Abstract
This chapter is devoted to review a set of new technologies that we have developed and to show how they can improve the process of broadcasting in two principal ways: that is, one of these avoiding the loss of transmission signals due to abrupt changes in sign of the diffraction index and the other, preventing the mutual perturbation between signals generating information leak. In this manner, we propose the join of several of the mentioned technologies to get an optimum efficiency on the process of broadcasting communications showing the theoretical foundations and discussing some experiments that bring us to create the plasma sandwich model and others. Despite our very innovative technology, we underline that a complete recipe must include other currently in use like multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) simultaneously. We include some mathematical proofs and also give an academic example.
Keywords
- wireless communications
- optimal broadcasting
- information packs
- negative refraction index
- communication theory
- wave propagation through plasma
1. Introduction
Nowadays, one of the most innovative procedures to improve communications is the random scattering of microwave or radio signals that may enhance the amount of information that can be transmitted over a channel. This fact, from a mathematical point of view, is due to the growth of the phase space available for that channel, which provides a more rich mathematical base to define every single signal. In many recent papers, a common subject is the use of a broad range of base functions to span each signal. The hope is that every single collision of the initial signals will be scattered and reaches another phase space region providing additional information, but the increase of phase space involves a more complicated set of describing functions. A multiple scattering of the obstacles enlarges the effective aperture in a time-reversed process for acoustic or electromagnetic signals when they are placed in random manner.
Another current tool is time reversal, or phase conjugation in the frequency domain, where a source at one location transmits sound or electromagnetic waves, which are received at another place, time reversed (or phase conjugated), and retransmitted. The effect is to eliminate noise pollution.
Despite the existence of the mentioned resources and others like multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), many problems survive, but fortunately, we have proposed some additional ways to improve the broadcasting by diminishing the information loss. Some of our results are based on communication theory and others in the mathematical properties of particular integral equations and their solutions.
Through the present chapter, we introduce for convenience a hypothetical discrete system in order to write finite matrices. But we can certainly extend the validity of our expressions as we will see, even for both discrete and continuum systems provided the involved potentials fulfill very general conditions not discussed in the present work.
In the same manner, because the formalism we have developed for the study of time reversibility refers to acoustic systems, we recall that the scalar wave equation for acoustic signals can be written as:

We now describe the quantities appearing in Eq. (1),
Because the wave equation is of second order in time, we can talk about time reversibility, and then allows solutions, which travel toward the future or the past. An efficient time reversal requires to ensure that the system be ergodic, making possible that the signal may travel both senses in time. To improve focusing, we must describe the signal propagation towards the future or past by means of equations of the same type [18, 22, 27] that is both directions inhomogeneous or both homogeneous. Linearity permits that a signal traveling toward the past can be written with the aid of the integral equation:
In Eq. (2),
2. Recovering the matrix equations
As we have said above and considering that from a strictly mathematical point of view, both the acoustic and electromagnetic waves achieve the same wave equation type (with a vector version in the electromagnetic case). Then, we can regain, without further ado, the vector matrix formalism [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14] which generalizes the discrete scalar time reversal acoustic model and includes an original model for discrete broadcasting systems that we have called the plasma sandwich model (PSM) [8, 16, 17, 18] and we put some associated parameters appeared on it into the named vector matrix formalism (VMF) [8, 20, 24]. But we must underline that is the resonant behavior the one must be considered for increasing efficiency on communications and to achieve extraordinary resolution. To this end, we remember that a three-dimensional version of Eq. (1) can be written as the Fourier transform of an integral generalized homogeneous Fredholm’s equation (GHFE) [21, 22, 23, 24] for resonances, and does not matter if for acoustic or electromagnetic ones. To analyze the resonant behavior, we must eliminate the inhomogeneous term so we can write the following algebraic equation satisfied by the Fourier transform of the resonant waves:

