Five class of Racine’s scale for seizure stage.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-221-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-220-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-222-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ec438b5e4be44dc63870c1ace6a56ed2",bookSignature:"Dr. Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10710.jpg",keywords:"Orofacial Cleft, Cleft Lip, Surgery, Cleft Palate, Oral Surgical Procedures, Orthodontics, Dental Treatment, Comprehensive Dental Care, Speech Therapy, Speech-Language Pathology, Pediatric Treatment, Therapy",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 3rd 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 3rd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 21st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 19th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone received his Ph.D. from Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. He has published more than 70 papers in reputed journals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"221178",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Tovani Palone",slug:"marcos-roberto-tovani-palone",fullName:"Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221178/images/system/221178.jpg",biography:"Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone completed his MSc from the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Brazil, and his PhD in Experimental Pathology from Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil. He is DDS, and specialist in pediatric dentistry, syndromes and craniofacial anomalies, and health management. His main research interests are pediatric pathology, orofacial clefts, dentistry, general medicine, and public health. He has published more than 70 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of BMC Public Health, Biomolecules, and Electronic Journal of General Medicine.",institutionString:"University of Sao Paulo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"345821",firstName:"Darko",lastName:"Hrvojic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"darko@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"32156",title:"Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Neurological Diseases",doi:"10.5772/34883",slug:"sleep-apnea-in-stroke",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/32156.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32156",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32156",totalDownloads:2561,totalViews:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 5th 2011",dateReviewed:"October 12th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 14th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/32156",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/32156",book:{slug:"sleep-disorders"},signatures:"Rafał Rola",authors:[{id:"101999",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafal",middleName:null,surname:"Rola",fullName:"Rafal Rola",slug:"rafal-rola",email:"rafal.rola@wp.pl",position:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"993",title:"Sleep Disorders",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sleep Disorders",slug:"sleep-disorders",publishedDate:"March 14th 2012",bookSignature:"Chris Idzikowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/993.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74614",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Idzikowski",slug:"chris-idzikowski",fullName:"Chris Idzikowski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"32149",title:"Sleep and Pregnancy: Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disturbed Breathing and Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy",slug:"sleep-and-pregnancy-sleep-deprivation-sleep-disturbed-breathing-and-sleep-disorders-in-pregnancy",totalDownloads:3541,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Michelle A. Miller, Manisha Ahuja and Francesco P. Cappuccio",authors:[{id:"77507",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle A",middleName:null,surname:"Miller",fullName:"Michelle A Miller",slug:"michelle-a-miller"},{id:"119883",title:"Ms.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Ahuja",fullName:"Manisha Ahuja",slug:"manisha-ahuja"},{id:"119885",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco P",middleName:null,surname:"Cappuccio",fullName:"Francesco P Cappuccio",slug:"francesco-p-cappuccio"}]},{id:"32150",title:"Adolescents with Sleep Disturbance: Causes and Diagnosis",slug:"adolescents-with-sleep-disturbance",totalDownloads:1607,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Akemi Tomoda and Mika Yamazaki",authors:[{id:"74577",title:"Prof.",name:"Akemi",middleName:null,surname:"Tomoda",fullName:"Akemi Tomoda",slug:"akemi-tomoda"}]},{id:"32151",title:"Sleep Disorders Diagnosis and Management in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)",slug:"sleep-disorders-diagnosis-and-management-in-children-with-attention-deficit-hyperactivy-disorder-adh",totalDownloads:2023,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rosalia Silvestri and Irene Aricò",authors:[{id:"70636",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosalia",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestri",fullName:"Rosalia Silvestri",slug:"rosalia-silvestri"},{id:"74582",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Aricò",fullName:"Irene Aricò",slug:"irene-arico"}]},{id:"32152",title:"Elemental Mercury Exposure and Sleep Disorder",slug:"elemental-mercury-vapour-and-sleep-disorders-",totalDownloads:3190,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alfred Bogomir Kobal and Darja Kobal Grum",authors:[{id:"67334",title:"Prof.",name:"Darja",middleName:null,surname:"Kobal Grum",fullName:"Darja Kobal Grum",slug:"darja-kobal-grum"},{id:"75307",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred Bogomir",middleName:null,surname:"Kobal",fullName:"Alfred Bogomir Kobal",slug:"alfred-bogomir-kobal"}]},{id:"32153",title:"Evaluation of the Upper Airway in Patients with Snoring and OSA",slug:"evaluation-of-the-upper-airway-in-patients-with-snoring-and-osa",totalDownloads:2390,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Bhik Kotecha",authors:[{id:"72492",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhik",middleName:null,surname:"Kotecha",fullName:"Bhik Kotecha",slug:"bhik-kotecha"}]},{id:"32154",title:"Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome - A Twenty-Five Years Experience",slug:"upper-airway-resistance-syndrome-a-twenty-five-years-experience",totalDownloads:4544,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Felix del Campo Matías, Tomas Ruiz Albi and Carlos Zamarrón Sanz",authors:[{id:"94382",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Del Campo",fullName:"Felix