\r\n\tIn the past, mass spectrometry was confined to the realm of small molecules; large molecules did not survive the desorption and ionisation process intact. Mass spectrometry’s characteristics have raised it to an outstanding position among analytical methods: unequalled sensitivity, detection limits, speed and diversity of its applications. \r\n\tThe relative abundance of isotopologs helps to decide which elements contribute to such a formula and to estimate the number of atoms of a contributing element. Under the conditions of certain mass spectrometric experiments, fragmentation of ions can deliver information on ionic structure. Thus, MS elucidates the connectivity of atoms within smaller molecules, identifies functional groups, determines the (average) number and eventually the sequence of constituents of macromolecules, and in some cases even yields their three-dimensional structure. From the 1950s to the present, mass spectrometry has developed in big strides and innovations are still being made at an enormous rate.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"662bbebeab1942b6710f413e2b217004",bookSignature:"Dr. Ganesh Shamrao Shamrao Kamble",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8380.jpg",keywords:" Instrumentation of Mass spectroscopy, Types of Mass spectroscopy, Gas chromatography, Liquid chromatography, Principles of ionization and dissociation, applications,Time-of-Flight: Basic principle, Operation of TOF SIMS, Structure elucidation, Ion?molecule reaction, Sapling of analytes, Isotope ratio measurements",numberOfDownloads:29,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 1st 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 22nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 21st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 11th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 10th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Shamrao",middleName:"Shamrao",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-shamrao-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Shamrao Kamble",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236420/images/system/236420.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ganesh S. Kamble completed his Ph. D. in 2011 in the field of Chemistry, from the Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India. Most of his research focuses on analytical and material chemistry. After earning his Ph. D., he joined as an Assistant Professor the Department of Engineering Chemistry, Kolhapur Institute of Technology’s, College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. He is a life member of ‘Association of Separation Scientist and Technologists [ASSET], BARC, Mumbai’, India. He is one of the reviewers of peer-reviewed international journals of many publications. He was awarded a “Summer Research Fellow-2013” by Indian Academy of Sciences (IASc), Bangalore. He was also awarded as a ‘Postdoctoral Research Fellowship’ by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), P. R. China, and currently, he is working as a ‘Postdoctoral Research Fellow’ at Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, since November, 2017.",institutionString:"Kolhapur Institute of Technology, College of Engineering",position:"Postdoctoral Research",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"National Tsinghua University",institutionURL:"http://www.nthu.edu.tw/",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"64847",title:"Application of Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis in Combination with Mass Spectrometry in the Study of Hormone Proteoforms",slug:"application-of-two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis-in-combination-with-mass-spectrometry-in-the-stud",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"259492",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Petanjek",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259492/images/7469_n.png",email:"sara.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Shamrao",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-shamrao-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Shamrao Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7433",title:"Manganese - Chemistry, Biology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d4899fe0bf9324ffb2de7210dd6703c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7467",title:"Schiff Base Ligands and its Metal Complexes for Bio-medical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ac467bb083df77fa7d8406159d8a7c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Anandhavelu Sanmugam and Prof. Dhanasekaran Vikraman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7467.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"199416",title:"Dr.",name:"Anandhavelu",surname:"Sanmugam",slug:"anandhavelu-sanmugam",fullName:"Anandhavelu Sanmugam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7688",title:"Plant Physiological Aspects of Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16f7407afbf69173f4fa419b4338a6c8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Marcos Soto-Hernández, Dr. Rosario García-Mateos and Dr. Mariana Palma Tenango",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7688.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"65790",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcos",surname:"Soto-Hernández",slug:"marcos-soto-hernandez",fullName:"Marcos Soto-Hernández"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7760",title:"Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e41f9a3546e36dbf70a36974f74e9845",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Speranta Tanasescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7760.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24934",title:"Dr.",name:"Speranta",surname:"Tanasescu",slug:"speranta-tanasescu",fullName:"Speranta Tanasescu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8256",title:"Distillation - Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76af109f83e14d915e5cb3949ae8b80",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8256.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8370",title:"Crystallography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9e4456913ce86a573bc759d78238203",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8492",title:"Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b88bcf626ab525dbd67735ec3a6e2ba",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8492.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8637",title:"Analytical Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d61b693f14e24d81342f6c36fc5ba32",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Muharrem Ince and Dr. Olcay Kaplan Ince",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8637.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"258431",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muharrem",surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8759",title:"Past and Future of Acetylene",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"92ea46af557ee875429c953105554614",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zeeshan Nawaz, Dr. Naveed Ramzan, Dr. Khadija Qureshi and Dr. Muhammad Imran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8759.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14812",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeeshan",surname:"Nawaz",slug:"zeeshan-nawaz",fullName:"Zeeshan Nawaz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"35421",title:"Experimental and Theoretical Study of Low-Dimensional Iron Oxide Nanostructures",doi:"10.5772/33319",slug:"experimental-and-theoretical-studies-on-low-dimensional-iron-oxide-nanostructures-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35421.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35421",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35421",totalDownloads:3838,totalViews:76,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 19th 2011",dateReviewed:"December 5th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 18th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/35421",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/35421",book:{slug:"smart-nanoparticles-technology"},signatures:"Jeffrey Yue, Xuchuan Jiang, Yusuf Valentino Kaneti and Aibing Yu",authors:[{id:"94904",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuchuan",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Xuchuan Jiang",slug:"xuchuan-jiang",email:"xcjiang@unsw.edu.au",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1501",title:"Smart Nanoparticles Technology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Smart Nanoparticles Technology",slug:"smart-nanoparticles-technology",publishedDate:"April 18th 2012",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1501.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35416",title:"Metallic Nanoparticles Coupled with Photosynthetic Complexes",slug:"metallic-nanoparticles-coupled-to-photosynthetic-complexes",totalDownloads:2114,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sebastian Mackowski",authors:[{id:"95839",title:"Prof.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Mackowski",fullName:"Sebastian Mackowski",slug:"sebastian-mackowski"}]},{id:"35417",title:"Hollow Nano Silica: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications",slug:"hollow-nano-silica-synthesis-and-applications",totalDownloads:3388,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"N. Venkatathri",authors:[{id:"96089",title:"Dr.",name:"Venkatathri",middleName:null,surname:"Narayanan",fullName:"Venkatathri Narayanan",slug:"venkatathri-narayanan"}]},{id:"35418",title:"Synthesis of Titanate and Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Thin Films and Their Applications to Biomaterials",slug:"synthesis-of-titanate-and-titanium-dioxide-nanotube-thin-films-and-their-applications-to-biomaterial",totalDownloads:4595,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mitsunori Yada and Yuko Inoue",authors:[{id:"101648",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunori",middleName:null,surname:"Yada",fullName:"Mitsunori Yada",slug:"mitsunori-yada"},{id:"130682",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuko",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Yuko Inoue",slug:"yuko-inoue"}]},{id:"35419",title:"Self-Organization of Silver-Core Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Their Application for Catalytic Reaction",slug:"self-organization-of-silver-core-bimetallic-nanoparticles-and-their-application-for-catalytic-reacti",totalDownloads:3642,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kazutaka Hirakawa",authors:[{id:"97768",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Hirakawa",fullName:"Kazutaka Hirakawa",slug:"kazutaka-hirakawa"}]},{id:"35420",title:"Utilization of Nanoparticles Produced by Aqueous-Solution Methods – Formation of Acid Sites on CeO2-TiO2 Composite and 1-D TiO2 