Simulation parameters of a bulk SOA (AlGaAs/GaAs, double heterostructure) (Hong et al., 1996; Das et al., 2000).
1. Introduction
The application of four-wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) has been widely demonstrated to all-optical devices, such as wavelength converters (Vahala et al., 1996; Nesset et al., 1998), optical samplers (Kawaguchi & Inoue, 1998), optical multiplexers/ demultiplexers (Kawanishi et al., 1997; Uchiyama et al., 1998; Tomkos et al., 1999; Buxens et al., 2000; Set et al., 1998), and optical phase conjugators (Dijaili et al., 1990; Kikuchi & Matsumura, 1998; Marcenac et al., 1998; Corchia
In this chapter, we present the detail numerical simulation results of optical phase-conjugate characteristics of picosecond FWM signal pulses generated in SOAs using the FD-BMP (Das et al., 2000; Razaghi et al., 2009). These simulations are based on the nonlinear propagation equation considering the group velocity dispersion, self-phase modulation (SPM), and two-photon absorption (TPA), with the dependencies on the carrier depletion (CD), carrier heating (CH), spectral-hole burning (SHB), and their dispersions, including the recovery times in SOAs (Hong et al., 1996). The main purpose of our simulations is to provide answers to the following questions: 1) how is the nature of the optical phase-conjugate maintained for a short FWM signal pulse? 2) how does the chirp observed in the FWM signals affect the nature of the optical phase-conjugate? For this reason, we have analyzed the system in which the Fourier transform-limited Gaussian optical pulse is linearly chirped by transmission through a fiber (Fiber I) and then injected into an SOA as a probe pulse, together with a pump pulse that has a 1 ~ 10 ps pulsewidth. The FWM signal is generated by the mixing of the pump pulse and the probe pulse, and is selected by an optical narrow band-pass filter. The FWM signal is then transmitted through another fiber (Fiber II) that has the same group velocity dispersion (GVD) as Fiber I and an appropriate length. The simulations are based on the nonlinear propagation equation considering the GVD, SPM, and TPA, with dependencies on CD, CH, SHB, and dispersion of those properties (Das et al., 2000; Hong et al., 1996).
The FD-BPM is useful to obtain the propagation characteristics of single pulse or milti-pulses using the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation (MNLSE) (Hong et al., 1996 & Das et al., 2000), simply by changing only the combination of input optical pulses. These are: (1) single pulse propagation (Das et al., 2008), (2) FWM characteristics using two input pulses (Das et al., 2000), (3) optical DENUX using several input pulses (Das et al., 2001), (4) optical phase-conjugation using two input pulses with chirp (Das et al., 2001) and (5) optimum time-delayed FWM characteristics between the two input pump and probe pulses (Das et al., 2007).
2. Analytical model
In this section, we briefly discuss the important nonlinear effects in SOAs, mathematical formulation of modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation (MNLSE), finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) that is used in the simulation, and nonlinear propagation characteristics of solitary optical pulses in SOAs.
2.1. Important nonlinear effects in SOAs
There are several types of “nonlinear effects”occurs in SOAs. Among them, the important four types of “nonlinear effects” are shown in Fig. 1.These arenamely: (i) spectral hole-burning (SHB), (ii) carrier heating (CH), (iii) carrier depletion (CD) and (iv) two-photon absorption (TPA).
Figure 1 shows the time-development of the population density in the conduction band after excitation (Das, 2000). The arrow (pump) shownin Fig. 1 is the excitation laser energy. Whenthe life time is less than 100 fs (i.e., < 100 fs), the SHB effect is dominant. The SHB occurs when a narrow-band strong pump beam excites the SOA, which has an inhomogeneous broadening. The SHB arises due to the finite value of intraband carrier-carrier scattering time (~ 50 – 100 fs), which sets the time scale on which a quasi-equilibrium Fermi distribution is established among the carriers in a band. After the life time ~ 1 ps, the SHB effect is relaxed and the CH effect becomes dominant. The process tends to increase the temperature of the carriers beyond the lattice’s temperature. The main causes of heating the carriers are (1) the stimulated emission, since it involves the removal of “cold” carriers close to the bandedge and (2) the free-carrier absorption, which transfers carriers to high energies within the bands. The “hot”-carriers relax to the lattice temperature through the emission of optical phonons with a relaxation time of ~ 0.5 – 1 ps. The effect of CD remains for about 1 ns. The stimulated electron-hole recombination depletes the carriers, thus reducing the optical gain. The band-to-band relaxation also causesCD, with a relaxation time of ~ 0.2 – 1 ns. For ultrashort optical pumping, the TPA effect also becomes important. An atom makes a transition from its ground state to the excited state by the simultaneous absorption of two laser photons. All these nonlinear effects(mechanisms) are taken into account in the modeling/ simulation and the mathematical formulation of modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation (MNLSE).