Del Campo",slug:"felix-del-campo"},{id:"95981",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Zamarrón Sanz",fullName:"Carlos Zamarrón Sanz",slug:"carlos-zamarron-sanz"},{id:"95982",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz Albi",fullName:"Tomas Ruiz Albi",slug:"tomas-ruiz-albi"}]},{id:"32155",title:"Breathing Sleep Disturbances and Migraine: A Dangerous Synergy or a Favorable Antagonism?",slug:"breathing-sleep-disturbances-and-migraine-a-dangerous-synergy-or-a-favorable-antagonism-",totalDownloads:1674,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"C. Lovati, M. Zardoni, D. D’Amico, M. Pecis, L. Giani, E. Raimondi, P. Bertora, D. Legnani, G. Bussone, C. Mariani",authors:[{id:"67622",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Lovati",fullName:"Carlo Lovati",slug:"carlo-lovati"}]},{id:"32156",title:"Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Neurological Diseases",slug:"sleep-apnea-in-stroke",totalDownloads:2561,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rafał Rola",authors:[{id:"101999",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafal",middleName:null,surname:"Rola",fullName:"Rafal Rola",slug:"rafal-rola"}]},{id:"32157",title:"The Effects of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders on Waking Performance",slug:"the-effects-of-sleep-related-breathing-disorders-on-waking-performance",totalDownloads:2268,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"A. Büttner(-Teleaga)",authors:[{id:"71885",title:"Prof.",name:"Antje",middleName:null,surname:"Dr. Büttner-Teleaga",fullName:"Antje Dr. Büttner-Teleaga",slug:"antje-dr.-buttner-teleaga"}]},{id:"32158",title:"Parasomnias",slug:"parasomnias",totalDownloads:2067,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"F. Gokben Hizli and Nevzat Tarhan",authors:[{id:"72605",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokben",middleName:"Feride",surname:"Hizli Sayar",fullName:"Gokben Hizli Sayar",slug:"gokben-hizli-sayar"},{id:"77018",title:"Prof.",name:"Nevzat",middleName:null,surname:"Tarhan",fullName:"Nevzat Tarhan",slug:"nevzat-tarhan"}]},{id:"32159",title:"Risk Factors and Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome in Adults",slug:"restless-legs-syndrome",totalDownloads:2680,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"John A. Gjevre and Regina M. Taylor-Gjevre",authors:[{id:"67279",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Gjevre",fullName:"John Gjevre",slug:"john-gjevre"},{id:"67286",title:"Prof.",name:"Regina",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor-Gjevre",fullName:"Regina Taylor-Gjevre",slug:"regina-taylor-gjevre"}]},{id:"32160",title:"Screening Methods for REM Sleep Behavior Disorder",slug:"screening-methods-for-rem-sleep-behavior-disorder",totalDownloads:7945,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Masayuki Miyamoto, Tomoyuki Miyamoto, Keisuke Suzuki, Masaoki Iwanami and Koichi Hirata",authors:[{id:"41714",title:"Dr.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Miyamoto",fullName:"Masayuki Miyamoto",slug:"masayuki-miyamoto"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3798",title:"Sleep and its Disorders Affect Society",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f983d263d399433e387b0562c70baab3",slug:"sleep-and-its-disorders-affect-society",bookSignature:"Chris Idzikowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74614",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",surname:"Idzikowski",slug:"chris-idzikowski",fullName:"Chris Idzikowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"47161",title:"Sleep and Cognition",slug:"sleep-and-cognition",signatures:"Michelle A. Miller, Hayley Wright, Josie Hough and Francesco P.\nCappuccio",authors:[{id:"77507",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle A",middleName:null,surname:"Miller",fullName:"Michelle A Miller",slug:"michelle-a-miller"}]},{id:"47470",title:"Sleep and Cognition in Developmental Age",slug:"sleep-and-cognition-in-developmental-age",signatures:"Marco Carotenuto and Maria Esposito",authors:[{id:"169120",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Carotenuto",fullName:"Marco Carotenuto",slug:"marco-carotenuto"},{id:"169983",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Esposito",fullName:"Maria Esposito",slug:"maria-esposito"}]},{id:"47467",title:"An Essay on Sleep-Related Sexual Behaviours and Offences Related to Sexual Behaviours",slug:"an-essay-on-sleep-related-sexual-behaviours-and-offences-related-to-sexual-behaviours",signatures:"Chris Idzikowski",authors:[{id:"74614",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Idzikowski",fullName:"Chris Idzikowski",slug:"chris-idzikowski"}]},{id:"46628",title:"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Childhood",slug:"obstructive-sleep-apnea-syndrome-in-childhood",signatures:"Leila A. Azevedo, Heidi H. Sander, Wilma T. Anselmo-Lima and\nFabiana C.P. Valera",authors:[{id:"148355",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilma",middleName:null,surname:"Anselmo-Lima",fullName:"Wilma Anselmo-Lima",slug:"wilma-anselmo-lima"},{id:"169119",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"Leila Azevedo",slug:"leila-azevedo"},{id:"170648",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiana",middleName:null,surname:"Valera",fullName:"Fabiana Valera",slug:"fabiana-valera"},{id:"170649",title:"Dr.",name:"Heidi",middleName:null,surname:"Sander",fullName:"Heidi Sander",slug:"heidi-sander"}]},{id:"46441",title:"Swallowing, Gastroesophageal Reflux and Sleep Apnea",slug:"swallowing-gastroesophageal-reflux-and-sleep-apnea",signatures:"Shinji Teramoto",authors:[{id:"94615",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Teramoto",fullName:"Shinji Teramoto",slug:"shinji-teramoto"}]},{id:"46509",title:"COPD and Sleep Apnea Syndrome – Impact and Interaction of Coexisting Disease",slug:"copd-and-sleep-apnea-syndrome-impact-and-interaction-of-coexisting-disease",signatures:"Carlos Zamarrón Sanz, Carlos Rábade Castedo, Ester Zamarrón de\nLucas, Emilio Morete Aracay and Félix del Campo Matias",authors:[{id:"91230",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Zamarron",fullName:"Carlos Zamarron",slug:"carlos-zamarron"},{id:"94382",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Del Campo",fullName:"Felix Del Campo",slug:"felix-del-campo"},{id:"170778",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Rabade Castedo",fullName:"Carlos Rabade Castedo",slug:"carlos-rabade-castedo"},{id:"170779",title:"Dr.",name:"Ester",middleName:null,surname:"Zamarron De Lucas",fullName:"Ester Zamarron De Lucas",slug:"ester-zamarron-de-lucas"},{id:"170780",title:"Mr.