Studies about RFID benefits in Retail Sector
1. Introduction
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2. RFID implications and simplification of processes
In his theory Maeda emphasizes simplicity laws: (Maeda, 2006, p.I)
Reduce: The simplest way to achieve simplicity is through thoughtful reduction
Organize: Organization makes a system of many appear fewer
Time: Savings in time feel like simplicity
Learn: Knowledge makes everything simpler
Differences: Simplicity and complexity need each other ….
Reducing: Reducing the unnecessary information through RFID tacked products and shelves.
Organize: Organizing the sales person more effective so they can have necessary information about their customers with the help of wireless handheld devices and can read the personalized customer cards.
Time: With the help of RFID tagged products the store managers can gather information about stock levels and responds to customer requirements on time.
Learn: Store managers and marketing managers can learn detailed and up to minute product information during the day.
Differences: Not every customer is the same; marketers should approach different customers in different ways.
Shrinking the time: With the help of RFID- you can get crucial and accurate information about your customer preferences on time.
2.1. The definition of RFID
RFID is a form of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technology that uses electric or magnetic fields at radio frequencies for identification, authentication, location, or automatic data acquisition and transmit, and support a wide range of applications—everything from asset management and tracking to access control and automated payment. RFID systems have the capability of sharing information across organizational boundaries, such as supply chain applications (Sabbaghi and Vaidyanathan, 2008, p.73).
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a generic technology concept that refers to the use of radio waves to identify objects (Auto-ID Center 2002). The core of RFID technology is the RFID transponder (tag) – a tiny computer chip with an antenna. Consumer good suppliers attach these tags to logistic units (palettes, cases, cartons and hanger-good shipments) and, in some cases, to individual items. Logistic units and individual items are identified by the Electronic Product Code (EPC). An RFID reader is used to identify the EPC stored on the RFID tag. The antenna enables the microchip to transmit the object information to the reader, which transforms it to a format understandable by computers (Angelles, 2005, p. 52).
Empowered by the capability to identify uniquely and automatically provide continuous, accurate and real time information on the position and the status of product instances, RFID offers a great improvement opportunity to the shelf replenishment process (Bardaki, Pramateri, 2008; p:4)
2.2. Components of RFID systems
RFID Technologies support a wide range of applications—everything from asset management and tracking to manufactured products and related customer services to access controls and automated payments. Each RFID system has different components and customizations so that it can support a particular business process for an enterprise. Depending on the application in an industry and the enterprise within an industry, A RFID system can be very complex, and its implementations may vary greatly. Conceptually, RFID system may be composed of three subsystems as shown in the figure below (Sabbaghi and Vaidyanathan, 2008, p.73):
An RF subsystem, which performs identification and related transactions using wireless communication,
An enterprise subsystem, which contains computers running specialized software that can store, process, and analyze data acquired from RF subsystem transactions to make the data useful to a supported business process, and
An inter-enterprise subsystem, which connects enterprise subsystems when information needs to be shared across organizational boundaries.
Asghar Sabbaghi and Ganesh Vaidyanathan “Effectiveness and Efficiency of RFID technology in Supply Chain Management: Strategic Values and Challenges”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research ISSN 0718–1876 Electronic Version Vol. 3 / Issue 2 / August 2008 / 71-81
Every RFID system contains an RF subsystem, which is composed of tags and readers. In many RFID systems, the RF subsystem is supported by an enterprise subsystem that is composed of middleware, analytic systems, and networking services. However, in a supply chain application, a tagged product is tracked throughout its life cycle, from the manufacture to final purchase, and sometimes even afterwards (e.g., to support targeted product recalls or related service), and thus its RFID systems has to share information across organizational boundaries. Thus, the RFID systems supporting supply chain applications have also an inter-enterprise subsystem (Sabbaghi and Ganesh, 2008, p 71-81).
3. Warehouse applications for RFID
RFID can be used for many warehouse inventory management operations, including receiving, storage, picking and shipping procedures. With RFID system, items can have a unique and secure serial numbers and it became so visible in inventory and supply chain operations. This visibility brings several benefits that can eliminate current disadvantages and this wireless system can be more efficient.