2.2. Mathematical Formulation of Modified Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (MNLSE)
In this subsection, we will briefly explain the theoretical analysis of short optical pulses propagation in SOAs. Westart from Maxwell’s equations (Agrawal, 1995; Yariv, 1991; Sauter, 1996) and reach the propagation equation of short optical pulses in SOAs, which are governed by the wave equation (Agrawal&Olsson, 1989) in the frequency domain.
where,
where,
Using mathematical manipulations(Sauter, 1996; Dienes et al., 1996), including the real part of the instantaneous nonlinear Kerr effect as a single nonlinear index n2 and by adding the TPA term we obtain theMNLSE for the phenomenological model of semiconductor laser and amplifiers (Hong et al., 1996). The following MNLSE (Hong et al., 1996; Das et al., 2000) is used for the simulation of FWM characteristics and optical phase-conjugation characteristics with input pump and probe pulses in SOAs.
Here, we introduce the frame of local time
The saturation of the gain due to the CDis given by (Hong et al., 1996)
where,
The SHB function
where,
The resulting gain change due to the CH and TPA is given by (Hong et al., 1996)
where,
The dynamically varying slope and curvature of the gain plays a shaping role for pulses in the sub-picosecond range. The first and second order differential net (saturated) gain terms are (Hong et al., 1996),
where,
The gain spectrum of an SOA is approximated by the following second-order Taylor expansion inΔω:
The coefficients
The time derivative terms in (3) have been replaced by the central-difference approximation in order to simulate this equation by the FD-BPM (Das et al., 2000). In simulation, the parameter of bulk SOAs (AlGaAs/GaAs, double heterostructure) with a wavelength of 0.86 μm (Hong et al., 1996) is used and the SOA length is 350 μm. The input pulse shape is sech2 and is Fourier transform-limited. The detail parameters are listed in Table 1 (Section 3).
The gain spectra of SOAs are very important for obtaining the propagation and wave mixing (FWM and optical phase-conjugationbetween the input pump and probe pulses) characteristics of short optical pulses. Figure 2(a) shows the gain spectra given by a second-order Taylor expansion about the pump pulse center frequency
Initially, theMNLSE was used by (Hong et al., 1996) for the analysis of“solitary pulse” propagation in an SOA. We used the sameMNLSE for the simulation of FWM and optical phase-conjugation characteristics in SOA using the FD-BPM. Here, we have introduced a complex envelope function V(τ, 0) at the input side of the SOA for taking into account the two (pump and probe) or more (multi-pump or prove) pulses.
2.3. Finite-Difference Beam Propagation Method (FD-BPM)
To solve a boundaryvalue problem usingthe finite-differences method, every derivative term appearing in the equation, as well as in the boundary conditions, is replaced by the central differences approximation. Central differences are usually preferred because they lead to an excellent accuracy (Conte& Boor, 1980). In themodeling, we used the finite-differences (central differences) to solve the MNLSE for this analysis.
Usually, the fast Fourier transformationbeam propagation method (FFT-BPM) (Okamoto, 1992; Brigham, 1988) is used for the analysis of the optical pulse propagation in optical fibers by the successive iterations of the Fourier transformation and the inverse Fourier transformation. In the FFT-BPM, the linear propagation term (GVD term) and phase compensation terms (other than GVD, 1st and 2nd order gain spectrum terms) are separated in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the individual consideration of the time and frequency domain for the optical pulse propagation.However, in our model, equation (3) includes the dynamic gain change terms, i.e., the 1st and 2nd order gain spectrum terms which are the last two terms of the right-side in equation (3).Therefore, it is not possible to separate equation (3) into the linear propagation term and phase compensation term and it is quite difficult to calculate equation (3) using the FFT-BPM.For this reason, we used the FD-BPM(Chung& Dagli, 1990; Conte& Boor, 1980; Das et al., 2000; Razagi
where,
where,
where,
Figure 3 shows a simple schematic diagram of the FD-BPM in time domain. Here,
The FD-BPM (Conte& Boor, 1980; Chung& Dagli, 1990; Das et al., 2000; Razagi
2.4. Nonlinear pulse propagation model in SOAs
Nonlinear optical pulse propagationin SOAs has drawn considerable attention due to its potential applications in optical communication systems, such as a wavelength converter based on FWM and switching. The advantages of using SOAs include the amplification of small (weak) optical pulses and the realization of high efficient FWM characteristics.
