\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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In 2011, she entered postgraduate studies in Cherkasy National University named after Bohdan Khmelnytskyy and began to work on the features of menstrual cycle and its relationship to hemodynamics. She now works on research topics at the Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University of Alexander Dovzhenko and teaches medical and biological disciplines. She has published over 74 scientific works including five textbooks and two monographs. 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There are reports of urate crystal deposition in the big toe joints of an excavated mummy in ancient Egypt. There are records of many figures throughout Western history who experienced the painful suffering of gout, for example, Alexander the Great of Macedonia, King Carlos V of Spain, Frederick the Great of Prussia, Louis XIV of France, Martin Luther of the Reformation, Oliver Cromwell of the Puritan Revolution, the artist Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, the poets Dante and Milton, the physicist Isaac Newton, and the biologist Charles Darwin, among others. In contrast, there is little historical evidence of gout in Asia. Yet the disease has become common in modern society [1, 2, 3]. The prevalence of gout in the past has generally been higher among middle-aged men, but in recent years, the number of young people and women with gout has been increasing.
Gout is a metabolic disorder caused by hyperuricemia [4, 5]. Uric acid is the final metabolite of purine in humans. Uric acid is produced via hypoxanthine and xanthine by the action of xanthine oxidase on purine. Two-thirds of uric acid is excreted in the urine and one-third in feces. The amount of serum uric acid is determined by the amount produced and the amount excreted in the kidneys. Hyperuricemia occurs when the level of serum uric acid rises. In hyperuricemia, when urate crystals precipitate in the joint cavity and are phagocytosed by leukocytes, crystal-induced gouty arthritis develops. The symptoms of crystal-induced arthritis are similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis, infectious arthritis, and many collagen diseases, among others. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish among these conditions. Gouty arthritis develops as acute monoarthritis, with pain, swelling, redness, and fever, peaking in 12–24 h. The initial strong inflammation improves in about 2 weeks but can relapse if hyperuricemia remains unchecked. If hyperuricemia continues, urate crystals are deposited in the joints and connective tissues, activating monocytes or macrophages via the Toll-like receptor pathway and innate immune response. Inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are secreted, leading to endothelial activation and attraction of neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Neutrophils secrete inflammatory mediators that create an acidic environment, which causes further precipitation of urate crystals.
Causes of hyperuricemia are classified into primary and secondary hyperuricemia. Primary hyperuricemia is idiopathic. Secondary hyperuricemia can involve hereditary metabolic diseases such as Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase hypertrophy and congenital myogenic hyperuricemia, malignant tumors such as malignant lymphoma and breast cancer, psoriasis vulgaris, hemolytic anemia, rhabdomyolysis, hypothyroidism, and others. In addition, drug-induced hyperuricemia owing to anticancer agents, low-dose aspirin, loop diuretics, ethambutol, theophylline, and others can be involved in secondary hyperuricemia [6, 7].
In gouty arthritis, severe pain attacks may also occur in the hallux metatarsophalangeal joints, ankle joints, Achilles tendon, knee joints, wrist joints, and other sites [8]. When urate crystals precipitate in the joints, acute inflammatory arthritis is produced, which causes recurrent episodes of red, tender, swollen joints and leads to bone and joint destruction. Gout nodules, or tophi, are most often found in the auricle but also form on the elbow, forearm, hallux, Achilles tendon, patella, and so on. Tophi are not painful, but if they progress, tophi can lead to joint deformation and bone destruction, seriously affecting quality of life. Urate crystal accumulation in the kidneys causes severe pain and deterioration of kidney function and renal failure. Furthermore, hyperuricemia might be associated with hypertension and ischemic heart diseases [9].
For effective treatment of acute gout attacks, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or colchicine are administered as soon as possible, as first-line treatment options [10]. For patients who do not respond to NSAIDs or colchicine, systemic corticosteroids generally may be applied. In addition, for gouty arthritis, joint injection of corticosteroids is often used. For the treatment of chronic gout, drugs are used that either promote uric acid excretion, such as probenecid, or prevent its synthesis via inhibition of enzyme xanthine oxidase, such as allopurinol and febuxostat. If serum uric acid levels fluctuate during gout treatment, arthritis may become exacerbated. In addition, if a gout attack occurs during drug treatment, the level of serum uric acid should be maintained, that is, the amount of uric acid-lowering drugs should not be increased. In such cases, NSAIDs, colchicine, and corticosteroids are used for treatment of a gout attack. Generally, renal function should be checked before drug treatment because gout often occurs in patients with renal impairment. Furthermore, as nondrug treatment, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is used to break up kidney and ureteral stones. Large gout nodules may be surgically resected. Thus, other treatments for gout are often used in combination with drug therapy.
