The energies of the 5d96s2(D5/2,D3/2)-5d106s (S1/2), 5d107p(P1/2,P3/2)-5d106s(S1/2), 5d107p(P1/2,P3/2)-5d107s(S1/2), 5d96s2(D5/2,D3/2)-5d106s (S1/2) transitions in Hg+ (Ry).
Abstract
Fundamentals of gauge-invariant relativistic many-body perturbation theory (PT) with optimized ab initio zeroth approximation in theory of relativistic multi-electron systems are presented. The problem of construction of optimal one-electron representation is directly linked with a problem of the correct accounting for multielectron exchange-correlation effects and gauge-invariance principle fulfilling in atomic calculations. New approach to construction of optimal PT zeroth approximation is based on accurate treating the lowest order multielectron effects, in particular, the gauge-dependent radiative contribution for the certain class of photon propagator (for instance, the Coulomb, Feynman, Babushkin ones) gauge. This value is considered to be a typical representative of important multielectron exchange-correlation effects, whose minimization is a reasonable criteria in the searching for optimal PT one-electron orbital basis. This procedure derives an undoubted profit in the routine many-body calculations as it provides the way of refinement of the atomic characteristics calculations, based on the “first principles”. The relativistic density-functional approximation is taken as the zeroth one. There have taken into account all exchange-correlation corrections of the second order and dominated classes of the higher orders diagrams (polarization interaction, quasiparticles screening, etc.). New form of multi-electron polarization functional is used. As illustration, the results of computing energies, transition probabilities for some heavy ions are presented.
Keywords
- relativistic many-body perturbation theory
- density-functional approximation
- exchange-correlation effects
- radiative transitions
- oscillator strengths
- heavy atoms
1. Introduction
Perturbation theory (PT) formalism has a long history in studying different multielectron (more generally, multifermion) systems, including different atomic, molecular, and nuclear properties. Really, one should say about formalism of the many-body PT as, a rule, usually it applies to studying different properties of the multiparticle systems, for instance, ionization and excitation energies, spectra, electron exchange-correlation energies, hyperfine structure, radiative and autoionization decay rates (transition probabilities, oscillator, and lines strengths), as well as the influence of an external electromagnetic fields. In the last few decades, the PT methods have been refined with a sophisticated and comprehensive approach of more correct treatment of the exchange-correlation effects, electron-nuclear dynamics, and so on [1–44]. Rephrasing the known interesting quote by Bartlett and Musiał [3, 4] and earlier by Wilson, one could say that
A number of the PT versions include a synthesis of cluster expansions, Brueckner’s summation of ladder diagrams, the summation of ring diagrams Gell-Mann, and an infinite-order generalization of manybody PT (Kelly, 1969; Ivanov-Tolmachev, 1969–1974, Bartlett and Silver, 1974–1976, etc.; see review in Ref. [7]). Using quantum-field methods in atomic and molecular theory allowed obtaining a very powerful approach for the correct treatment of the exchange-correlation effects in many-electron systems. In this context, it is useful to remind about such sophisticated methods as a coupled-cluster theory, the Green-functions method, configuration interaction methods, and so on. Only with this property are applications to solids or the electron gas possible, and, even for small atoms and molecules, its effects are numerically quite essential. When relativistic effects became essential in the studied multielectron (fermion) system, naturally it is necessary to formulate a formalism of the relativistic many-body PT. In the first attempts, an account for the relativistic effects had been reduced to treating the Darwin, mass-velocity, and spin-orbit effects, which have to be added to the nonrelativistic solution and provide different approximations lying between the Schrödinger equation and the four-component Dirac equation [2, 6, 7]. Among recent developments in this field, special attention should be given to two very general and important computer systems for relativistic and QED calculations of atomic and molecular properties developed in the Oxford, Troitsk, and other groups (known as ”GRASP,” ”Dirac,” ”BERTHA,” ”QED,” “Superatom,” etc.; Ref. [1–13] and references therein). For example, a new relativistic molecular structure theory within the QED framework with accounting of the electron correlation and higher-order QED effects has been formulated and further realized as the BERTHA program. The master system of equations includes the so-called Dirac-Hartree-Fock-Breit self-consistent field equations. The useful overview of the relativistic electronic structure theory is presented in Refs. [2, 7] from the QED point of view. The next important step is an adequate taking into account the QED corrections. This topic has been a subject of intensive theoretical and experimental interest.