For the analysis of optical pulse propagation in SOAs using the FD-BPM in conjunction with the MNLSE, where several parameters are taken into account, namely, the group velocity dispersion, SPM, and TPA,as well as the dependencies on the CD,CH, SHB and their dispersions, including the recovery times in an SOA (Hong et al.,1996). We also considered the gain spectrum (as shown in Fig. 2). The gain in an SOA was dynamically changed depending on values used for the carrier density and carrier temperature in the propagation equation (i.e., MNLSE).
Initially, (Hong et al.,1996) used the MNLSE for thesimulation of optical pulse propagation in an SOA by FFT-BPM (Okamoto, 1992; Brigham, 1988) but the dynamic gain terms were changing with time. The FD-BPM iscapable to simulate the optical pulse propagation taking into consideration the dynamic gain terms in SOAs (Das et al., 2000 & 2007; Razaghi et al., 2009a & 2009b; Aghajanpour et al., 2009). We used the modified MNLSE for nonlinear optical pulse propagation in SOAs by the FD-BPM (Chung& Dagli, 1990; Conte& Boor, 1980). We used the FD-BPM for the simulation of optical phase-conjugation characteristics of picosecond FWM signal pulses in SOAs.
Figure 4illustrates a simplemodel forthe simulation of nonlinear optical pulse propagation in an SOA. An opticalpulse is injected into the input side of the SOA (z = 0). Here,
3. FWM characteristics between optical pulses in SOAs
In this section, we will discuss the FWM characteristics between optical pulses in SOAs.When two optical pulses with different central frequencies
where,
For the simulations, we used the parameters of a bulk SOA (AlGaAs/GaAs, double heterostructure) at a wavelength of 0.86 μm. The parameters are listed in Table 1 (Hong et al., 1996; Das et al., 2000). The length of the SOA was assumed to be 350 μm. All the results were obtained for a propagation step Δz of 5 μm. We confirmed that for any step size less than 5 μm the simulation results were almost identical (i.e., independent of the step size).
Name of the Parameters | Symbols | Values | Units |
Length of SOA | L | 350 | μm |
Effective area | A | 5 | μm2 |
Center frequency of the pulse | f0 | 349 | THz |
Linear gain | g0 | 92 | cm-1 |
Group velocity dispersion | β2 | 0.05 | ps2 cm-1 |
Saturation energy | Ws | 80 | pJ |
Linewidth enhancement factor due to the CD | αN | 3.1 | |
Linewidth enhancement factor due to the CH | αT | 2.0 | |
The contribution of stimulated emission and FCA to the CH gain reduction | h1 | 0.13 | cm-1pJ-1 |
The contribution of TPA | h2 | 126 | fs cm-1pJ-2 |
Carrier lifetime | τs | 200 | ps |
CH relaxation time | τch | 700 | fs |
SHB relaxation time | τshb | 60 | fs |
SHB saturation power | Pshb | 28.3 | W |
Linear loss | γ | 11.5 | cm-1 |
Instantaneous nonlinear Kerr effect | n2 | -0.70 | cm2 TW-1 |
TPA coefficient | γ2p | 1.1 | cm-1 W-1 |
Parameters describing second-order Taylor expansion of the dynamically gain spectrum | A1 B1 A2 B2 | 0.15 -80 -60 0 | fs μm-1 fs fs2μm-1 fs2 |
For the simulation of opticalphase-conjugatecharacteristics in SOAs, weused the above model (Fig. 5). Fig.5 shows a simple schematic diagram illustrating the simulation of the FWM characteristics in an SOA between short optical pulses. In SOA,the FWM signal is generated by mixing between the input pump and probe pulses, whose frequency appears at the symmetry position of the probe pulse with respect to the pump. For our simulation (as shown in Fig. 7), we have selected the detuning frequency between the input pump and probe pulses to +3 THz. The generated FWM signal is filteredusing an optical narrow bandpass filter from the optical output spectrum containing the pump and probe signal. Here, the pass-band of the filter is set to be from +2 THz to +4 THz, i.e., a bandwidth of 2 THz is used. The shape of the pass-band was assumed to be rectangular.