Warehousing Operations:
Receiving; when pallets are unloaded from the truck, they are automatically identified with fixed position or mobile RFID readers. Fixed position RFID readers can be mounted at the dock door. Mobile readers can be designed as a PDA or they can be mounted on a forklift. Mobile RFID readers can be more effective because they can be used throughout the facility and they require less investment. While RFID system is integrated with Warehouse Management System (WMS), data read from the pallet’s tags are transferred into WMS and updating inventory files. This warehouse process reduces the labor needs. If bar codes were being used in this process, all received pallets would have to be scanned by workers and on the contrary RFID, bar codes needs clearly visible labels.
Storage; in the conventional warehouse systems, different items should be storage different locations. Whereas RFID readers can scan locations and read RFID tags from anywhere. As a result of this, items do not have to be storage in specific locations. In this way, many different storage location alternatives can be used for fast replenishment and picking.
Picking; when RFID system integrates with order management system, the order is checked by the WMS to confirm the picked item belongs with the order.
Shipping; the order management system can confirm pallet loads and improve the accuracy of the shipping process with RFID readers. A RFID tagged pallet can be identified a fixed position RFID reader (as vehicle mounted) or a mobile reader (handheld device). RFID allows for an automatic check of the items loaded into the trailer against the customer order. (Jones and Chung, 2008, pg. 325)
Mandates from the large retailers (Wal-Mart, Target, Albertson etc) and government agencies in USA have increased the awareness of RFID. But still companies that have not been affected by the mandate requirements prefer to wait until the technology matures so that they have adequate knowledge about its potential benefits, especially many companies are concerned about the ROI (Return on Investment) models of RFID (Bhattacharya et al. 2007, p. 1; Jabjiniak and Gilbert, 2004). Determining accurate measures for RFID ROI is very important in order to convince managers. Developing a comprehensive framework for all short term and long term benefits will contribute toward the development of ROI measures (Bhattacharya, 2007, p.2).
4. Benefits of RFID system in retailing
RFID technology can track inventory more accurately in real time resulting in reduced processing time and labor. There are many applications and possibilities for RFID/EPC as these objects in motion are traced throughout the supply chain. The complete visibility of accurate inventory data throughout the supply chain from manufacturer’s shop floor to warehouses to retail stores brings opportunities for improvement and transformation in various processes of the supply chain. RFID technology can help a wide range of organizations and individuals such as hospitals and patients, retailers and customers, and manufacturers and distributors throughout the supply chain to realize significant productivity gains and efficiencies (Sabbaghi and Vaidyanathan, 2008, p.72).
RFID usage in retailing has taken a lot of attention recently (Bhattacharya et al.2007) because the retail industry is one of the most aggressive supporters of this technology; In comparison, a 2005 report by Frost & Sullivan determined the revenue in the RFID retail market to be $400.2 million in 2004, a figure expected to grow to $4,169 million by 2011 (Bacheldor, 2006, p.1).
During the last decade several research studies have focused on RFID and its benefits and challenges in retail sector (Bhattacharya, 2007, p.3) :
Larsson and Qviberg (2004) | Justification of RFID implementation |
Jones et al. (2004) | Potential benefits and challenges of RFID throughout the supply chain for retailers in UK. |
Koh, Kim and Kim (2006) | Issues and critical factors of RFID in retail industry |
Vijayaraman and Osyk (2006) | Empirical study of RFID implementation in warehousing industry |
Karkkainen (2003) | Analysis of RFID benefits obtained by increasing supply chain efficiency for short shelf life products. |
Bhattacharya, Mithu; Chu Chao-Hsien; Mullen Tracy (2007). RFID Implementation in Retail Industry: Current Status, Issues and Challenges;
According to IdTechEx (Bhattacharya, 2007, p.6) the retail industry will comprise %44 of the global RFID market value system including tags by the year 2016. In retail industry RFID is expected to replace the barcode technology as it provides more benefits. The most important benefits for the future is integrated supply chain management, which enables availability of products, inventory management and decreasing of the costs (Bhattacharya, 2007, p.6). After conducting a content analysis in 2006 about RFID and retrieved 362 articles which have been published between 2002 and 2006 Bhattacharya