Gout is classified within a group of autoinflammatory diseases that includes hereditary periodic fever, Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, and pseudogout. In gout, innate immunity is said to act, and acquired immunity is not involved; there is a difference between gout and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Recently, newer treatment options have been extensively studied, especially IL-1 inhibitors such as anakinra, canakimumab, and rilonacept. Although IL-1 inhibitors are less effective than TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis, they have become available as a treatment for gout in recent years. Although the inflammatory effects of IL-1 are diverse, owing to their therapeutic effect, IL-1 inhibitors are expected to be widely used in future clinical applications [11]. When combined with current traditional therapies, these new agents present more promising treatment options for clinicians and patients with gout that is difficult to treat.
Gout is not a life-threatening illness, but it is characterized by many lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance [12]. All these diseases cause arteriosclerosis; therefore, it is necessary to treat gout carefully. All physicians in clinical practice should know about the treatment and prevention of gout. The treatment goal for gout is to provide effective methods of treatment and prevention and to provide patients with good health-related quality of life. However, long time is required to improve serum uric acid levels and to manage gout attacks. In this book, each expert reports on gout based on the evidence and their own research. It is my hope that this book will be helpful in your clinical practice.
The supply chain plays a crucial role in modern businesses by allowing them to achieve efficiency, responsiveness, and success. Over the past several decades, the scale of businesses has expanded, the number of geographic locales involved in the production process has grown, and product portfolios have diversified. As a result, the supply chain has grown from a traditional network of manufacturers and suppliers, to a vast ecosystem made of various products that move through multiple parties and require cooperation among stakeholders [1]. Additionally, due to the rapid evolution of e-commerce, the demand for improved product visibility and source-to-store traceability has never been higher. However, the inefficiency of data sharing in current supply chain networks has dramatically impacted the operations of retailers and manufacturers. For example, information gaps between data collected by factories and by retailers make it challenging to trace product history and offer customized products.
To overcome these challenges and improve supply chain performance, industries have explored innovative technologies that support efficient collaboration and coordination within and among different organizations [2, 3]. Among these technologies, blockchain provides a promising future and allows the supply chain to provide better visibility, transparency, and acuity of transactions throughout the entire process [4]. The blockchain technology that powers cryptocurrency has caught the attention of businesses, especially those in supply chain management. A 2017 study indicated that nearly 62% of supply chain executives claimed to have engaged with blockchain technology [5]. Although blockchain-based applications in the supply chain are still in their early stages, we believe this technology will significantly remodel the supply chain system [6, 7, 8]. Analysts forecast that blockchain technology can help supply chain management gain one-third improvement in most of its common processes [9]. A blockchain network is as a distributed ledger—transactions are contained in blocks that are linked together in chronological order to form a tamper-proof chain, which is usually stored in all network nodes [10, 11]. As such, blockchain technology provides a means to create tamper-proof logs of business activities and transactions [12]. Transaction data are immutable because they cannot be tampered with once they are distributed, accepted, and validated by network consensus and stored in the blocks [13]. By eliminating intermediaries to achieve trust among all stakeholders, efficiency improves and cost is reduced for the entire supply chain.
Despite the general acceptance that blockchain technology facilitates faster, more easily auditable interactions and allows for the exchange of immutable data among supply chain partners [14], it will take time for this technology to be adopted and to revolutionize the supply chain. Currently, most applications of blockchain are conceptual expositions, and empirical evidence on the implementation of it is limited [15]. Furthermore, few studies have been conducted on the challenges of deploying blockchain in the supply chain, such as organizational readiness, technical expertise, scalability, and compatibility with existing systems. Therefore, this study will provide a systematic analysis of how blockchain technology fits in the supply chain network and discuss potential challenges with its implementation.
Supply chain encompasses the end-to-end flow, including the physical and correlated data flow of raw material, products, information, and money. It plays a unique and critical role in businesses and determines the performance of organizations. Supply chain manages or is involved in sourcing, procurement, manufacturing, distribution, and logistics, and, thus, affects speed-to-market, the cost of a product, service perception, and capital requirements in businesses [16]. Supply chain integrates a set of fragmented and often geographically discrete processes into a cohesive system to deliver value to the customer. The core functions and operations of a typical supply chain network are illustrated in Figure 1.
Supply chain and operations.
