Comparison of non-dimensional frequency parameter
1. Introduction
Experimental results show that as length scales of a material are reduced, the influences of long-range interatomic and intermolecular cohesive forces on the mechanical properties become prominent and cannot be neglected. It is well known that surfaces and interfaces in nano structures behave differently from their bulk counterparts. For nanostructures with size less than 100nm, the surface to volume ratio is significant and the effective properties are altered by surface and nonlocal effects. Therefore, at nanolength scales, size effects often become prominent, the causes of which need to be explicitly addressed especially with an increasing interest in the general area of nanotechnology (Sharma et al., 2003).
Due to the vast computational expenses of nano-structures analyses when using atomic lattice dynamics and molecular dynamic simulations, there is a great interest in applying continuum mechanics for analysis of nano-structures. Classical continuum elasticity, which is a scale free theory, cannot predict the size effects. Nonlocal continuum mechanics allows one to account for the small length scale effect that becomes significant when dealing with microstructures or nanostructures. It has been showed that it is possible to represent the integral constitutive relations of nano-structures in an equivalent differential form (Eringen, 1983). Eringen presented a nonlocal elasticity theory to account for the small scale effect by specifying the stress at a reference point is a functional of the strain field at every point in the body. Since then, many studies have been carried out nonlocal theory of elasticity for bending, buckling and vibration analyses of nano-structures.
Small scale effect on static deformation of micro- and nano-rods or tubes is revealed through nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories by Wang and Liew (2007). Li and Wang (2009) investigated a theoretical treatment of Timoshenko beams, in which the influences of shear deformation, rotary inertia, and scale coefficient are taken into account.
Murmu and Pradhan (2009a) studied vibration response of nano cantilever considering non-uniformity in the cross sections using nonlocal elasticity theory.
Although graphite sheet has many superior properties, such as low electrical and thermal conductivities normal to the sheet but high electrical and thermal conductivities in the plane of the sheet, relatively little research have been reported in the literature for mechanical analyses of graphene sheets.
Kitipornchai et al. (2005) used the continuum plate model for mechanical analysis of graphene sheets. He et al. (2005) investigated vibration analysis of multi-layered graphene sheets in which the van der Waals interaction between layers is described by an explicit formula. Behfar and Naghdabadi (2005) studied nano scale vibrational analysis of a multi-layered graphene sheet embedded in an elastic medium based on the classical plate theory. Lu et al. (2007) derived the basic equations of nonlocal Kirchhoff and Mindlin plate theories for simply supported nano-plates. Axisymmetric bending of micro/nanoscale circular plates was studied using a nonlocal plate theory by Duan and Wang (2007). Pradhan and Phadikar (2009a) presented classical and first order shear deformation plate theories for vibration of nano-plate. Their approach is based on the Navier solution and for a nano-plate with all edges simply supported. Pradhan and Phadikar (2009b) carried out vibration analysis of multilayered graphene sheets embedded in polymer matrix employing nonlocal continuum mechanics.
In-plane vibration of nano-plates was investigated by Murmu and Pradhan (2009b) employing nonlocal continuum mechanics and considering small scale effect.
Aghababaei and Reddy (2009) developed a higher order plate theory for buckling and vibration analyses of a simply supported plate accounting the small scale effect. A nonlocal plate model was developed to study the vibrational characteristics of multi-layered graphene sheets with different boundary conditions embedded in an elastic medium using finite element method (Ansari et al., 2010). Pradhan and Kumar (2010) investigated the small scale effect on the vibration analysis of orthotropic single layered graphene sheets embedded in an elastic medium. Jomehzadeh and Saidi (2011a) investigated the nonlocal three dimensional elastodynamics theory to study the vibration of nano-plates. Recently, they (2011b & 2011c) studied the nonlinear vibration of graphene sheets using classical plate theory.
