Conditions of houses at each inundation level.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-323-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-322-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-324-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9177ff0e61198735fb86a81303259d0",bookSignature:"Dr. Sadia Ameen, Dr. M. Shaheer Akhtar and Prof. Hyung-Shik Shin",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10582.jpg",keywords:"Ion Implantation, Photomask Fabrication, Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Thermal, Mass Spectrometric, Electrochemical, Molecular Thermodynamics, Sustainable Energy Conversion, Energy Production and Storage, Green Technologies, Bioenergy and Biofuels to the Storage, Bioinspired Materials and Systems",numberOfDownloads:27,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 17th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 18th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 7th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 5th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor Sadia Ameen is a Gold Medalist in academics and recipient of the Best Researcher Award. She has more than 130 peer-reviewed papers in the field of solar cells, catalysts, sensors, contributed to book chapters, edited books, and is inventor/co-inventor of patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Associate professor at Jeonbuk National University, Korea. He is an expert in the synthesis of semiconductor nanomaterials, composite materials, polymer-based solid-state films, solid polymer electrolytes, and electrode materials, solar cells, small molecules based organic solar cells, and photocatalytic reactions.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Professor in School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, and also President of Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Republic of Korea. The high impact of his work has been recognized by invitations to speak at international/national conferences and scientific meetings.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52613/images/system/52613.jpeg",biography:"Professor Sadia Ameen obtained her Ph.D. in Chemistry (2008) and then moved to Jeonbuk National University. Presently she is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeongeup Campus, Jeonbuk National University. Her current research focuses on dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, organic solar cells, sensors, catalyst, and optoelectronic devices. She specializes in manufacturing advanced energy materials and nanocomposites. She has achieved a gold medal in academics and is the holder of a merit scholarship for the best academic performance. She is the recipient of the Best Researcher Award. She has published more than 130 peer-reviewed papers in the field of solar cells, catalysts and sensors, contributed to book chapters, edited books, and is an inventor/co-inventor of patents.",institutionString:"Jeonbuk National University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Jeonbuk National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"218191",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Shaheer",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"m.-shaheer-akhtar",fullName:"M. Shaheer Akhtar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/218191/images/system/218191.jpg",biography:"Professor M. Shaheer Akhtar completed his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering, 2008, from Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea. Presently, he is working as Associate Professor at Jeonbuk National University, the Republic of Korea. His research interest constitutes the photo-electrochemical characterizations of thin-film semiconductor nanomaterials, composite materials, polymer-based solid-state films, solid polymer electrolytes and electrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells, small molecules based organic solar cells, and photocatalytic reactions.",institutionString:"Jeonbuk National University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Jeonbuk National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"36666",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyung-Shik",middleName:null,surname:"Shin",slug:"hyung-shik-shin",fullName:"Hyung-Shik Shin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36666/images/system/36666.jpeg",biography:"Professor Hyung-Shik Shin received a Ph.D. in the kinetics of the initial oxidation Al (111) surface from Cornell University, USA, in 1984. He is a Professor in the School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, and also President of Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon, Republic of Korea. He has been a promising researcher and visited several universities as a visiting professor/invited speaker worldwide. He is an active executive member of various renowned scientific committees such as KiChE, copyright protection, KAERI, etc. He has extensive experience in electrochemistry, renewable energy sources, solar cells, organic solar cells, charge transport properties of organic semiconductors, inorganic-organic solar cells, biosensors, chemical sensors, nano-patterning of thin film materials, and photocatalytic degradation.",institutionString:"Jeonbuk National University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Jeonbuk National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"75888",title:"Solar Energy in Industrial Processes",slug:"solar-energy-in-industrial-processes",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7652",title:"Nanostructures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad1e5c5f214960269e89371d1110cbc0",slug:"nanostructures",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7652.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9305",title:"Graphene Production and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2ffaa7a52817a2243007f03345983404",slug:"graphene-production-and-application",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9305.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20827",title:"Forced Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in Minichannels",doi:"10.5772/24544",slug:"forced-convective-heat-transfer-of-nanofluids-in-minichannels",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20827.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20827",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20827",totalDownloads:4728,totalViews:93,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 7th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 25th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 26th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20827",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20827",book:{slug:"two-phase-flow-phase-change-and-numerical-modeling"},signatures:"S. M. Sohel Murshed and C. A. Nieto de Castro",authors:[{id:"16297",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Nieto",middleName:null,surname:"De Castro",fullName:"Carlos Nieto De Castro",slug:"carlos-nieto-de-castro",email:"cacastro@fc.ul.pt",position:null,institution:null},{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",email:"smurshed@tecnico.ulisboa.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"532",title:"Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling",slug:"two-phase-flow-phase-change-and-numerical-modeling",publishedDate:"September 26th 2011",bookSignature:"Amimul Ahsan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/532.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",middleName:null,surname:"Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20810",title:"Modeling the Physical Phenomena Involved by Laser Beam – Substance Interaction",slug:"modeling-the-physical-phenomena-involved-by-laser-beam-substance-interaction",totalDownloads:1574,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marian Pearsica, Stefan Nedelcu, Cristian-George Constantinescu, Constantin Strimbu, Marius Benta and Catalin Mihai",authors:[{id:"30024",title:"Mr",name:"Catalin",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",fullName:"Catalin Mihai",slug:"catalin-mihai"},{id:"43300",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Pearsica",fullName:"Marian Pearsica",slug:"marian-pearsica"},{id:"53178",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Nedelcu",fullName:"Stefan Nedelcu",slug:"stefan-nedelcu"},{id:"53179",title:"Mr.",name:"Cristian-George",middleName:null,surname:"Constantinescu",fullName:"Cristian-George Constantinescu",slug:"cristian-george-constantinescu"},{id:"53180",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Strimbu",fullName:"Constantin Strimbu",slug:"constantin-strimbu"},{id:"53181",title:"Mr.",name:"Marius",middleName:null,surname:"Benta",fullName:"Marius Benta",slug:"marius-benta"}]},{id:"20811",title:"Numerical Modeling and Experimentation on Evaporator Coils for Refrigeration in Dry and Frosting Operational Conditions",slug:"numerical-modeling-and-experimentation-on-evaporator-coils-for-refrigeration-in-dry-and-frosting-ope",totalDownloads:9166,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zine Aidoun, Mohamed Ouzzane and Adlane Bendaoud",authors:[{id:"35103",title:"Dr",name:"Zine",middleName:null,surname:"Aidoun",fullName:"Zine