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Morete Aracay",fullName:"Emilio Morete Aracay",slug:"emilio-morete-aracay"}]},{id:"46453",title:"Contribution of Autonomic Nervous System to the Hypertension Induced by Obstructive Sleep Apnea",slug:"contribution-of-autonomic-nervous-system-to-the-hypertension-induced-by-obstructive-sleep-apnea",signatures:"Rodrigo Iturriaga and Juan Idiaquez",authors:[{id:"91823",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Iturriaga",fullName:"Rodrigo Iturriaga",slug:"rodrigo-iturriaga"},{id:"170133",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Idiaquez",fullName:"Juan Idiaquez",slug:"juan-idiaquez"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73827",title:"Combined Application Therapies of Stem Cells and Drugs in the Neurological Disorder Attenuation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94484",slug:"combined-application-therapies-of-stem-cells-and-drugs-in-the-neurological-disorder-attenuation",body:'When the disorders occurred in the brain and spinal cord included cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles, etc., these disorders were named neurological disorders (NDs). NDs are complicated and that are caused by a loss of neurons and glial cells in these injured areas in brain or spinal cord. NDs include epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease (Figure 1), dementias, cerebrovascular diseases (stroke, migraine, and headache disorders, etc), multiple sclerosis, neuro-infected disorders, brain cancer-caused disorders, head trauma-caused traumatic nervous disorders, and malnutrition-induced NDs. Currently, NDs can affect about hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Among NDs, more than 50 million people have epilepsy worldwide [1].
Parkinson’s disease model. Mice were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) by intraperitoneal injection once per day for continuous 5 days to induce Parkinson’s disease ①. The experimental process of Parkinson’s disease was described ②. ③ was the experimental end point.
Approximately 1–3% of the worldwide population suffers from epilepsy. Pharmacotherapy represents the mainstay of treatment for most of the patient population. Moreover, surgery is another option for patients in whom a defined resectable seizure focus can be identified by brain imaging and seizure mapping techniques. For patients whose seizures cannot be controlled by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or not viable for surgery, vagal nerve stimulation will be a third possible option [2]. Unfortunately, there are a significant number of patients with epilepsy continue to live with uncontrolled seizures. Therefore, there is a clear need for more efficacious therapies for these epileptic patients with uncontrolled seizures. In order to identify an efficient therapy for preventing epileptogenesis, a validated animal model is required for translating discoveries at the molecular and genetic basis of epilepsy [3].
Neuroinflammation is an underlying component of a diverse range of neurodegenerative diseases and their associated neuropathology, and increasing evidence suggests that microglia are a key causative factor in this process. Microglia comprised approximately 12% of cells in the brain [2]. They predominate in the gray matter especially in the hippocampus, olfactory telencephalon, basal ganglia, and substantia nigra. Commonly, microglia are readily activated in response to brain injury or immunological stimuli. Over-activated microglia can induce highly detrimental neurocytotoxic factors such as superoxide, nitric oxide (NO), and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, etc.). In status epilepticus (SE), activated microglia have been shown to be present microgliosis [2, 3]. At present, many evidences have demonstrated rapid astrocyte and microglial activation following pilocarpine-induced seizures or SE. However, whether pilocarpine directly activate microglia is poorly understood.
SE is a major neurologic emergency which is characterized by continuous seizures lasting greater than 5 minutes, and SE generation may increase the mortality and morbidity in patients [4, 5, 6]. The mechanism of SE generation is believed to correlate with the increase of excitatory activity and/or the decrease of inhibitory activity in the brain [7, 8]. Treatments can help epileptic patients to decrease seizures or stop seizures. These therapeutic treatments include medicines (anti-epileptic drugs, AEDs), surgery, special diet (ketogenic diet), and electrical device therapy, etc. Traditionally, the strategies of SE treatment included the augmented inhibitory neurotransmission and/or reduced excitatory neurotransmission by pharmaceutical administration, but the clinically AEDs still fail to control the seizures in approximately 20–40% of SE patients [9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of AEDs-resistant SE are still unclear, and it is important to figure out the response of pharmaco-resistance in intact brain for the development of promising treatment.
The treatment of epilepsy is not cured for a long time, and frequent seizures have brought endless troubles to the majority of patients. Nowadays, the treatment of epilepsy is no longer a medical problem, and can finally be completely ended. Only because of the advent of stem cell transplantation therapy, an indelible milestone has been set for the treatment of epilepsy. Stem cell transplantation technology has brought good news to patients with epilepsy, and has achieved a major new medical breakthrough in the treatment of epilepsy. Stem cell treatment of epilepsy is to inject healthy and young stem cells (SCs) into the patient’s body through intravenous injection to replace their diseased or aging tissues and organs for the purpose of treating epilepsy.
Whether stem cell therapy effective for these epileptic patients who are not well treated by surgery? What is the principle? Stem cell transplantation increases the number of neurons In fact, it mainly uses the differentiation function of neural stem cells. Neural stem cells (NSCs) can divide and differentiate into corresponding cell types in the brain according to the induction of their surrounding microenvironment. Their morphology and function are very similar to those of nearby host cells, and they have a certain degree of safety. However, for drug-resistant intractable epilepsy, especially the effect of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is better. TLE is caused by the degeneration, necrosis, and decrease in the number of hippocampal neurons, which leads to a decrease in the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid. However, stem cell transplantation can repair and increase the number of γ-aminobutyric acid neurons. Therefore, restoring the balance of inhibitory neurotransmitters and excitatory neurotransmitters may fundamentally cure TLE.