Hitherto, most many-body PT studies concerned atoms with a simple electron-shell structure, namely atoms of the inert gases and atoms and ions with a single electron (or hole) above (or inside) the closed shells core. The fundamental limitation to extend the many-body procedure beyond such simple atomic systems arises from the complexity of any perturbation expansion if more than just one or two
The searching for the optimal one-electron zeroth representation is one of the oldest in the theory of multielectron atoms and, respectively, in the formulation of the effective PT formalism. Two decades ago, Davidson had pointed the principal disadvantages of the traditional representation based on the self-consistent field approach and suggested the optimal “natural orbitals” representation [11]. Nevertheless, there remain insurmountable computational difficulties in the realization of the Davidson program (see, e.g., Refs. [11, 12]). One of the simplified recipes represents, for example, a density functional theory (DFT) formalism [8]. Unfortunately, this approach does not provide a regular refinement procedure in the case of the complicated atom with few quasiparticles (QPs) (electrons or vacancies above a core of the closed electronic shells). The problem of construction of the optimal one-electron representation is tightly linked with the problem of the correct accounting for the multielectron exchange-correlation effects. In Refs. [47, 48], the PT lowest-order multielectron effects, in particular, the gauge-dependent radiative contribution (gauge-noninvariant) for the certain class of the photon propagator gauge is treated. This value is considered to be the typical representative of the multielectron exchange-correlation effects contribution. New fundamental idea has been proposed in Refs. [47, 48] in order to construct the optimal PT one-electron basis and is in minimization of the gauge-noninvariant contribution into a radiation width of atomic level. Such an approach allows to determine an effectiveness of accounting of the multielectron exchange-correlation effects and provides the practical way of the refinement of the atomic characteristics calculations, based on the “first principles.” Really, the known standard criterion of the multielectron computing quality in atomic spectroscopy is linked with a closeness of the atomic level radiation width values, calculated using two alternative forms of the transition operator (the “length” and the “velocity” forms). It is of special interest to verify the compatibility of the new optimization principle with the other requirements conditioning a “good” one-electron representation. We suppose that this point should be obligatory in formulation of the effective, optimal PT formalism.
In this chapter, we present the theoretical fundamentals of the gauge-invariant relativistic many-body PT with using the optimized one-QP representation in the theory of relativistic multielectron systems [21–23, 47, 48]. All exchange-correlation corrections of the second-order and dominated classes of the higher-orders diagrams (polarization interaction, QPs screening, etc.) [47–67] have been taken into account. As illustration of application of the presented PT formalism, we list the results of computing energies, transition probabilities (oscillator strengths) in some heavy atoms (ion of Hg+).
2. Relativistic many-body perturbation theory with optimized one-quasiparticle zeroth representation
2.1. General remarks
Our relativistic PT version is constructed on the same principles as the known formally exact PT with model zeroth approximation by Ivanova-Ivanov et al. [33–47]; however, there a few principal points, where our formalism differs from this known theory. At first, this is another definition of the zeroth approximation, namely within the relativistic DFT one [14–17, 19–22]. Second, this is an implementation of the principally new approach to construction of the optimized one-QP representation, which allows correctly to take into account a gauge invariance principle fulfilling.