Evolving customer requirements, challenges from competition, geographically separated operations, and the adoption of new business models (such as e-commerce) make the current supply chain a highly complex system. Over the past decade, e-commerce and hand-held digital devices have substantially changed the daily lives of people, especially in the ways they shop. There is an ever-increasing demand for customized products, a simplified and efficient shopping experience, and transparency about the value and provenance of goods. These needs bring new opportunities to businesses but impose significant challenges to current supply chains. These outdated supply chains struggle to improve demand management, to provide data visibility for the entire flow, or to track goods from raw material to end consumer—all of which are tremendously complex. Furthermore, the old technology of today’s supply chain fails to provide adequate risk management, to reduce costs, or to meet rapidly changing market requirements. We summarize the main challenges in current supply chains here:
Blockchain is an innovational technology that enhances customer service, drives end-to-end value, and increases the efficiency of operations [25]. Additionally, it allows distrusting or unfamiliar stakeholders to create shared and secure data records [26]. In sum, when an exchange of valuable data and goods is necessary, blockchain technology expedites transactions, streamlines the process, enhances transparency, reduces waste, and, ultimately, reduces cost [27]. Consequently, new types of internet and associated business models have been built off of this robust technology [22]. Blockchain promises to be the primary driver of secure and efficient economic and social systems in the future.
The basic concepts of blockchain were introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in Bitcoin [28], a digital cryptocurrency that can work without the need of a trusted intermediary. It offers a distributed ledger that tracks and sustains a tamper-proof record of transactions in a decentralized network. In essence, it is a unique database system that is created, replicated, synchronized, and maintained by all participants in the decentralized network. Blockchain operates in a decentralized peer-to-peer network [29] to validate and store all transactions in a consensus that is agreed upon by all nodes in the network, without any central authority to validate the transaction (as with an intermediary). All completed and validated transactions are logged in the distributed ledger in a verifiable, secure, transparent, and permanent manner along with a timestamp and other details [30]. In this way, the exchange of tangible and intangible data and assets among participants can be recorded digitally. Each stakeholder maintains a copy of the synchronized ledger, which prevents a single point of system failure or data loss [22]. When changes are made, such as adding a new block, all copies in the network are simultaneously updated, and records are permanently registered in all ledgers [31]. These changes are stored into blocks that create a chain [32], where a block is linked to the preceding one by storing its hash (a unique data that is mapped from the given block) [33]. Figure 2 shows the fundamental chained architecture of a blockchain network.
The architecture of a data chain in a blockchain network.
In Figure 2, notice that except for the first block (called the genesis block), each block has its hash as a unique ID that includes the hash of the previous block. In this way, a chronological chain is formed. Additionally, the hash mechanism provides enhanced data security. Usually, a block stores a set of time-stamped transactions that are validated by stakeholders in the network. Once it gains consensus, the block is accepted and stored by all parties in the blockchain and can no longer be modified. Therefore, trust in and transparency of transactions between organizations are significantly improved.
Since the introduction and success of Bitcoin, many blockchain-based platforms can be categorized as either a permissionless or permissioned blockchain. Virtually, anyone can join and participate anonymously in a permissionless blockchain network. Accordingly, it is also called a public blockchain, and these two notions will be used interchangeably in the remaining sections. Within this type of network, trust among users is limited or nonexistent. To overcome this lack, miners (detailed later) are introduced to validate transactions.
In contrast, permissioned blockchain is a network for a group of identified users operating under a governance model, called a consensus, to improve transactional trust. To join this type of network, new users need permission from the majority of the group or a delegated user; hence, it is also called a private blockchain, and we use both notions interchangeably in this paper. These networks facilitate trust among users and do not require costly miners. More efficient consensus protocols (such as the Byzantine fault tolerant protocol) validate data, improve network throughput, and reduce the latency of transactions.
Blockchain technology has many unique features that allow for the creation of a verifiable, secure, transparent, and immutable distributed ledger, the core characteristics of which are summarized as follows:
To cater to the vastly different needs of unique businesses and users, many blockchain networks are created, and each contains a slightly different set of features; however, a basic foundation remains the same for all. As an example, we use Bitcoin, the first and the most successful permissionless blockchain system, to illustrate the key components of typical data flow in a blockchain network:
In a typical open and permissionless blockchain network such as Bitcoin, when a user starts a transaction, the digital wallet verifies and signatures the transaction before broadcasting it to all nodes in the network. The verified transaction is added to a block that collects a set of new transactions. Miners validate the block, and once validated, the block is added to the existing blockchain by all nodes. This completes the transaction. The following is an illustration of typical data flow within the Bitcoin network:
A typical permissioned blockchain follows a similar data flow to that illustrated in Figure 3, where a signature is added to the transaction, which is then submitted or broadcasted to the network and added to a block. After the block is validated, the transaction is permanently stored in the chain. Permissioned blockchain differs from permissionless blockchain by how blocks and transactions are validated. To gain better performance and lower latency, most permissioned blockchain networks deploy efficient consensus protocols (e.g., the Byzantine fault tolerance consensus used by Hyperledger Fabric) that nodes use for validation.