The principle of cell therapy is easily described as your own cells as “autologous cells” or other people’s cells as “allogeneic cells”. After in vitro culture or processing procedures, these treated cells are introduced into the patient’s body for apply to achieve the purpose of treating or preventing diseases [14].
SCs can build every tissue in the human body, there they have great potential for therapeutic applications in tissue regeneration and repair. SCs can differentiate into specific cell types. SCs’ characteristics are the perpetual self-renewal and the differentiation ability to become a specialized adult cell type. Currently, two major classes of SCs are pluripotent SCs (PSCs) and multipotent SCs (MSCs) [14].
PSCs can differentiate into any cell in the adult body and it also was named “embryonic stem cells”. Recently, “induced PSCs” (iPSCs), with some of the same PSCs’ characteristics as proliferation, morphology and gene expression were yielded adult cells back into the pluripotent state via applying the molecular manipulation (added Klf4, c-Myc4, Lin28, and Nanog). Unfortunately, these iPSCs via genetic engineering are not likely approved for human disease therapy. Consequently, the results of a purely chemical approach to deliver safer transcription genes into the cells look promising [14].
MSCs are only restricted to differentiate a limited cell population. MSCs were found in bone marrow and have been used therapeutically since the 1960s. Recently, the new sources for MSCs such as the placenta, heart, umbilical cord blood, and brain were found. In the brain, neuro-progenitor cells have differentiated abilities to become neural cells. MSCs may have a potential for clinical application. MSCs have the plasticity to become all the progenitor cells or become only one or two specialized cell types of a particular tissue [14]. Based on our in vivo model, the results of SCs therapy in the epileptic research have some progress (Figure 2).
Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model. Mice were firstly pretreated with scopolamine by intraperitoneal injection for 30 min before the induction of SE. Later, pilocarpine was administrated via intraperitoneal injection. Two hours after SE onset, mice were treated intraperitoneally with diazepam to terminate seizures. The process of status epilepticus was described as ① + ②. After one day post pilocarpine induction, stem cell therapy was performed until the experimental end point ③.
SCs can develop into cells of different specialized cell types in the body and grow into new body tissues. For example as transformation into different body cell types, including muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells. SCs have the potential to treat many diseases, including stroke, heart attack, spinal cord injury, and macular degeneration, etc. Whether SCs be used to treat epilepsy? Since most cases of epilepsy can be attributed to differences in receptor expression in the brain (due to mutations), theoretically correcting these may reduce the likelihood of electrical seizures in the brain. In addition, during status epilepticus, excitatory overload sometimes kills neurons, especially neurons in the hippocampus. Over time, this actually worsens the condition and leads to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Although AEDs can treat seizures, the damage to the temporal lobe is usually irreversible and permanent, and current treatments do not solve this problem [15, 16, 17].
The scientific research of SCs in the treatment of epilepsy were showed as (1) PSCs transplantation to treat TLE: Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are induced to develop into any type of cells in the body, including GABAergic interneurons. According to literatures, GABAergic interneuron progenitor cells derived from hiPSC were transplanted into the hippocampus of a TLE model to observe its efficacy. The results were presented that medial ganglion cells (MGE) derived from hiPSCs after the cell transplantation into the hippocampus. Later, researchers successfully reduced the frequency of seizures and reduced the loss of GABAergic neurons. (2) SCs were obtained from the patient’s own bone marrow to treat TLE: the use of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in patients with epilepsy can reduce overall seizure frequency. SCs are obtained from the patient’s own bone marrow and intravenously administered into the spinal cord. One year later, 30% epilepsy patients had a complete remission (without seizures), and 50% epilepsy patients who had not previously responded to the medication began to respond well [18, 19, 20].
During neuro-inflammation, the pro-inflammatory cytokines as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) produced by activated microglia or astrocytes provoke pathological signaling cascades through the activation of phospholipase C and phospholipase A2. Later, the release of non-esterified arachidonic acid (AA) from phospholipids and the formation of lysophospholipids and bioactive eicosanoids by oxidized enzymes. Three enzyme systems, cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases metabolize released AA to lipid metabolites as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), respectively. Brain parenchymal tissue metabolizes AA to EETs via the CYP epoxygenase, which regulate cerebral blood flow and perform anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Previous results were showed that hypoxia and ischemic preconditioning experiments have shown that the increased expression of CYP epoxygenase and EETs in brain may confer protection from ischemic stroke induction. EETs signaling may play a role in suppressing the ischemia-evoked inflammatory cytokine responses in the brain circulation. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a key enzyme for metabolic conversion of EETs into their less active form, dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. The inhibition of sEH has been used to increase systemic EETs level and bioactivity. By using pharmacologic inhibitor or genetic deletion, the inhibition of sEH attenuated the vascular and neural injury induced by cerebral ischemia, suggesting sEH might be a novel target in treatment of stroke. In response to these findings, we hypothesized that sEH is involved in neuroinflammation-related epileptogenesis [21].
