\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3423",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Insights from Veterinary Medicine",title:"Insights from Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Under the title "Insights from Veterinary Medicine", this book presents original research results and reviews flashing several distinctive aspects of the Veterinary Medicine Sciences, in which the knowledge has continuously increased over the past decades. Veterinary and Human Medicine have been developed in close association, in part as a reflection of the intertwined relationship found between animals and humans since the establishment of first civilizations. Humans and animals share common mechanisms of disease, thus serving as spontaneous models for the study of particular disorders, such as tumors and cardiac diseases. Furthermore, concerns on the deleterious side-effects of contaminants, in particular over the endocrine axis regulating different body functions and fertility, are on the table, as animals may serve as sentinels for environmental quality. In addition, the quality of the animal life with regards to both health and welfare also contribute to the quality of human life, and food-animal health and safety are safeguards against the disruption of the food chain. The Veterinary Medicine field has broadened its scope of action, and nowadays it encompasses much more than the veterinary medical practice. Similarly, a wide field of knowledge was covered in this book. Even so, it was our goal to provide you with current advanced resources in different veterinary science disciplines.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1005-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7103-4",doi:"10.5772/56196",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"insights-from-veterinary-medicine",numberOfPages:292,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"8712769decefe74bd752ce339f476964",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",publishedDate:"February 27th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3423.jpg",numberOfDownloads:45903,numberOfWosCitations:32,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:41,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:92,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 8th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 29th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 2nd 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 1st 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 31st 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her veterinary degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. degree (Veterinary Sciences) at the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Portugal). For some years, Rita parted from her activity as a veterinary practitioner and teacher. After almost 32 years teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora (Department of Veterinary Medicine), where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master\\'s or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals in the area.\n\nAdditional information can be found at http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5225-4510",institutionString:"University of Évora",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"299",title:"Cynology",slug:"cynology"}],chapters:[{id:"43169",title:"Dermatology in Dogs and Cats",doi:"10.5772/53660",slug:"dermatology-in-dogs-and-cats",totalDownloads:9391,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Elisa Bourguignon, Luciana Diegues Guimarães, Tássia Sell Ferreira and Evandro Silva Favarato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43169",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43169",authors:[{id:"124361",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Bourguignon",slug:"elisa-bourguignon",fullName:"Elisa Bourguignon"}],corrections:null},{id:"43170",title:"Immunohistochemical Analysis of Progesterone Receptor and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Canine Inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/54472",slug:"immunohistochemical-analysis-of-progesterone-receptor-and-proliferating-cell-nuclear-antigen-in-cani",totalDownloads:1890,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Anna M. 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Interested readers will find in this book the topics of image compression, groundwater quality, establishing the downscaling and spatio-temporal scale conversion models of NDVI, modelling and optimization of 3T fractional nonlinear generalized magneto-thermoelastic multi-material, algebraic fractals in steganography, strain induced microstructures in metals and much more. The book will definitely be of interest to scientists dealing with fractal analysis, as well as biomedical engineers or IT engineers. 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For 20 years he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images with particular emphasis on the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. He is the author of dozens of papers with the impact factor (IF) and more than a hundred other papers, as well as the author or co-author of six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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Considering a wide variation in the anatomy and physiology compared to the adults, clinical approach to this population is entirely different.
Bilateral abductor paralysis means the failure of vocal cords to abduct resulting from denervation of recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve. Although being a second most common cause of stridor in paediatric population, it is still a rare entity. The incidence in neonates is estimated to be 0.75 cases per million births per year [1]. There is no definite sex predilection. With no single definable cause and being a common presentation of wide range of pathologies, for example, congenital, neurological, traumatic etc., this is a topic that has to be critically explored.
Paediatric airway differs considerably from adult airway. Location of the larynx in the neonates is high up in the neck opposite to cervical third and fourth vertebra which gradually descends down with age. Thyrohyoid membrane is short compared to the adult; thus, the thyroid notch lies either posterior or just inferior to the hyoid bone. Subglottis is the narrowest part of the larynx in neonates and the abundance of soft tissue in the subglottis and supraglottis make them vulnerable to swelling during inflammation. In the glottis, arytenoids make up the 50% of antero-posterior length and the vocal cords, next 50%.
Larynx comprises of two groups of muscles: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic muscles are usually responsible for various movements of vocal cords. Posterior cricoarytenoid is the only muscle of the larynx that abducts the vocal cords. Lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid muscles act as adductor of the vocal cord. Thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscles act as tensor of the vocal cords.