Aidoun",slug:"zine-aidoun"},{id:"53398",title:"Dr.",name:"Adlane Larbi",middleName:"Larbi",surname:"Bendaoud",fullName:"Adlane Larbi Bendaoud",slug:"adlane-larbi-bendaoud"},{id:"53399",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Ouzzane",fullName:"Mohamed Ouzzane",slug:"mohamed-ouzzane"}]},{id:"20812",title:"Modeling and Simulation of the Heat Transfer Behaviour of a Shell-and-Tube Condenser for a Moderately High-Temperature Heat Pump",slug:"modeling-and-simulation-of-the-heat-transfer-behaviour-of-a-shell-and-tube-condenser-for-a-moderatel",totalDownloads:7294,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tzong-Shing Lee and Jhen-Wei Mai",authors:[{id:"35518",title:"Prof.",name:"Tzong-Shing",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Tzong-Shing Lee",slug:"tzong-shing-lee"},{id:"136621",title:"Dr.",name:"Jhen-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Mai",fullName:"Jhen-Wei Mai",slug:"jhen-wei-mai"}]},{id:"20813",title:"Simulation of Rarefied Gas Between Coaxial Circular Cylinders by DSMC Method",slug:"simulation-of-rarefied-gas-between-coaxial-circular-cylinders-by-dsmc-method",totalDownloads:1942,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"H. Ghezel Sofloo",authors:[{id:"35689",title:"MSc",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ghezel Sofloo",fullName:"Hadi Ghezel Sofloo",slug:"hadi-ghezel-sofloo"}]},{id:"20814",title:"Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Flows and Heat Transfer Within Flat Mini Heat Pipe Including Grooved Capillary Structures",slug:"theoretical-and-experimental-analysis-of-flows-and-heat-transfer-within-flat-mini-heat-pipe-includin",totalDownloads:2593,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zaghdoudi Mohamed Chaker, Maalej Samah and Mansouri Jed",authors:[{id:"35256",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Chaker",middleName:null,surname:"Zaghdoudi",fullName:"Mohamed Chaker Zaghdoudi",slug:"mohamed-chaker-zaghdoudi"},{id:"53843",title:"Prof.",name:"Samah",middleName:null,surname:"Maalej",fullName:"Samah Maalej",slug:"samah-maalej"},{id:"53844",title:"Prof.",name:"Jed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansouri",fullName:"Jed Mansouri",slug:"jed-mansouri"}]},{id:"20815",title:"Modeling Solidification Phenomena in the Continuous Casting of Carbon Steels",slug:"modeling-solidification-phenomena-in-the-continuous-casting-of-carbon-steels",totalDownloads:5565,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Panagiotis Sismanis",authors:[{id:"35901",title:"Dr.",name:"Panagiotis",middleName:null,surname:"Sismanis",fullName:"Panagiotis Sismanis",slug:"panagiotis-sismanis"}]},{id:"20816",title:"Modelling of Profile Evolution by Transport Transitions in Fusion Plasmas",slug:"modelling-of-profile-evolution-by-transport-transitions-in-fusion-plasmas",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mikhail Tokar",authors:[{id:"35764",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Tokar",fullName:"Mikhail Tokar",slug:"mikhail-tokar"}]},{id:"20817",title:"Numerical Simulation of the Heat Transfer from a Heated Solid Wall to an Impinging Swirling Jet",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-the-heat-transfer-from-a-heated-solid-wall-to-an-impinging-swirling-jet",totalDownloads:2219,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Joaquín Ortega-Casanova",authors:[{id:"35763",title:"Dr.",name:"Joaquin",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega-Casanova",fullName:"Joaquin Ortega-Casanova",slug:"joaquin-ortega-casanova"}]},{id:"20818",title:"Recent Advances in Modeling Axisymmetric Swirl and Applications for Enhanced Heat Transfer and Flow Mixing",slug:"recent-advances-in-modeling-axisymmetric-swirl-and-applications-for-enhanced-heat-transfer-and-flow-",totalDownloads:2403,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sal B. Rodriguez and Mohamed S. El-Genk",authors:[{id:"47349",title:"Dr.",name:"Sal",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Sal Rodriguez",slug:"sal-rodriguez"},{id:"56460",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"El-Genk",fullName:"Mohamed El-Genk",slug:"mohamed-el-genk"}]},{id:"20819",title:"Thermal Approaches to Interpret Laser Damage Experiments",slug:"thermal-approaches-to-interpret-laser-damage-experiments",totalDownloads:1337,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"S. Reyné, L. Lamaignère, J-Y. Natoli and G. Duchateau",authors:[{id:"48256",title:"Dr.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Reyné",fullName:"Stéphane Reyné",slug:"stephane-reyne"},{id:"55184",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Lamaignère",fullName:"Laurent Lamaignère",slug:"laurent-lamaignere"},{id:"55185",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Natoli",fullName:"Jean-Yves Natoli",slug:"jean-yves-natoli"},{id:"55186",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Duchateau",fullName:"Guillaume Duchateau",slug:"guillaume-duchateau"}]},{id:"20820",title:"Ultrafast Heating Characteristics in Multi-Layer Metal Film Assembly Under Femtosecond Laser Pulses Irradiation",slug:"ultrafast-heating-characteristics-in-multi-layer-metal-film-assembly-under-femtosecond-laser-pulses-",totalDownloads:2303,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Feng Chen, Guangqing Du, Qing Yang, Jinhai Si and Hun Hou",authors:[{id:"41503",title:"Prof.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Feng Chen",slug:"feng-chen"},{id:"49747",title:"Dr.",name:"Guangqing",middleName:null,surname:"Du",fullName:"Guangqing Du",slug:"guangqing-du"},{id:"49748",title:"Dr.",name:"Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Qing Yang",slug:"qing-yang"},{id:"49749",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinhai",middleName:null,surname:"Si",fullName:"Jinhai Si",slug:"jinhai-si"},{id:"49750",title:"Prof.",name:"Xun",middleName:null,surname:"Hou",fullName:"Xun Hou",slug:"xun-hou"}]},{id:"20821",title:"On Density Wave Instability Phenomena – Modelling and Experimental Investigation",slug:"on-density-wave-instability-phenomena-modelling-and-experimental-investigation",totalDownloads:2852,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Davide Papini, Antonio Cammi, Marco Colombo and Marco E. Ricotti",authors:[{id:"39676",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Cammi",fullName:"Antonio Cammi",slug:"antonio-cammi"},{id:"47185",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Papini",fullName:"Davide Papini",slug:"davide-papini"},{id:"58341",title:"MSc.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Colombo",fullName:"Marco Colombo",slug:"marco-colombo"},{id:"58342",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Enrico",surname:"Ricotti",fullName:"Marco Ricotti",slug:"marco-ricotti"}]},{id:"20822",title:"Spray Cooling",slug:"spray-cooling",totalDownloads:6232,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Zhibin Yan, Rui Zhao, Fei Duan, Teck Neng Wong, Kok Chuan Toh, Kok Fah Choo, Poh Keong Chan and Yong Sheng Chua",authors:[{id:"41701",title:"Prof.",name:"Teck Neng",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",fullName:"Teck Neng Wong",slug:"teck-neng-wong"},{id:"53713",title:"Mr.",name:"Zhibin",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Zhibin Yan",slug:"zhibin-yan"},{id:"53720",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Rui Zhao",slug:"rui-zhao"},{id:"53721",title:"Prof.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Duan",fullName:"Fei Duan",slug:"fei-duan"},{id:"53722",title:"Mr",name:"Kok Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Toh",fullName:"Kok Chuan Toh",slug:"kok-chuan-toh"},{id:"53723",title:"Mr.",name:"Kok Fah",middleName:null,surname:"Choo",fullName:"Kok Fah Choo",slug:"kok-fah-choo"},{id:"53724",title:"Mr",name:"Poh Keong",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",fullName:"Poh Keong Chan",slug:"poh-keong-chan"},{id:"53725",title:"Mr",name:"Yong Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"Chua",fullName:"Yong Sheng Chua",slug:"yong-sheng-chua"}]},{id:"20823",title:"Wettability Effects on Heat Transfer",slug:"wettability-effects-on-heat-transfer",totalDownloads:5270,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Chiwoong Choi and Moohwan Kim",authors:[{id:"35188",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiwoong",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Chiwoong Choi",slug:"chiwoong-choi"},{id:"52868",title:"Prof.",name:"Moo Hwan",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Moo Hwan Kim",slug:"moo-hwan-kim"}]},{id:"20824",title:"Liquid Film Thickness in Micro-Scale Two-Phase Flow",slug:"liquid-film-thickness-in-micro-scale-two-phase-flow",totalDownloads:3286,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Naoki Shikazono and Youngbae Han",authors:[{id:"47595",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Shikazono",fullName:"Naoki Shikazono",slug:"naoki-shikazono"},{id:"47596",title:"Dr.",name:"Youngbae",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Youngbae Han",slug:"youngbae-han"}]},{id:"20825",title:"New Variants to Theoretical Investigations of Thermosyphon Loop",slug:"new-variants-to-theoretical-investigations-of-thermosyphon-loop",totalDownloads:1814,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Henryk Bieliński",authors:[{id:"15853",title:"Dr.",name:"Henryk",middleName:null,surname:"Bieliński",fullName:"Henryk