Benefits* Wal-Mart Mandate Decreasing Cost of tags and readers EPC Global initiatives for Standardization Anti-Counter feiting TOTAL | 92,68% 2.85% 2.03% 2.03% 0,41% 100% |
Operational Efficiency - Reduced out of stock - Accuracy, speed and efficiency of process - Automated shipping/receiving - Reduced Inventory - Improved efficiency of store operations - Improved labor productivity - Streamlined process achievement/Leaner manufacturing | 36.84% |
Improved Visibility - Real-time Visibility - Tracking and Tracing - Improved visibility of orders and inventory - Asset Management - Return/Recall Management - Tracking shopping behavior - Streamlined reverse logistics | 24.12% |
Reduced Costs - Reduced labor requirements/costs - Reduced overall costs | 10.53% |
Improved Security Security against theft/fraud Reduced shrinkage Improved supply chain security Eliminates return merchandise fraud | 9.21% |
Improved Customer Service Levels | 7.89% |
Better Information Accuracy Improved packing and shipment accuracy Business Intelligence | 7.46% |
Increased Sales | 3.95% |
Bhattacharya, Mithu; Chu Chao-Hsien; Mullen Tracy (2007). RFID Implementation in Retail Industry: Current Status, Issues and Challenges;
Bhattacharya
Privacy issues are one of the main concerns of RFID. A balance should be kept between the benefits that consumers can get in terms of better service, time saving and protection of their privacy. Also many business managers would like to see a detailed cost and benefit analysis of RFID implementation.
We see that most of the dominant RFID benefits are focusing on the lower side of the supply chain. RFID technology has the ability to provide up-to-minute information on sales of items, thus can give accurate information about inventory levels. With this accuracy managers may hold their inventory levels at minimum and this may cause to reduce their inventory costs. RFID technology at the pallet level has the potential to automate the distribution of goods between manufacturing plants warehouses and retail stores of different organizations. Companies can cut their costs also down from lost/misplaced inventory ( Sounderpandian et al., 2007, p. 105).
There are evidences which prove a positive ROI for warehouse application but in our study we also would like to consider the advantages of in-store applications for store management and customers.
4.1. In-store applications for RFID
In a retail store RFID tag information is generated based on events: A product is leaving a shelf or a product being checked out by a customer at a checkout corner (Sounderpandian et al., 2007, p. 105). The tag readers should be deployed in a shelf; these tag readers are responsible for reading RFID tags of items on the shelf. Items read by the tag at the checkout generate messages for the host system. After processing these messages the host system informs other partner in supply chain. In addition the host system may send some of the RFID transaction data to the enterprise system of the retailer. The host system is connected to the enterprise information system via a virtual private network (Sounderpandian et al., 2007, p. 106).
Sounderpandian Jayavel; Boppana Rajendra V ;Chalasani Suresh ; Madni Asad M. (2007). Models for Cost-Benefit Analysis of RFID Implementations in Retail Stores
In Europe, Metro Group has been using In-store RFID implications in its Future Stores since 2004. At the end of 2008 Metro group has brought 200 sales points in action, included all Metro Cash&Carry big supermarkets,, in 9 central distribution-warehouse of Metrogroup and also most of the Real Warehouses. They also started in 2008 France with RFID applications of 1.3 billion palettes for 89 Metro Cash and Carry Stores.
There are new usage areas for RFID- Instore applications that have been applied by Metro Ag. at Galeria Kaufhof Essen. Applications are following (Metro Group-Future Store- Guided Tour):
4.1.1. Personal digital assistants/smart shelf
Retailers have limited shelf space available. The choice of which items to stock and the allocation of scarce shelf space among the stocked items are relevant issues for the retailer. For individual SKUs these decisions are important determinants of sales and marketing effectiveness. At the aggregate level, shelf allocation is an important factor in the revenue, cost, and eventual profit of a product category. Complementary to the amount of space to allocate to an item, there is the problem of the location of the item on the shelf. For example, items on the lower shelf usually get less consumer attention than items on upper shelves. The items on the lower shelves may therefore have lower sales and may also benefit less from promotions.
Finding the profit-maximizing shelf arrangement while, at the same time, meeting manufacturers requirements is far from easy. A prerequisite to actual shelf optimization is a proper measurement of the effect of shelf layout on sales and marketing effectiveness (Nierop amd Franses, 2008, p. 1).