where the kernel
At this point, we must say that we could obtain a transfer matrix description [16, 17, 18] instead Eq. (4), but our last equation represents the core of the VMF version. The fact is there are important differences between the two formalisms; for example, VMF makes the time-reversal process easy. Of course, we are moving over a frequency domain and not over a time-dependent one, the former the appropriate in agreement with information theory applications. And certainly, the most important difference is that VMF formalism includes the concept of the resonant solutions.
3. Introducing the PSM parameters
One of the methods we have proposed is based on experiments executed by Xiang-kun Kong, Shao-bin Liu, Hai-feng Zhang, Bo-rui Bian, Hai-ming Li et al. [8] in which they put three layers of plasma joined and alternated with one of them magnetized in the core and the other two unmagnetized in the extremes of the device; when this plasma sandwich is submitted to an external electric potential, it is observed that for a range of values of the external potential, the refraction index is negative [15, 19]. When we analyzed those experiments, we conclude that for this range of the electric potential, the plasma sandwich brakes the confinement of the evanescent waves as occurs in a left-hand material and we proposed a model named the plasma sandwich model for the behavior of the propagation media. Depending on the particular conditions of the propagation media, that is, depending of the values of the plasma sandwich parameters, and for particular conditions of the external electric potential, the propagation media may behave like the plasma sandwich and acquire a negative refraction index. In this section, we introduce the PSM parameters and find the resonant frequencies for a specific problem, underlying that resonant frequencies can be used only to associate an interval of frequencies of a real signal to a device that could be an antenna and not to a single emitted frequency by them; this is because resonant waves are released evanescent waves that vanish in the resource sites and not precisely information carriers. The frequency bands we can build from the resonant frequencies can be considered as convenient highways for the transit of information. Every kernel depends on the response of the media in circumstances that can vary for different time intervals. In this manner, we present an example very easy to work but in which is not relevant the particular behavior of the signal we used to get it. Next, we can find the resonant frequencies for an academic example. First, we choose an appropriate discrete kernel

In kernel (5), we have introduced the plasma sandwich model (PSM) parameter

Definition (6) involves

In this definition,
It is possible to note that any change in the parameter values gives different broadcasting conditions [5]. PSM suggests that there is not a single stationary set of iterated layers but a bunch of sets evolving in time and in consequence with different effects for each frequency. We must remember that the equation to solve is Eq. (3) where,
The last two ubiquitous conditions to achieve resonance are the vanishing of Fredholm’s determinant for Eq. (4), and that Fredholm’s eigenvalue

The transformation of the evanescent waves for traveling ones is due precisely to the imaginary part

Substituting expressions (9) and (10) into Eq. (3), we can write the resonance condition as:

The abbreviated components of the matrix in (11) are explicitly

and

In Eqs. (12) and (13), we have used the following definitions:




To have an image of the solutions of Eq. (11) (see Figure 1), we can make
We obtain for the particular conditions:


The solutions (resonances):


In this case only,
4. Communication theory measurement of information loss
Because we have now a wide vision of the loss of information and we know that this is the reason that the images are not perfect, we can use the results of Shannon, Nyquist, Wiener, Hartley, Hopf [25, 26, 27, 28, 29], and other authors that have formulated a measure of the loss of information in communication systems. We support our mathematical results on related works [6, 11, 24, 26, 28], which give us a solid theoretical frame to our present and future papers. Indeed, because the
Basically, we recall two theorems:
Theorem I.
If the signal and noise are independent and the received signal is the sum of the transmitted signal and the noise, then the rate of transmission is:

This means that the rate of transmission is the entropy of the received signal less the entropy of the noise. The channel capacity is:

Theorem II.
The capacity of a channel of band
In this expression, P is the average power of the transmitted signal and N is the average noise power.
From these two theorems, we make our proposal for a channel where we have lost information in three ways. That is, we have limitations on the maximum frequency
This remains equal to zero when
5. An academic example
In order to give an insight into information measurement applied to TR, let us propose that our system behaves like a filter. So, in this particular example, we have no loss if we select
And, that we have instead of the incoming signal in Eq. (15) another like [10]
The input function Eq. (26) is a sample of a more general function generated by the sum of a series of shifted functions
where
The channel capacity would be [23] approximately (provided that
In the time-reversal process, we have shown that for each Fourier component, we should add a complex exponential factor dependent on
The fact that we are using the same band but different cutting limits

Figure 1.
Image of the solutions of

Figure 2.
Flow chart for a proposal device. This can emit and read the blended messages with recording times

Figure 3.
The former radio broadcasting procedure: modulated amplitude. Image given by Pérez-Martinez [
5.1 Transmitter
First, increase the
5.2 Receiver
The
At this point, it is important to say that the key point on the use of the proposed device is the build of information packs described in another place in order to diminish mutual interference between different signals.
6. Error in time reversing and a related theorem
Based on the equivalence of the TRT and the properties of the Green function, we can trust that any discussion about the interaction of metamaterials with electromagnetic field can be done through this function and simultaneously observe the effect of a time reversal. For this reason, we can now describe the error in terms of the Green function by the hypothesis that LHM can be put to test by forward and backward in time signals and read the results with two points of view: first, the direct effect of the loss of information because of the limited record time

then in the second step, it returns to the initial place by means of the operation.