Bieliński",slug:"henryk-bielinski"}]},{id:"20826",title:"Nanofluids for Heat Transfer",slug:"nanofluids-for-heat-transfer",totalDownloads:2679,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rodolphe Heyd",authors:[{id:"43196",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolphe",middleName:null,surname:"Heyd",fullName:"Rodolphe Heyd",slug:"rodolphe-heyd"}]},{id:"20827",title:"Forced Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in Minichannels",slug:"forced-convective-heat-transfer-of-nanofluids-in-minichannels",totalDownloads:4728,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"S. M. Sohel Murshed and C. A. Nieto de Castro",authors:[{id:"16297",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Nieto",middleName:null,surname:"De Castro",fullName:"Carlos Nieto De Castro",slug:"carlos-nieto-de-castro"},{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",middleName:null,surname:"Murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed"}]},{id:"20828",title:"Nanofluids for Heat Transfer – Potential and Engineering Strategies",slug:"nanofluids-for-heat-transfer-potential-and-engineering-strategies",totalDownloads:6360,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Elena V. Timofeeva",authors:[{id:"46547",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Timofeeva",fullName:"Elena Timofeeva",slug:"elena-timofeeva"}]},{id:"20829",title:"Heat Transfer in Nanostructures Using the Fractal Approximation of Motion",slug:"heat-transfer-in-nanostructures-using-the-fractal-approximation-of-motion",totalDownloads:2084,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Maricel Agop, Irinel Casian Botez, Luciu Razvan Silviu and Manuela Girtu",authors:[{id:"24020",title:"Dr.",name:"Maricel",middleName:null,surname:"Agop",fullName:"Maricel Agop",slug:"maricel-agop"},{id:"136032",title:"Dr.",name:"Irinel Casian",middleName:null,surname:"Botez",fullName:"Irinel Casian Botez",slug:"irinel-casian-botez"},{id:"136033",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciu Razvan",middleName:null,surname:"Silviu",fullName:"Luciu Razvan Silviu",slug:"luciu-razvan-silviu"},{id:"136034",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Girtu",fullName:"Manuela Girtu",slug:"manuela-girtu"}]},{id:"20830",title:"Heat Transfer in Micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell",slug:"heat-transfer-in-micro-direct-methanol-fuel-cell",totalDownloads:1774,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ghayour Reza",authors:[{id:"43732",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Ghayor",fullName:"Reza Ghayor",slug:"reza-ghayor"}]},{id:"20831",title:"Heat Transfer in Complex Fluids",slug:"heat-transfer-in-complex-fluids",totalDownloads:2036,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mehrdad Massoudi",authors:[{id:"42814",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehrdad",middleName:null,surname:"Massoudi",fullName:"Mehrdad Massoudi",slug:"mehrdad-massoudi"}]},{id:"20832",title:"A Numerical Study on Time-Dependent Melting and Deformation Processes of Phase Change Material (PCM) Induced by Localized Thermal Input",slug:"a-numerical-study-on-time-dependent-melting-and-deformation-processes-of-phase-change-material-pcm-i",totalDownloads:3548,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yangkyun Kim, Akter Hossain, Sungcho Kim and Yuji Nakamura",authors:[{id:"53969",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",fullName:"Yuji Nakamura",slug:"yuji-nakamura"},{id:"59192",title:"Mr.",name:"Yangkyun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Yangkyun Kim",slug:"yangkyun-kim"},{id:"59193",title:"Dr.",name:"Akter",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"Akter Hossain",slug:"akter-hossain"},{id:"59194",title:"Prof.",name:"Sungcho",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Sungcho Kim",slug:"sungcho-kim"}]},{id:"20833",title:"Thermal Energy Storage Tanks Using Phase Change Material (PCM) in HVAC Systems",slug:"thermal-energy-storage-tanks-using-phase-change-material-pcm-in-hvac-systems",totalDownloads:8698,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Motoi Yamaha and Nobuo Nakahara",authors:[{id:"44754",title:"Prof.",name:"Motoi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamaha",fullName:"Motoi Yamaha",slug:"motoi-yamaha"},{id:"136035",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuo",middleName:null,surname:"Nakahara",fullName:"Nobuo Nakahara",slug:"nobuo-nakahara"}]},{id:"20834",title:"Heat Transfer and Phase Change in Deep CO2 Injector for CO2 Geological Storage",slug:"heat-transfer-and-phase-change-in-deep-co2-injector-for-co2-geological-storage",totalDownloads:2227,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Kyuro Sasaki and Yuichi Sugai",authors:[{id:"38340",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyuro",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",fullName:"Kyuro Sasaki",slug:"kyuro-sasaki"},{id:"38366",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Sugai",fullName:"Yuichi Sugai",slug:"yuichi-sugai"},{id:"39564",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyuro",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",fullName:"Kyuro Sasaki",slug:"kyuro-sasaki"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"531",title:"Evaporation, Condensation and Heat transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df4a2b5264d9893eafab9c49f7dec835",slug:"evaporation-condensation-and-heat-transfer",bookSignature:"Amimul Ahsan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/531.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",surname:"Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"19405",title:"Evaporation Phenomenon Inside a Solar Still: From Water Surface to Humid Air",slug:"evaporation-phenomenon-inside-a-solar-still-from-water-surface-to-humid-air",signatures:"Amimul Ahsan, Zahangir Alam, Monzur A. Imteaz, A.B.M. Sharif Hossain and Abdul Halim Ghazali",authors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",middleName:null,surname:"Ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan"},{id:"91974",title:"Prof.",name:"Md. Zahangir",middleName:null,surname:"Alam",fullName:"Md. Zahangir Alam",slug:"md.-zahangir-alam"},{id:"91976",title:"Dr.",name:"Monzur A.",middleName:null,surname:"Imteaz",fullName:"Monzur A. Imteaz",slug:"monzur-a.-imteaz"},{id:"91977",title:"Dr.",name:"A.B.M. Sharif",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"A.B.M. Sharif Hossain",slug:"a.b.m.-sharif-hossain"},{id:"91978",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Halim",middleName:null,surname:"Ghazali",fullName:"Abdul Halim Ghazali",slug:"abdul-halim-ghazali"}]},{id:"19406",title:"Flow Boiling in an Asymmetrically Heated Single Rectangular Microchannel",slug:"flow-boiling-in-an-asymmetrically-heated-single-rectangular-microchannel",signatures:"Cheol Huh and Moo Hwan Kim",authors:[{id:"45020",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheol",middleName:null,surname:"Huh",fullName:"Cheol Huh",slug:"cheol-huh"},{id:"52868",title:"Prof.",name:"Moo Hwan",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Moo Hwan Kim",slug:"moo-hwan-kim"}]},{id:"19407",title:"Experimental and Computational Study of Heat Transfer During Quenching of Metallic Probes",slug:"experimental-and-computational-study-of-heat-transfer-during-quenching-of-metallic-probes",signatures:"B. Hernández-Morales, H.J. Vergara-Hernández, G. Solorio-Díaz and G.E. Totten",authors:[{id:"57584",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernardo",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Morales",fullName:"Bernardo Hernández-Morales",slug:"bernardo-hernandez-morales"},{id:"58018",title:"Prof.",name:"Héctor J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vergara-Hernández",fullName:"Héctor J. Vergara-Hernández",slug:"hector-j.-vergara-hernandez"},{id:"58019",title:"Prof.",name:"Gildardo",middleName:null,surname:"Solorio-Díaz",fullName:"Gildardo Solorio-Díaz",slug:"gildardo-solorio-diaz"},{id:"96641",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Totten",fullName:"George Totten",slug:"george-totten"}]},{id:"19408",title:"Two Phase Flow Experimental Study Inside a Microchannel: Influence of Gravity Level on Local Boiling Heat Transfer",slug:"two-phase-flow-experimental-study-inside-a-microchannel-influence-of-gravity-level-on-local-boiling-",signatures:"Sébastien Luciani",authors:[{id:"53159",title:"Dr.",name:"Sébastien",middleName:null,surname:"Luciani",fullName:"Sébastien Luciani",slug:"sebastien-luciani"}]},{id:"19409",title:"The Evolution of Temperature Disturbances During Boiling of Cryogenic Liquids on Heat-Releasing Surfaces",slug:"the-evolution-of-temperature-disturbances-during-boiling-of-cryogenic-liquids-on-heat-releasing-surf",signatures:"Irina Starodubtseva and Aleksandr Pavlenko",authors:[{id:"53196",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Starodubtseva",fullName:"Irina Starodubtseva",slug:"irina-starodubtseva"},{id:"55007",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Pavlenko",fullName:"Alexander Pavlenko",slug:"alexander-pavlenko"}]},{id:"19410",title:"Pool Boiling of Liquid-Liquid Multiphase Systems",slug:"pool-boiling-of-liquid-liquid-multiphase-systems",signatures:"Gabriel Filipczak, Leon Troniewski and Stanisław