for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",slug:"utilization-of-nanoparticles-produced-by-aqueous-solution-methods-formation-of-acid-sites-on-ceo2-ti",totalDownloads:1879,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Motonari Adachi, Keizo Nakagawa, Yusuke Murata,\r\nMasahiro Kishida, Masahiko Hiro, Kenzo Susa, Jun Adachi, Jinting Jiu and Fumio Uchida",authors:[{id:"42313",title:"Prof.",name:"Motonari",middleName:null,surname:"Adachi",fullName:"Motonari Adachi",slug:"motonari-adachi"},{id:"102164",title:"Dr.",name:"Keizo",middleName:null,surname:"Nakagawa",fullName:"Keizo Nakagawa",slug:"keizo-nakagawa"},{id:"102167",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuke",middleName:null,surname:"Murata",fullName:"Yusuke Murata",slug:"yusuke-murata"},{id:"102215",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kishida",fullName:"Masahiro Kishida",slug:"masahiro-kishida"},{id:"102216",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Hiro",fullName:"Masahiko Hiro",slug:"masahiko-hiro"},{id:"102219",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Suswa",fullName:"Kenzo Suswa",slug:"kenzo-suswa"},{id:"102221",title:"MSc.",name:"Fumio",middleName:null,surname:"Uchida",fullName:"Fumio Uchida",slug:"fumio-uchida"},{id:"102222",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Adachi",fullName:"Jun Adachi",slug:"jun-adachi"}]},{id:"35421",title:"Experimental and Theoretical Study of Low-Dimensional Iron Oxide Nanostructures",slug:"experimental-and-theoretical-studies-on-low-dimensional-iron-oxide-nanostructures-",totalDownloads:3838,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jeffrey Yue, Xuchuan Jiang, Yusuf Valentino Kaneti and Aibing Yu",authors:[{id:"94904",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuchuan",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Xuchuan Jiang",slug:"xuchuan-jiang"}]},{id:"35422",title:"Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Imaging Tracking by MR Advanced Techniques: Dual-Contrast Approaches",slug:"iron-oxide-nanoparticles-imaging-tracking-by-mr-advanced-techniques-dual-contrast-approaches",totalDownloads:1957,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shengyong Wu",authors:[{id:"96516",title:"Dr.",name:"Shawn",middleName:"Y.",surname:"Wu",fullName:"Shawn Wu",slug:"shawn-wu"}]},{id:"35423",title:"Nanoscale Electrodeposition of Copper on an AFM Tip and Its Morphological Investigations",slug:"nanoscale-electrodeposition-of-copper-on-an-afm-tip-and-its-morphological-investigations",totalDownloads:2706,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Udit Surya Mohanty, S. Y. Chen and Kwang-Lung Lin",authors:[{id:"93024",title:"Dr.",name:"Udit Surya",middleName:null,surname:"Mohanty",fullName:"Udit Surya Mohanty",slug:"udit-surya-mohanty"},{id:"104212",title:"MSc.",name:"S.Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"S.Y. Chen",slug:"s.y.-chen"},{id:"104813",title:"Dr.",name:"Kwang Lung",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Kwang Lung Lin",slug:"kwang-lung-lin"}]},{id:"35424",title:"New Trends on the Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles Using Microemulsions as Confined Reaction Media",slug:"new-trends-on-the-synthesis-of-inorganic-nanoparticles-using-microemulsions-as-confined-reaction-med",totalDownloads:5332,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Margarita Sanchez-Dominguez, Carolina Aubery and Conxita Solans",authors:[{id:"93593",title:"PhD.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Dominguez",fullName:"Margarita Sanchez-Dominguez",slug:"margarita-sanchez-dominguez"},{id:"104136",title:"MSc.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Aubery",fullName:"Carolina Aubery",slug:"carolina-aubery"},{id:"104685",title:"Prof.",name:"Conxita",middleName:null,surname:"Solans",fullName:"Conxita Solans",slug:"conxita-solans"}]},{id:"35425",title:"Polymeric Nanoparticles Stabilized by Surfactants: Controlled Phase Separation Approach",slug:"polymeric-nanoparticles-stabilized-by-surfactants-controlled-phase-separation-approach-",totalDownloads:3652,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sergey K. Filippov, Jiri Panek and Petr Stepanek",authors:[{id:"96999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Filippov",fullName:"Sergey Filippov",slug:"sergey-filippov"},{id:"100260",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Panek",fullName:"Jiri Panek",slug:"jiri-panek"},{id:"100261",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Stepanek",fullName:"Petr Stepanek",slug:"petr-stepanek"}]},{id:"35426",title:"Phase Separations in Mixtures of a Nanoparticle and a Liquid Crystal",slug:"phase-separations-in-mixtures-of-a-nanoparticle-and-a-liquid-crystal",totalDownloads:2126,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Akihiko Matsuyama",authors:[{id:"96026",title:"Prof.",name:"Akihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuyama",fullName:"Akihiko Matsuyama",slug:"akihiko-matsuyama"}]},{id:"35427",title:"Laser-Combined STM and Related Techniques for the Analysis of Nanoparticles/Clusters",slug:"nanocluster-physics-studied-by-stm-and-related-techniques",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hidemi Shigekawa, Shoji Yoshida, Masamichi Yoshimura and Yutaka Mera",authors:[{id:"103722",title:"Prof.",name:"Hidemi",middleName:null,surname:"Shigekawa",fullName:"Hidemi Shigekawa",slug:"hidemi-shigekawa"},{id:"103747",title:"Prof.",name:"Shoji",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Shoji Yoshida",slug:"shoji-yoshida"},{id:"103752",title:"Prof.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Takeuchi",fullName:"Osamu Takeuchi",slug:"osamu-takeuchi"}]},{id:"35428",title:"On the Optical Response of Nanoparticles: Directionality Effects and Optical Forces",slug:"on-the-optical-response-of-nanoparticles-directionality-effects-and-optical-forces-",totalDownloads:2015,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Braulio Garcia-Camara, Francisco Gonzalez, Fernando Moreno, Raquel Gomez-Medina,\r\nJuan Jose Saenz and Manuel Nieto-Vesperinas",authors:[{id:"24397",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",fullName:"Francisco Gonzalez",slug:"francisco-gonzalez"},{id:"105964",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno",fullName:"Fernando Moreno",slug:"fernando-moreno"},{id:"107747",title:"Dr.",name:"Braulio",middleName:null,surname:"García-Cámara",fullName:"Braulio García-Cámara",slug:"braulio-garcia-camara"},{id:"107749",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Medina",fullName:"Raquel Gómez-Medina",slug:"raquel-gomez-medina"},{id:"107750",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Nieto-Vesperinas",fullName:"Manuel Nieto-Vesperinas",slug:"manuel-nieto-vesperinas"},{id:"107751",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Saenz",fullName:"Juan Jose Saenz",slug:"juan-jose-saenz"}]},{id:"35429",title:"Deexcitation Dynamics of a Degenerate Two-Level Atom near (Inside) a Body",slug:"deexcitation-dynamics-of-a-degenerate-two-level-atom-near-inside-a-body",totalDownloads:1008,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gennady Nikolaev",authors:[{id:"96253",title:"Dr.",name:"Gennady",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolaev",fullName:"Gennady Nikolaev",slug:"gennady-nikolaev"}]},{id:"35430",title:"Thermal Property Measurement of Al2O3-Water Nanofluids",slug:"thermal-property-measurement-of-al2o3-water-nanofluid",totalDownloads:3952,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fei Duan",authors:[{id:"53721",title:"Prof.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Duan",fullName:"Fei Duan",slug:"fei-duan"}]},{id:"35431",title:"Magnetic Nanoparticles: Its Effect on Cellular Behaviour and Potential Applications",slug:"magnetic-nanoparticles-its-effect-on-cellular-behavior-and-potential-applications",totalDownloads:1998,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Hon-Man Liu and Jong-Kai Hsiao",authors:[{id:"99369",title:"Prof.",name:"Hon-Man",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Hon-Man Liu",slug:"hon-man-liu"},{id:"99371",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong-Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Hsiao",fullName:"Jong-Kai Hsiao",slug:"jong-kai-hsiao"}]},{id:"35432",title:"Thermal Effects on the Ferromagnetic Resonance in Polymer Composites with Magnetic Nanoparticles Fillers",slug:"thermal-effects-on-the-ferromagnetic-resonance-in-polymer-composites-with-magnetic-nanoparticles-fil",totalDownloads:1765,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Miroslaw R. Dudek, Nikos Guskos and Marcin Kossmider",authors:[{id:"94554",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Dudek",fullName:"Miroslaw Dudek",slug:"miroslaw-dudek"}]},{id:"35433",title:"Nanoparticle Dynamics in Polymer Melts",slug:"dynamics-of-nanoparticles-in-polymer-melts",totalDownloads:2273,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Giovanni Filippone and Domenico Acierno",authors:[{id:"21740",title:"Prof.",name:"Domenico",middleName:null,surname:"Acierno",fullName:"Domenico Acierno",slug:"domenico-acierno"},{id:"142088",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Filippone",fullName:"Giovanni Filippone",slug:"giovanni-filippone"}]},{id:"35434",title:"Dielectric and Transport Properties of Thin Films Deposited from Sols with Silicon Nanoparticles",slug:"dielectric-and-transport-properties-of-thin-films-deposited-on-solid-substrates-from-sols-with-silic",totalDownloads:1500,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nickolay N. Kononov and Sergey G. Dorofeev",authors:[{id:"100765",title:"Dr.",name:"Nickolay",middleName:null,surname:"Kononov",fullName:"Nickolay Kononov",slug:"nickolay-kononov"},{id:"137514",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Dorofeev",fullName:"Sergey Dorofeev",slug:"sergey-dorofeev"}]},{id:"35435",title:"Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles at Solid and Liquid Surfaces",slug:"self-assembly-of-nanoparticles-at-solid-and-liquid-surfaces",totalDownloads:2451,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Peter Siffalovic, Eva Majkova, Matej Jergel, Karol Vegso, Martin Weis and Stefan Luby",authors:[{id:"103543",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Siffalovic",fullName:"Peter Siffalovic",slug:"peter-siffalovic"},{id:"103544",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Majkova",fullName:"Eva Majkova",slug:"eva-majkova"},{id:"103546",title:"Dr.",name:"Matej",middleName:null,surname:"Jergel",fullName:"Matej Jergel",slug:"matej-jergel"},{id:"103547",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Luby",fullName:"Stefan Luby",slug:"stefan-luby"},{id:"130155",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Weis",fullName:"Martin Weis",slug:"martin-weis"},{id:"130156",title:"MSc.",name:"Karol",middleName:null,surname:"Vegso",fullName:"Karol Vegso",slug:"karol-vegso"}]},{id:"35436",title:"View on the Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles Com (m=6,8,10,12,14) and Co6On (n=1-9)",slug:"study-of-geometric-structure-and-magnetic-properties-of-conom-n-2-6-8-10-12-m-0-9-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jelena Tamulienee, Rimas Vaisnoras, Goncal Badenes and Mindaugas L. Balevicius",authors:[{id:"94324",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Tamuliene",fullName:"Jelena Tamuliene",slug:"jelena-tamuliene"},{id:"96758",title:"Prof.",name:"Rimas",middleName:null,surname:"Vaisnoras",fullName:"Rimas Vaisnoras",slug:"rimas-vaisnoras"},{id:"96759",title:"Dr.",name:"Mindaugas Leonas",middleName:null,surname:"Balevicius",fullName:"Mindaugas Leonas Balevicius",slug:"mindaugas-leonas-balevicius"},{id:"96761",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonçal",middleName:null,surname:"Badenes",fullName:"Gonçal Badenes",slug:"goncal-badenes"}]},{id:"35437",title:"Nanofluids",slug:"nanofluids",totalDownloads:3713,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Wei Yu, Huaqing Xie and Lifei Chen",authors:[{id:"45927",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Wei Yu",slug:"wei-yu"}]},{id:"35438",title:"Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticles Filled Polymers",slug:"thermal-conductivity-of-nanoparticles-filled-polymers-",totalDownloads:15383,totalCrossrefCites:13,signatures:"Hassan Ebadi-Dehaghani and Monireh Nazempour",authors:[{id:"97358",title:"MSc.