In nonrelativistic theory of multielectron atoms, a powerful field approach for computing the electron energy shift Δ
Here, Γ is a radiation width of the atomic level (or a possibility
Here,
2.2. The perturbation theory zeroth approximation
We will describe an atomic multielectron system by the relativistic Dirac Hamiltonian (the atomic units are used) as follows [14, 15]:
where
Here,
where
Further as
The standard definition of the exchange potential in the density-functional theory is as follows:
In the relativistic multielectron theory with a Hamiltonian having a transverse vector potential (for describing the photons), one could determine the homogeneous density
where
where
Here,
The condition
2.3. The perturbation theory first- and second-orders corrections: correlation effects
In the PT first order, one should determine the matrix elements of the PT operator with the relativistic Coulomb-Breit potential, which are the contributions of the following type [36]:
where
The value of the
In the nonrelativistic limit, there remains only the first term in Eq. (15) depending only on the large component
The angular coefficient has only a real part:
Here, {
Then, exchange-correlation effects can be treated within the PT formalism as effects of the second and higher PT orders. In the second order, one should especially note the polarization and ladder diagrams. In Figures 1 and 2, we list some important diagrams of the second order describing the effects of the polarization interaction of quasiparticles and screening of the external quasiparticles (or antiscreening in the case, say, of an electron and a vacancy).
The polarization diagrams take into account the quasiparticle interaction through the polarizable core, and the ladder diagrams account for the immediate quasiparticle interaction. An effective approach to accounting the polarization contributions is in adding the effective two-QP polarizable operator into the first-order matrix elements. The corresponding polarization operator can be taken in the following form [50]:
where
In order to take into account the ladder diagrams contributions as well as some of the three-quasiparticle diagram contributions in all PT orders, we use the special procedure, which includes a modification of the mean-filled potential, which describes the effects of screening (antiscreening) of the core potential of each QP by the others (see details in Refs. [7, 14–19, 33–38]). Introduction of the additional screening potential into the Dirac equations for the large and small components changes the 1-QP energies and orbitals. It results in the corresponding modification of the diagonal 1-QP matrix
2.4. Optimization of the relativistic orbitals basis
In order to obtain a precise description of the spectral characteristics of multielectron atomic systems, within the PT framework one should generate the optimized relativistic orbitals basis (see “Introduction” section) [1–7, 9–15]. The powerful ab initio approach to construction of the optimized PT basis has been developed in Ref. [48] and reduced to consistent treating gauge-dependent multielectron contributions ImΔ
For simplicity, let us consider now the one-quasiparticle atomic system (i.e., atomic system with one electron or vacancy above a core of the closed electronic shells). The multiquasiparticle case does not contain principally new moments. In the PT lowest, second order for the Δ
In the fourth order of QED PT (the second order of the atomic PT), the diagrams appear, whose contribution to the ImΔ
In Ref. [48], the gauge-noninvariant contribution to an imaginary part of the electron energy has been calculated, which is as follows:
where
Realizing a principle of minimization of the functional ImΔ
2.5. Radiation decay probability as an imaginary part of the electron energy shift. Method of calculation
The method of computing the radiation decay (transition probabilities, oscillator strengths) probabilities within the relativistic energy approach is presented in, for instance, Refs. [16–19, 33–35, 47, 48]. Here, we only note that a probability is directly linked with the imaginary part of electron energy shift, which is defined in the PT lowest order as follows:
where
The individual terms of the sum Eq. (21) represent the contributions of different channels and probability, for instance, of the dipole α-n transition as
In a case of the two-quasiparticle states (for instance, the excited atomic state is treated as a state with the two QP: electron and vacancy above the closed shells core), the corresponding probability has the following form (say, transition:
It is worth noting that all relativistic atomic calculations are usually carried out in the
where
In conclusion, let us also underline that the tedious procedure of phase convention in calculating the matrix elements of different operators is avoided in the energy approach, although the final formulae, certainly, must coincide with the formulae obtained using the traditional amplitude quantum-mechanical method. All other details can be found in Refs. [7, 16–19, 33–36, 47–50].