Witczak",authors:[{id:"55168",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Filipczak",fullName:"Gabriel Filipczak",slug:"gabriel-filipczak"},{id:"55236",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Troniewski",fullName:"Leon Troniewski",slug:"leon-troniewski"},{id:"55237",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw",middleName:null,surname:"Witczak",fullName:"Stanislaw Witczak",slug:"stanislaw-witczak"}]},{id:"19411",title:"Steam Condensation in the Presence of a Noncondensable Gas in a Horizontal Tube",slug:"steam-condensation-in-the-presence-of-a-noncondensable-gas-in-a-horizontal-tube",signatures:"Kwon-Yeong Lee and Moo Hwan Kim",authors:[{id:"52868",title:"Prof.",name:"Moo Hwan",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Moo Hwan Kim",slug:"moo-hwan-kim"},{id:"42378",title:"Dr",name:"Kwon-Yeong",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Kwon-Yeong Lee",slug:"kwon-yeong-lee"}]},{id:"19412",title:"Experimental Study for Condensation Heat Transfer Inside Helical Coil",slug:"experimental-study-for-condensation-heat-transfer-inside-helical-coil",signatures:"Mohamed A. Abd Raboh, Hesham M. Mostafa, Mostafa A. M. Ali and Amr M. Hassaan",authors:[{id:"37159",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesham",middleName:null,surname:"Mostafa",fullName:"Hesham Mostafa",slug:"hesham-mostafa"}]},{id:"19413",title:"Modelling the Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Cooling Networks and Its Implications on Design, Operation and Retrofit",slug:"modelling-the-thermo-hydraulic-performance-of-cooling-networks-and-its-implications-on-design-operat",signatures:"Martín Picón-Núñez, Lázaro Canizalez-Dávalos and Graham T. Polley",authors:[{id:"46888",title:"Dr.",name:"Martín",middleName:null,surname:"Picon-Nunez",fullName:"Martín Picon-Nunez",slug:"martin-picon-nunez"},{id:"53667",title:"Dr.",name:"Lázaro",middleName:null,surname:"Canizalez-Dávalos",fullName:"Lázaro Canizalez-Dávalos",slug:"lazaro-canizalez-davalos"},{id:"53668",title:"Dr.",name:"Graham T.",middleName:null,surname:"Polley",fullName:"Graham T. Polley",slug:"graham-t.-polley"}]},{id:"19414",title:"Heat Exchange in Furnace Side Walls with Embedded Water Cooled Cooling Devices",slug:"heat-exchange-in-furnace-side-walls-with-embedded-water-cooled-cooling-devices",signatures:"Gabriel Plascencia",authors:[{id:"46960",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Plascencia",fullName:"Gabriel Plascencia",slug:"gabriel-plascencia"}]},{id:"19415",title:"Heat Transfer in Buildings: Application to Solar Air Collector and Trombe Wall Design",slug:"heat-transfer-in-buildings-application-to-solar-air-collector-and-trombe-wall-design",signatures:"H. Boyer, F. Miranville, D. Bigot, S. Guichard, I. Ingar, A. P. Jean, A. H. Fakra, D. Calogine and T. Soubdhan",authors:[{id:"12931",title:"Mr.",name:"Dimitri",middleName:null,surname:"Bigot",fullName:"Dimitri Bigot",slug:"dimitri-bigot"},{id:"12939",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédéric",middleName:null,surname:"Miranville",fullName:"Frédéric Miranville",slug:"frederic-miranville"},{id:"12943",title:"Prof.",name:"Harry",middleName:null,surname:"Boyer",fullName:"Harry Boyer",slug:"harry-boyer"},{id:"13011",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Hamada",middleName:null,surname:"Fakra",fullName:"Ali Hamada Fakra",slug:"ali-hamada-fakra"},{id:"72814",title:"Dr.",name:"Ted",middleName:null,surname:"Soubdhan",fullName:"Ted Soubdhan",slug:"ted-soubdhan"},{id:"127878",title:"MSc.",name:"Stephane",middleName:null,surname:"Guichard",fullName:"Stephane Guichard",slug:"stephane-guichard"},{id:"127879",title:"MSc.",name:"Idriss",middleName:null,surname:"Ingar",fullName:"Idriss Ingar",slug:"idriss-ingar"},{id:"127880",title:"MSc.",name:"Aurelien",middleName:null,surname:"Jean",fullName:"Aurelien Jean",slug:"aurelien-jean"},{id:"127881",title:"MSc.",name:"Didier",middleName:null,surname:"Calogine",fullName:"Didier Calogine",slug:"didier-calogine"}]},{id:"19416",title:"Heat Transfer in the Transitional Flow Regime",slug:"heat-transfer-in-the-transitional-flow-regime",signatures:"JP Meyer and JA Olivier",authors:[{id:"37346",title:"Prof.",name:"Josua",middleName:"Petrus",surname:"Meyer",fullName:"Josua Meyer",slug:"josua-meyer"},{id:"79729",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:"Albert",surname:"Olivier",fullName:"Jonathan Olivier",slug:"jonathan-olivier"}]},{id:"19417",title:"Numerical Modeling of Cross-Flow Tube Heat Exchangers with Complex Flow Arrangements",slug:"numerical-modeling-of-cross-flow-tube-heat-exchangers-with-complex-flow-arrangements",signatures:"Dawid Taler, Marcin Trojan and Jan Taler",authors:[{id:"15203",title:"Dr.",name:"Dawid",middleName:null,surname:"Taler",fullName:"Dawid Taler",slug:"dawid-taler"}]},{id:"19418",title:"Metal Foam Effective Transport Properties",slug:"metal-foam-effective-transport-properties",signatures:"Jean-Michel Hugo, Emmanuel Brun and Frédéric Topin",authors:[{id:"42681",title:"Mr",name:"Jean-Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Hugo",fullName:"Jean-Michel Hugo",slug:"jean-michel-hugo"},{id:"54935",title:"Mr.",name:"Frederic",middleName:null,surname:"Topin",fullName:"Frederic Topin",slug:"frederic-topin"},{id:"95608",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Brun",fullName:"Emmanuel Brun",slug:"emmanuel-brun"}]},{id:"19419",title:"Heat Transfer Performances and Exergetic Optimization for Solar Heat Receiver",slug:"heat-transfer-performances-and-exergetic-optimization-for-solar-heat-receiver",signatures:"Jian-Feng Lu and Jing Ding",authors:[{id:"37543",title:"Prof.",name:"Lu",middleName:null,surname:"Jianfeng",fullName:"Lu Jianfeng",slug:"lu-jianfeng"},{id:"52819",title:"Prof.",name:"Ding",middleName:null,surname:"Jing",fullName:"Ding Jing",slug:"ding-jing"}]},{id:"19420",title:"Soret and Dufour Effects on Steady MHD Natural Convection Flow Past a Semi-Infinite Moving Vertical Plate in a Porous Medium with Viscous Dissipation in the Presence of a Chemical Reaction",slug:"soret-and-dufour-effects-on-steady-mhd-natural-convection-flow-past-a-semi-infinite-moving-vertical-",signatures:"Sandile Motsa and Stanford Shateyi",authors:[{id:"16056",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanford",middleName:null,surname:"Shateyi",fullName:"Stanford Shateyi",slug:"stanford-shateyi"},{id:"18031",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandile",middleName:null,surname:"Motsa",fullName:"Sandile Motsa",slug:"sandile-motsa"}]},{id:"19421",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations of Natural Convection in Ventilated Facades",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamic-simulations-of-natural-convection-in-ventilated-facades",signatures:"A. Gagliano, F. Patania, A. Ferlito, F. Nocera and A. Galesi",authors:[{id:"36299",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Gagliano",fullName:"Antonio Gagliano",slug:"antonio-gagliano"},{id:"53880",title:"Mr.",name:"Alfio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferlito",fullName:"Alfio Ferlito",slug:"alfio-ferlito"},{id:"80777",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Patania",fullName:"Francesco Patania",slug:"francesco-patania"}]},{id:"19422",title:"Turbulent Heat Transfer in Drag-Reducing Channel Flow of Viscoelastic Fluid",slug:"turbulent-heat-transfer-in-drag-reducing-channel-flow-of-viscoelastic-fluid",signatures:"Takahiro Tsukahara and Yasuo Kawaguchi",authors:[{id:"54206",title:"Dr.",name:"Takahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Tsukahara",fullName:"Takahiro Tsukahara",slug:"takahiro-tsukahara"},{id:"54217",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuo",middleName:null,surname:"Kawaguchi",fullName:"Yasuo Kawaguchi",slug:"yasuo-kawaguchi"}]},{id:"19423",title:"Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Analyses in Curvilinear Microchannels",slug:"fluid-flow-and-heat-transfer-analyses-in-curvilinear-microchannels",signatures:"Sajjad Bigham and Maryam Pourhasanzadeh",authors:[{id:"39163",title:"Mr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Bigham",fullName:"Sajjad Bigham",slug:"sajjad-bigham"},{id:"56421",title:null,name:"Mary",middleName:null,surname:"P. Zadeh",fullName:"Mary P. Zadeh",slug:"mary-p.-zadeh"}]},{id:"19424",title:"Effects of Fluid Viscoelasticity in Non-Isothermal Flows",slug:"effects-of-fluid-viscoelasticity-in-non-isothermal-flows",signatures:"Tirivanhu Chinyoka",authors:[{id:"42623",title:"Dr.",name:"Tirivanhu",middleName:null,surname:"Chinyoka",fullName:"Tirivanhu Chinyoka",slug:"tirivanhu-chinyoka"}]},{id:"19425",title:"Different Approaches for Modelling of Heat Transfer in Non-Equilibrium Reacting Gas Flows",slug:"different-approaches-for-modelling-of-heat-transfer-in-non-equilibrium-reacting-gas-flows",signatures:"E.V. Kustova and E.A. Nagnibeda",authors:[{id:"41971",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kustova",fullName:"Elena Kustova",slug:"elena-kustova"},{id:"52758",title:"Prof.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Nagnibeda",fullName:"Ekaterina Nagnibeda",slug:"ekaterina-nagnibeda"}]},{id:"19426",title:"High-Carbon Alcohol Aqueous Solutions and Their Application to Flow Boiling in Various Mini-Tube Systems",slug:"high-carbon-alcohol-aqueous-solutions-and-their-application-to-flow-boiling-in-various-mini-tube-sys",signatures:"Naoki Ono, Atsushi Hamaoka, Yuki Eda and Koichi Obara",authors:[{id:"48971",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Ono",fullName:"Naoki Ono",slug:"naoki-ono"},{id:"93001",title:"MSc.