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ebadi-Dehaghani",fullName:"Hassan Ebadi-Dehaghani",slug:"hassan-ebadi-dehaghani"},{id:"131866",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mehra (Monireh)",middleName:"Mehra",surname:"Nazempour",fullName:"Mehra (Monireh) Nazempour",slug:"mehra-(monireh)-nazempour"}]},{id:"35439",title:"Magnetic Properties and Size Effects of Spin-1/2 and Spin-1 Models of Core-Surface Nanoparticles in Different Type Lattices",slug:"magnetic-properties-and-size-effects-of-spin-1-2-and-spin-1-models-of-core-shell-nanoparticles-in-di",totalDownloads:1659,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Orhan Yalicin, Riza Erdem and Zafer Demir",authors:[{id:"101308",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Yalçın",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Yalçın",slug:"dr.-orhan-yalcin"}]},{id:"35440",title:"Organic Semiconductor Nanoparticle Film: Preparation and Application",slug:"organic-semiconductor-nanoparticles-film-preparation-and-application",totalDownloads:3283,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xinjun Xu and Lidong Li",authors:[{id:"98874",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinjun",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Xinjun Xu",slug:"xinjun-xu"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2259",title:"The Delivery of Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca3c54296ceb94d17500474ed6f0ee71",slug:"the-delivery-of-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"Abbass A. Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2259.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"36875",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",slug:"silver-nanoparticles",signatures:"Hassan Korbekandi and Siavash Iravani",authors:[{id:"98949",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Korbekandi",fullName:"Hassan Korbekandi",slug:"hassan-korbekandi"},{id:"102776",title:"Dr.",name:"Siavash",middleName:null,surname:"Iravani",fullName:"Siavash Iravani",slug:"siavash-iravani"}]},{id:"36876",title:"In vivo Toxicity Studies of Pristine Carbon Nanotubes: A Review",slug:"in-vivo-toxicity-studies-of-pristine-carbon-nanotubes-a-review",signatures:"Jelena Kolosnjaj-Tabi, Henri Szwarc and Fathi Moussa",authors:[{id:"99168",title:"Prof.",name:"Fathi",middleName:null,surname:"Moussa",fullName:"Fathi Moussa",slug:"fathi-moussa"},{id:"135928",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Kolosnjaj",fullName:"Jelena Kolosnjaj",slug:"jelena-kolosnjaj"},{id:"135929",title:"Dr.",name:"Henri",middleName:null,surname:"Szwarc",fullName:"Henri Szwarc",slug:"henri-szwarc"}]},{id:"36877",title:"Cytotoxicity of Tamoxifen-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles",slug:"cytotoxicity-and-antitumor-effect-of-tamoxifen-loaded-solid-lipid-nanoparticles",signatures:"Roghayeh Abbasalipourkabir, Aref Salehzadeh and Rasedee Abdullah",authors:[{id:"93151",title:"Prof.",name:"Rasedee",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",fullName:"Rasedee Abdullah",slug:"rasedee-abdullah"},{id:"95976",title:"Dr.",name:"Roghayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Abbasalipourkabir",fullName:"Roghayeh Abbasalipourkabir",slug:"roghayeh-abbasalipourkabir"},{id:"100531",title:"Dr.",name:"Aref",middleName:null,surname:"Salehzadeh",fullName:"Aref Salehzadeh",slug:"aref-salehzadeh"}]},{id:"36878",title:"In-Situ Versus Post-Synthetic Stabilization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles",slug:"in-situ-versus-post-synthetic-stabilization-of-metal-oxide-nanoparticles",signatures:"Georg Garnweitner",authors:[{id:"98953",title:"Prof.",name:"Georg",middleName:null,surname:"Garnweitner",fullName:"Georg Garnweitner",slug:"georg-garnweitner"}]},{id:"36879",title:"The Development of Magnetic Drug Delivery and Disposition",slug:"the-development-of-magnetic-drug-delivery-and-disposition",signatures:"Michal Piotr Marszall",authors:[{id:"101549",title:"Dr.",name:"Michał",middleName:null,surname:"Marszałł",fullName:"Michał Marszałł",slug:"michal-marszall"}]},{id:"36880",title:"Drug Nanoparticles - An Overview",slug:"drug-nanoparticles-an-overview",signatures:"Vijaykumar Nekkanti, Venkateswarlu Vabalaboina and Raviraj Pillai",authors:[{id:"101201",title:"Dr.",name:"Raviraj",middleName:null,surname:"Pillai",fullName:"Raviraj Pillai",slug:"raviraj-pillai"},{id:"104435",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijaykumar",middleName:null,surname:"Nekkanti",fullName:"Vijaykumar Nekkanti",slug:"vijaykumar-nekkanti"},{id:"104592",title:"Dr.",name:"Venkateswarlu",middleName:null,surname:"Vabalaboina",fullName:"Venkateswarlu Vabalaboina",slug:"venkateswarlu-vabalaboina"}]},{id:"36881",title:"Aptamer-Nanoparticle Bioconjugates for Drug Delivery",slug:"aptamer-nanoparticle-bioconjugates-for-drug-delivery",signatures:"Veli C. Özalp and Thomas Schäfer",authors:[{id:"103366",title:"Prof.",name:"Veli",middleName:"Cengiz",surname:"Ozalp",fullName:"Veli Ozalp",slug:"veli-ozalp"},{id:"103981",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Schäfer",fullName:"Thomas Schäfer",slug:"thomas-schafer"}]},{id:"36882",title:"Nanoparticles Based on Modified Polysaccharides",slug:"nanoparticles-based-on-modified-polysaccharides",signatures:"Hassan Namazi, Farzaneh Fathi and Abolfazl Heydari",authors:[{id:"101658",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Namazi",fullName:"Hassan Namazi",slug:"hassan-namazi"}]},{id:"36883",title:"Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles for Controlled Release Formulations",slug:"polysaccharide-based-nanoparticles-for-controlled-release-formulations",signatures:"A. Martínez, A. Fernández, E. Pérez, M. Benito, J.M. Teijón and M.D. Blanco",authors:[{id:"98943",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Blanco",fullName:"Maria Dolores Blanco",slug:"maria-dolores-blanco"}]},{id:"36884",title:"Electrospray Production of Nanoparticles for Drug/Nucleic Acid Delivery",slug:"electrospray-production-of-nanoparticles-for-drug-nucleic-acids-delivery",signatures:"Yun Wu, Anthony Duong, L. James Lee and Barbara E. Wyslouzil",authors:[{id:"109316",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Wyslouzil",fullName:"Barbara Wyslouzil",slug:"barbara-wyslouzil"},{id:"109324",title:"Dr.",name:"Yun",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Yun Wu",slug:"yun-wu"},{id:"109327",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Duong",fullName:"Anthony Duong",slug:"anthony-duong"},{id:"109329",title:"Prof.",name:"L. James",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"L. James Lee",slug:"l.-james-lee"}]},{id:"36885",title:"Microbubble Therapies",slug:"microbubble-therapies",signatures:"Ajay Sud and Shiva Dindyal",authors:[{id:"92670",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiva",middleName:null,surname:"Dindyal",fullName:"Shiva Dindyal",slug:"shiva-dindyal"},{id:"97615",title:"Mr.",name:"Ajay",middleName:null,surname:"Sud",fullName:"Ajay Sud",slug:"ajay-sud"}]},{id:"36886",title:"Advanced Core-Shell Composite Nanoparticles Through Pickering Emulsion Polymerization",slug:"advanced-core-shell-composite-nanoparticles-through-pickering-emulsion-polymerization",signatures:"Lenore L. Dai",authors:[{id:"105593",title:"Prof.",name:"Lenore",middleName:null,surname:"Dai",fullName:"Lenore Dai",slug:"lenore-dai"}]},{id:"36887",title:"Biological Activities of Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"biological-activities-of-carbon-nanotubes",signatures:"Anurag Mishra, Yon Rojanasakul and Liying Wang",authors:[{id:"102172",title:"Mr.",name:"Anurag",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",fullName:"Anurag Mishra",slug:"anurag-mishra"}]},{id:"36888",title:"Nanoparticles and Nanostructures for Biophotonic Applications",slug:"nanoparticles-and-nanostructures-for-biophotonic-applications",signatures:"Enzo Di Fabrizio, Francesco Gentile, Michela Perrone Donnorso, Manohar Chirumamilla Chowdary, Ermanno Miele, Maria Laura Coluccio, Rosanna La Rocca, Rosaria Brescia, Roman Krahne, Gobind Das, Francesco De Angelis, Carlo Liberale, Andrea Toma, Luca Razzari, Liberato Manna and Remo Proietti Zaccaria",authors:[{id:"93319",title:"Dr.",name:"Remo",middleName:null,surname:"Proietti Zaccaria",fullName:"Remo Proietti Zaccaria",slug:"remo-proietti-zaccaria"},{id:"95838",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Toma",fullName:"Andrea Toma",slug:"andrea-toma"},{id:"95840",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Razzari",fullName:"Luca Razzari",slug:"luca-razzari"},{id:"95842",title:"Dr.",name:"Gobind",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Gobind Das",slug:"gobind-das"},{id:"95843",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"De Angelis",fullName:"Francesco De Angelis",slug:"francesco-de-angelis"},{id:"95844",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Liberale",fullName:"Carlo Liberale",slug:"carlo-liberale"},{id:"95845",title:"Prof.",name:"Enzo",middleName:null,surname:"Di Fabrizio",fullName:"Enzo Di Fabrizio",slug:"enzo-di-fabrizio"},{id:"101478",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Gentile",fullName:"Francesco Gentile",slug:"francesco-gentile"},{id:"102510",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Coluccio",fullName:"Maria Coluccio",slug:"maria-coluccio"},{id:"102512",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Krahne",fullName:"Roman Krahne",slug:"roman-krahne"},{id:"102515",title:"Dr.",name:"Liberato",middleName:null,surname:"Manna",fullName:"Liberato Manna",slug:"liberato-manna"},{id:"102517",title:"MSc.",name:"Ermanno",middleName:null,surname:"Miele",fullName:"Ermanno Miele",slug:"ermanno-miele"},{id:"102519",title:"Dr.",name:"Michela",middleName:null,surname:"Perrone",fullName:"Michela