3. Some results and conclusions
As illustration of the application of the above presented formalism, we present the results of computing energies, transition probabilities (oscillator strengths) in the heavy multielectron ion of Hg+. A great interest to studying similar systems (Hg) is explained by the importance of the corresponding data, for instance, for laser effect studying. The collision of atoms of the Mendeleev table second raw with ions of helium (other inert gases) leads to creating ions in the excited states which is important for creating the inverse populations and laser effect. The available literature data on radiative characteristics are definitely insufficient. An account of the relativistic and correlation effects has a critical role in the cited systems as the studied transitions occur in the external shells in a strong field of atom with large Z. Within the relativistic PT, the Hg+ states can be treated one- and three-QP states of electrons (6s) and vacancy (5d−1) above the core of the closed shells 5d106s2. The interaction “quasiparticle core” is described by the potential (6). The polarization interaction of the quasiparticles through the core is described by the two-particle effective potential Eqs. (18a)–(18c). All calculations are performed using the modified atomic code “Superatom-ISAN.”
In Tables 1–3, we present the experimental (NIST) [32] and theoretical energies, electric E1 (5d107p(P1/2,P3/2)-5d106s(S1/2), 5d107p(P1/2,P3/2)-5d107s(S1/2)), and E2 (5d96s2 (D5/2, D3/2)-5d106s (S1/2)) probabilities of the transitions in the spectrum of Hg+. The theoretical results are obtained within the Hartree-Fock, Dirac-Fock methods by Ostrovsky-Sheynerman, relativistic PT theory with the empirical model potential zeroth approximation (RPT-MP) [18, 31], and our optimized RPT using relativistic energy approach (RPT-EA).
Method | 7P1/2-6S1/2 | 7P3/2-6S1/2 | 7P1/2-7S1/2 | 7P3/2-7S1/2 | D3/2-S1/2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HF | −1.07 | 0.721 | 0.721 | 0.095 | 0.095 | 0.863 |
DF | −1.277 | 0.904 | 0.922 | 0.109 | 0.127 | 0.608 |
RPT-MP | −1.377 | 0.986 | 1.019 | 0.114 | 0.147 | 0.462 |
RPT-EA | −1.378 | 0.987 | 1.020 | 0.115 | 0.148 | 0.462 |
Exp. | −1.378 | 0.987 | 1.020 | 0.115 | 0.148 | 0.461 |
Method | 7P3/2-6S1/2 | 7P1/2-6S1/2 | 7P3/2-7S1/2 | 7P1/2-7S1/2 | 7P3/2-6S1/2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HF | 4.75×106 | 4.75×106 | 3.65×107 | 3.65×107 | 3.65×107 |
DF | 8.45×107 | 1.67×107 | 6.89×107 | 6.89×107 | 4.71×107 |
DF ( | 1.17×108 | 2.04×107 | 1.10×108 | 1.10×108 | 5.52×107 |
RPT-MP | 1.49×108 | 2.31×107 | 1.41×108 | 1.41×108 | 6.33×107 |
RPT-EA | 1.51×108 | 2.33×107 | 1.43×108 | 1.43×108 | 6.35×107 |
Exp. | 1.53×108 | 2.35×107 | 1.44×108 | 1.44×108 | 6.37×107 |
Method | D3/2-S1/2 | D5/2-S1/2 |
---|---|---|
HF | 1360 | 1360 |
DF | 257.0 | 77.4 |
DF ( | 63.9 | 13.3 |
RPT-MP | 54.54 | 11.8 |
RPT-EA | 54.52 (0.2%) | 11.7 (0.2%) |
Exp. | 53.5 ± 2.0 | 11.6 ± 0.4 |
The standard HF and DF approaches in the single-configuration approximations do not allow to obtain very accurate results. Using the empirical transition energies significantly improve the theoretical results as in fact it means an account for very important interparticle correlations effects. In our approach, the corresponding exchange-correlation effects (the polarization interaction of the QPs, mutual screening and anti-screening corrections, etc.) are taken into account more accurately. The core polarization correction to the transition probability is of great importance as it changes significantly the probability value (~15–40%). It should be also noted that the gauge-noninvariant contribution to radiation width is very small (0.2%; see Table 2 in the line “EA”) that means equivalence of the calculation results in the standard amplitude approach with using the length and velocity forms for transition operator. From the other side, this is an evidence of the successful choice of the PT zeroth approximation and accurate account of the multi-particle correlation effects.