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Hamaoka",fullName:"Atsushi Hamaoka",slug:"atsushi-hamaoka"},{id:"93002",title:"BSc.",name:"Yuki",middleName:null,surname:"Eda",fullName:"Yuki Eda",slug:"yuki-eda"},{id:"93003",title:"BSc.",name:"Koichi",middleName:null,surname:"Obara",fullName:"Koichi Obara",slug:"koichi-obara"}]},{id:"19427",title:"Heat Transfer and Hydraulic Resistance in Rough Tubes Including with Twisted Tape Inserts",slug:"heat-transfer-and-hydraulic-resistance-in-rough-tubes-including-with-twisted-tape-inserts",signatures:"Stanislav Tarasevich and Anatoly Yakovlev",authors:[{id:"47770",title:"Dr.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Yakovlev",fullName:"Anatoly Yakovlev",slug:"anatoly-yakovlev"},{id:"47921",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislav",middleName:"Eduardovich",surname:"Tarasevich",fullName:"Stanislav Tarasevich",slug:"stanislav-tarasevich"}]},{id:"19428",title:"Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer and Thermodynamic Issues of Micropipe Flows",slug:"fluid-mechanics-heat-transfer-and-thermodynamic-issues-of-micropipe-flows",signatures:"A. Alper Ozalp",authors:[{id:"35345",title:"Dr.",name:"A. Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Ozalp",fullName:"A. Alper Ozalp",slug:"a.-alper-ozalp"}]},{id:"19429",title:"Fundamentals of Paper Drying – Theory and Application from Industrial Perspective",slug:"fundamentals-of-paper-drying-theory-and-application-from-industrial-perspective",signatures:"Ajit K Ghosh",authors:[{id:"43882",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajit K",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",fullName:"Ajit K Ghosh",slug:"ajit-k-ghosh"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64604",title:"Evidence-Based Contingency Planning to Enhance Local Resilience to Flood Disasters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82312",slug:"evidence-based-contingency-planning-to-enhance-local-resilience-to-flood-disasters",body:'\nPreparing a contingency plan before disasters is essential to increase the capacity of personnel in charge of disaster response and enhance local resilience to disasters. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 [1], adopted at the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015, addresses the importance of “Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to ‘Build Back Better’ in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction” as the fourth priority action. More specifically, its paragraph 33 states that national and local governments shall prepare or review and periodically update disaster preparedness and contingency policies, plans and programmes with the involvement of the relevant institutions, considering climate change scenarios and their impact on disaster risk and facilitating, as appropriate, the participation of all sectors and relevant stakeholders [1].
\nIn order to achieve effective disaster response, it is important first to assume possible disasters, then quantify expected disaster damage and conduct contingency planning based on the scenarios of the possible disasters. One of the practical tools to carry out this process is evidence-based flood contingency planning, which is based on scientific approaches such as flood simulation and quantitative risk assessment. This planning method, however, is not always feasible to disaster-prone areas in Asia due to the lack of data on natural and social conditions. To overcome such a challenge, the International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM) focuses on flood disasters and proposes an effective method for local communities to predict the dynamic change of inundation using flood simulation, assess flood risk with key indicators, decide coping strategies against the identified flood risk and develop a contingency plan beforehand. This method is first applied to one of the flood-prone areas in Asia, Calumpit Municipality in the Pampanga River basin of the Philippines, to verify its effectiveness in areas where the availability of natural and socio-economic data is limited.
\nThe “ISO22301 Societal security—Business continuity management systems” specifies requirements for all types of organisations to plan, implement, review and improve a documented management system to prepare for, respond to and recover from disruptive incidents [2]. It requires the organisations to select business continuity strategy based on the outputs from the risk assessment and business impact analysis. The risk assessment aims to identify and evaluate the risk of disruptive incidents to the organisations, while the business impact analysis assesses the impacts of disrupting activities that support organisation’s services. To conduct evidence-based flood contingency planning in reference to the procedures employed in the ISO22301, six steps are proposed, as shown in Figure 1.
\nSix steps of evidence-based flood contingency planning.
The first step of this planning is to understand the current conditions of the target communities such as topography, land use, population and structures, as well as past flood records in the area. At the second step, flood hazards and risks are identified through flood and inundation simulations conducted by national or provincial governments. Flood scenarios are presented with two key components, i.e. a flood inundation map and a time-series inundation water chart, to illustrate dynamic changes in inundation depth for residents to easily understand how the inundation may expand, linger and recede in their communities. The third step is flood impact analysis, in which the numbers of residents and houses at risk are estimated based on the average ground-floor height of houses, and possible problems the community may face due to the flood are identified. At the fourth step, the communities in the target area should develop a response strategy. Necessary actions should be discussed according to the time sequence of “before the flood”, “during the flood” and “after the flood”. The fifth and sixth steps are documentation and sharing of the plan among the community members. It is also important that the produced plan should be updated constantly through the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle.
\nAmong the Asian flood-prone areas, a municipality called Calumpit was selected as the first case study area. It is in Bulacan Province in Pampanga River basin located northwest of Metro Manila in Central Luzon Island, Philippines. The municipality lies at the junction of several rivers, including Pampanga, Angat and Labangan, as illustrated in Figures 2 and 3. This topography makes Calumpit one of the most flood-prone municipalities in the Philippines. As of 2010, 101,068 people live in an area of 5625 ha, or 2.03%, of the province. The municipality has 29 barangays, the smallest administrative units. The recent largest flood was caused by Typhoons Pedring and Quiel in September 2011, and a large area of the municipality suffered massive flood damage. Due to an inundation of 1.2–1.5 m deep, Calumpit lost its government functions, which consequently impeded emergency response.
\nLocation of Calumpit in Pampanga River basin. (a) Luzon Island and (b) Pampanga River basin).
Land use map of Calumpit [
The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (Republic Act No. 10121) [3], enacted in 2010, provides for the development of policies and plans and the implementation of actions and measures related to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management. It defines the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) as the national organisation to coordinate, integrate, supervise, monitor and evaluate disaster policymaking. It also mandates the establishment of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office in every barangay, municipality, city and province.
\nCalumpit has the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (MDRRMC) and the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (BDRRMC) in its 29 barangays. The act defines MDRRMCs and BDRRMCs to perform functions such as designing and coordinating disaster risk reduction and management activities, supporting risk assessments and contingency planning activities at the local level [3]. Following this act, the MDRRMC of Calumpit published a contingency plan [4], which describes governmental emergency response in case of a flood. It assumes casualties, structural damage and impacts on livelihood, infrastructure and facilities in the worst-case scenario, based on the experience during Typhoons Pedring and Quiel in 2011. However, the scenario based on the past flood experiences makes it difficult to assume future floods of different scales which have never occurred before. It is therefore recommended to make contingency plans by quantifying a spatial distribution of expected damage and necessary needs in consideration of dynamic changes in inundation depth provided from flood inundation simulations performed for each community.
\nThe proposed method was applied to Calumpit Municipality in Bulacan Province.