Perrone",slug:"michela-perrone"},{id:"102525",title:"MSc.",name:"Manohar",middleName:null,surname:"Chirumamilla Chowdary",fullName:"Manohar Chirumamilla Chowdary",slug:"manohar-chirumamilla-chowdary"}]},{id:"36889",title:"Water-Soluble Single-Nano Carbon Particles: Fullerenol and Its Derivatives",slug:"water-soluble-single-nano-carbon-particle-fullerenols-and-its-derivatives",signatures:"Ken Kokubo",authors:[{id:"107931",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kokubo",fullName:"Ken Kokubo",slug:"ken-kokubo"}]},{id:"36890",title:"Self-Organization and Morphological Characteristics of the Selenium Containing Nanostructures on the Base of Strong Polyacids",slug:"self-organization-and-morphological-characteristics-of-the-selenium-containing-nanostructures-on-the",signatures:"S.V. Valueva and L.N. Borovikova",authors:[{id:"103558",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Valueva",fullName:"Svetlana Valueva",slug:"svetlana-valueva"},{id:"103573",title:"Ms.",name:"Ludmila",middleName:null,surname:"Borovikova",fullName:"Ludmila Borovikova",slug:"ludmila-borovikova"}]},{id:"36891",title:"Rapid Nanoparticle Characterization",slug:"rapid-nanoparticle-characterization",signatures:"Rajasekhar Anumolu and Leonard F. Pease III",authors:[{id:"102668",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Pease",fullName:"Leonard Pease",slug:"leonard-pease"},{id:"135853",title:"Mr.",name:"Rajasekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Anumolu",fullName:"Rajasekhar Anumolu",slug:"rajasekhar-anumolu"}]},{id:"36892",title:"The Reactivity of Colloidal Inorganic Nanoparticles",slug:"the-reactivity-of-colloidal-inorganic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Neus G. Bastus, Eudald Casals, Isaac Ojea, Miriam Varon and Victor Puntes",authors:[{id:"103576",title:"Dr.",name:"Neus",middleName:null,surname:"Bastús",fullName:"Neus Bastús",slug:"neus-bastus"}]},{id:"36893",title:"Platinum Fuel Cell Nanoparticle Syntheses: Effect on Morphology, Structure and Electrocatalytic Behavior",slug:"platinum-fuel-cell-nanoparticle-synthesises-effect-on-morphology-structure-and-electrocatalytic-beha",signatures:"C. Coutanceau, S. Baranton and T.W. Napporn",authors:[{id:"30666",title:"Prof.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Coutanceau",fullName:"Christophe Coutanceau",slug:"christophe-coutanceau"},{id:"30682",title:"Dr.",name:"Teko",middleName:null,surname:"Napporn",fullName:"Teko Napporn",slug:"teko-napporn"},{id:"30683",title:"Dr.",name:"Stève",middleName:null,surname:"Baranton",fullName:"Stève Baranton",slug:"steve-baranton"}]},{id:"36894",title:"Characteristics of the Laser-Induced Breakdown Detection of Colloidal Nanoparticles for Determining Particle Size",slug:"characteristics-of-the-laser-induced-breakdown-detection-of-colloidal-nanoparticles-for-determining-",signatures:"E.C. Jung and H.R. Cho",authors:[{id:"99705",title:"Dr.",name:"Euo Chang",middleName:null,surname:"Jung",fullName:"Euo Chang Jung",slug:"euo-chang-jung"},{id:"137449",title:"Dr.",name:"H.-R.",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",fullName:"H.-R. Cho",slug:"h.-r.-cho"}]},{id:"36895",title:"Bulk Nanocrystalline Thermoelectrics Based on Bi-Sb-Te Solid Solution",slug:"bulk-nanocrystalline-thermoelectrics-based-on-bi-sb-te-solid-solution",signatures:"L.P. Bulat, D.A. Pshenai-Severin, V.V. Karatayev, V.B. Osvenskii, Yu.N. Parkhomenko, M. Lavrentev, A. Sorokin, V.D. Blank, G.I. Pivovarov, V.T. Bublik and N.Yu. Tabachkova",authors:[{id:"101791",title:"Prof.",name:"Lev",middleName:null,surname:"Bulat",fullName:"Lev Bulat",slug:"lev-bulat"},{id:"101811",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Karatayev",fullName:"Vladimir Karatayev",slug:"vladimir-karatayev"},{id:"101814",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Osvenskii",fullName:"Vladimir Osvenskii",slug:"vladimir-osvenskii"},{id:"101818",title:"Prof.",name:"Yurii",middleName:null,surname:"Parkhomenko",fullName:"Yurii Parkhomenko",slug:"yurii-parkhomenko"},{id:"101819",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Blank",fullName:"Vladimir Blank",slug:"vladimir-blank"},{id:"101820",title:"MSc.",name:"Gennadii",middleName:null,surname:"Pivovarov",fullName:"Gennadii Pivovarov",slug:"gennadii-pivovarov"},{id:"101821",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:null,surname:"Pshenai-Severin",fullName:"Dmitry Pshenai-Severin",slug:"dmitry-pshenai-severin"},{id:"101824",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Bublik",fullName:"Vladimir Bublik",slug:"vladimir-bublik"},{id:"101828",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataliya",middleName:null,surname:"Tabachkova",fullName:"Nataliya Tabachkova",slug:"nataliya-tabachkova"},{id:"139879",title:"Mr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Lavrentev",fullName:"Mikhail Lavrentev",slug:"mikhail-lavrentev"},{id:"139880",title:"Mr.",name:"Aleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Sorokin",fullName:"Aleksandr Sorokin",slug:"aleksandr-sorokin"}]},{id:"36896",title:"Self-Assembling Siloxane Nanoparticles with Three Phases",slug:"self-assembling-siloxane-nanoparticles-with-three-phases",signatures:"Masatoshi Iji",authors:[{id:"104252",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Iji",fullName:"Masatoshi Iji",slug:"masatoshi-iji"}]},{id:"36897",title:"One-Step Synthesis of Oval Shaped Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposite: Process, Formation Mechanism and Properties",slug:"one-step-synthesis-of-oval-shaped-silica-epoxy-nanocomposite-process-formation-mechanism-and-propert",signatures:"Nopphawan Phonthammachai, Hongling Chia and Chaobin He",authors:[{id:"101672",title:"Dr.",name:"Nopphawan",middleName:null,surname:"Phonthammachai",fullName:"Nopphawan Phonthammachai",slug:"nopphawan-phonthammachai"},{id:"104131",title:"Ms.",name:"Hongling",middleName:null,surname:"Chia",fullName:"Hongling Chia",slug:"hongling-chia"},{id:"104132",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaobin",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Chaobin He",slug:"chaobin-he"}]},{id:"36898",title:"Low Energy Emulsification Methods for Nanoparticles Synthesis",slug:"low-energy-emulsification-methods-for-nanoparticles-synthesis",signatures:"Veronique Sadtler, Johanna M. Galindo-Alvarez and Emmanuelle Marie -Bégué",authors:[{id:"102933",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronique",middleName:"Marie",surname:"Sadtler",fullName:"Veronique Sadtler",slug:"veronique-sadtler"},{id:"136710",title:"Dr.",name:"Johanna M;",middleName:null,surname:"Galindo Alvarez",fullName:"Johanna M; Galindo Alvarez",slug:"johanna-m-galindo-alvarez"},{id:"136711",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuelle",middleName:null,surname:"Marie Begue",fullName:"Emmanuelle Marie Begue",slug:"emmanuelle-marie-begue"}]},{id:"36899",title:"Nanoparticles in Ancient Materials: The Metallic Lustre Decorations of Medieval Ceramics",slug:"nanoparticles-in-ancient-materials-the-metallic-lustre-decorations-of-medieval-ceramics",signatures:"Philippe Sciau",authors:[{id:"98593",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Sciau",fullName:"Philippe Sciau",slug:"philippe-sciau"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64416",title:"UV and Thermal Cure Epoxy Adhesives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82168",slug:"uv-and-thermal-cure-epoxy-adhesives",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Epoxy adhesives are widely used in structural bonding applications ranging from general industry, semiconductor packaging, electronics assembly and automobile production to aerospace market because of their strong chemical structure and good adhesion to various substrates [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of epoxy resin and curing agent. Figure 1 illustrates chemical structure and key features of various functional groups for bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, the most standard epoxy resin used in epoxy adhesives. Epoxide possesses high reactivity. It can react with amines, thiols, anhydrates or phenols almost equivalently via polyaddition mechanism at suitable certain conditions to become strong cross-linked thermoset resins. As shown in Scheme 1 [10], epoxide reacts almost equivalently with active hydrogen in amine curing agent via polyaddition mechanism. Epoxide can also polymerize via either anionic or cationic polymerization mechanism. As shown in Scheme 2 [11], epoxide can polymerize via anionic polymerization mechanism initiated by anionic ion resulted from reaction of imidazole compound and epoxide. Epoxy adhesives can be cured at different temperature conditions based mainly on the curing agent type used but will normally need relatively long cure time ranging from half hour to a few days. Aliphatic amine-based epoxy adhesives, the most commonly used type, start to cure at room temperature. Thiol-based epoxy adhesives, the fastest cure type, start to cure even at low refrigerator temperature. Anhydrate-, phenol-, aromatic amine- or catalyst-based epoxy adhesives will normally need elevated temperature to achieve full cure. Generally speaking, epoxy adhesives designed to cure at elevated temperature which are commonly called as thermal cure epoxy adhesives have higher degree of cross-linking structure and glass transition temperature and thus show better performance than epoxy adhesives designed for cure at room temperature. Thermal cure epoxy adhesives can be also formulated as one-component type by the use of latent curing agents for easy handling. One-component thermal cure epoxy adhesives have been increasingly used in various applications such as semiconductor packaging, electronics assembly and automobile production where high production efficiency and high adhesion performance are required. Recently, UV and thermal cure epoxy adhesives have been developed and commercialized to meet further higher production efficiency of required applications such as precise optical sensor packaging and display assembly [12, 13, 14, 15].
\n
Figure 1.
Structure and key features of bispheol A diglycidyl ether.
\n
Scheme 1.
Polyaddition reaction of epoxy resin with amine curing agent.
\n
Scheme 2.
Anionic polymerization of epoxy resin via imidazole catalyst.
\n
There are mainly two types of commercial UV and thermal cure epoxy adhesives: UV cure cationic epoxy adhesives and hybrid UV acrylate and thermal cure epoxy adhesives. UV cationic cure epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and cationic photoinitiator. UV cationic epoxy adhesives have no surface cure issue and possess low cure shrinkage and good adhesion performance but need post-thermal cure to achieve full cure. Hybrid UV acrylate and thermal cure epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of acrylate monomer, free radical photoinitiator, epoxy resin and curing agent. The hybrid epoxy adhesives combine fast UV curability of acrylate composition and high adhesion performance of thermal cure epoxy composition.