Retailers are testing the Smart Shelf, where an RFID reader is incorporated into the shelf and stocked with tagged product. The Smart Shelf monitors its rate of depletion, provides an alert when stock runs low and automates reordering to minimize out-of stocks. Gillette is testing smart shelves in an attempt to minimize theft. Because store personnel program the system with store sales data, the system detects behavior outside the norm and can alert store personnel by transmitting information to a personal digital assistant. By identifying the nature of the stock loss and mapping and addressing points of vulnerability, losses in some stores have been reduced by 70% to 80% (Thompson, 2004; p.3).
Advantage to the company with RFID systems: RFID also provides transparency on the sales floor. Every item of clothing is assigned a certain position on hangers or shelves. This data is saved in the outlets database. Employees record these items on shelves with “Personal Digital Assistants (portable RFID readers)”. Incorrectly stacked goods could easily be found and resorted (Metro Group-Future Store- Guided Tour; Yalçınkaya; 2007). Advantage to the Customers: In store located RFID readers constantly detect item transponders. Current stock is shown detailed (according to color and size) on the screen. This way customer can check if desired items are in stock on the hangers or shelves (Metro Group-Future Store- Guided Tour).
4.1.2. Check out
Today, staff at the check out scan the barcodes on items to calculate the total amount purchased and deactivate the EAS (electronic article surveillance).
Advantage to the company with RFID systems: During the payment process, data is removed from the RFID system that operates parallel to the merchandise management system. Advantage to the Customers: No links are made between the purchased items and personal data – regardless of whether payment is with an EC Card or credit card. Customer can ask staff to remove the transponders completely if they wish (Metro Group-Future Store- Guided Tour).
4.1.3. Smart mirror
The advantage to the Customers: Customers could check the Smart Mirror to see if the selected garments fit. Integrated RFID readers detect the transponders that are fitted to the clothes being tried on. Detailed information (washing instructions, price etc.) on a chosen product then appears on the mirror’s surface if requested (Metro Group-Future Store-Guided Tour).
Also another brand for luxury goods, Prada is using the smart mirrors in its stores in New York Epicenter Store. The mirrors in dressing rooms become magic mirror with a combination of a touch activated display and cameras, so customers may see what they try on from various angles. All articles in this shop have been tagged with RFID transponders which enables this technology (Spektrum RFID, 2011).
4.1.4. Smart dressing rooms
Advantages to the Customers: There were also touch screens in the cubicles in Gardeur shop. Smart Dressing rooms identify which item customers try on and shows product details on the screen. It also gives tips on accessories and possible combinations. Customers can also access details on suggested items by touching screen (Metro Group-Future Store- Guided Tour).
4.1.5. Handheld reader for salespersons
Advantages to the company with RFID systems: Within the store, which has been tagged with RFID transponders a handheld reader tells employees which items are still in stock. This is also an enormous advantage for customer service and availability of goods (Spektrum RFID, 2011).
4.1.6. Anti-theft system
Advantages to the company with RFID systems: RFID readers were also installed at transition points around escalators and lifts. In the future Metro AG is also planning to use passive RFID transponders (Metro Group-Future Store- Guided Tour).
4.2. Cost and benefit analysis of RFID systems in retailing
Benefits of the RFID systems in various industries (defense, healthcare, entertainment ets.) have been widely discussed, but managers still have some concerns about using this technology especially for in-store applications.
The advantages of In-store RFID systems are automatic check-out and reducing inventory costs due to the efficient shelf replenishment. Another issue is also the reduced losses due shoplifting. The points for these concerns are:
Tag readers cost’s, infrastructure costs (hardware and software costs, including the communication network required for RFID implementations)
Yearly operational or maintenance costs (Sounderpandian, 2007, p. 106).
Educating sales personnel about the new technology,
Ethical issues and security concerns from the customers (Bayraktar, Yilmaz, 2010).
Sounderpandian et al. (2007) have calculated the formula for a retail store to evaluate whether or not an RFID implication is beneficial for a retail store. Then they showed with the help of a numerical example a retail store which uses part-time employees and implemented RFID system in its stores (Sounderpandian et al, 2007, p. 112): The formula is:
FRFID = Fix costs: The costs at the maximum number of shelf replenishments $312.000
V= Variable costs: Wages of part-time employees who have been hired depending on the workload and the cost of consumables, $0,75. Variable costs depend on the number of replenishments in a year.