\nFigure 4 illustrates overall activities related to the six steps to be proposed. The first and second steps were applied to the whole area of the municipality in April 2014. At the third and fourth steps, two flood-prone communities were selected as model sites, and their flood contingency plans were jointly developed through workshops with community leaders and members. In the workshops, the participants discussed problems they may face during the flood of each scale and proposed necessary response actions in order to make response strategies. The final workshop was held in March 2016, inviting all the community leaders in the municipality, and the experience in the workshops was shared among the participants. The following subchapters detail each step:
\nActivities at six steps of evidence-based flood contingency planning.
In areas where the availability of natural and socio-economic data is limited, administering interviews and questionnaires to local government officials, community leaders and local people is useful to understand the current conditions of their localities. In this study, interviews were conducted at MDRRMO and selected communities [5]. The surveys found that population census data at the barangay level was available, while the spatial distribution data of buildings was not. Then, a questionnaire survey was administered to all 29 barangay leaders to understand the building conditions in each barangay. The houses in the 29 barangays were classified and tallied according to construction types and storeys. Of those, 62.5% were a one-storey structure, while the rest were two-storey.
\nInterviews at the selected individual households were also conducted to understand recent flood damage, including the damage status of house structures, property and family members and their behaviours during the recent floods. During the interviews, the survey staff measured the heights of the first floor, ceiling and flood marks from the past floods with the permission of family members. From the household survey, it was found that the average first-floor height of the one-storey houses was 0.54 m from the ground, while that of the two-storey houses was 0.17 m, as shown in Figure 5. Table 1 summarises the conditions of the houses at five inundation levels using the thresholds from the household interviews. Different damages to the livelihood of the residents are listed according to inundation levels. Inundation level 1 with a water depth of 0.17 m or lower did not inundate inside the house. At inundation level 2, the two-storey houses started being inundated. At inundation level 3, at which the water depth exceeds 0.54 m, both one- and two-storey houses suffered from inundation above the first floor, which suggests that the residents had to stay somewhere above the water level or evacuate to safer places near their houses.
\nThreshold of inundation based on measurement results.
Conditions of houses at each inundation level.
The household interviews also found that the inundation above electric plugs caused severe damage to daily life. The height of electric plugs averaged 1.27 m and that of LP gas tanks 0.60 m. The residents usually move LP gas tanks to the second floor or to the rooftop to use them for cooking during an inundation. Inundation level 4 was set, based on the observed average height of electric plugs, as the condition cutting local people off from power. At inundation level 5, the inundation depth exceeds 2.83 m, the height of the second floor of a house. Under this situation, they could not find an evacuation space due to the rarity of buildings having three storeys or more, which means an inundation of this scale is likely to be a potentially life-threatening crisis for the residents.
\nCalumpit Municipality has its own community flood warning system called “colours of safety”. This system uses power poles painted in three colours (yellow, orange and red) by every 2 ft to visualise the level of danger and help residents make decisions on evacuation. At present, 193 electric poles in the municipality are tricoloured for this purpose. The residents are advised to evacuate before the water reached the red colour.
\nIn this step, the expected flood inundation area was delineated by flood inundation simulation using the rainfall-runoff-inundation model (RRI model), developed by ICHARM. The RRI model is a two-dimensional model capable of simulating rainfall, runoff and flood inundation simultaneously Sayama et al. [6]. The model deals with slopes and river channels separately. It applies a 2D diffusive wave model to flows on slope grid cells and a 1D diffusive wave model to channel flows. The software of the model can be downloaded from the ICHARM website [7] for free.
\nWe used the RRI model that Shrestha et al. [8] locally customised to conduct flood simulation for the Pampanga River basin and performed hazard mapping for Calumpit Municipality, following the eight sub-step procedures [5] presented below:
Sub-step 1: acquisition of input data for the model.
Sub-step 2: acquisition of flood mark records.
Sub-step 3: flood inundation simulation during Typhoons Pedring and Quiel in September 2011 (grid, 200 m).
Sub-step 4: calibration of the model by comparing observed and simulated discharges in sub-step 3.
Sub-step 5: validation of the model by comparing the simulation results with flood mark records.
Sub-step 6: frequency analysis using rainfall data.
Sub-step 7: flood inundation simulation using design rainfall assumed with 10-, 30- and 100-year return periods.
Sub-step 8: development of inundation depth maps in Calumpit with 10-, 30- and 100-year return periods (grid, 5 m).
The simulation used the high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of 5 m grid, observed by the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) and provided by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) in the Philippines without a fee. Inundation simulation for the River basin was first conducted using DEM data of 200 m grid created by IFSAR. After the flood inundation simulation, a grid of Calumpit with the inundation depth of 5 m was developed by obtaining the difference between the floodwater surface level of 200 m grid and the ground-level surface level of 5 m grid by IFSAR. As a result of the flood inundation simulation, three kinds of flood inundation maps with 10-, 30- and 100-year return periods were produced for ordinary, past largest and extreme floods. From the frequency analysis using past rainfall data, a return period of the flood caused by Typhoon Pedring in 2011 was estimated to be 28.3 years. The occurrence of flood inundation with a 30-year return period means the reoccurrence of the 2011 flood. Figure 6 shows the inundation maps produced in this step.
\nMaximum inundation depth maps.
Municipal personnel pointed out that the word “return period” is too technical for residents to understand. Thus, to help them understand the flood scale easily, floods were named according to their scales as “ordinary flood” for 10-year return period floods; “high flood” for 30-year return period floods, whose scale is roughly equal to the largest recorded flood in 2011; and “extreme flood” for 100-year return period floods.
\nBased on the flood simulation results, maps and a chart were created for each barangay, as shown in Figure 7. As mentioned above, Calumpit Municipality has its own community flood warning system called “colours of safety” in which power poles are painted in three colours by every 2 ft to visualise the level of danger and help residents make decisions on evacuation. The inundation maps for each barangay (Figure 7b) adopted this locally familiar tricolour system to show the inundation depth.
\nMaps and chart for each barangay (example of Barangay Santa Lucia).
In addition to inundation maps with three different return periods, inundation probability maps, time-series inundation charts and resource maps were also developed for each barangay. The inundation probability map (Figure 7c) was created to help people understand the most frequently inundated areas, by combining the information of three inundation maps with 10-, 30- and 100-year return periods. The map shows the probability of inundation that may exceed 2 ft. (0.61 m) or higher, the depth almost equal to the height of the first floor of a one-storey house. The area in dark purple colour indicates that one-storey houses in the area may be inundated above the first-floor level in case of a 10-year return period flood. The time-series inundation chart (Figure 7d) shows the chronological development of inundation in a barangay using different colours. From this chart, people can understand how many days the area may be inundated according to different flood scales. In the resource map (Figure 7a), the locations of barangay halls, evacuation centres and electric poles for “colours of safety” were plotted.
\nIn order to quantify flood risk at each community, the number of affected residents was estimated based on damage levels by overlaying inundation maps on the population distribution map of each barangay. Since most of the municipal area of Calumpit is used for agricultural purposes, we considered it reasonable to assume that the population is not uniformly distributed over the municipal area but disproportionately distributed in the built-up areas. For this reason, the built-up areas were identified. The identification of the built-up areas was made using satellite images because no digital land use maps were available. If accurate land use maps are available, they can be used for the purpose. The population in each barangay was assumed to be evenly distributed in its identified built-up areas. Then, the number of affected residents in each barangay was estimated according to inundation levels (Table 1). As a result, the total ratio of affected residents living in the area with inundation levels 3–5 was calculated to be 55.9% for a 100-year flood, while 34.6% for the past maximum flood case, as shown in Figure 8. That well over 55% of the population may suffer at inundation level 3 or above in a 100-year flood means both one- and two-storey houses are very likely to be inundated above the floor.
\nEstimated number of affected residents in Calumpit.
Figure 9 shows the estimated number of affected residents in each barangay in both flood cases. In case of a 100-year flood, more than 90% of the residents in barangays of Sapang Bayan, Corazon, Bulusan, Gugo and San Jose may suffer from an inundation of level 3 or above. They should prepare for prompt evacuation in case of such a severe flood. In this case study, only the number of affected residents was analysed due to a lack of spatial distribution data of buildings. If the data is available, the number of damaged houses and the repairing cost could be estimated. Moreover, the number of affected residents or those who need to evacuate outside their houses could be calculated more accurately based on the number of damaged houses.
\nEstimated number of affected residents in each barangay.