Both sensory and motor supplies to larynx come from vagus nerve via superior and recurrent laryngeal nerve. All the muscles of the larynx are supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except for the cricothyroid, which is supplied by the external branch of superior laryngeal nerve. Sensory supply of the supraglottis and glottis is provided by the internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve, and the subglottis is provided by recurrent laryngeal nerve.
The abductor fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerve are phylogenetically newer compared to the adductor fibers and occupy the periphery of the nerve. This makes them more vulnerable to injury from any organic lesion (
Congenital bilateral abductor palsy may present immediately or within few days of birth. Child may present with stridor, weak cry, cyanosis, or difficulty in feeding. Aetiological factors can be broadly classified into genetic or nongenetic.
Bilateral abductor palsy presenting with the genetic etiology is very rare. Presentation may be with an isolated paralysis of vocal folds or as a spectrum of various clinical features. Plott syndrome, described by Plott in 1964 [2], is a rare entity demonstrating X-linked recessive inheritance. Patients usually present with bilateral vocal fold paralysis and mental retardation. Autosomal dominant mode of inheritance has also been reported [3, 4, 5]. Other syndromic associations may be Down’s syndrome, Moebius syndrome, congenital myasthenic syndrome, 22q deletion syndrome and Goldenhar syndrome [6]. Rarely, it may be an isolated presentation of brainstem discontinuity, for example, medullary defect. This is a very rare congenital abnormality where there is a segmental discontinuity of brainstem [7].
Several developmental anomalies of brain and brainstem may secondarily present with bilateral abductor palsy. Arnold Chiari malformation, congenital hydrocephalus, meningomyelocele, syringomyelia, syringobulbia, etc. are such examples.
Various etiological factors have been mentioned in the literatures so far. Following are the common acquired causes for bilateral abductor palsy.
In majority of cases with bilateral vocal fold palsy, no aetiological factors can be found. However, 50% these patients tend to recover completely or partially within a period of 1–2 years. The improvement is thought to be a result of delayed maturation of vagal nuclei [8].
Trauma either to the vocal cords and cricoarytenoid joint or to the vagus nerve itself can present with bilateral abductor palsy in neonates. Commonest causes are birth trauma from instrumental delivery, cardiac surgeries, mediastinal surgeries, for example, PDA ligation, etc.
This is another recognized cause for bilateral abductor palsy in neonatal period. It can result from various causes like perinatal hypoxia or ischaemia, birth trauma or infection.
Various neurological disorders like Myasthenia Gravis, Charcot-Marie tooth Disease and multiple sclerosis can present with bilateral vocal cord paralysis; however, there are features of other neurological dysfunctions as well. These conditions to present neonatally are also exceedingly rare.
Neuritis of recurrent laryngeal nerve resulting from bacterial or viral infections can cause bilateral abductor palsy. In the pre-antibiotic era, Syphilis was considered one of the common causes, which now has become very rare. Viruses such as Influenza and Herpes Simplex virus are also reported of causing bilateral abductor palsy [9].
A detailed history and a thorough clinical examination will most of the times lead to the inciting cause. Clinical history should focus on any significant perinatal events like maternal infection, maternal drug use, time and mode of delivery, instrumentation during labour, birth weight and neonatal infection. A family history should be taken as there are reported cases of this entity being inherited within the family members.
A complete head to toe examination of the affected child should always be done as there may be signs that can guide towards the aetiological cause. Neurological examination should include motor and sensory evaluation along with examination of cranial nerves specially 9th, 10th and 11th which exit commonly through the jugular foramen. Features of raised ICP such as bulged fontanelle, papilloedema should be sought. Chest and heart should be examined thoroughly. ENT examination should focus on palatal mobility, tongue mobility and presence of gag reflex.
The child may have a wide range of presentations. Most of the cases are asymptomatic until they present with sudden onset stridor preceded by upper respiratory tract infections. Other cases might present with stridor immediately following birth or few days after birth. Stridor is usually during the inspiratory phase and tends to worsen on crying where it is not unusual for a child to become cyanotic. Since the vocal folds are in adducted position change in voice is usually not encountered. Other clinical features may be difficulty in feeding, recurrent pneumonia, O2 dependence and repeated failure to extubate. Although nonspecific, these clinical features always warrant a laryngeal evaluation.