Data flow of an open blockchain network [
The term “smart contract” was first proposed by Nick Szabo, and defined as “a set of promises, specified in the digital form, including protocols within which the parties perform on these promises” [36]. The smart contract concept was integrated into Ethereum’s blockchain network to facilitate, verify, and enforce contract negotiations and to improve the contract performance. Before transactions are conducted in a blockchain network, a smart contract that defines the conditions, obligations, rights, and concepts between stakeholders is created. This information is recorded as executable computer code to reduce ambiguity. Smart contracts are stored and shared in a distributed ledger that all participants have access to. These contracts automatically self-execute when all of the pre-set conditions are satisfied within a blockchain network. Thus, stakeholders who agreed upon a smart contract have more trust for each other and have a reduced risk of error and fraud [37]. The following details additional advantages of smart contracts:
There are many blockchain platforms with different consensus algorithms, development tools, and programming languages [38]. We introduce a few important blockchain platforms and applications herein.
In recent years, Blockchain technology has been recognized as a critical technology with inherent capabilities to dramatically improve supply chain efficiency [49, 50, 51]. A study from Eye for transport stated that more than 16% of the 300 companies surveyed agree that data interchange, tracking, and visibility are the foremost reasons to deploy blockchain technology in the supply chain [52]. However, we discuss the benefits, challenges, and risks of integrating blockchain technology in the supply chain and introduce several pilot initiatives below.
The adaptation of blockchain technology can significantly alleviate or even eliminate the aforementioned problems in today’s supply chain. Blockchain technology empowers the supply chain with improved efficacy, efficiency, and transparency and reduced transactional time and cost. There are many ways blockchain technology benefits the supply chain:
Although blockchain technology is widely recognized as a promising solution for issues with today’s supply chain, the application of it requires significant changes in both technological and cultural contexts. Additionally, more comprehensive evaluations of it are needed to unveil and address its challenges before the full potential of this new technology can be realized [22, 57].
Since late 2016, retail giants Walmart and IBM worked together for a pilot project to develop a blockchain-based system for tracking produce in the U.S. and pork in China. The project traced each product and collected its associated data, including origin farm/factory, storage temperature, and serial number. With this technology, tracking reports for each product were produced within minutes and the speed and accuracy of identifying and recalling contaminated food products were significantly improved [59]. On May 31, 2017, Walmart released the results of this pilot project and reported that blockchain technology helped them trace the origin of Chinese pork and U.S. mangoes in 2.2 seconds, which would normally take as long as several weeks in a traditional supply chain platform [60].
Intel conducted a public demo to explore the implementation of blockchain technology for tracking seafood in the supply chain. They aimed to create a network that assists multiple parties with food storage condition (i.e., temperature) control and with tracking food from sea to table. Several public records of this project are available on the Traceability Blockchain website [61]. These records detail how to use blockchain technology to collect seafood product data (i.e., locations, timestamps, owners, temperatures, etc.) from fishermen, transports, and restaurants within the entire supply chain network. This seafood blockchain can foster more trust between customers and sellers, improve and expedite the food safety network, and enhance consumer experiences.
In 2018, el Maouchi introduced TRADE, a fully transparent and decentralized traceability system for the supply chain that leverages blockchain technology [17]. It is a single system in which multiple participants can transfer and track products flowing through the supply chain. Additionally, it enables customers and other parties in the system to view and verify product data. Experiments show that each actor on the TRADE system can create about 351 and validate 437 transactions per second.
Since August 2018, IBM and Maersk (the world’s largest shipping company) have teamed up to create TradeLens, a blockchain-based system for the global supply chain. TradeLens aims to create a platform for multiple trading parties to securely share databases containing massive amounts of transactional information, and to build a more collaborative environment for global trading. This system is a powerful tool for establishing a single and consistent shared status of each transaction in near real-time while maintaining stakeholder confidentiality. Reports show that TradeLens significantly reduced delays caused by documentation errors and reduced the transit time associated with shipping packaging materials to manufactures in the U.S. up to 40% [62].
Introduced in 2009 as the foundation for Bitcoin, blockchain technology shows the significant capacity to benefit today’s supply chain. It provides a decentralized platform that shares any type of transaction and that records information with an immutable and permanent historical trail. We believe it has a significant future in the supply chain, as it promises to deliver an efficient, transparent, and collaborative network for organizations to quickly and securely share data across the variety of supply chain sectors and processes. This technology allows businesses to build a more flexible and responsible supply chain, and to robustly address new external and internal challenges.
General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
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