The third step is flood impact analysis, in which possible problem communities may face in the event of a flood are identified. The most important thing is for communities to understand how flood impact becomes severer according to flood scales so that they can take sensible measures to increase disaster preparedness by themselves. Two flood-prone barangays were selected as model sites to develop flood contingency plans with barangay leaders and members through workshops. The participants of the workshops discussed problems on key components, such as information communication, evacuation, housing, water, food, relief goods, medical treatment and transportation, for three flood patterns identified in step 2: ordinary flood, high flood and extreme flood.
\nTable 2 summarises the impact of floods identified at the workshops in the two barangays. In case of high flood, many houses may be inundated, and the residents may experience various types of damage to their livelihood, while only non-elevated houses may be inundated in ordinary foods. The participants anticipated problems associated with information acquisition, capacities of evacuation centres, supplies of water, power, relief goods, availability of medical treatment and transportation. In case of extreme flood, they anticipated difficulty in repairing houses as a considerable number of inundated houses may well mean the shortage of construction materials. A photo in Figure 10 shows a scene of a workshop.
\nImpact of floods on barangay identified at workshops.
Workshop at Barangay Bulusan.
At this step, necessary actions associated with the flood impact on each key component identified in step 3 are discussed at each community according to the time sequence of “before the flood”, “during the flood” and “after the flood disaster”. For this purpose, the second workshop was held at each of the two barangays. At the workshop, the participants were requested to share opinions on necessary actions by writing them down on Post-its and show them to other participants. Then, the actions presented by the participants were sorted out into two categories: actions that a barangay should implement immediately as self-help and mutual support and requests that a barangay should make to municipal, provincial or national governments as public assistance. This activity will help clarify actions to be taken by themselves and requests to be made to higher administrative organisations. Tables 3 and 4 summarise the results of the discussions at the two barangay workshops on what they should do before, during and after the flood and what they should request. The participants found the importance of response strategies on actions such as informing water levels regularly to the municipal office, leading residents to evacuate quickly to a safer place, keeping relief goods dry, saving children and seniors and supporting residents in getting back to normal life quickly.
\nResults of discussion on actions to be taken in the barangay.
Results of discussion on requests to higher administrative organisations.
Although self-help and mutual support among residents are the priority for community disaster management, actions available for them are often limited due to budget and manpower constraints. At the series of workshops, the participants listed the requests they would like to make to higher administrative organisations, as shown in Table 4. Figures 11 and 12 are photos taken at workshops.
\nWorkshop at Barangay Santa Lucia.
A resident presenting an opinion on Post-its to other participants at the workshop.
After performing steps 3 and 4, the selected two barangays developed a contingency plan by themselves based on the results of steps 1–4. During the plan development, ICHARM provided them with necessary maps explained in the previous sections and several suggestions to barangay members in charge of the plan. Table 5 is the final contents of their developed plans. Following the message from the barangay leader in the first chapter, the basic information and explanation of risk identification and the contingency plan are presented. In the chapter on risk identification, the inundation maps and chart in Figure 7 are included, and the impact due to three types of floods discussed in Table 2 is explained. The chapter of the contingency plan consists of six parts: an organisation chart, a resource map which shows the locations of the important facilities in the area (Figure 7), a list of equipment, a response strategy as a result of step 4 (Table 3), a sectoral plan for each section to follow in order to achieve necessary actions listed in step 4 and an annual activity plan.
\nContents of contingency plan.
In the final step, the main focus is to share the developed contingency plan among community members and with other municipalities. Inviting the leaders and related members of the 29 barangays and Calumpit Municipality, a workshop was held to share all the activities. As the project had drawn much local attention, over 100 people attended the meeting. The representatives from the two model barangays introduced their contingency plans and explained how they developed a barangay contingency plan by themselves, as shown in Figure 13. At the end of the workshop, ICHARM provided printed maps developed in step 2 to all the 29 barangays so that every barangay could also make an evidence-based contingency plan of their own (Figure 14).
\nPresentation on contingency plan from representatives from two barangays.
Participants of final workshop in Feb. 2016.
This study proposed an effective method to implement evidence-based flood contingency planning for local communities by assuming the dynamic change of inundation using flood simulation, assessing flood risk with key indicators and deciding response strategies against the identified flood risk before a flood occurs. The method was applied to a flood-prone municipality called Calumpit in the Pampanga River basin of the Philippines as the first case study to verify its effectiveness in areas where the availability of natural and socio-economic data is limited. The case study revealed that the proposed method can be successfully applied to data-limited regions. However, the method needs testing in different flood-prone communities for further verification.
\nAs for the limitations of the study, the process of risk identification through flood inundation simulation was conducted by ICHARM although this process should be completed by the provincial or national governments of the country. In order for them to carry out the risk identification process by themselves, training of flood simulation and risk assessment should be provided for managers and engineers in flood risk management.
\nThis study was conducted in cooperation with the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (MDRRMO) of Calumpit and the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). We would like to express our deepest appreciation to Calumpit Municipality Mayor Jessie P. De Jesus and the officers of MDRRMO. We would also like to extend our sincere gratitude to the officers in the Pampanga River Basin Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (PRBFFWC) and the headquarters of PAGASA for their support during the field activities. We also owe a great debt to the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) for providing high-resolution DEM data (IFSAR) in the step of risk identification under the MOU between NAMRIA and ICHARM. Last but not least, we thank all persons involved for their kind support in conducting this study.
\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
',metaTitle:"Odredbe i uvjeti",metaDescription:"Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/cro-terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\\n\\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\\n\\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\\n\\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\\n\\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\\n\\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\\n\\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\\n\\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\\n\\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\\n\\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\\n\\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15912}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119060},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndSecondStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Calorimetry - New Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb239599406f0b731bbfd62c1c8dbf3f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10709",title:"Heart Valve Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cb3479fd272d968ee7eee95ae09ea9db",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10712",title:"Thrombectomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"853e71d74c3dd5007277d3770e639d47",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10712.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10715",title:"Brain MRI",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d56c88c53776966959f41f8b75daafd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10715.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:44},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:215},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1410",title:"Viticulture",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-viticulture",parent:{title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:122,numberOfWosCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitations:30,numberOfDimensionsCitations:64,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-viticulture",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8054",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b9b3b3d887ed9e7c0ad09cb07edf2b",slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata and Iris Loira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8054.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6077",title:"Grapes and Wines",subtitle:"Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61fe601d66e441800c8ed9503f86280f",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",bookSignature:"António Manuel Jordão and Fernanda Cosme",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6077.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186821",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"M. Jordão",slug:"antonio-m.