An in-office flexible laryngoscopy can be done as an initial diagnostic procedure to evaluate the mobility of bilateral vocal folds, adequacy of glottic chink and to rule out other associated laryngeal anomalies such as laryngomalacia, laryngeal cleft, anterior or posterior glottic stenosis, etc. In addition, it is also important to look for velopharyngeal closure. Functional endoscopic evaluation of swallowing should be done in those who have recurrent aspiration. A rigid endoscopic evaluation under intravenous anaesthesia will also be required to assess the subglottis, trachea and bronchi as it is not uncommon to encounter second laryngeal pathology such as subglottic stenosis and tracheobronchomalacia. Cricoarytenoid joint should also be assessed for its mobility and to rule out any traumatic dislocation.
Ultrasound can detect the neurological abnormalities like meningomyelocele, Arnold Chiari malformation, hydrocephalus prenatally which can have associated bilateral abductor palsy. In neonates with significant morbidity, laryngeal ultrasound can also be done to detect vocal fold palsy and any associated pathologies in the neck [10].
MRI scan of brain, brainstem, neck and mediastinum should be done routinely as pathologies like Arnold Chiari malformation, intraventricular hemorrhage, meningomyelocele, brainstem dysgenesis, neck or mediastinal masses can be identified easily.
Chest x-ray can give the evidence of aspiration if present as well as any associated cardiac, lungs or mediastinal pathologies.
Cases where there are features of viral infection, viral serology should always be done specially for Herpes Simplex and Influenza virus. Anti-viral drugs if started early have good outcome in these cases. Also, serological tests for syphilis may be warranted if there are features of congenital syphilis.
It is usually done to differentiate between vocal cord immobility due to denervation and mechanical fixation, for example, cricoarytenoid joint fixation and posterior glottis stenosis.
Primary pathology should always be sought and managed accordingly as in most of the cases correcting the primary pathology reverts the mobility of vocal folds as well, for example in Arnold-Chiari malformation a shunt procedure may lower the intracranial pressure and thus reduce the stretching of the vagus nerve. In idiopathic cases, where no obvious inciting pathology could be found a watchful waiting up to 24 months can be done. Many of these cases gain normal or partial mobility of the cords during this period.
Most of the neonates with bilateral abductor palsy are asymptomatic until they present with an acute respiratory compromise due to upper respiratory tract infection. Management can be broadly discussed under following two headings.
It has a very limited role in the management. Corticosteroids can be given in cases presenting with stridor to reduce vocal cord oedema. Antivirals, for example, Acyclovir, have shown to hasten the recovery in cases with suspected viral aetiology.
There has been a huge advancement in the field of airway surgery in the past century with various surgical modalities coming forth. Here, we discuss various surgical treatment modalities for bilateral vocal cord palsy.
Tracheostomy may not always be required. However, in cases presenting with stridor immediate establishment of an alternate airway by tracheostomy is the earliest and safest procedure that can be performed. Tracheostomy provides a secured airway following which a specific management approach can be planned. Following tracheostomy, the tracheostomy tube care also poses a challenge as it is not uncommon for neonatal tracheostomy tube to get easily blocked with tracheal secretions. It is an ideal approach to wait until the child is 2 years old before embarking on other surgical procedures as it will allow a time period for spontaneous recovery.
This is a temporary procedure where the vocal cords are lateralized with a suture. There is a lesser risk of aspiration and this procedure can be reverted once the vocal coed function is back. One of the drawbacks of this procedure is that the suture may give away and the cord may be medialised again. It is reserved for the cases where recovery of vocal cord function is anticipated.
This is an irreversible procedure. Endoscopic LASER cordotomy was popularized by Dennis and Kashima [11]. In this procedure, a transection is carried out through true vocal fold, ventricle and false vocal fold from the vocal process creating a wedge shaped defect in the posterior glottis. The drawbacks of this surgery are chances of aspiration and change in voice.
Similar to posterior cordotomy, this is also an irreversible procedure aimed at creating a defect in posterior glottis. However, in this surgery most of the arytenoid is removed. This procedure also carries a risk of change in voice and aspiration. This procedure can be carried out via both open and endoscopic approach.
This surgery aims at widening the glottic aperture by expanding the posterior laryngeal commissure with the help of costal cartilage. It can be performed via both open and endoscopic approach. The advantage of this procedure is that integrity of the vocal folds and arytenoids is kept intact and there are also minimal chances of aspiration.