\n
\n
\n
2. UV cationic epoxy adhesives
\n
UV cationic epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of epoxy resin and cationic photoinitiator [16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Cycloaliphatic-type epoxy resins are usually selected for UV cationic epoxy adhesives because of faster cationic polymerization rate than that of normal bisphenol A diglycidyl ether-type epoxy resin. Chemical structure of typical commercially available epoxy resins suitable for cationic epoxy adhesives is shown in Figure 2. Cationic photoinitiator is the key raw material to formulate UV cationic epoxy adhesives. There are mainly two types of cationic photoinitiators: Bronsted acid and Lewis acid generator. Sulfonium and iodonium salts that can generate Bronsted acid are most commonly used as cationic photoinitiator. Figure 3 shows chemical structure of typical commercially available cationic photoinitiators.
\n
Figure 2.
Common commercially available epoxy resins for cationic epoxy adhesives.
\n
Figure 3.
Chemical structure of common UV cationic photoinitiator.
\n
As illustrated in Scheme 3 [21], photoinitiator in UV epoxy adhesives absorbs UV energy to generate strong acid that will react with epoxy to produce cationic which can initiate homo-polymerization of epoxy resin. UV cationic epoxy adhesives will need some longer cure time compared to UV cure acrylate-based adhesive. In actual use, a post-thermal cure of UV cationic epoxy adhesives after the UV radiation is commonly used for full cure to assure satisfactory adhesion performance. Compared to common acrylate-based UV adhesives, UV cationic epoxy adhesives have much lower cure shrinkage because of the epoxy structure and have no surface cure issue that is resulted from oxygen inhibition to free radical polymerization since they cure via cationic polymerization. By contrast, UV cationic epoxy adhesives are not suitable for alkali-type substrates which stop cationic polymerization.
\n
Scheme 3.
UV cationic polymerization of epoxy adhesives.
\n
UV cationic epoxy adhesives have been commercialized and used in optical parts bonding, sensor packaging and display panel assembly applications [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. The authors have found that adhesion reliability performance of UV cationic epoxy adhesives can be much improved by the combination use of cationic photoinitiator with thermal cationic initiator [27].
\n
\n
\n
3. Hybrid UV acrylate and thermal cure epoxy adhesives
\n
Most widely used UV cure adhesives are acrylate-based compositions [28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. Acrylate-based UV cure adhesives are primarily composed of acrylate monomer, acrylate oligomer and photoinitiator. As shown in Scheme 4 [33], the photoinitiator formulated in an acrylate-based adhesive absorbs light energy via UV radiation to generate free radical which can rapidly initiate polymerization of acrylate compositions. Acrylate-based UV cure adhesives can be cured within seconds. Limitations of UV cure acrylate-based adhesives are the surface cure issue, shadow cure problem, high cure shrinkage and poor humidity reliability. Surface cure issue is resulted from oxygen inhibition to free radical polymerization of acrylate. Shadow cure problem always occurs at the area where light cannot approach. Relatively high cure shrinkage and poor humidity reliability are caused from acrylate chemical structure.
\n
Scheme 4.
UV cure mechanism of free radical polymerization of acrylate adhesives.
\n
By the combination of UV acrylate composition with thermal cure epoxy composition, UV and thermal cure hybrid epoxy adhesives have been developed and commercialized for over two decades [34, 35, 36, 37, 38]. Acrylate monomer, epoxy resin, photoinitiator and epoxy curing agent are at least contained in the UV and thermal cure hybrid adhesives. These hybrid adhesives combine advantages from both UV acrylate proportion and thermal cure epoxy part. Adhesion reliability performance could be much improved by the introduction of the epoxy composition compared to the normal acrylate composition. In the meantime, production efficiency could be much improved by shortening the fixture time to seconds via UV cure compared to at least dozens of minutes needed for thermal cure epoxy adhesives. Surface cure issue, shadow cure issue and high cure shrinkage of acrylate-based UV adhesives could also be improved to certain degree because of lower contents of free radical curable acrylate compositions. In some cases, a thermal initiator such as peroxide is also formulated in the hybrid adhesive to assure curing remained acrylate compositions after the UV radiation or those at shadow area. Advantages and limitations of UV cationic epoxy adhesives, hybrid UV acrylate and thermal cure epoxy adhesives are compared with those of UV acrylate adhesives in Table 1.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Adhesive type
\n
UV acrylate
\n
UV cationic epoxy
\n
Hybrid thermal cure epoxy
\n
\n
\n
Key compositions
\n
Acrylate
\n
Epoxy resin
\n
Acrylate
\n
\n
\n
Photoinitiator
\n
Cationic photoinitiator
\n
Photoinitiator
\n
\n
\n
Epoxy resin
\n
\n
\n
Curing agent
\n
\n
\n
Polymerization
\n
\n
\n
UV cure
\n
Radical
\n
Cationic
\n
Radical
\n
\n
\n
Thermal cure
\n
NA
\n
Cationic
\n
Polyaddition, anionic
\n
\n
\n
Oxygen inhibition
\n
Yes
\n
No
\n
Partially
\n
\n
\n
Alkali inhibition
\n
No
\n
Yes
\n
No
\n
\n
\n
UV curability
\n
High
\n
Medium
\n
High
\n
\n
\n
Post-thermal cure
\n
No need
\n
Preferred
\n
Need
\n
\n
\n
Shadow cure
\n
No
\n
Partially
\n
Yes
\n
\n
\n
Cure shrinkage
\n
High
\n
Low
\n
Low
\n
\n
\n
Adhesion
\n
Moderate
\n
Good
\n
Good
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Comparison of UV acrylate, cationic epoxy and hybrid thermal cure epoxy.
\n
\n
\n
4. Initiator free hybrid epoxy adhesives
\n
Photoinitiator is the key material to formulate UV cure compositions. In actual cure process, however, several small molecules are usually generated as byproducts. Additionally, photoinitiator itself will not be consumed completely in actual use at most cure conditions and will remain in the cured materials as just contaminants. As shown in Scheme 5, for the use of benzyl dimethyl ketal (BDMK) as photoinitiator, for example, Sitmann et al. [39] described that there are at least three small molecules generated during its UV light decomposition. These small molecular byproducts, together with the remained photoinitiator, cannot be chemically bonded to the cured adhesive. For sensitive high precise substrate bonding applications such as fine semiconductor packaging or display assembly, there are big concerns on contaminants from low molecule chemicals such as these byproducts, remained photoinitiator during UV curing process on sensitive semiconductor substrate or display materials. In addition, the remained photoinitiator may initiate or accelerate chemical reaction of cured adhesive materials during the actual use and potentially damage its adhesion reliability performance. Initiator free UV cure adhesive will not have these concerns.
\n
Scheme 5.
Photo-reaction mechanism of BMDK.
\n
Recently, the authors invented and reported a new type high-performance UV and thermal curable hybrid epoxy adhesive that is completely an initiator free composition but still possesses good UV curability and satisfactory thermal curability, suitable for use in high-end display assembly applications [40, 41, 42].
\n
Maleimide compounds have been studied for years in photoinitiator-free UV curing systems [43, 44, 45, 46]. As illustrated in Scheme 6, maleimide compound can adsorb light energy and generate small amount of free radical. In the meantime, maleimide itself is a good monomer for free radical polymerization. Compared to normal photoinitiator acrylate cases, however, its UV cure efficiency is much lower.
\n
Scheme 6.
Radical generation of maleimides via UV radiation.
\n
The new type hybrid epoxy resin adhesive is mainly composed of a liquid bismaleimide compound, partially acrylated bisphenol A epoxy resin, acrylic monomer, epoxy resin and latent curing agent. Chemical structure of typical reactive materials used is shown in Figure 4. The new type adhesive does not contain any conventional initiator, either photoinitiator or thermal initiator such as peroxide compound. It is a complete initiator free hybrid epoxy adhesive. Its UV fixture time was 5 s at 100 mW/cm2 with high-pressure mercury lamp used. Good adhesion on glass substrate has been also confirmed.
\n
Figure 4.
Chemical structure of reactive materials used.
\n
FT-IR was performed to measure and analyze quantitatively cure behaviour of the adhesive sample [46, 47, 48]. The spectrum of adhesive samples cured at UV cure and UV + thermal cure conditions as well as non-cure samples was measured by the use of Varian 610-IR Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Figure 5 IR spectrum of adhesive sample cured at UV only condition was shown compared to non-cure sample. IR spectrum of adhesive samples cured at UV + thermal cure condition was shown compared to non-cure sample in Figure 6. The conversion rate was further calculated from the decrease of the 1405 cm−1 absorption peak area attributed to acrylic double bond, the 690 cm−1 peak area attributed to maleimide double bond and the 915 cm−1 peak area attributed to epoxy group. As summarized in Table 2, a conversion rate of 62% of acrylic and 95% of maleimide double bonds had been achieved at this UV cure condition. This result confirmed that most part of acrylic and almost all maleimide double bonds had been cured during this UV cure condition. As expected, epoxy group cured only at thermal cure condition.
\n
Figure 5.
FT-IR spectrum of adhesive cured at UV only condition, in blue, compared to non-cure sample.
\n
Figure 6.
FT-IR spectrum of adhesive cured at UV + thermal cure condition, in blue, with compared to non-cure sample.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Cure condition
\n
C=C conversion rate (%)
\n
Epoxy conversion rate (%)
\n
\n
\n
Acrylate
\n
Bismaleimide
\n
\n\n\n
\n
UV cure only, 100 mW/cm2 × 30 s
\n
62
\n
95
\n
0
\n
\n
\n
UV + thermal cure, 100 mW/cm2 × 30 s + 120°C × 60 min
\n
100
\n
96
\n
85
\n
\n
\n
Thermal cure only, 120°C × 60 min
\n
67
\n
95
\n
69
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Conversion rate of C=C group and epoxy group measured by FT-IR.
