",title:"The Rise of Transportation and Logistics in Europe 1950 - 2000",slug:"the-rise-of-transportation-and-logistics-in-europe-1950-2000",totalDownloads:1817,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Richard Vahrenkamp",authors:[{id:"149150",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Vahrenkamp",slug:"richard-vahrenkamp",fullName:"Richard Vahrenkamp"}]},{id:"38270",title:"Internationalization and Globalization in Higher Education",slug:"internationalization-and-globalization-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:7316,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Douglas E. Mitchell and Selin Yildiz Nielsen",authors:[{id:"148079",title:"Prof.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"douglas-mitchell",fullName:"Douglas Mitchell"},{id:"148080",title:"Dr.",name:"Selin",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"selin-nielsen",fullName:"Selin Nielsen"}]},{id:"36547",title:"The Company's Logistic Activity in the Conditions of Current Globalisation",slug:"the-company-s-logistic-activity-in-the-conditions-of-current-globalisation",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Ioan-Constantin Dima, Mariana Man and Ştefan Vlăduţescu",authors:[{id:"146984",title:"PhD.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Ioan Constantin",slug:"dima-ioan-constantin",fullName:"Dima Ioan Constantin"}]},{id:"17543",title:"Globalization and Global Public Goods",slug:"globalization-and-global-public-goods",totalDownloads:2954,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Bernur Açıkgöz Ersoy",authors:[{id:"43498",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernur",middleName:null,surname:"Açıkgöz",slug:"bernur-acikgoz",fullName:"Bernur Açıkgöz"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"globalization-education",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/wide-spectra-of-quality-control/analog-and-digital-systems-of-imaging-in-roentgenodiagnostics",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",chapter:"analog-and-digital-systems-of-imaging-in-roentgenodiagnostics"},fullPath:"/books/wide-spectra-of-quality-control/analog-and-digital-systems-of-imaging-in-roentgenodiagnostics",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()