The sEH enzyme has thus been identified as a therapeutic target for inflammation, and therefore might serve to treat inflammatory pain [21]. Previous studies shown that during peripheral inflammatory, pain GABA A receptor mediated synaptic inhibition was enhanced in neurons [22]. Inhibition of sEH may have elevated the GABA agonists levels and enhance spinal GABAergic transmission [22]. In this context, the basis of kindling-induced epileptogenesis has been hypothesized that enhanced and/or attenuated activation in pathways utilizing glutamate and GABA as the neurotransmitter, respectively [22]. The sEH enzyme may influence the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, where glutamate and GABA, respectively, play important roles, and alter the seizure-induction threshold.
sEH is a member of the α/β-hydrolase fold family of enzymes which has two domains: a C-terminal epoxide hydrolase domain (EH), which is responsible for the biological roles associated with sEH and an N-terminal lipid phosphatase domain (PT) connected by a proline rich linker [23]. The role of sEH in lipid metabolism and lipid related disorders have been emerged in the recent years. sEH and dyslipidemia and related disorders such as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease were related [24]. The products of the sEH hydrolase domain including fatty acid epoxide substrates and diol were found to activate PPARs, which can modulate plasma lipid by regulating lipid metabolism [24]. Moreover, the hydrolase domain of sEH are shown the effect on lowering cholesterol level by reducing the HMG-CoA reductase expression. However, the phosphatase domain of sEH was shown to regulate the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway by hydrolyzing the isoprenoid intermediates which are involved in cholesterol metabolism [24]. Summarily, the hydrolase and phosphatase domains of sEH exhibit opposite effects on expression of cholesterol levels. According the context about the opposite effects of sEH C- and N-terminal domain on regulating the cholesterol expression, we hypothesize that the sEH C-terminal domain may play a seizure-induction role and the N-terminal of sEH may be a seizure-protection role. In the previous studies, the pharmacokinetic parameters of sEH C-terminal inhibitor, AUDA [12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid] in brain tissue samples were the mean residence time of 6 h and half-time elimination of 4 h [24].
A pilocarpine-induced SE model is wildly used to investigate the alteration of neuronal circuits which reproduced most of the epileptic characteristics in patients. In the pilocarpine-induced SE model, acute SE is successfully induced in only a subset of rats after the high-dose pilocarpine injection [25]. According to our previous epileptic mouse model, mice were firstly pretreated with scopolamine methyl nitrate (1 mg/kg BW, Sigma-Aldrich) by intraperitoneal injection for 30 min before the induction of SE. Later, 325 mg/kg body weight (BW) pilocarpine hydrochloride was administrated via intraperitoneal injection. Mouse behaviors were monitored and scored according to Racine’s scale (Table 1) [24, 25, 26]. Two hours after SE onset, mice were treated intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg BW diazepam to terminate seizures (Figure 3).
Class (seizure stage) | Racine’s scale behavioral expression |
---|---|
1 | Mouth and focal movement |
2 | Head nodding |
3 | Contralateral forelimb clonus |
4 | Symmetrical forelimb clonus with rearing |
5 | Rearing and falling |
Five class of Racine’s scale for seizure stage.
Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model. Mice were firstly pretreated with scopolamine by intraperitoneal injection for 30 min before the induction of SE. Later, pilocarpine was administrated via intraperitoneal injection. Two hours after SE onset, mice were treated intraperitoneally with diazepam to terminate seizures. The process of status epilepticus was described as ① + ②. After one day post pilocarpine induction, drug therapy was performed until the experimental end point ③.
In vivo seizure models are important for the research of epilepsy and seizure activity. Currently, in vitro models for epileptic research included rodent brain tissue slices and central nervous system (CNS) cell cultures [26]. These in vitro models have been performed for the research of epileptic mechanisms. The status of “seizure” and “seizure-like” were described in the in vivo and in vitro epileptic studies, respectively [27, 28]. In vitro CNS cell models were established by applying 12-(3-Adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA) that was ordered from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Cat No. 472301; Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA). Cells were obtained as mouse retroviral immortalized microglia BV-2 cells belonged to C57BL/6 background (a gift from Dr. Hsiao-Li Chuang, National laboratory animal center, Taipei, Taiwan). They were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin in 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. Cells were grown to 90% confluency before experiments. Later, cells were treated with 100 μM pilocarpine and/or 100 μM AUDA and cultured for 24 hr. in 10% FBS-DMEM on glass coverslips and performed the observation of BV-2 cell morphology by light microscope. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay according to the manufacturer’s instructions (MERCK, Darmstadt, Germany). In vitro scratch wounding-healing assay was performed as described. Briefly, confluent BV-2 microglia in 6-well plates were washed with serum-free DMEM three times. A line down the center of each well was scraped with a p200 pipette tip, followed by a wash to remove debris with serum-free DMEM. Images were taken at 10× magnification, scratch widths were measured, and wound closure was calculated by dividing widths measured after a 8 hr. incubation by the initial scraped width. Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and three fields were counted per well by scorers blinded to experimental conditions. Boyden chamber assays were performed in the transwells (BD Bioscience, New Bedford, MA) as previously described. BV-2 microglia (4 × 104 cells in 200 μL of serum-free DMEM) were added to the upper chamber and allowed to adhere to the polycarbonate filters (8 μm pore) for 30 min at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. Following, cells were pretreated with 100 μM pilocarpine at 37°C for 30 min prior to AUDA treatment. 100 μM AUDA were then placed in the upper chamber and lower chamber was added with 10% FBS-DMEM to allowed cell migration. Cells did not migrate and remained on the upper surface of the filter were removed. Cells had migrated to the lower surface were stained with Liu’s stain (ASK, Taoyuan, Taiwan) and counted under light microscope. In at least three independent experiments, three wells per treatment were counted in nine random fields at 40× magnification per well by scorers blind to experimental conditions.