In this chapter, the vibration analysis of a nano-plate is presented by considering the small scale effect. The three coupled governing equations of motion are obtained based on the nonlocal continuum theory and are decoupled into two new equations. Solving these two decoupled partial differential equations, the natural frequencies of the nano-plate with arbitrary boundary conditions are determined. Finally, a detailed study is carried out to understand the effects of boundary condition, nonlocal parameter, thickness to length and aspect ratios on the vibration characteristics of nano-plates.
Results for natural frequencies of nano-plates with arbitrary boundary conditions are given for the first time and these can serve as reference values for other numerical analysis.
2. Constitutive relations
According to nonlocal elasticity theory, the stress at a reference point
where
where
3. Governing equations of motion
The first order shear deformation plate theory assumes that the plane sections originally perpendicular to the longitudinal plane of the plate remain plane, but not necessarily perpendicular to the longitudinal plane. This theory accounts for shear strains in the thickness direction of the plate and is based on the displacement field
where
In above equations, dot above each parameter denotes derivative with respect to time,
in which
4. Solution
In order to solve the governing equations of motion (Eq. 4) for various boundary conditions, it is reasonable to find a method to decouple these equations. Let us introduce two new functions
Using relations (Eq. 6), the governing equations (4) can be rewritten as
Doing some algebraic operations on Eq. (7), the three coupled partial differential equations Eq. (4) can be replaced by the following two uncoupled equations
where
By obtaining transverse displacement and rotation functions (
Here, a rectangular plate
which exactly satisfy the simply supported boundary conditions at
where the constant coefficients
where
Six independent linear equations must be written among the integration constants to solve the free vibration problem. Applying arbitrary boundary conditions along the edges of the plate at
where the resultant moments
In order to find the natural frequencies of the nano-plate, the various boundary conditions at
5. Numerical results and discussion
For numerical results, the following material properties are used throughout the investigation
In order to verify the accuracy of the present formulations, a comparison has been carried out with the results given by Pradhan and Phadikar (2009a) for an all edges simply supported nano-plate. To this end, a four edges simply supported nano-plate is considered. The non-dimensional natural frequency parameter
To study the effects of boundary condition, the nonlocal parameter
Mode 1 | Mode 2 | |||
1nm | 0.1 | Present | 0.1322 0.1332a | 0.1994 0.2026 a |
Pradhan (2009a) | 0.1332 | 0.2026 | ||
0.2 | Present | 0.1210 0.1236 a | 0.1673 0.1730 a | |
Pradhan (2009a) | 0.1236 | 0.1730 | ||
2nm | 0.1 | Present | 0.0935 0.0942 a | 0.1410 0.1432 a |
Pradhan (2009a) | 0.0942 | 0.1432 | ||
0.2 | Present | 0.0855 0.0874 a | 0.1183 0.1224 a | |
Pradhan (2009a) | 0.0874 | 0.1224 | ||
3nm | 0.1 | Present | 0.0763 0.0769 a | 0.1151 0.1170 a |
Pradhan (2009a) | 0.0769 | 0.1170 | ||
0.2 | Present | 0.0698 0.0714 a | 0.0966 0.0999 a | |
Pradhan (2009a) | 0.0714 | 0.0999 | ||
4nm | 0.1 | Present | 0.0661 0.0666 a | 0.0997 0.1013 a |
Pradhan (2009a) | 0.0666 | 0.1013 | ||
0.2 | Present | 0.0605 0.0618 a | 0.0836 0.0865 a | |
Pradhan (2009a) | 0.0618 | 0.0865 |
Based on the results in these tables, it can be concluded that for constant
Mode 1 | Mode 2 | ||