Then, the complete signal trip would be:

So that by defining the error in the time-reversing process by:

We can write this like:

or

Eq. (36) is a corollary that shows explicitly the role of both the forward and backward Fourier transforms of the Green function (we have done

In Eq. (37), the function

But with the time running backward, so, as we will show in a moment, if
Now, we can define:

So, we can write Eq. (37) like:

and because the kernel of the Fourier transform of the generalized inhomogeneous Fredholm’s equation (GIFE) satisfies the following integral equations:


While Eq. (41) exactly represents the problem with a finite recording time
Substituting Eq. (41) into Eq. (40), we have:

Then, we can suppose that the two kernels in Eq. (40) represent the real and the hypothetical problem described above. Of course, we see that if real conditions approximate the ideal ones, the error is clearly zero. But we can factorize the interaction matrix in Eq. (43):

But Eq. (44) says clearly that the error does not depend on the form of the interaction, only depends on the recording time
Theorem III.
In the time-reversal problem and for left-hand material conditions, the normalized error:

is independent of the explicit form of the interaction provided the last is isotropic.

Returning to the time representation, for the time-dependent retarded isotropic (remember that in the following expression, the indices

and for the advanced time-dependent free Green function related to

That is the recording time appears explicitly in the advanced Green function and we can show that its value makes possible to blend many signals on the same channel without interference. It is important to note that for resonances, the relevant Green functions are precisely the free ones and not the complete ones as we can see in Eqs. (5) and (6).
7. Information packs
In this section, we present the support and the definition of the information packs that are required for the adequate performance of the device shown in Section 6 and that by him constitute a method to improve the broadcasting efficiency. To this end, we must remember that on communication theory [9, 10] are defined the so-called ensembles of functions dependent on time. One of their properties is really a group one from the mathematical point of view and lies in that any ensemble transforms into another member of the same ensemble when we change the function at any certain amount of time. To illustrate this property, we shift by an amount
where
Then, we have:

where
Then, each function has changed individually, but the ensemble as a whole is invariant under the transformation. Also, if we apply the operator
It implies that
It is possible to prove that if
Let
where,
In this expansion,
where,
Every
A very important feature is that because of the properties of the modulation process stated in Eqs. (50) and (51), we can recover, for any arbitrary signal, the behavior under spectral representation and under separated pack representation. So we can either talk about
and
Suppose that
Then, we have the first pack:
with
And, we have the second pack
with
We can see that if
Even VMF has a broad application on the microwave range, maybe it would be more useful to apply for larger frequencies. But even the great technological boom, there is not any device that could manipulate visible light at length as happens with microwaves. Whatever we can recall some of the basic early ideas on radio broadcasting when the option was sending information by means of modulating the wave’s amplitude as appears in Figure 3. However, we can take our definition of information packs and put it in a modulated visible-light signal taking the enveloping of the signal we name the wrapping signal (WS) as the information that can be injected inside Eq. (54). Technically, we rewrite Eqs. (50) and (51) in the form:
It implies that
Now, the operator
In order to complete the methodology, we recall the concept of group velocity
in which the coefficients are given by:
The signal
In Eq. (67),
With these preliminaries, we can build the first IP:
where explicitly the coefficients are:
And taking expression (67)
In a similar manner, the second IP will be:
in which
Also, by taking Eq. (67):
As we said above, the resonances must come also for the WS. By this procedure, we have enlarged the scope of the formalism we named vector-matrix or VMF [1, 2, 3].
In order to complete our example, we put explicit values of the resonances for the two visible light IP:
And explicitly
For the second IP
in which
8. Conclusions
In Eqs. (25), (29), (30), (34)–(40), we have shown that it is possible to use an operator language and the properties of the Green function to define the capacity of a channel, the loss of information, and finally, the error in the time-reversal process. Therefore, we can use our results to describe the behavior of LHM interacting with electromagnetic field whether forward or backward in time. Thanks to our interpretation of a resonance in the broadcasting problem with the left-hand material conditions, and the application of the model PSM, we make up a broadcasting system that has the power for distinguishes between signals according to their recording time, and allows to superpose signals in the same frequency range having different recording times with the minor loss because of resonance technology; to this end, we have presented a detailed support and definition of the information packs (IP) and the possibility of application for visible light. In addition, we have enunciated and proved a theorem (theorem III) that establishes: for the TRT and LHM, the normalized error is independent of the particular behavior of the interaction. Summarizing, we give a complete recipe for optimizing communications efficiency.