In the acute toxic assay in vivo, high doses of AUDA (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW) were respectively administrated for mice (n = 6/dose), all mice were survival and their clinical symptoms were normal. The results of AUDA were verified safe. Non-cytotoxic concentration (100 μM) of pilocarpine and AUDA were used in this study. Non-cytotoxic effect was presented after 100 μM pilocarpine combined with 100 μM AUDA treatment. According to our studies, AUDA significantly suppressed cell migration compared to the control by using respectively in vitro scratch wound-healing assay and Boyden chamber assay (p < 0.001) (Figures 4 and 5). According to these results, AUDA had the ability for the inhibition of the C-terminal domain of sEH can suppress the seizure development. C-terminal domain of sEH may play an important role in the epileptogenesis.
In vitro scratch wound-healing assay. Non-cytotoxic concentration (100 μM) of pilocarpine and AUDA were used in this study. 100 μM pilocarpine was first treated to BV-2 cells before 100 μM AUDA treatment. Later, AUDA treatment for 7.5 hours until the experimental end.
Boyden chamber assay. Pilocarpine (100 μM) and AUDA (100 μM) were used in this study. Pilocarpine was first treated to BV-2 cells before AUDA treatment. Later, AUDA treatment for 7.5 hours until the experimental end.
Cell replacement therapy and gene transfer to the diseased or injured brain have provided the basis for the development of potentially powerful new therapeutic strategies for a broad spectrum of human neurological diseases. However, the paucity of suitable cell types for cell replacement therapy in patients suffering from neurological disorders has hampered the development of this promising therapeutic approach. The full name of the “Special Control Law” issued by the Ministry of Health Services is “Administrative Measures for the Implementation or Use of Medical Instruments for Special Medical Technical Inspections”, which was officially announced on September 6, 2018. The six major projects may seem complicated, but in terms of teleology, they can be divided into two categories: “disease therapy” and “tissue repair”. The two peripheral blood stem cells and immune cells are mostly used to treat cancer. The other four cell types belong to regenerative medicine, with the goal of helping tissue regeneration or repair (Figure 6).
Amendments to the administrative measures for the implementation or use of specific medical technology inspection and testing medical instruments in Taiwan in 2018. The six major projects can be divided into two categories: “Disease therapy” and “tissue repair”. The two peripheral blood stem cells and immune cells are mostly used to treat cancer. The other four cell types belong to regenerative medicine, with the goal of helping tissue regeneration or repair.
Currently, cell sources, characteristics, differentiation and therapeutic strategies and applications are frequently discussed worldwide. SCs have great potential in the regeneration and repair of tissue in people. However, limited information were presented at present. Therefore, the deeper studies will be still needs to be learned about their biology, manipulation and safety before their full therapeutic potential can be achieved. SCs-based therapies have shown encouraging results in treating diseases including epilepsy. Experimental animal and clinical studies have shown that SCs have significant regenerative properties on epileptic animal and patients with epilepsy. However, before SCs therapy becomes routine, larger clinical trials are needed [29, 30, 31]. In addition, our previous studies suggested that sEH played a critical role in regulating epileptogenesis in the pilocarpine-induced SE mice and in vitro CNS cell platform. Blocking of C-terminal activity of sEH via AUDA treatment can attenuate significantly epileptogenesis. Blocking of C-terminal activity of sEH on epileptogenesis may be provided a novel therapeutic approach in epilepsy. Anti-functional sEH C-terminal domain also may be a potential biomarker therapy for epileptogenesis in the future. Finally, the combined application therapies of SCs and drugs as AUDA may be try to apply in attenuating NDs (Figure 7).
Combined application therapies of stem cells and drugs in the neurological disorder attenuation. Based on epilepsy, some symptoms were increase as spontaneous seizure, mossy fiber sprouting, brain edema, hippocampal volume, GABAergic interneuron number, astrocyte activity, microglia activity. However, neuron number was decrease. After the combined application therapies of stem cells and drugs in the neurological disorder, the above symptoms were reversed.
Authors thank the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Council of Agriculture, Taiwan for support.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Authors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen authors on the Global Highly Cited Researchers 2018 list",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nYuekun Lai
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nPrevious years (alphabetically by surname)
\\n\\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\\n\\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\\n\\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\\n\\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\\n\\nGang Chen 2016-18
\\n\\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\\n\\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\\n\\nMark Connors 2015-18
\\n\\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\\n\\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\\n\\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\\n\\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\\n\\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\\n\\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\\n\\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\\n\\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\\n\\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
\\n\\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\\n\\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\\n\\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\\n\\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\\n\\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\\n\\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\\n\\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\\n\\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\\n\\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\\n\\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\\n\\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\\n\\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFei Wei 2016-18
\\n\\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\\n\\nQi Xie 2016-18
\\n\\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYuekun Lai
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrevious years (alphabetically by surname)
\n\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\n\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\n\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\n\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\n\nGang Chen 2016-18
\n\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\n\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
\n\nMyung-Haing Cho 2016, 2018
\n\nMark Connors 2015-18
\n\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\n\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\n\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
\n\nVincenzo Fogliano 2017, 2018
\n\nRon de Graaf 2014-18
\n\nHarald Haas 2017, 2018
\n\nFrancisco Herrera 2017, 2018
\n\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
\n\nHamid Reza Karimi 2016-18
\n\nJunji Kido 2014-18
\n\nJose Luiszamorano 2015-18
\n\nYiqi Luo 2016-18
\n\nJoachim Maier 2014-18
\n\nAndrea Natale 2017, 2018