-jordao",fullName:"António M. Jordão"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"58633",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72800",title:"The Evolution of Polyphenols from Grapes to Wines",slug:"the-evolution-of-polyphenols-from-grapes-to-wines",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Violeta-Carolina Niculescu, Nadia Paun and Roxana-Elena Ionete",authors:[{id:"187102",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Ionete",slug:"roxana-ionete",fullName:"Roxana Ionete"},{id:"206056",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",middleName:"Carolina",surname:"Niculescu",slug:"violeta-niculescu",fullName:"Violeta Niculescu"},{id:"207020",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Paun",slug:"nadia-paun",fullName:"Nadia Paun"}]},{id:"57946",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71627",title:"Microbiological, Physical, and Chemical Procedures to Elaborate High-Quality SO2-Free Wines",slug:"microbiological-physical-and-chemical-procedures-to-elaborate-high-quality-so2-free-wines",totalDownloads:1117,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego, Miquel Puxeu, Laura Martín, Enric Nart, Claudio\nHidalgo and Imma Andorrà",authors:[{id:"207221",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrer-Gallego",slug:"raul-ferrer-gallego",fullName:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego"},{id:"208597",title:"Dr.",name:"Miquel",middleName:null,surname:"Puxeu",slug:"miquel-puxeu",fullName:"Miquel Puxeu"},{id:"208598",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"laura-martin",fullName:"Laura Martín"},{id:"208599",title:"Mr.",name:"Enric",middleName:null,surname:"Nart",slug:"enric-nart",fullName:"Enric Nart"},{id:"208600",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Hidalgo",slug:"claudio-hidalgo",fullName:"Claudio Hidalgo"},{id:"208601",title:"Dr.",name:"Imma",middleName:null,surname:"Andorrà",slug:"imma-andorra",fullName:"Imma Andorrà"}]},{id:"57968",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70859",title:"Influence of Wine Chemical Compounds on the Foaming Properties of Sparkling Wines",slug:"influence-of-wine-chemical-compounds-on-the-foaming-properties-of-sparkling-wines",totalDownloads:968,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente, Belén Ayestarán and Zenaida\nGuadalupe",authors:[{id:"207851",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",middleName:null,surname:"Guadalupe",slug:"zenaida-guadalupe",fullName:"Zenaida Guadalupe"},{id:"207853",title:"Dr.",name:"Belén",middleName:null,surname:"Ayestarán",slug:"belen-ayestaran",fullName:"Belén Ayestarán"},{id:"207854",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Lapuente",slug:"leticia-martinez-lapuente",fullName:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58633",title:"The Evolution of Polyphenols from Grapes to Wines",slug:"the-evolution-of-polyphenols-from-grapes-to-wines",totalDownloads:1376,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Violeta-Carolina Niculescu, Nadia Paun and Roxana-Elena Ionete",authors:[{id:"187102",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Ionete",slug:"roxana-ionete",fullName:"Roxana Ionete"},{id:"206056",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",middleName:"Carolina",surname:"Niculescu",slug:"violeta-niculescu",fullName:"Violeta Niculescu"},{id:"207020",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Paun",slug:"nadia-paun",fullName:"Nadia Paun"}]},{id:"58638",title:"Occurrence and Analysis of Sulfur Compounds in Wine",slug:"occurrence-and-analysis-of-sulfur-compounds-in-wine",totalDownloads:1242,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Daniela Fracassetti and Ileana Vigentini",authors:[{id:"207271",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Fracassetti",slug:"daniela-fracassetti",fullName:"Daniela Fracassetti"},{id:"220967",title:"Dr.",name:"Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Vigentini",slug:"ileana-vigentini",fullName:"Ileana Vigentini"}]},{id:"67363",title:"Yeast Strain Optimization for Enological Applications",slug:"yeast-strain-optimization-for-enological-applications",totalDownloads:530,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"David José Moreira Ferreira and Jessica Noble",authors:[{id:"301168",title:"Dr.",name:"Pepe",middleName:null,surname:"Heras",slug:"pepe-heras",fullName:"Pepe Heras"}]},{id:"57497",title:"Recovering Ancient Grapevine Varieties: From Genetic Variability to In Vitro Conservation, A Case Study",slug:"recovering-ancient-grapevine-varieties-from-genetic-variability-to-in-vitro-conservation-a-case-stud",totalDownloads:1196,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Carmina Gisbert, Rosa Peiró, Tania San Pedro, Antonio Olmos,\nCarles Jiménez and Julio García",authors:[{id:"207745",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmina",middleName:null,surname:"Gisbert",slug:"carmina-gisbert",fullName:"Carmina Gisbert"},{id:"207748",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Peiró",slug:"rosa-maria-peiro",fullName:"Rosa María Peiró"},{id:"207749",title:"Ms.",name:"Tania",middleName:null,surname:"San Pedro Galán",slug:"tania-san-pedro-galan",fullName:"Tania San Pedro Galán"},{id:"207750",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Olmos",slug:"antonio-olmos",fullName:"Antonio Olmos"}]},{id:"58458",title:"Water Balance Indices for Tropical Wine Grapes",slug:"water-balance-indices-for-tropical-wine-grapes",totalDownloads:789,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Antônio Heriberto de Castro Teixeira, Jorge Tonietto and Janice F.\nLeivas",authors:[{id:"212840",title:"Dr.",name:"Antônio",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"antonio-teixeira",fullName:"Antônio Teixeira"},{id:"212843",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Tonietto",slug:"jorge-tonietto",fullName:"Jorge Tonietto"},{id:"213180",title:"Dr.",name:"Janice",middleName:null,surname:"Leivas",slug:"janice-leivas",fullName:"Janice Leivas"}]},{id:"66611",title:"Improvement of the Bioactive Profile in Wines and Its Incidence on Human Health: Technological Strategies",slug:"improvement-of-the-bioactive-profile-in-wines-and-its-incidence-on-human-health-technological-strate",totalDownloads:505,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"Ricardo Vejarano, Angie Gil-Calderón, Valeria Díaz-Silva and Jackeline León-Vargas",authors:[{id:"286187",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vejarano",slug:"ricardo-vejarano",fullName:"Ricardo Vejarano"},{id:"287141",title:"Prof.",name:"Jackeline",middleName:null,surname:"León-Vargas",slug:"jackeline-leon-vargas",fullName:"Jackeline León-Vargas"},{id:"287142",title:"Ms.",name:"Angie",middleName:null,surname:"Gil-Calderón",slug:"angie-gil-calderon",fullName:"Angie Gil-Calderón"},{id:"287143",title:"Ms.",name:"Valeria",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz-Silva",slug:"valeria-diaz-silva",fullName:"Valeria Díaz-Silva"}]},{id:"67833",title:"Effects of Vine Water Status on Yield Components, Vegetative Response and Must and Wine Composition",slug:"effects-of-vine-water-status-on-yield-components-vegetative-response-and-must-and-wine-composition",totalDownloads:552,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"Pilar Baeza, Pedro Junquera, Emilio Peiro, José Ramón Lissarrague, David Uriarte and Mar Vilanova",authors:[{id:"222515",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Uriarte",slug:"david-uriarte",fullName:"David Uriarte"},{id:"285912",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Baeza",slug:"pilar-baeza",fullName:"Pilar Baeza"},{id:"285917",title:"Dr.",name:"Mar",middleName:null,surname:"Vilanova",slug:"mar-vilanova",fullName:"Mar Vilanova"},{id:"285919",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Junquera",slug:"pedro-junquera",fullName:"Pedro Junquera"},{id:"285922",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Lissarrague",slug:"jose-ramon-lissarrague",fullName:"Jose Ramón Lissarrague"}]},{id:"57041",title:"Fingerprints of Anthocyanins and Flavonols in Wild Grapes (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi)",slug:"fingerprints-of-anthocyanins-and-flavonols-in-wild-grapes-vitis-vinifera-l-ssp-sylvestris-gmelin-heg",totalDownloads:964,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Eugenio Revilla, Rosa Arroyo-Garcia, Alberto Bellido, David\nCarrasco, Anna Puig and Leonor Ruiz-Garcia",authors:[{id:"154744",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Adela",middleName:null,surname:"Arroyo-Garcia",slug:"rosa-adela-arroyo-garcia",fullName:"Rosa Adela Arroyo-Garcia"},{id:"207857",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugenio",middleName:null,surname:"Revilla",slug:"eugenio-revilla",fullName:"Eugenio Revilla"},{id:"207926",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Bellido",slug:"alberto-bellido",fullName:"Alberto Bellido"},{id:"207927",title:"Dr.",name:"Davis",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco",slug:"davis-carrasco",fullName:"Davis Carrasco"},{id:"207928",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Puig",slug:"anna-puig",fullName:"Anna Puig"},{id:"207929",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonor",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz",slug:"leonor-ruiz",fullName:"Leonor Ruiz"}]},{id:"59187",title:"Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs): Impact on Table Grapes and Wine Vineyards in Chile",slug:"grapevine-trunk-diseases-gtds-impact-on-table-grapes-and-wine-vineyards-in-chile",totalDownloads:966,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Ximena Besoain",authors:[{id:"207574",title:"Prof.",name:"Ximena",middleName:null,surname:"Besoain",slug:"ximena-besoain",fullName:"Ximena Besoain"}]},{id:"67039",title:"The Microvine: A Versatile Plant Model to Boost Grapevine Studies in Physiology and Genetics",slug:"the-microvine-a-versatile-plant-model-to-boost-grapevine-studies-in-physiology-and-genetics",totalDownloads:621,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"Anne Pellegrino, Charles Romieu, Markus Rienth and Laurent Torregrosa",authors:[{id:"284414",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Torregrosa",slug:"laurent-torregrosa",fullName:"Laurent Torregrosa"},{id:"285872",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Romieu",slug:"charles-romieu",fullName:"Charles Romieu"},{id:"285873",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Pellegrino",slug:"anne-pellegrino",fullName:"Anne Pellegrino"},{id:"298280",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus",middleName:null,surname:"Rienth",slug:"markus-rienth",fullName:"Markus Rienth"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-viticulture",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/two-phase-flow-phase-change-and-numerical-modeling/forced-convective-heat-transfer-of-nanofluids-in-minichannels",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"two-phase-flow-phase-change-and-numerical-modeling",chapter:"forced-convective-heat-transfer-of-nanofluids-in-minichannels"},fullPath:"/books/two-phase-flow-phase-change-and-numerical-modeling/forced-convective-heat-transfer-of-nanofluids-in-minichannels",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()