FRFID: RFID implementation costs: Amortized cost of computer hardware, RFID Related Equipment, RFID Tags, salaries of full-time employees, and the wages of (fewer) part-time employees, variable costs are the costs for the consumables.
BSL: Benefit from shoplifting: Using RFID reduces the loss due to shoplifting (for example $10 a day makes $3650 a year)
BPOS= Savings from the use of RFID at POS terminals so the checkout will be faster. Store needs fewer checkout counters and fewer cashiers. BPOS:$ 24.000 (in a year)
TIC: Total Inventory costs: Total costs of carrying and ordering inventory. Carrying costs: The costs of the shelf space: Rent, utilities maintenance of the area where the shelves are kept. TIC: $980.000
Sounderpandian and his colleagues have made the calculation for a retail store and discovered that RFID installation is beneficial.
However in countries where labor costs are relatively cheaper, managers may prefer to pay wages for part-time workers instead of paying for RFID implementation.
5. Concerns for global brands
Another problem for Global Brands is that the franchisees may not agree to tag their products with RFID transponders unless the main company (franchisor) agrees to place the RFID tags in the products before arriving at the retail store. (Number 7 in Figure 5).
Sounderpandian Jayavel; Boppana Rajendra V ;Chalasani Suresh ; Madni Asad M. (2007). Models for Cost-Benefit Analysis of RFID Implementations in Retail Stores
It is not feasible for a large retailer, one with a daily turnover of 40,000-60,000, to place RFID tags on products before entering the store.
Another issue is that they have to change all labels and price tags three times a year according to the sales etc. Usually on product labels there is information about the country of origin, washing instructions etc. Therefore an extra RFID tag is sometimes too much for an item.
Other problem will be in point 8 and 9 in Figure 5. If the retail store is in a shopping mall, they have to unload their pallets in certain hours, and they can use loading elevators in shopping malls during limited hours. Until the stores open at 10.00 am, all the articles have to be unpacked, tagged, labeled and placed in the store shelves. Therefore with the increase the item numbers have been sold in the store this system could be complicated and costly.
6. Case Study: RFID Application in a Turkish Retail Company
Turkey’s ready-to-wear clothing industry is one of the major industries of its economy and international trade. According to Sevim and Emek (2006) clothing and textiles have annual sales of $30 billion and a 26 percent share of total export Vol.ume in 2005. Turkey is the fourth largest clothing supplier in the world and second largest supplier to the European Union. Under the World Trade Organization Agreement on Textiles and Clothing this sector continues to maintain and enhance its competitiveness despite the abolition of quotas (Sevim and Emek, Turkish Clothing Industry Report, Export Promotion Center of Turkey, 2006). Germany, the UK and the U.S. are the most important markets for Turkish exports, with export shares of 27%, 18%, and 8% respectively. However, compared to 2004 data, exports to the U.S. have declined 21 percent. Hence, understanding the causal factors has potential for reversing this decline and growing apparel and textile exports to the U.S (Seitz, Neace, Razzouk, Keyfli, Tung,2008; p:173)
Throughout the theoretical findings we prefer to make a exploratory study about using RFID technology. In general, exploratory research is appropriate to any problem about which little is known. Exploratory research then becomes the foundation for a good study (Churchill, 1999;p:103).
Seltiz, C., Wrightsman, L.S.,Cook, S.W. (1976). Research Methods in Social relations, 3rd ed. New York. pp.90-91.
As shown in figure 6, “analysis of selected cases” is a type of exploratory study. The analysis of selected cases is sometimes referred to as the analysis of “insight-stimulating examples.” By either label, the approach involves the intensive study of selected cases of the phenomenon under investigation. Examination of existing records, observation of the occurrence of the phenomenon, unstructured interviewing, or some other approach may be used. The focus may be on entities (individual people or institutions) or groups of entities as sales representatives or distributors in various regions (Churchill, 1999; p:113).
For the case study we have contacted a Turkish retailer and focused on a company. The company (mentioned as X to protect the confidentiality of the company) is one of the fastest growing retailers in Turkey. The company is active in the textile business and its product categories consist of casual children’s, men’s and women’s articles. Their price ranges are between low and medium. After discussing with operations and logistics manager, we gathered enough information regarding RFID.