4. Optical phase-conjugation of picosecond FWM signals in SOAs
4.1. Chirp of FWM signal pulses for Fourier transform-limited input pulses
In this sub-section, first, we obtain the frequency shift characteristics of FWM signal pulses for Fourier transform-limited input pulses.Fig. 6(a) shows the normalized output power of the pump, probe and FWM signal pulses. Fig. 6(b) shows the center frequency shifts of these pulses.Here, the input pump and probe pulses are Fourier transform limited (non-chirped) Gaussian pulses with a pulsewidth of 2 ps (full width at half maximum: FWHM). The pum-probe detuning is +3 THz. The input pump and probe pulse energy levels are 1 pJ and 0.1 pJ, respectively. The solid, dotted, and dotted-broken curves represent the pulse waveforms of the pump, probe, and generated FWM signal pulses, respectively. We have obtained these output waveforms by the method that have reported by Das et al., (Das et al., 2000). The output waveforms of the pump and probe pulses are close to the input waveforms. However, the peak position of the pump pulse is slightly shifted toward the leading edge due to the gain saturation of teh SOA (Shtaif & Eisenstein,1995; Das et al., 2000). This is because the pulses have a larger gain at the leading edge than at the trailing edge. The pulsewidth of the FWM signal becomes narrower than that of the pump and probe pulses, because the FWM signal intensity is proportional to
The frequency shift characteristics of the pump, probe, and FWM signal pulses are shown in Fig. 6(b). The frequency shift of the FWM signal pulse is plotted for output power, which is greater than 1% of the output peak power. The vertical axis indicates the frequency shifts of the output pulses from the center frequencies of each input pulse. Two components of frequency shifts can be observed; negative frequency shift in the vicinity of the pulse peaks, and a frequency shift that is almost constant with time. In the vicinity of the pulse peaks, all the mixing pulses have negative pulse chirp, indicating that the pulse spectra are mainly red-shifted. A similar frequency shift was reported by Tang & Shore (Tang & Shore, 1999) for SOAs operating at a wavelength of 1.55 μm and attributed to the self- and cross- phase modulation under gain saturation. The origin of another frequency shift that is almost constant with time may be the effect of the gain spectrum of the SOA. The pump pulse frequency was set to near the gain peak. Therefore, both the higher and lower frequency components of the pump pulse have about the same optical gain. Thus the frequency of the pulse does not shift during the propagation in the SOA except for the frequency shift caused by the self- and cross- phase modulation as mentioned above. However, the probe pulse frequency was set at –3 THz from the center frequency of the pump pulse. Therefore, the higher frequency component of the probe pulse was enhanced more than the lower frequency component due to the gain spectrum, and the frequency of the output probe pulse is shifted toward the higher frequency side. This gain spectrum effect caused a +25 GHz shift in the probe pulses. The FWM signal is obtained at about +3 THz from the center frequency of the pump pulse. The lower frequency component of the FWM signal pulse was enhanced more than the higher frequency component. In addition, the probe pulse was shifted toward the higher frequency side. Therefore, the center frequency of the FWM signal pulse is shifted by about –35 GHz.
4.2. Optical phase-conjugate characteristics for linearly-chirped input probe pulse
In this sub-section, we have analyzed the optical phase-conjugate characteristics of the FWM signal pulses. The outline of our simulation model, which is similar to the experimental setup used by Kikuchi& Matsumura (Kikuchi& Matsumura, 1998), is the following one, as shown in Fig. 7, the Fourier transform-limited optical pulse is linearly-chirped by transmission through a fiber (Fiber I) and then injected into the SOA as the probe pulse together with a pump pulse. The FWM signal is generated by the mixing of the probe pulse and the pump pulse, and selected by an optical narrow band-pass filter. The FWM signal is then transmitted through another fiber (Fiber II) that has the same GVD as Fiber I and is an appropriate length.
We have assumed that the input probe pulse is the Fourier transform-limited Gaussian pulse with a pulsewidth of 1 ps (FWHM).Therefore, the incident field is given by Agrawal (Agrawal, 1995; Das et al., 2001)
where,
where,
A Gaussian pulse preserves its shape on propagation, yet its width increases and becomes (Agrawal, 1995; Das et al., 2001):
where the dispersion length
The FWM signal generated by the chirped probe pulse is expressed by Eq. (18) and the Fourier transform-limited Gaussian pump pulses, is obtained from the output facet of a 350 μm length SOA. The detuning between the input pump and the probe pulses is set at 3 THz. The FWM signal is obtained by taking the spectral component between +2 THz and +4 THz (i.e., the bandwidth of the optical filter is 2 THz).
