Performance of VTQ in the assessment of liver fibrosis in cohorts of patients with mixed etiologies of chronic hepatopathies, considering LB as the reference method.
Abstract
Point shear-wave elastographic (pSWE) techniques use acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) to stimulate the liver tissue and to generate shear waves that propagate into the liver. The shear-wave velocity (SWV) increases with the severity of fibrosis. The first type of pSWE was Virtual Touch Quantification (VTQ) developed by Siemens, followed by ElastPQ by Philips, and nowadays pSWE is available on other systems (Hitachi, Esaote, Samsung). To evaluate liver fibrosis by pSWE, ten valid measurements are performed in the right liver lobe; a median value is calculated, with the results expressed in meters/second or in kilopascals (kPa) (if the operator chooses). VTQ is a reproducible method, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter- and intraobserver measurements ranging from 0.81 to 0.87. Confounding factors for VTQ are non-fasting conditions, elevated aminotransferases, congestive heart failure, and extrahepatic cholestasis. In patients with chronic hepatopathies, the AUROCs for predicting significant fibrosis range between 0.75 and 0.85 and for predicting cirrhosis between 0.85 and 0.95. There were promising results regarding the value of VTQ to predict liver cirrhosis complications, especially portal hypertension. ElastPQ is a newly developed point shear-wave elastographic method (from Philips). Only few data were published but with promising results.
Keywords
- liver fibrosis
- liver elastography
- point shear-wave elastography
- Virtual Touch Quantification
- ElastPQ
1. Introduction
Evaluation of liver fibrosis severity is essential in chronic hepatopathies, especially for prognosis, but also for decision regarding treatment in some cases or for follow-up [1]. For a long time, liver biopsy was considered to be the reference method for fibrosis assessment. Not only mainly due to its invasiveness [2] but also due to issues regarding inter-observer variability and sampling errors [3], noninvasive methods have been developed to assess the severity of liver fibrosis. These methods can be either biological or elastographic [1].
Elastographic techniques are based on an intrinsic property of tissue elasticity. When an extrinsic force is applied to a tissue, it deforms more or less according to its elasticity. Less elastic, stiffer tissue deforms less when subjected to an external force. Elastographic techniques measure tissue displacement when subjected to an external force. In chronic hepatopathies, as fibrosis progresses, the liver tissue becomes stiffer, less elastic; thus, liver stiffness (LS) is considered to be an indicator of liver fibrosis severity [1, 4, 5]. Elastographic techniques can be ultrasound-based or based on magnetic resonance imaging.
According to the latest guidelines [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], ultrasound-based elastographic techniques are divided into strain elastography (which measures longitudinal displacement) and shear-wave elastography (SWE—which measures the speed of the shear waves generated into the tissue when an external force is applied). Based on the type of impulse that generates the shear waves, SWE is subdivided into transient elastography (TE—where a mechanical stimulus is applied to the tissue) and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) techniques (where the stimulus deforming the tissue is an acoustic “push pulse” generated by the transducer). Subsequently, ARFI elastography is subdivided into point SWE (in which LS is measured in a region of interest (ROI)) and multidimensional SWE (2D-SWE and 3D-SWE—in which a color-coded elastogram is obtained and shear-wave speed is also measured in a region of interest).
In the following pages, we will present point shear-wave elastography techniques.
2. Point shear-wave elastography: basic principles
pSWE is a type of SWE in which tissue stimulation is performed at a certain depth by an acoustic radiation force impulse generated by the transducer (ARFI technology), which generates shear waves that propagate into the tissue, perpendicularly on the axis of the initial pulse. Shear-wave velocity (SWV), expressed in meters/second (m/s), is measured in a predefined ROI chosen by the operator while performing B-mode ultrasonography. The average propagation speed of the shear waves, from a point placed on the lateral margin of the ROI to an opposite point on the ROI, can be measured by detecting its time of arrival at that point, relative to the acoustic “push” pulse [5]. The stiffer the tissue, the higher the shear-wave velocity [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
Most systems performing pSWE allow the choice to express measurement results either in m/s or in kilopascals (kPa). Kilopascal is the unit of the elastic modulus, obtained by converting the SWV to an elastic modulus, using an equation that assumes that the tissue density is always the same and also that the elastic modulus is not influenced by the magnitude, frequency, and direction of the applied force [5]. Thus, even if kPa is the unit to which users are the most familiar (since it was used for Transient Elastography), the most correct one is m/s [5, 6, 7].