\n
Very interestingly, it was found, as shown in Table 2, that remained uncured acrylic double bonds at UV cure process continued to react, and the conversion rate increased eventually to 100% at post-thermal cure condition. In the meantime, conversion rate of acrylic double achieved 67 and 95% at thermal cure only condition, respectively. As described previously, the adhesive sample does not contain any thermal initiator component such as peroxide. Nevertheless, UV cure components of the adhesive sample showed also very good thermal curability. From epoxy resin part, conversion rate of epoxy group of adhesive sample cured at thermal cure only condition was lower than that cured at UV + thermal cure condition.
\n
Based on this result, acrylic and maleimide double bonds reacted most probably with the epoxy curing agent, dihydrazine.
\n
\n
\n
5. Summary
\n
UV and thermal cure epoxy adhesives have been successfully used in high-end applications such as optical component bonding, sensor packaging and display panel assembly where high production efficiency and high adhesion performance are required. There are mainly two types of commercialized UV and thermal cure epoxy adhesives: UV cure cationic epoxy adhesives and hybrid UV acrylate and thermal cure epoxy adhesives. UV cure cationic epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and cationic photoinitiator. UV cationic epoxy adhesives have no surface cure issue and possess low cure shrinkage and good adhesion performance but need post-thermal cure to achieve full adhesion performance. Hybrid UV acrylate and thermal cure epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of acrylate monomer, free radical photoinitiator, epoxy resin and curing agent. The hybrid epoxy adhesives combine fast UV curability of acrylate composition and high adhesion performance of thermal cure epoxy composition. A new type initiator free hybrid one-component UV and thermal cure adhesive has been also introduced. It is mainly composed of maleimide compound, acrylic monomer, partially acrylated epoxy resin, epoxy resin and latent curing agent. The new hybrid epoxy adhesive possesses good UV curability and satisfactory thermal curability and is suitable for use as high performance required applications.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"UV cure, thermal cure, cationic, free radical, acrylate, epoxy adhesive",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64416.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/64416.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64416",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64416",totalDownloads:139,totalViews:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"November 15th 2017",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 16th 2018",datePublished:"January 30th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Typical commercial UV and thermal cure epoxy adhesives have been reviewed and compared. UV cure cationic epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and cationic photoinitiator. UV cationic epoxy adhesives have no surface cure issue and possess low cure shrinkage and good adhesion performance but need post-thermal cure to achieve full adhesion performance in use. Hybrid UV acrylate and thermal cure epoxy adhesives are primarily composed of acrylate monomer, free radical photoinitiator, epoxy resin and curing agent. The hybrid epoxy adhesives combine fast UV curability of acrylate composition and high adhesion performance of thermal cure epoxy composition. A new type initiator free hybrid one-component UV and thermal cure adhesive has been also introduced. It is mainly composed of maleimide compound, acrylic monomer, partially acrylated epoxy resin, epoxy resin and latent curing agent. Its UV cure and thermal cure behaviour have been studied by FT-IR spectroscopy measurement.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64416",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64416",signatures:"Chunfu Chen, Bin Li, Chao Wang, Shuichi Iwasaki, Masao Kanari\nand Daoqiang Lu",book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"234454",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunfu",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chunfu Chen",slug:"chunfu-chen",email:"chunfu.chen@jp.henkel.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. UV cationic epoxy adhesives",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Hybrid UV acrylate and thermal cure epoxy adhesives",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Initiator free hybrid epoxy adhesives",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Summary",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Petrie EM. Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants. MicGraw-Hill; 2006. 355p\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Sancaktar E, Bai L. Electrically conductive epoxy adhesives. Polymer. 2011;3:427-466. DOI: 10.3990/polym3010427\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Severijin C, Teixeira de Freitas S, Poulis JA. Susceptor-assisted induction curing behavior of a two component epoxy paste adhesive for aerospace applications. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 2017;75:155-164. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.03.005\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Vidil T, Tournilhac F, Musso S, Robisson A, Leibler L. Control of reactions and network structures of epoxy thermosets. Progress in Polymer Science. 2016;62:126-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.06.03\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Zotti A, Zuppolini S, Zarrelli M, Borriello A. Fracture toughening mechanisms in epoxy adhesives. In: Adhesives—Applications and Properties. London: InTech; 2016. pp. 237-269. DOI: 10.57772/65250\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Lewis AF. Epoxy resin adhesives. In: May CA, editor. Epoxy Resins—Chemistry and Technology. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1988. p. 653\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Jin F-L, Li X, Park S-J. Synthesis and applications of epoxy resin: A review. Journal of Industry and Engineering Chemistry. 2015;29:1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.03.026\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Groulding TM. Epoxy resin adhesives. In: Pizzi A, Mittal KL, editors. Handbook of Adhesive Technology. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2003. pp. 809-824\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Petrie EM. Epoxy Adhesive Formulations. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 2006\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Thomas R, Sinturel C, Thomas S, El Akiaby EMS. Introduction. In: Thomas S, Sinturel C, Thomas R, editors. Micro- and Nanostructured Epoxy/Rubber Blends. Berlin: Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2014. p. 3\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Heise MS, Martin GC. Curing mechanism and thermal properties of epoxy-imidazole systems. Macromolecules. 1989;22:99-104\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Chen C, Iida K. Adhesives for flat-panel display manufacture. In: Adhesives, 2. Applications in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industry Chemistry. Berlin: Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2010. p. 519\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Herold J, Kluke M. UV light-curing adhesives for increased productivity. Radtech Report. 2012;3:27-31\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Sangermano M, Razza N, Crivello JV. Cationic UV-curing: Technology and applications. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 2014;299:775-793. DOI: 10.1002/mame.201300349\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Javadi A, Shokouhi H, Sobani M, Soucek MD. Cure-on-command technology: A review of the current state of the art. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2016;100:2-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.02.014\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Lee C-S, Fan S, Seghier Z, Boey FYC, Abadie MJM. Photoreactivity of epoxy resins. Macromolecules. 2007;3:84-90\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Voytekunas VY, Ng FL, Abadie MJM. Kinetics study of the UV-initiated cationic polymerization of cycloaliphatic diepoxide resins. European Polymer Journal. 2008;44:3640-3649. DOI: 10.106/j.eurpolymj.2008.08.043\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Golaz B, Michaud V, Leterrie Y, Manson J-AE. UV intensity, temperature and dark-curing effects in cationic photo-polymerization of a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin. Polymer. 2012;53:2038-2048. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.03.025\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Jui-Hsun L, Youngblood JP. Adhesive bonding of carbon fiber reinforced composite using UV-curing epoxy resin. Composites Part B Engineering. 2015;82:221-225. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.022\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Atif M, Bongiovanni R, Yang J. Cationically UV-cured epoxy composites. Polymer Reviews. 2015;55:90-106. DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.963236\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Corcione C, Malucelli G, Frigione M, Maffezzoli A. UV-curable epoxy systems containing hyperbranched polymers: Kinetics investigation by photo-DSC and real-time FT-IR experiments. Polymer Testing. 2009;28:157-164. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.11.002\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Kong S. Composition of cationic initiator and oxetane compound. US Patent 7902305\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Kong S, Grieshaber SE. Radiation or thermally curable barrier sealants. US Patent 8278401\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Hoshino T, Goto Y, Yada K. Resin composition. US Patent application 20150210905\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Gan Y, Chen C, Terada K. Cationically photocurable epoxy composition. US Patent 7456230\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Chiang TH, Hsieh T-E. A study of monomer’s effect on adhesion strength of UV-curable resins. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 2006;26:520-531. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2005.07.004\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Chen C, Gan Y. Cationically curable epoxy composition. US Patent 7795744\n'},{id:"B28",body:'Velankar S, Pazos J, Cooper SL. High-performance UV-curable urethane acrylates via deblocking chemistry. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 1996;62:1361-1376\n'},{id:"B29",body:'Fourassier J-P, Lalevee J. Photoinitiator for Polymer Synthesis. Berlin: Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2012. p. 41\n'},{id:"B30",body:'Ebnesajjad S. Adhesive Technology Handbook. 2nd ed. New York: William Andew; 2008. p. 124\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Fakley ME. Radiation-cured adhesives. In: Packham DE, editor. Handbook of Adhesion. John Wiley & Sons; 2005. p. 395\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Dekker C. UV-radiation curing of adhesives. In: Cognard P, editor. Adhesives and Sealants. Elsevier; 2002. p. 303\n'},{id:"B33",body:'Allen NS. Photoinitiators for UV and visible curing of coating: Mechanisms and properties. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A. 1996;100:101-107\n'},{id:"B34",body:'Matsuda M. Sealants for one drop fill (ODF) process. In: Koide N, editor. The Liquid Crystal Display Story. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 199\n'},{id:"B35",body:'Park C, Lee S, Park J, Kim H. Preparation and characterization of dual curable adhesives containing epoxy and acrylate functionalities. Reactive & Functional Polymers. 2013;73:641-646. DOI: 10.1016/j.reatfunctpolym.2013.01.012\n'},{id:"B36",body:'Xiao M, He Y, Nie J. Novel bisphenol A epoxide-acrylate hybrid oligomer and its photopolymerization. Designed Monomers and Polymers. 2008;11:383-394. DOI: 10.1163/156855508X332522\n'},{id:"B37",body:'Park Y, Lim D, Kim H, Park D, Sung I. UV- and thermal-curing behavior of dual-curable adhesives based on epoxy acrylate oligomers. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 2009;29:710-717. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2009.02.001\n'},{id:"B38",body:'Su Y, Cheng L, Cheng K, Don T. Synthesis and characterization of UV- and thermos-curable difunctional epoxy acrylates. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2012;132:540, 100-549\n'},{id:"B39",body:'Sitmann E, Fuchs A, Worstatzky D. Photoinitiator: Their mechanism, use and applications. In: Florio JJ, Miller DJ, editors. Handbook of Coating Additives. Oxford: Taylor & Francis; 2004. pp. 61-126\n'},{id:"B40",body:'Chen CF, Iwasaki S, Kanari M, Li B, Wang C, Lu D. High performance UV and thermal cure hybrid epoxy adhesive. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2017;213:012032. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/213/1/012032\n'},{id:"B41",body:'Chen C. Sealing agent for liquid crystal dropping technology and method of manufacturing liquid crystal display. Japan Patent 5592081\n'},{id:"B42",body:'Chen C. Sealant composition. Japan Patent 5845341\n'},{id:"B43",body:'Bongiovanni R, Sangermano M, Malucelli G, Priola A. UV curing of photoinitiator-free systems containing bismaleimides and diacrylate resins. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2005;53:46-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.11.009\n'},{id:"B44",body:'Vazquez GP, Joly-Duhamel C, Boutevin B. Photopolymerization without photoinitiator of bismaleimide-containing oligo(oxypropylene)s. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics. 2009;210:269-278. DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800510\n'},{id:"B45",body:'Kuang W, Sabahi M, Nguyen C. Maleimide Reactive Oligomer for Wood Coating. RadTech Technical Proceeding. 2004. e/5\n'},{id:"B46",body:'Gonzalez MG, Cabanelas JC, Baselga J. Applications of FTIR on epoxy resins—Identification, monitoring the curing process, phase separation and water uptake. In: Theophile T, editor. Infrared Spectroscopy—Materials Science, Engineering and Technology. London: InTech; 2012. pp. 261-284\n'},{id:"B47",body:'Cholake ST, Mada MR, Raman RKS, Bai Y, Zhao X, Rizkalla S, et al. Quantitative analysis of curing mechanism of epoxy resin by mid- and near- FT-IR spectroscopy. Defence Science Journal. 2014;64(3):314-321. DOI: 10.14429/dsj.64.7326\n'},{id:"B48",body:'Ohtsuka K, Kimura H, Ikeshita S, Nakao H, Tsubota S. Novel bismaleimide/diallylbisphenol A resin modified with multifunctional thiol containing isocyanuric ring and long-chain aliphatic unit. High Performance Polymers. 2015;28(5):591. DOI: 10.1177/0954008315591191\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Chunfu Chen",address:"chunfu.chen@jp.henkel.com",affiliation:'
Henkel Technology Center—Asia Pacific, Henkel Japan Ltd., Japan
Henkel Adhesive Innovation Center, Henkel (China) Co., Ltd., PR China
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"114359",title:"Prof.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Bose Jr.",email:"bose@mail.utexas.edu",fullName:"Henry Bose Jr.",slug:"henry-bose-jr.",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"The Regulation of Telomerase by Alternative Splicing of TERT",slug:"the-regulation-of-telomerase-by-alternative-splicing-of-tert",abstract:null,signatures:"Jiří Nehyba, Radmila Hrdličková and Henry R. Bose, Jr.",authors:[{id:"114359",title:"Prof.",name:"Henry",surname:"Bose Jr.",fullName:"Henry Bose Jr.",slug:"henry-bose-jr.",email:"bose@mail.utexas.edu"}],book:{title:"Reviews on Selected Topics of Telomere Biology",slug:"reviews-on-selected-topics-of-telomere-biology",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"111630",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",surname:"Atzmon",slug:"gil-atzmon",fullName:"Gil Atzmon",position:"Assistant Professor",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Einstein College of Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:null}},{id:"115829",title:"Dr.",name:"Alla",surname:"Kalmykova",slug:"alla-kalmykova",fullName:"Alla Kalmykova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"116263",title:"Dr.",name:"Çığır",surname:"Biray Avcı",slug:"cigir-biray-avci",fullName:"Çığır Biray Avcı",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"116788",title:"Prof.",name:"Ajlan",surname:"Tukun",slug:"ajlan-tukun",fullName:"Ajlan Tukun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117877",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Shpiz",slug:"sergey-shpiz",fullName:"Sergey Shpiz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"118507",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Didem",surname:"Turgut Cosan",slug:"didem-turgut-cosan",fullName:"Didem Turgut Cosan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"118623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guvem",surname:"Gumus-Akay",slug:"guvem-gumus-akay",fullName:"Guvem Gumus-Akay",position:"Assoc. Prof.",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ankara University",institutionURL:"http://www.ankara.edu.tr/",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"120183",title:"Dr.",name:"Sena",surname:"Aydos",slug:"sena-aydos",fullName:"Sena Aydos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"120711",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ahu",surname:"Soyocak",slug:"ahu-soyocak",fullName:"Ahu Soyocak",position:"PhD student",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osmangazi University",institutionURL:"http://www.ogu.edu.tr/",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"127064",title:"Dr.",name:"Radhika",surname:"Muzumdar",slug:"radhika-muzumdar",fullName:"Radhika Muzumdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"refund-policy",title:"Refund Policy",intro:"
IntechOpen will act in accordance with its Refund Policy if requests for refunds are made.
",metaTitle:"Refund Policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen will act in accordance with its Refund Policy if requests for refunds are made.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/refund-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
Refunds are possible exclusively in the following cases:
\\n\\n
1. Double payment – full refund
\\n\\n
2. Justified withdrawal of the accepted Work by the Author during/after production prior to publication – 50% refund (IntechOpen will act entirely in its own discretion to determine if withdrawal is justified and refund will be issued accordingly.)
\\n\\n
3. In rare instances where IntechOpen will not publish the book – full refunds will be made to the same account (credit card, bank transfer, or other) from which the Author has made the original payment.
\\n\\n
Refunded amounts will not always be exactly the same as original payment amounts due to bank transaction fees and expenses. Any discrepancies in amounts will be split between IntechOpen and the Author.
Refunds are possible exclusively in the following cases:
\n\n
1. Double payment – full refund
\n\n
2. Justified withdrawal of the accepted Work by the Author during/after production prior to publication – 50% refund (IntechOpen will act entirely in its own discretion to determine if withdrawal is justified and refund will be issued accordingly.)
\n\n
3. In rare instances where IntechOpen will not publish the book – full refunds will be made to the same account (credit card, bank transfer, or other) from which the Author has made the original payment.
\n\n
Refunded amounts will not always be exactly the same as original payment amounts due to bank transaction fees and expenses. Any discrepancies in amounts will be split between IntechOpen and the Author.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"6901",title:"Chemical Ecology and Semiochemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0e57b577bb258d8d3290e46066153b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sajal Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6901.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"173697",title:"Prof.",name:"Sajal",surname:"Ray",slug:"sajal-ray",fullName:"Sajal Ray"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6908",title:"Cellular Senescence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"10449bfc4a1c33bf377190ce699ec129",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6908.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6914",title:"Proteomics Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a38a096c9acaf7cad951db42497b23ac",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6914.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"124834",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim",surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Abdurakhmonov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6983",title:"Taxonomic Range of Venom",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"87bf0bc7cac089162b265ef5091aed60",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6983.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6989",title:"Neurotransmission",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c7e866a847bc30d77f37feccdf72dbf",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Ahmet Ucar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6989.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"205106",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ahmet",surname:"Ucar",slug:"ahmet-ucar",fullName:"Ahmet Ucar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7004",title:"Metabolomics - New Insights into Biology and Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"35a30d8241442b716a4aab830b6de28f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wael Nabil Hozzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7004.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-hozzein",fullName:"Wael Hozzein"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7008",title:"Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0167461dfabdc243ea7fcd8c1455b9e2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Amit Kumar Pandey, Dr. Manoj Garg and Dr. Vijay Pandey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7008.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"285775",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit Kumar",surname:"Pandey",slug:"amit-kumar-pandey",fullName:"Amit Kumar Pandey"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7016",title:"Hydroxymethylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitor",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cbe79d0cb9d98f3ea5334a6761fa78ab",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7016.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7024",title:"Cellular Response to Stress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6441828b9a395440ebad357434c911f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Michael Fasullo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7024.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7025",title:"Propolis - Health Potentials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d298dc8cf0e4e719558dec5db583cf0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7025.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Amphetamins",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b574ce435145968d040457d67a95a577",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7295",title:"Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06f416816fbac68d486a97e40b333e8b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7295.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:31},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:31},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:90},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:104},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[],latestBooks:[]},subject:{topic:{id:"203",title:"Telemedicine",slug:"telemedicine",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:194,numberOfWosCitations:66,numberOfCrossrefCitations:51,numberOfDimensionsCitations:130},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"telemedicine",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3269",title:"Telemedicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16571516432b37129c1a7ef56c4cf3aa",slug:"telemedicine",bookSignature:"Ramesh Madhavan and Shahram Khalid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3269.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158803",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramesh",middleName:null,surname:"Madhavan",slug:"ramesh-madhavan",fullName:"Ramesh Madhavan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2824",title:"eHealth and Remote Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fee1441d7fee8b6585fb3b4e43452da0",slug:"ehealth-and-remote-monitoring",bookSignature:"Amir Hajjam El Hassani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2824.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17524",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Hajjam El Hassani",slug:"amir-hajjam-el-hassani",fullName:"Amir Hajjam El Hassani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"199",title:"Telemedicine",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f4c17e1a24003fb78612525315af711",slug:"telemedicine-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Georgi Graschew and Stefan Rakowsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/199.