\n\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\n\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\n\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\n\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\n\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\n\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\n\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\n\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\n\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\n\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\n\nFei Wei 2016-18
\n\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\n\nQi Xie 2016-18
\n\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\n\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5775},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5238},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10409},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15805}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118374},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10748",title:"Fishery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ecde44e36545a02e9bed47333869ca6f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10748.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10738",title:"Molluscs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a42a81ed3f9e3dda6d0daaf69c26117e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10738.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10768",title:"Bryology and Lichenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2188e0dffab6ad8d6c0f3afce29ccce0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10768.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10834",title:"Invertebrate Neurophysiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d3831987f0552c07015057f170cab45c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10834.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10895",title:"Grasses and Grassland",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4abcdc7f2d889b2c8c96f7066899e974",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10895.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10885",title:"Snake Biology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"78f81673958ec92284b94aee280896bf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10885.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9662",title:"Vegetation Index and Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0abf2a59ee63fc1ba4fb64d77c9b1be7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Eusebio Cano Carmona, Dr. Ricardo Quinto Canas, Dr. Ana Cano Ortiz and Dr. Carmelo Maria Musarella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10750",title:"Solanum tuberosum - a Promising Crop for Starvation Problem",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"516eb729eadf0d1a9d1d2e6bf31e8e9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mustafa Yildiz and Dr. Yasin Ozgen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10750.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10772",title:"Parasitic Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"31abd439b5674c91d18ad77dbc52500f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana Maria Gonzalez and Dr. Hector Sato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10772.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"281854",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"ana-maria-gonzalez",fullName:"Ana Maria Gonzalez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10737",title:"Equus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"258ffafc92a7c9550bb85f004d7402e7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Adriana Pires Neves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10737.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188768",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Pires Neves",slug:"adriana-pires-neves",fullName:"Adriana Pires Neves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:24},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5247},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"751",title:"Nano Electronics",slug:"nano-electronics",parent:{title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:50,numberOfWosCitations:61,numberOfCrossrefCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitations:42,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"nano-electronics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10073",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aceca7dfc807140870a89d42c5537d7c",slug:"recent-advances-in-nanophotonics-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mojtaba Kahrizi and Parsoua A. Sohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"113045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Kahrizi",slug:"mojtaba-kahrizi",fullName:"Mojtaba Kahrizi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8539",title:"Nanogenerators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91a10b2cf3671816d028eb8dceaa236c",slug:"nanogenerators",bookSignature:"Sang Jae Kim, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar and Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8539.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81419",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sang-jae-kim",fullName:"Sang Jae Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6124",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",subtitle:"A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c94caf617c31b349bd3d9dd054a022a3",slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",bookSignature:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6124.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",middleName:null,surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5746",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8fb72b46f25ab676b1b1d52b691a80dc",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",bookSignature:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5746.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64949",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Sasani Ghamsari",slug:"morteza-sasani-ghamsari",fullName:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3635",title:"Polymer Thin Films",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"polymer-thin-films",bookSignature:"Abbass A Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3635.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"9620",doi:"10.5772/8403",title:"Surface Wetting Characteristics of Rubbed Polyimide Thin Films",slug:"surface-wetting-characteristics-of-rubbed-polyimide-thin-films",totalDownloads:5027,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"polymer-thin-films",title:"Polymer Thin Films",fullTitle:"Polymer Thin Films"},signatures:"Wenjun Zheng",authors:null},{id:"58220",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72534",title:"Fabrication and Replication of Periodic Nanopyramid Structures by Laser Interference Lithography and UV Nanoimprint Lithography for Solar Cells Applications",slug:"fabrication-and-replication-of-periodic-nanopyramid-structures-by-laser-interference-lithography-and",totalDownloads:802,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",fullTitle:"Micro/Nanolithography - A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology"},signatures:"Amalraj Peter Amalathas and Maan M. Alkaisi",authors:[{id:"6368",title:"Prof.",name:"Maan",middleName:null,surname:"Alkaisi",slug:"maan-alkaisi",fullName:"Maan Alkaisi"},{id:"207012",title:"Dr.",name:"Amalraj",middleName:null,surname:"Peter Amalathas",slug:"amalraj-peter-amalathas",fullName:"Amalraj Peter Amalathas"}]},{id:"58424",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72860",title:"Large-Area Nanoimprint Lithography and Applications",slug:"large-area-nanoimprint-lithography-and-applications",totalDownloads:1276,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",fullTitle:"Micro/Nanolithography - A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology"},signatures:"Hongbo Lan",authors:[{id:"6642",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Lan",slug:"hongbo-lan",fullName:"Hongbo