We have presented the fundamentals of the new relativistic many-body PT formalism with construction of the optimized one-QP representation in the theory of relativistic multielectron systems. The relativistic density-functional approximation with the Kohn-Sham potential is taken as the zeroth one and all exchange-correlation corrections of the second-order and dominated classes of the higher-orders diagrams (polarization interaction, QPs screening, etc.) have been taken into account. In order to reach the corresponding optimization, we have used a procedure of the accurate treating of the PT lowest-order multielectron effects, in particular, the gauge-dependent radiative contribution for the certain class of the photon propagator gauge. The corresponding contribution is considered to be the typical representative of the important multielectron exchange-correlation effects, whose minimization is reasonable criteria in the searching for the optimal PT one-electron basis. This procedure derives an undoubted profit in the routine many-body calculations as it provides the way of the refinement of the atomic (molecular) characteristics calculations, based on the “first principles.” The presented relativistic PT formalism can be further generalized, in particular, by the way of accounting for the radiation, QED (the Lamb shift self-energy and vacuum polarization corrections, for instance in the effective Uhling-Serber approximation with account for the Källen-Sabry and Wichmann-Kroll corrections), and nuclear (the Bohr-Weisskopf and Breit-Rosenthal-Crawford-Schawlow effects, nuclear finite size correction, magnetic moment distribution, etc.) effects [13–23].
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Glushkov AV, Malinovskaya SV, Chernyakova YuG, Svinarenko AA. Cooperative laser-electron-nuclear processes: QED calculation of electron satellites spectra for multi-charged ion in laser field. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2004; 99 (5):889–893 - 60.
Glushkov AV, Ambrosov SV, Loboda AV, Chernyakova YuG, Svinarenko AV, Khetselius OYu. QED calculation of the superheavy elements ions: Energy levels, radiative corrections and hyperfine structure for different nuclear models. Nuclear Physics A. 2004; 734S :21–25 - 61.
Glushkov AV, Khetselius OYu, Malinovskaya SV. Optics and spectroscopy of cooperative laser-electron nuclear processes in atomic and molecular systems—New trend in quantum optics. European Physics Journal. 2008; T160 :195–204 - 62.
Glushkov AV, Ambrosov SV, Loboda AV, Gurnitskaya EP, Prepelitsa GP. Consistent QED approach to calculation of electron-collision excitation cross-sections and strengths: Ne-like ions. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2005; 104 (1):562–569 - 63.
Glushkov AV, Malinovskaya SV, Loboda AV, Gurnitskaya EP, Korchevsky DA. Diagnostics of the collisionally pumped plasma and search of the optimal plasma parameters of x-ray lasing: Calculation of electron-collision strengths and rate coefficients for Ne-like plasma. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2005; 178 :188–198 - 64.
Glushkov AV, Loboda AV, Gurnitskaya EP, Svinarenko AA. QED theory of radiation emission and absorption lines for atoms in a strong laser field. Physica Scripta. 2009; T.135 :014022 - 65.
Malinovskaya SV, Glushkov AV, Khetselius OY, Svinarenko AA, Mischenko EV, Florko TA. Optimized perturbation theory scheme for calculating the interatomic potentials and hyperfine lines shift for heavy atoms in the buffer inert gas. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2009; 109 (14):3325–3329 - 66.
Malinovskaya SV, Glushkov AV, Khetselius OY, Lopatkin YM, Loboda AV, Nikola LV, Svinarenko AA, Perelygina TB. Generalized energy approach for calculating electron collision cross-sections for multicharged ions in a plasma: Debye shielding model. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2011; 111 (2):288–296 - 67.
Glushkov AV, Malinovskaya SV, Khetselius OYu, Loboda AV, Sukharev DE, Lovett L. Green's function method in quantum chemistry: New numerical algorithm for the Dirac equation with complex energy and Fermi-model nuclear potential . International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 2009; 109 (8):1717–1727