1nm | 0.1 | 0.1757 | 0.2124 |
0.2 | 0.1494 | 0.1735 | |
2nm | 0.1 | 0.1242 | 0.1502 |
0.2 | 0.1057 | 0.1227 | |
3nm | 0.1 | 0.1014 | 0.1226 |
0.2 | 0.0863 | 0.1002 | |
4nm | 0.1 | 0.0878 | 0.1062 |
0.2 | 0.0747 | 0.0868 |
Mode 1 | Mode 2 | ||
1nm | 0.1 | 0.1501 | 0.2049 |
0.2 | 0.1333 | 0.1700 | |
2nm | 0.1 | 0.1062 | 0.1449 |
0.2 | 0.0942 | 0.1202 | |
3nm | 0.1 | 0.0867 | 0.1183 |
0.2 | 0.0769 | 0.0982 | |
4nm | 0.1 | 0.0751 | 0.1024 |
0.2 | 0.0666 | 0.0850 |
Mode 1 | Mode 2 | ||
1nm | 0.1 | 0.1273 | 0.1921 |
0.2 | 0.1172 | 0.1615 | |
2nm | 0.1 | 0.0900 | 0.1358 |
0.2 | 0.0829 | 0.1142 | |
3nm | 0.1 | 0.0735 | 0.1109 |
0.2 | 0.0677 | 0.0933 | |
4nm | 0.1 | 0.0636 | 0.0960 |
0.2 | 0.0586 | 0.0808 |
The influence of thickness-length ratio on the frequency parameter can also be examined by keeping the nonlocal parameter constant while varying the thickness to length ratio. It can be easily observed that as
Mode 1 | Mode 2 | ||
1nm | 0.1 | 0.1136 | 0.1753 |
0.2 | 0.1070 | 0.1531 | |
2nm | 0.1 | 0.0804 | 0.1239 |
0.2 | 0.0756 | 0.1083 | |
3nm | 0.1 | 0.0656 | 0.1012 |
0.2 | 0.0618 | 0.0884 | |
4nm | 0.1 | 0.0568 | 0.0876 |
0.2 | 0.0535 | 0.0766 |
Mode 1 | Mode 2 | ||
1nm | 0.1 | 0.1012 | 0.1542 |
0.2 | 0.0964 | 0.1401 | |
2nm | 0.1 | 0.0715 | 0.1090 |
0.2 | 0.0682 | 0.0991 | |
3nm | 0.1 | 0.0582 | 0.0890 |
0.2 | 0.0557 | 0.0809 | |
4nm | 0.1 | 0.0506 | 0.0771 |
0.2 | 0.0481 | 0.0701 |
To study the effect of the boundary conditions on the vibration characteristic of the nano-plate, the frequency parameters listed in a specific row of tables 1-6 may be selected from each table. It can be seen that the lowest and highest values of frequency parameters correspond to F-F and C-C edges, respectively. Thus like the classical plate, more constrains at the edges increases the stiffness of the nano-plate which results in increasing the frequency.
The effect of variation of aspect ratio
In Fig. 2, the relation between natural frequency and nonlocal parameter of a square C-C nano-plate is depicted for different thickness to length ratios. It can be seen that nonlocal theories predict smaller values of natural frequencies than local theories especially for higher thickness to length ratios. Thus the local theories, in which the small length scale effect between the individual carbon atoms is neglected, overestimate the natural frequencies. The effect of boundary conditions on the natural frequency of a nano-plate is shown in Fig. 3. It can be concluded that the boundary condition has significant effect on the vibrational characteristic of the nano-plates.
6. Conclusion
Presented herein is a variational derivation of the governing equations and boundary conditions for the free vibration of nano-plates based on Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity and first order shear deformation plate theory. This nonlocal plate theory accounts for small scale effect, transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia which become significant when dealing with nano-plates. Coupled partial differential equations have been reformulated and the generalized Levy type solution has been presented for free vibration analysis of a nano-plate considering the small scale effect. The accurate natural frequencies of nano-plates have been tabulated for various nonlocal parameters, some thickness to length ratios and different boundary conditions. The effects of boundary conditions, variation of nonlocal parameter, thickness to length and aspect ratios on the frequency values of a nano-plate have been examined and discussed.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council for its financial support.
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