Lan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72277",title:"Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Introduction and Applications",slug:"surface-enhanced-raman-scattering-introduction-and-applications",totalDownloads:471,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-nanophotonics-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Samir Kumar, Prabhat Kumar, Anamika Das and Chandra Shakher Pathak",authors:null},{id:"58480",title:"Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) Under Immersion Lithography",slug:"optical-proximity-correction-opc-under-immersion-lithography",totalDownloads:804,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",fullTitle:"Micro/Nanolithography - A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology"},signatures:"Ahmed Awad, Atsushi Takahashi and Chikaaki Kodaman",authors:[{id:"220602",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"Nassouh",surname:"Awad",slug:"ahmed-awad",fullName:"Ahmed Awad"},{id:"227583",title:"Prof.",name:"Atushi",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",slug:"atushi-takahashi",fullName:"Atushi Takahashi"},{id:"227584",title:"Dr.",name:"Chikaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kodama",slug:"chikaaki-kodama",fullName:"Chikaaki Kodama"}]},{id:"54748",title:"Perovskite Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes",slug:"perovskite-quantum-dot-light-emitting-diodes",totalDownloads:2225,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",fullTitle:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes"},signatures:"Zhifeng Shi, Xinjian Li and Chongxin Shan",authors:[{id:"195847",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhifeng",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",slug:"zhifeng-shi",fullName:"Zhifeng Shi"},{id:"195921",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinjian",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"xinjian-li",fullName:"Xinjian Li"},{id:"195922",title:"Prof.",name:"Chongxin",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"chongxin-shan",fullName:"Chongxin Shan"}]},{id:"58424",title:"Large-Area Nanoimprint Lithography and Applications",slug:"large-area-nanoimprint-lithography-and-applications",totalDownloads:1276,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",fullTitle:"Micro/Nanolithography - A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology"},signatures:"Hongbo Lan",authors:[{id:"6642",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Lan",slug:"hongbo-lan",fullName:"Hongbo Lan"}]},{id:"56542",title:"Introductory Chapter: Quantum-Dots Based Organic Light- Emitting Diodes - The State-of-the-Art",slug:"introductory-chapter-quantum-dots-based-organic-light-emitting-diodes-the-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:1036,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",fullTitle:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes"},signatures:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari",authors:[{id:"64949",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Sasani Ghamsari",slug:"morteza-sasani-ghamsari",fullName:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari"}]},{id:"70631",title:"Piezoelectric/Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Biomedical Applications",slug:"piezoelectric-triboelectric-nanogenerators-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"nanogenerators",title:"Nanogenerators",fullTitle:"Nanogenerators"},signatures:"Panpan Li, Jeongjae Ryu and Seungbum Hong",authors:[{id:"240618",title:"Prof.",name:"Seungbum",middleName:null,surname:"Hong",slug:"seungbum-hong",fullName:"Seungbum Hong"},{id:"242359",title:"Dr.",name:"Panpan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"panpan-li",fullName:"Panpan Li"},{id:"242360",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeongjae",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",slug:"jeongjae-ryu",fullName:"Jeongjae Ryu"}]},{id:"55137",title:"CdS(Se) and PbS(Se) Quantum Dots with High Room Temperature Quantum Efficiency in the Fluorine-Phosphate Glasses",slug:"cds-se-and-pbs-se-quantum-dots-with-high-room-temperature-quantum-efficiency-in-the-fluorine-phospha",totalDownloads:1089,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",fullTitle:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes"},signatures:"Elena Kolobkova and Nikolay Nikonorov",authors:[{id:"71065",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Nikonorov",slug:"nikolay-nikonorov",fullName:"Nikolay Nikonorov"},{id:"71080",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kolobkova",slug:"elena-kolobkova",fullName:"Elena Kolobkova"}]},{id:"70559",title:"Design of Electrode Materials for Stretchable Triboelectric Nanogenerators",slug:"design-of-electrode-materials-for-stretchable-triboelectric-nanogenerators",totalDownloads:375,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"nanogenerators",title:"Nanogenerators",fullTitle:"Nanogenerators"},signatures:"Zhen Wen",authors:[{id:"310822",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zhen",middleName:null,surname:"Wen",slug:"zhen-wen",fullName:"Zhen Wen"}]},{id:"70813",title:"Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Design, Fabrication, Energy Harvesting, and Portable-Wearable Applications",slug:"triboelectric-nanogenerators-design-fabrication-energy-harvesting-and-portable-wearable-applications",totalDownloads:494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"nanogenerators",title:"Nanogenerators",fullTitle:"Nanogenerators"},signatures:"Venkateswaran Vivekananthan, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Yuvasree Purusothaman, Gaurav Khandelwal and Sang-Jae Kim",authors:[{id:"81419",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sang-jae-kim",fullName:"Sang Jae Kim"},{id:"226214",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagamalleswara Rao",middleName:null,surname:"Alluri",slug:"nagamalleswara-rao-alluri",fullName:"Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri"},{id:"226215",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Chandrasekhar",slug:"arunkumar-chandrasekhar",fullName:"Arunkumar Chandrasekhar"},{id:"313713",title:"Mr.",name:"Venkateswaran",middleName:null,surname:"Vivekananthan",slug:"venkateswaran-vivekananthan",fullName:"Venkateswaran Vivekananthan"},{id:"313714",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuvasree",middleName:null,surname:"Purusothaman",slug:"yuvasree-purusothaman",fullName:"Yuvasree Purusothaman"},{id:"313715",title:"Mr.",name:"Gaurav",middleName:null,surname:"Khandelwal",slug:"gaurav-khandelwal",fullName:"Gaurav Khandelwal"}]},{id:"55768",title:"Quantum Dot-Based Light Emitting Diodes (QDLEDs): New Progress",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes-qdleds-new-progress",totalDownloads:1768,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",fullTitle:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes"},signatures:"Neda Heydari, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Ghorashi, Wooje Han and\nHyung-Ho Park",authors:[{id:"199095",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyung-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"hyung-ho-park",fullName:"Hyung-Ho Park"},{id:"202100",title:"Dr.",name:"Neda",middleName:null,surname:"Heydari",slug:"neda-heydari",fullName:"Neda Heydari"},{id:"202684",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mohammad Bagher Ghorashi",middleName:null,surname:"Ghorashi",slug:"seyed-mohammad-bagher-ghorashi-ghorashi",fullName:"Seyed Mohammad Bagher Ghorashi Ghorashi"},{id:"209683",title:"Mr.",name:"Wooje",middleName:null,surname:"Han",slug:"wooje-han",fullName:"Wooje Han"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"nano-electronics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea-in-stroke",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"sleep-disorders",chapter:"sleep-apnea-in-stroke"},fullPath:"/books/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea-in-stroke",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()