The company has been using the RFID technology for 3 three years. Contrary to other companies we have seen in the literature, the company X made some tests for its warehouse about the feasibility of the process three years ago but then decided to use RFID technology in its five selected (two stores in Istanbul, three stores outside of Istanbul) stores but not in its warehouse and supply chain system.
6.1. RFID test project
Products should be placed with RFID tags by the suppliers first. For the textile products they have ordered samples for washable, sewn-in RFID tags and made reliability tests for stock control. Companies who tried the string RFID tags had problems because they can break off and get lost easier; therefore, they have built antennas in the warehouses and made RFID track tests for the sample products with sewn RFID tags.
Defection rate because of the inability of tag reading was again nearly 0%.
For the calculating stock level’s accuracy rates were nearly 100% because of the durability of RFID tags. Live time value of RFID tags are 5 years but they should not come near the magnetic areas like near the transformer room etc.
6.2. Advantages of RFID tags within the supply chain for company X
Despite all these advantages the company X decided not to implement RFID technology for their supply chain system at this time. Reasons of these decisions are following:
6.3. Disadvantages of RFID tags for company X in their supply chain
The cost for 160 million item delivery per year and implementation cost for 320 stores in Turkey (including software costs, RFID tags of all Products, handheld computers for employees, antennas, etc.) is 37 billion dollars.
As fixed cost the company calculated for the stores’ antennas at the door and at the check out point.
Variable costs are handheld terminals, RFID tags.
Therefore company X did not implement RFID technology in its supply chain and warehouse system. They are still using barcodes for the product groups in factories and warehouses.
6.4. RFID applications for company X within the stores
Company X selected two test stores for RFID tags in two different areas in Istanbul. They have contacted a Turkish IT company, who invented a special alarm tag EAS (electronic article surveillance) with RFID for them.
6.5. Advantages of RFID tags for company X within the stores
6.6. Disadvantages of RFID tags for company X within the stores
After discussing with the store manager, she explained the difficulties of RFID tags, as follows;
The impact of RFID for Incoming and Store Warehouse Process:
This test store is one of the most crowded stores of the company. Each day this store receives 120-150 big boxes of products.
Security Issue:
The needles of the alarms are very short and can be taken off very easily. This problem increases also shop-lifting per day (especially for expensive products like coats). To eliminate this problem Company X hired extra security personnel (4 full-time, 2 part-time). One person is responsible for the entrance and the others are responsible for inside the store and for dressing rooms. But still the Company can not prevent this situation.
Technological support service from the RFID Company:
In our case Company X has an outsourced RFID company, which supplies them the tags, portable readers, check-point readers etc. But this company was not able to give appropriate service for RFID. Tags, readers can be damaged easily and RFID company charged each time when they have to fix the devices extra cost to the head office of Company x.
Problems from the customer point of view:
Because of the reading problem at the check-out point customers may sometimes pay for the products that they had not bought. The RFID reader may read a barcode multiple times. The percentage of this problem is 5% to 6%. But if a customer has bought ten items, it can take half an hour for the employee to renew the process. Also for EAS alarms there is a last control device at the check-point before customer leaves the store. But for RFID there is no device and customers may face with alarm at the exit if one tag remained on the items.
These problems damage also the customer relations of the Company X.
7. Conclusion
For the new technological systems like RFID, mobile etiquettes and printers etc. retailers want the ROI less than one year. If the ROI time is longer than one year, they prefer not implementing these technologies.
To also consider the opportunity cost effect many retailers would like to invest this amount into advertising or other short term investments and gain the information instead of RFID with other cheaper technologies.
For in-store usage RFID Companies have to work especially on security issues. During the R&D process they have to work closely with the retailers and store managers in order to find the best solution, which will satisfy the need of each member in the supply chain.
If the retailers would like to implement this technology in their stores, it is appropriate only for stores which receive 100 items (on average) daily, have expensive merchandise and relative low in-store traffic.
But still the advantages are really very important. Also a lot of companies are ready to invest in this technology as soon as the cost for RFID tags decreases. Therefore for future research into new uses and of RFID tags need to be investigated.
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