Two types of pSWE have been more thoroughly evaluated, the ones developed by Siemens (Virtual Touch Quantification) and by Philips (ElastPQ). Currently other manufacturers also offer pSWE on their systems: Esaote, Hitachi, and Samsung [5].
3. Point shear-wave elastography (pSWE): examination technique
First of all, before performing SWE the
According to the guidelines, the
A study published by our group demonstrated that the best correlation of VTQ measurements with histology was obtained for SWV measurements made 1–2 and 2–3 cm beneath the liver capsule but with a lower feasibility for deeper measurements [13]. Several studies observed higher SWV by VTQ in the left liver lobe vs. the right liver lobe [14, 15, 16]. Regarding ElastPQ , measurements made in liver segment V had the lowest coefficient of variation, and SWVs at the end-expiration were significantly higher than that at the end-inspiration [17].
For an appropriate estimation of fibrosis, the guidelines recommend to perform ten pSWE measurements and to calculate the median (M) value [5, 6, 8, 9]. When VTQ was launched, the manufacturer did not recommend
4. Point shear-wave elastography (pSWE): feasibility and reproducibility
As opposed to TE, pSWE is
Regarding
ElastPQ was also proved to be a reproducible method, reported ICC ranging from 0.798 [30] to 0.96 [31]. In a study published by Fraquelli, the reproducibility was influenced by training, but not by age, gender, BMI, liver enzymes, and liver etiology [12].
5. Point shear-wave elastography (pSWE): confounding factors
One of the first confounding factors that should be taken into consideration is examination in
Another factor that can lead to a falsely increased SWV measured by VTQ is
An important confounding factor for SWE is liver necroinflammation, objectified by
The influence of necroinflammation on SWVs measured by ElastPQ is controversial. In a study by Ma et al., the grade of necroinflammatory activity was independently associated with higher ElastPQ values [30], while in the study of Ferraioli et al., it had no influence [31].
Similar to TE, other confounding factors, which falsely increase SWVs by pSWE are
Considering all the studies mentioned above, EFSUMB and WFUMB guidelines caution about the confounding factors for pSWE and state that liver inflammation (indicated by AST and/or ALT elevation >5 times the normal limits), obstructive cholestasis, liver congestion, acute hepatitis, and infiltrative liver diseases should be excluded before pSWE to avoid overestimation of fibrosis and/or should be considered when interpreting the results [5, 9].
6. Point shear-wave elastography (pSWE): normal values in a healthy liver
The SWV by pSWE in healthy livers were evaluated by several authors. Regarding VTQ , normal SWV values ranged between 1.07 and 1.19 m/s [15, 39, 40, 41, 42], and they were not influenced by gender and age, but higher values were observed in the left liver lobe than in the right liver lobe [15].
Regarding ElastPQ
Current guidelines state that SWE measurements in the liver in normal range can rule out significant fibrosis if they are in accordance with clinical and biologic data [5, 9].
7. Point shear-wave elastography (pSWE) in patients with chronic hepatopathies
7.1 Mixed cohorts
Multiple studies have been published regarding the value of VTQ elastography in patients with chronic liver diseases, considering biopsy as the reference. We summarized some of them in Table 1.
Study | Etiology | F2 | F4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AUROC TE | Cutoff AUROC VTQ | AUROC TE | Cutoff AUROC VTQ | ||
Friedrich-Rust et al. [44] | 86 patients HBV + HCV | 0.86 | 1.37 m/s 0.86 | 0.91 | 1.75 m/s 0.91 |
Sporea et al. [45] | 223 patients Healthy + HBV + HCV | 0.953 | 1.27 m/s 0.890 | 0.985 | 1.7 m/s 0.931 |
Takahashi et al. [46] | 80 patients Healthy + HBV + HCV | — | 1.34 m/s 0.94 | — | 1.8 m/s 0.96 |
Goertz et al. [47] | 57 patients HBV + HCV | — | 0.85 | — | 0.87 |
Ebinuma et al. [48] | 131 patients Mixed | 0.871 | 1.3 m/s 0.891 | 0.817 | 1.88 m/s 0.888 |
Colombo et al. [49] | 68 Healthy + mixed | 0.897 | 0.922 | 0.815 | 0.934 |
Cassinotto et al. [50] | 349 Mixed | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
Four meta-analyses were published regarding the value of VTQ for liver fibrosis assessment. The first one, by Friedrich-Rust et al., included 518 patients with hepatopathies of various etiologies. The summary AUROCs of VTQ for predicting significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2), severe fibrosis (F ≥ 3), and cirrhosis were 0.87, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively. TE performed significantly better than VTQ for F2 and cirrhosis, while for F3 the performances evaluated by AUROC were similar [51].