Figure 8 shows the waveforms and the frequency shift of the FWM signal at the output end of the SOA, shown as position C in Fig. 7 together with those of the input probe pulse. The input probe pulse is a chirped Gaussian pulse with a pulsewidth of 2.2 ps (FWHM), as described above, and with an energy of 0.1 pJ.The input pump pulses are the Fourier transform-limited Gaussian pulses with pulsewidths of 1 ps, 2 ps, 3 ps, and 10 ps. The pulsewidth of the FWM signal is increased in step with the increase in the pump pulsewidth. The peak positions of the FWM signals are slightly shifted toward the leading edge due to the gain spectrum of the SOA. As shown in Fig. 8(b) later, the frequency of the probe pulse is linearly chirped from higher frequencies to lower frequencies. As the probe pulse frequency is set to the low frequency side of the SOA gain spectrum, the probe pulse has a larger gain at its leading edge. The center frequency shift of the FWM signal pulses at the output end of the SOA for different input pump pulsewidths is shown in Fig. 8(b), demonstrating the frequency shift of the chirped probe pulse at the input side of the SOA.
We have defined zero frequency shift to be that at 0 ps.If the SOA acts as an ideal optical phase conjugator, the frequency shift of the FWM signal should be symmetrical with that of the input probe pulse. The frequency shift of the FWM signal is plotted for output power, which is greater than 1% of the FWM peak power. For the input pump pulsewidth of 10 ps, the frequency shift of the FWM signal is very similar to the symmetrical shape of the input probe. With a decrease in the input pump pulsewidth, the symmetry breaks due to a change in the refractive index of the SOA, as caused by the pump pulse. For a 1 ps pump pulsewidth, the symmetry is strongly degraded. In the model, we have taken into account carrier depletion, CH, SHB, and the instantaneous nonlinear Kerr effect, as the origins of nonlinear refractive index changes. For the case of a 1 ps pump pulse, the anomalous frequency shift at the leading edge of the pump pulse primarily originates from the Kerr effect. By contrast, all mechanisms contribute to the frequency shift at the trailing edge. As a result of this simulation, we found that the phase-conjugate characteristics are almost entirely preserved, even for a 2 ps input pump pulsewidth.
The spectra and phase of the generated FWM signal in the frequency domain at the output end of the SOA shown as the position C in Fig. 7, together with the spectra and phase of the input probe pulse, as shown in Fig. 9. Although the center frequency of the probe pulse is at –3 THz, the spectrum and the phase of the input probe pulse are plotted at +3 THz to aid for comparison with the FWM signal pulse. We assumed a Fourier transform-limited Gaussian pulse as the input of the fiber, and so the power spectrum does not change during the propagation in the fiber. Therefore, the input probe spectrum is the same as the input pulse to the fiber. The phase of the probe pulse in the frequency domain should vary according to
The chirped pulse can be easily compressed using the phase-conjugate characteristics of the FWM signal pulse and the second-order GVD of a fiber. Figure 10 shows the pulsewidth of the FWM signal versus the
Figure 11 shows the normalized FWM signal waveforms with minimum pulsewidth (a), and the frequency shift (b) at the position D in Fig. 7 after the pulse compression by the same fiber. The normalized waveform of the input pulse at position A in Fig. 7 is also shown, corresponds to the case where the SOA acts as an ideal phase conjugator. The normalized waveforms of the FWM signal pulse for various pump pulsewidths are shown in the figure. Although all the FWM signal pulses are compressed to ~ 1 ps when the values of
The spectra and phase in the frequency domain of the FWM signal pulse at the output end of the dispersion compensation fiber, shown as the position D in Fig. 7, are shown in Fig. 12 with the spectra and phase for the ideal case. For the 10 ps pump pulsewidth, the spectrum is almost identical to the ideal case except for the center frequency. The red shift of the center frequency originates from the gain spectrum of the SOAs. For the shorter pump pulse of 1 ps, the spectral width increased because the pulsewidth of the FWM signal becomes short, as shown in Fig. 11(a). From the figure, the output signal phase becomes nearly constant when the input pump pulsewidth is 10 ps. As a result of this simulation (modeling results), we can conclude that pump pulses longer than 10 ps are needed in order to obtain nearly ideal optical phase-conjugate characteristics for the ~2.2 ps chirped pulse.
5. Conclusion
We have presented a detail numerical analysisof optical phase-conjugate characteristics of the FWM signal pulses generated in SOAs using the FD-BPM. We have shown that the input pump pulsewidth is an important factor in determining the optical phase-conjugate characteristics of the FWM signal pulse. If we use relatively long input pump pulses, nearly ideal phase-conjugate characteristics, within the confines of reversing the chirp of optical pulses, can be obtained even for very short optical probe pulses. From the simulated example, it has been clarified that the nearly ideal phase-conjugate characteristics are obtained for ~2.2 ps chirped probe pulses using a 10 ps pump pulse. When the pulsewidth of pump pulse decreases, the minimum compressed pulsewidth is obtained using the fiber with a smaller
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Dr. T. Kawazoe and Mr. Y. Yamayoshi for their helpful contribution to this work.
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