Abstract
In this chapter, we provide an overview on the Lagrangian subspaces of manifolds, including but not limited to, linear vector spaces, Riemannian manifolds, Finsler manifolds, and so on. There are also some new results developed in this chapter, such as finding the Lagrangians of complex spaces and providing new insights on the formula for measuring length, area, and volume in integral geometry. As an application, the symplectic structure determined by the Kähler form can be used to determine the symplectic form of the complex Holmes-Thompson volumes restricted on complex lines in integral geometry of complex Finsler space. Moreover, we show that the space of oriented lines and the tangent bundle of unit sphere in Minkowski space are symplectomorphic.
Keywords
- Lagrangian subspace
- differential geometry
1. Introduction
In differential geometry and differential topology, manifolds are the main objects being studied, and Lagrangian submanifolds are submanifolds that carry differential forms with special property, which are usually called symplectic form in real manifolds and Kahler form in complex manifolds.
This book chapter is concerned with explicit canonical symplectic form for real and complex spaces and answer to the questions on the existence of Lagrangian subspace. One can find and explicitly describe the set of Lagrangian subspaces of
Some ingenuous ideas in physics and engineering actually originated from mathematics. For example, the relativity theory in physics, to some sense, originated from Riemmanian geometry. The real Finsler spaces, as generalizations of real Riemannian manifolds, were introduced in Ref. [1] about a century ago and have been studied by many researchers (see, for instance, Refs. [2–4]), and Finsler spaces (see, for instance, Refs. [5, 6]) have become an interest of research for the studies of geometry, including differential geometry and integral geometry, in recent decades. By the way, there are applications of Finsler geometry in physics and engineering, and in particular, Finsler geometry can be applied to engineering dynamical systems, on which one can see Ref. [7]. As a typical Finsler space,
This chapter is structured as follows: In Section 2, we provide a description on Gelfand transform, which is one of the most fundamental transforms in integral geometry; in Section 3, we introduce density needed for the measure of length of curves; in Section 4, we further study the Lagrangian subspaces of complex
2. Gelfand transform
Given a double fibration:
where
which is a 1-density
3. 1-Density
such that
Remark 3.2. By Alvarez’s Gelfand transform for Crofton type formulas, we know that
Thus, we have now proved the Crofton formula: Given a differentiable curve
4. Lagrangian subspaces of complex spaces
Some of the results have obtained in Ref. [8], but because the Lagrangian subspaces of complex spaces are essential to establish the generalized volume formula in complex integral geometry, let us give an expository on the Kahler strut rue of generalized complex spaces.
is identical to some
where
We can get
where
that implies
So
Conversely, suppose that
holds for any
The first case is that
In the sub-case of
which implies
However, for the other sub-case of
Then
where
The second case is
at the points
The last case is the negative to the first one and the second one. It gives
5. Tangent bundle of uni-sphere in Minkowski space and symplectic or Lagrangian structure
In this section, we show that the space of oriented lines and the tangent bundle of unit sphere in Minkowski space are symplectomorphic.
Let us consider a Minkowski plane
Define a projection
Let
we obtain
By the positive homogeneity of
By differentiating (24), we get
Applying (22) again, we have
Thus, the claim follows.
Remark 5.2. For a
Therefore, letting
We have the following remarks:
Remark 5.4. Theorem 5.3 provides a perspective that we can transform calculus on
and
Remark 5.5. We can analyze the differential structure of the Minkowski space by considering its symplectic form or Lagrangian structure. The Lagrangian structure of tangent spaces of Minkowski space gives the symplectic structure of the space of geodesics in the Minkowski space, and in general, the measures on a space or manifold in integral geometry depend on the differential structures of the space or manifold. Holmes-Thompson volumes are defined based on Lagrangian structure (see, for instance, Refs. [12, 20]), so, as an application, the symplectic structure determined by the symplectic form can be used to determine the symplectic form of the Holmes-Thompson volumes restricted on lines in integral geometry of Minkowski space, about which one can see Refs. [21–23].
Another remark from the proof of Theorem 5.1 is that
Remark 5.6. A combination of (26) and Gelfand transform (see Ref. [6]) may be used to provide a short proof of the general Crofton formula for Minkowski space.
6. Application to generalized length and related
For any rectifiable curve
where
As for Minkowski plane, it is a normed two dimensional space with a norm
Two significant and useful tools that are used to obtain the Crofton formula for Minkowski plane are the cosine transform and Gelfand transform. Let us explain them one by one first and see the connections between them later. A important fact or result from spherical harmonics about cosine transform is that there is some even function on
if
where
Thus, we have
by using the classic Crofton formula.
For the general case of
Furthermore, we can also see, from the above proof and eq:exist, that
for any curve
for Minkowski plane.
The Holmes-Thompson area
7. Application to HT area and related
Now let us see the Crofton formula for Minkowski plane, which is
To prove this, it is sufficient to show that it holds for any straight line segment
starting at
we can obtain a fact that
where
Let
Apply the above fact and
Thus, we have shown the Crofton formula for Minkowski plane.
Furthermore, combining with (33), we have
where
To obtain the HT area, one can define a map
extended from Alvarez’s construction of taking intersections. The following theorem can be obtained.
On the other hand,
where
So the claim follows.
Remark 7.2. Lagrangian structure provides the underlying differential structure needed to measure the Holme-Thompson area in integral geometry and therefore is essential and doundamental in integral geometry. For Finsler manifolds, real or complex, it is necessary to analyze the Lagrangian structure of the Finsler manifolds, in the forms of symplectic structure and Kahler structure, and many Finsler manifolds may not have a Lagrangian structure, about which one can refer to Ref. [25]. However, for smooth projective Finsler spaces, the integral geometry formulas have been studied in Ref. [26], for instance.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank his family for their constant support for his academic career since his doctoral study in the USA, for the partial support by the National Science Foundation, and for the partial support by Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Grant AFOSR 9550-12-1-0455, and the author would also like to give thanks to Dr. P. Dang. Besides, the author would like to thank the reviewer for his or her helpful comments.
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