The second one included 1163 patients with chronic hepatopathies evaluated by LB, TE, and VTQ [52]. The first conclusion was that VTQ had a better feasibility than TE (unreliable measurements in 2.1 vs. 6.6% cases, respectively, p < 0.001). The diagnostic odds ratios were similar for VTQ and TE for detection of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis. The mean optimal cutoff value of VTQ for the detection of F2 was 1.30 ± 0.07 m/s, and for cirrhosis, it was 1.80 ± 0.16 m/s.
The third meta-analysis included 3951 patients with liver biopsy as reference method. The AUROCs of VTQ for predicting the presence of F2, F3, and cirrhosis were 0.84, 0.89, and 0.91, respectively [53].
Finally, the fourth meta-analysis including 2691 patients calculated global sensitivity and specificity of VTQ to predict any stage of fibrosis to be 79 and 86%, respectively. The performance of VTQ was higher for more advanced fibrosis: for F ≥ 3 84% Se and 90% Sp (AUROC—0.94), while for F4 86% Se and 84% Sp (AUROC—0.91) [54].
Regarding
7.2 Chronic hepatitis C
There is a lot of published data regarding the performance of VTQ elastography for the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C, as shown in Table 2.
Study | Reference method | F ≥ 2 | F ≥ 3 | F = 4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cutoff (m/s) | AUROC | Cutoff (m/s) | AUROC | Cutoff (m/s) | AUROC | ||
Friedrich-Rust et al. [44] | LB—64 p | 1.35 | 0.86 | 1.55 | 0.93 | 1.75 | 0.95 |
Lupșor et al. [23] | LB—112 p | 1.34 | 0.851 | 1.61 | 0.869 | 2 | 0.945 |
Sporea et al. [55] | LB—274 p | 1.21 | 0.893 | 1.58 | 0.908 | 1.82 | 0.937 |
Sporea et al. [56] | LB—914 p | 1.33 | 0.792 | 1.43 | 0.829 | 1.55 | 0.842 |
Rizzo et al. [57] | LB—139 p | 1.3 | 0.86 | 1.7 | 0.94 | 2 | 0.89 |
Chen et al. [58] | LB—127 p | 1.55 | 0.847 | 1.81 | 0.902 | 1.98 | 0.831 |
Li et al. [59] | LB—128 p | 1.53 | 0.775 | 1.79 | 0.901 | 1.79 | 0.792 |
To summarize, according to EFSUMB guidelines, VTQ® cutoffs of 1.21–1.34 m/s predict significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2) (AUROC 0.85–0.89), while VTQ® cutoffs between 1.55 and 2 m/s (AUROC 0.89–0.93) predict cirrhosis [5]. Furthermore, according to recommendation 17 of the same guidelines, “pSWE as demonstrated with VTQ® can be used as the first-line assessment for the severity of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C. It performs best with regard to the ruling out of cirrhosis.”
Data regarding the value of ElastPQ for the assessment of liver fibrosis severity in chronic hepatitis C is scarce. In a pilot study, the AUROCs of VTQ for predicting F2, F3, and F4 were 0.80, 0.88, and 0.95, respectively [31]. Similar results have been obtained in a more recent study [60].
7.3 Chronic hepatitis B
Several studies have been published regarding the value of VTQ for liver fibrosis assessment in chronic hepatitis B, as shown in Table 3.
Sub-analysis of data regarding patients with HBV chronic hepatitis from the Nierhoff meta-analysis on VTQ calculated AUROCs of 0.88 for F2 and 0.93 for F4, with cutoffs of 1.35 and 1.87 m/s, respectively [53].