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11262",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Graschew",slug:"georgi-graschew",fullName:"Georgi Graschew"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1403",title:"Advances in Telemedicine",subtitle:"Applications in Various Medical Disciplines and Geographical Regions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8e4b1e59964db023e14fe11b26a232d",slug:"advances-in-telemedicine-applications-in-various-medical-disciplines-and-geographical-regions",bookSignature:"Georgi Graschew and Theo A. Roelofs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11262",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Graschew",slug:"georgi-graschew",fullName:"Georgi Graschew"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"43",title:"Advances in Telemedicine",subtitle:"Technologies, Enabling Factors and Scenarios",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45f56e0955035bdce490c5383a06792f",slug:"advances-in-telemedicine-technologies-enabling-factors-and-scenarios",bookSignature:"Georgi Graschew and Theo A. Roelofs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/43.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11262",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Graschew",slug:"georgi-graschew",fullName:"Georgi Graschew"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"16882",doi:"10.5772/16362",title:"A 2.4GHz Non-Contact Biosensor System for Continuous Monitoring of Vital-Signs",slug:"a-2-4ghz-non-contact-biosensor-system-for-continuous-monitoring-of-vital-signs",totalDownloads:3414,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"telemedicine-techniques-and-applications",title:"Telemedicine",fullTitle:"Telemedicine Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Donald Lie, Ravi Ichapurapu, Suyash Jain, Jerry Lopez, Ronald Banister, Tam Nguyen and John Griswold",authors:[{id:"24852",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Lie",slug:"donald-lie",fullName:"Donald Lie"},{id:"119104",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravi",middleName:null,surname:"Ichapurapu",slug:"ravi-ichapurapu",fullName:"Ravi Ichapurapu"},{id:"119105",title:"Dr.",name:"Suyash",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"suyash-jain",fullName:"Suyash Jain"},{id:"119106",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerry",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"jerry-lopez",fullName:"Jerry Lopez"},{id:"119107",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Banister",slug:"ronald-banister",fullName:"Ronald Banister"},{id:"119108",title:"Dr.",name:"Tam",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tam-nguyen",fullName:"Tam Nguyen"},{id:"119109",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Griswold",slug:"john-griswold",fullName:"John Griswold"}]},{id:"14328",doi:"10.5772/14352",title:"Telemedicine in Dentistry (Teledentistry)",slug:"telemedicine-in-dentistry-teledentistry-",totalDownloads:4717,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"advances-in-telemedicine-applications-in-various-medical-disciplines-and-geographical-regions",title:"Advances in Telemedicine",fullTitle:"Advances in Telemedicine: Applications in Various Medical Disciplines and Geographical Regions"},signatures:"Branko Mihailovic, Milan Miladinovic and Biljana Vujicic",authors:[{id:"17551",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",middleName:null,surname:"Miladinovic",slug:"milan-miladinovic",fullName:"Milan Miladinovic"},{id:"17555",title:"Dr.",name:"Branko",middleName:null,surname:"Mihailovic",slug:"branko-mihailovic",fullName:"Branko Mihailovic"},{id:"17556",title:"Dr.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Vujicic",slug:"biljana-vujicic",fullName:"Biljana Vujicic"}]},{id:"16878",doi:"10.5772/20240",title:"QoS in Telemedicine",slug:"qos-in-telemedicine",totalDownloads:2744,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"telemedicine-techniques-and-applications",title:"Telemedicine",fullTitle:"Telemedicine Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Phumzile Malindi",authors:[{id:"38001",title:"Dr.",name:"Phumzile",middleName:null,surname:"Malindi",slug:"phumzile-malindi",fullName:"Phumzile Malindi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"38841",title:"Global Health Through EHealth/Telehealth",slug:"global-health-through-ehealth-telehealth",totalDownloads:2098,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"ehealth-and-remote-monitoring",title:"eHealth and Remote Monitoring",fullTitle:"eHealth and Remote Monitoring"},signatures:"Masako Miyazaki, Eugene Igras, Lili Liu and Toshio Ohyanagi",authors:[{id:"90933",title:"Dr.",name:"Masako",middleName:null,surname:"Miyazaki",slug:"masako-miyazaki",fullName:"Masako Miyazaki"},{id:"100861",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshio",middleName:null,surname:"Ohyanagi",slug:"toshio-ohyanagi",fullName:"Toshio Ohyanagi"},{id:"100862",title:"Dr.",name:"Lili",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"lili-liu",fullName:"Lili Liu"}]},{id:"65236",title:"An Analysis of Telemedicine Experiences and Services in Chile",slug:"an-analysis-of-telemedicine-experiences-and-services-in-chile",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Telehealth",fullTitle:"Telehealth"},signatures:"Antonio Rienzo Renato",authors:null},{id:"16881",title:"Clinical Decision Support Systems",slug:"clinical-decision-support-systems",totalDownloads:8257,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"telemedicine-techniques-and-applications",title:"Telemedicine",fullTitle:"Telemedicine Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Dejan Dinevski, Uroš Bele, Tomislav Šarenac, Uroš Rajkovič and Olga Šušteršic",authors:[{id:"15129",title:"Prof.",name:"Dejan",middleName:null,surname:"Dinevski",slug:"dejan-dinevski",fullName:"Dejan Dinevski"},{id:"63337",title:"Dr.",name:"Uroš",middleName:null,surname:"Bele",slug:"uros-bele",fullName:"Uroš Bele"},{id:"63338",title:"MSc",name:"Tomislav",middleName:null,surname:"Sarenac",slug:"tomislav-sarenac",fullName:"Tomislav Sarenac"},{id:"63339",title:"Dr.",name:"Uroš",middleName:null,surname:"Rajkovi?",slug:"uros-rajkovi",fullName:"Uroš Rajkovi?"},{id:"63340",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Šušterši?",slug:"olga-sustersi",fullName:"Olga Šušterši?"}]},{id:"16891",title:"Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity",slug:"screening-for-retinopathy-of-prematurity",totalDownloads:3709,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"telemedicine-techniques-and-applications",title:"Telemedicine",fullTitle:"Telemedicine Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Claire Hartnett and Michael O'Keefe",authors:[{id:"31474",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"O'Keefe",slug:"michael-o'keefe",fullName:"Michael O'Keefe"},{id:"119744",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Hartnett",slug:"claire-hartnett",fullName:"Claire Hartnett"}]},{id:"38846",title:"Advances and Perspectives in the Field of Auscultation, with a Special Focus on the Contribution of New Intelligent Communicating Stethoscope Systems in Clinical Practice, in Teaching and Telemedicine",slug:"advances-and-perspectives-in-the-field-of-auscultation-with-a-special-focus-on-the-contribution-of-n",totalDownloads:2798,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"ehealth-and-remote-monitoring",title:"eHealth and Remote Monitoring",fullTitle:"eHealth and Remote Monitoring"},signatures:"Emmanuel Andrès",authors:[{id:"143493",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Andres",slug:"emmanuel-andres",fullName:"Emmanuel Andres"}]},{id:"14328",title:"Telemedicine in Dentistry (Teledentistry)",slug:"telemedicine-in-dentistry-teledentistry-",totalDownloads:4717,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"advances-in-telemedicine-applications-in-various-medical-disciplines-and-geographical-regions",title:"Advances in Telemedicine",fullTitle:"Advances in Telemedicine: Applications in Various Medical Disciplines and Geographical Regions"},signatures:"Branko Mihailovic, Milan Miladinovic and Biljana Vujicic",authors:[{id:"17551",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",middleName:null,surname:"Miladinovic",slug:"milan-miladinovic",fullName:"Milan Miladinovic"},{id:"17555",title:"Dr.",name:"Branko",middleName:null,surname:"Mihailovic",slug:"branko-mihailovic",fullName:"Branko Mihailovic"},{id:"17556",title:"Dr.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Vujicic",slug:"biljana-vujicic",fullName:"Biljana Vujicic"}]},{id:"45211",title:"The Telemedicine Service Maturity Model: A Framework for the Measurement and Improvement of Telemedicine Services",slug:"the-telemedicine-service-maturity-model-a-framework-for-the-measurement-and-improvement-of-telemedic",totalDownloads:1651,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"telemedicine",title:"Telemedicine",fullTitle:"Telemedicine"},signatures:"Liezl van Dyk and Cornelius S.L. Schutte",authors:[{id:"27481",title:"Ms",name:"Liezl",middleName:null,surname:"Van Dyk",slug:"liezl-van-dyk",fullName:"Liezl Van Dyk"},{id:"166270",title:"Prof.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Schutte",slug:"corne-schutte",fullName:"Corne Schutte"}]},{id:"16896",title:"The Role of Telemedicine in the Management of Acute Trauma Referrals to a Regional Plastic and Hand Surgery Unit in the South East of England",slug:"the-role-of-telemedicine-in-the-management-of-acute-trauma-referrals-to-a-regional-plastic-and-hand-",totalDownloads:1747,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"telemedicine-techniques-and-applications",title:"Telemedicine",fullTitle:"Telemedicine Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"David Wallace and Mark Pickford",authors:[{id:"59729",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Pickford",slug:"mark-pickford",fullName:"Mark Pickford"},{id:"70778",title:"Dr",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Wallace",slug:"david-wallace",fullName:"David Wallace"}]},{id:"16890",title:"Teledermatology: Outcomes and Economic Considerations",slug:"teledermatology-outcomes-and-economic-considerations",totalDownloads:2190,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"telemedicine-techniques-and-applications",title:"Telemedicine",fullTitle:"Telemedicine Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Akhilesh Pathipati and April Armstrong",authors:[{id:"32510",title:"Dr.",name:"April",middleName:"Wang",surname:"Armstrong",slug:"april-armstrong",fullName:"April Armstrong"},{id:"37945",title:"Mr",name:"Akhilesh",middleName:"Srinivas",surname:"Pathipati",slug:"akhilesh-pathipati",fullName:"Akhilesh Pathipati"}]},{id:"64650",title:"Barriers to Development of Telemedicine in Developing Countries",slug:"barriers-to-development-of-telemedicine-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:68,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Telehealth",fullTitle:"Telehealth"},signatures:"Surya Bali",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"telemedicine",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"65236",title:"An Analysis of Telemedicine Experiences and Services in Chile",slug:"an-analysis-of-telemedicine-experiences-and-services-in-chile",totalDownloads:54,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81756",book:{title:"Telehealth"},signatures:"Antonio Rienzo Renato"},{id:"64775",title:"Introductory Chapter: Telemedicine",slug:"introductory-chapter-telemedicine",totalDownloads:31,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82419",book:{title:"Telehealth"},signatures:"Thomas F. Heston"},{id:"64650",title:"Barriers to Development of Telemedicine in Developing Countries",slug:"barriers-to-development-of-telemedicine-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:69,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81723",book:{title:"Telehealth"},signatures:"Surya Bali"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},privacyPolicy:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},humansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/smart-nanoparticles-technology/experimental-and-theoretical-studies-on-low-dimensional-iron-oxide-nanostructures-",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"smart-nanoparticles-technology",chapter:"experimental-and-theoretical-studies-on-low-dimensional-iron-oxide-nanostructures-"},fullPath:"/books/smart-nanoparticles-technology/experimental-and-theoretical-studies-on-low-dimensional-iron-oxide-nanostructures-",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()