Data regarding ElastPQ and chronic HBV hepatitis is scarce, and validation is needed. In a study that compared ElastPQ to liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis B, the authors calculated an AUROC of 0.94 with a cutoff of 6.99 kPa for F2 and an AUROC of 0.89 with a cutoff of 9.00 kPa for cirrhosis [30].
Regarding HBV chronic hepatitis and pSWE, EFSUMB guidelines state that “pSWE as demonstrated with VTQ is useful in patients with CHB to identify those with cirrhosis” [5].
7.4 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Several studies have been published regarding VTQ in the evaluation of liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients. Data is presented in Table 4.
A recently published meta-analysis including 723 patients who evaluated VTQ as a predictor of liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients calculated a summary sensitivity and specificity of VTQ in detecting significant fibrosis of 80.2 and 85.2%, respectively, with a pooled diagnostic odds ratio of 30.13 and with an AUROC of 0.898 [68].
Considering all these data, EFSUMB guidelines conclude that VTQ can be used to exclude cirrhosis in NAFLD patients [5].
8. Point shear-wave elastography (pSWE) for the prediction of liver cirrhosis complications
Cirrhosis is the final stage of chronic hepatopathies and can have severe complications such as portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensation, etc. The measurement of hepatic vein pressure gradient (HVPG) is the most accurate method for portal hypertension assessment, but it is an invasive method. HVPG >10 mm Hg means clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), while HVPG >12 mm Hg is predictive for variceal bleeding [69].
8.1 Portal hypertension
An initial study found a good correlation (r = 0.709) of VTQ measurements to HVPG measurements in 48 patients, with the AUROC for predicting CSPH being 0.874 [70]. In a Romanian study in 145 patients, the mean value of VTQ measurements in patients with grades 2 and 3 esophageal varices (EV) was significantly higher than the one in patients with no or small EV (3.06 ± 0.67 vs. 2.81 ± 0.80, p = 0.03) [71].
Several studies have evaluated SWVs in the spleen for the prediction of portal hypertension, with conflicting results. In the study by Rifai et al., spleen SWVs performed better than liver SWVs for predicting CSPH [72]. In the study by Vermehren et al., spleen SWV and liver SWV had similar AUROCs for predicting the presence of at least grade 2 EV, but multiple regression analysis showed that spleen measurements performed better [73]. In the study of Takuma et al., spleen VTQ measurements also performed better than in the liver to predict the presence of varices in a cohort of 340 cirrhotic patients [74].
No data is available regarding ElastPQ.
However, according to the EFSUMB guidelines “reliable cut-offs are not available yet and no strong recommendation regarding the cut-offs to be used can be made due to the limited evidence” [5].
8.2 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Published data showed only poor value of VTQ to predict the occurrence of HCC, with an AUROC of 0.54 [73].
There is no data regarding ElastPQ.
9. Point shear-wave elastography (pSWE): perspectives
Even if pSWE is currently implemented in other systems than from Siemens and Philips, published studies are small or missing altogether.
pSWE technique implemented on the Hitachi Ascendus system was evaluated by a study published in 2017 [75]. Reliable SWV measurements (SWM) were obtained in 87.2% of the 445 patients included. Considering TE as the reference method, cutoff values for pSWE from Hitachi had been calculated to rule in and rule out patients with significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2) and cirrhosis, respectively. SWV were converted to elastic modulus and expressed in kPa. To rule in F ≥ 2, the SWM cutoff was 6.78 kPa, while to rule it out, it was 5.55 kPa (AUROC—0.92). To rule in cirrhosis, the SWM cutoff was 9.15 kPa, and to rule it out, it was 8.41 kPa (AUROC—0.94).
A very interesting idea is to combine several techniques in order to assess not only fibrosis severity but also steatosis and inflammation using the same ultrasound machine. pSWE was combined with strain elastography on a Hitachi system. A study evaluated 388 patients with this combined technique, considering liver biopsy as reference method [76]. The AUROCs to predict fibrosis stage were 0.87, 0.80, 0.83, and 0.80 for F1, F2, F3, and F4, respectively, while the AUROCs for activity grade were 0.94, 0.74, and 0.76 for A1, A2, and A3, respectively.
10. Conclusion
pSWE is an easy to perform elastographic technique, integrated into a standard ultrasound machine, with similar performance to TE to predict fibrosis severity in patients with hepatopathies of various etiologies, the performance increasing with the fibrosis severity.
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