Reinnervation using ansa cervicalis nerve-muscle pedicle transfer or phrenic nerve transfer to posterior cricoarytenoid muscle can be done. The results are, however, not consistent and more clinical human trails are further needed to draw a definite conclusion.
Bilateral abductor palsy in neonates, although the second most common cause for stridor in paediatric population, is still a rare and clinically challenging entity. It can be a presentation of various pathologies, both genetic and non-genetic. Investigations should be guided by the mode of presentation and the possible aetiological factors, however, MRI brain should be done in all cases to rule out anomalies such as Arnold-Chiari malformation. Watchful waiting is always a standard approach until the child is 2 years old in idiopathic cases as significant number of cases tend to improve by 1–2 years.
In the last century there have been significant changes in the field of Health Care Delivery (both in Private and Public) System and in the functioning of academic institutions. On one hand there have been rapid progress in the both fields but at the same time new challenges have also emerged. With the advent of market economy and globalization both demographic transition and epidemiological transition have led to widening health disparities between rich and poor segments of the society and also poor access of health care to marginalized segment of population and also at times to the rural area. It is expected from the academic institutes to bring a change in the health status of the community, they serve as well as to create a demand to provide high quality and cost -effective health system. Thus, the social responsiveness, social responsibility and social accountability has posed a significant challenge to academic health institutions [1, 2].
There is a substantial inequity in terms of health and development progress among the rural population in India. Among the states those are doing well, there also remain pockets where not much has changed since independence in 1947. This inequity further worsens with every passing year, resultant health being has become one of the major determinants for worsening inequity. In India paying for health care has become a major source of impoverishment for the poor and even for the middle class. In this situation the Gandhian Philosophy of serving the underserved & reaching the unreached has become more important. The Medical Institutes can make, the Gandhian Dream- “people’s health in people’s hand”, a reality.
Mahatma Gandhi was always for “Swaraj” meaning by self – rule where villagers would be able to exercise authority/control on the happenings around them in the field of social, culture, education, health and agriculture etc. Thus, it is clear that Gandhiji’s “Swaraj” was to empower the village community in order to ensure that, they have controlled on the happenings around them. Gandhian vision of ideal village or village Swaraj is that it is a complete republic, independent of its neighbours for its own wants and yet interdependent for many others in which dependence is necessary. (3, 4)
At Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, we have strived hard to improve the quality, equity, relevance, and cost -effectiveness in the health care delivery in order to discharge our social responsibility. The medical institutes capacity is judged on the basis of their response and interaction with constantly evolving health systems and the community in order to produce medical graduate who has sense of social responsibility. The big question is if our medical institutes are prepared for this? Are they ready and willing to shoulder the responsibility so as to contribute to the development of healthier society? (6).
The experts believe that incorporating this fundamental issue in the institute mission may be a stepping stone towards ensuring that thee medical institutes discharge their Socially Accountability that is deeply nested at MGIMS in all its activities related to health care both at institution level and at community level. The medical students both, under-graduates and post-graduates experience the social responsibility while working both at institute level & with the community and at times they also participate actively. (7)
Under “social responsibility” the medical education program focuses on producing a “good “practitioner, leaving the onus on respective medical institute to define which competences are the most appropriate to meet health needs of patients. Under “social responsiveness”, the medical education program focuses on attaining the clearly defined competences that are defined from an objective analysis of people’s health needs. Under “social accountability”, the medical education program aims to produce health system change agents that would have a greater impact on health system performance and ultimately on people’s health status, implying a quest for innovative practice modalities combining individual and population based services. (9, 10)
The available evidence suggests that implementing such a social accountability framework is feasible and yields the desired results of producing socially responsive competent medical physicians. (11). We therefore share the experience of implementing community based medical education for more than five decades at Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS) Sewagram. Our humble submission is that the attempt at MGIMS is not the most perfect model and may have its own limitations and flaws.
The literature search on community oriented medical education, Gandhian Philosophy & Social accountability was conducted. Further, qualitative methodology was adopted to draw inferences based on personal interaction & interviews and discussion with faculty & supportive staff at Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, with health care providers, with public health system, with community members representing various community based organizations, local panchayat members and with village level health functionaries like Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) and Anganwadi Workers (AWW). Wherever required available secondary information was also utilized. It also includes personal experience of the Author over last 27 years at MGIMS.
The Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, is India’s first rural medical college. Nestled in the karmbhoomi (work place) of Mahatma Gandhi, at Sewagram. The institute was stated in Gandhi Centenary Year 1969.
The vision of the institute is to develop a replicable model of community oriented medical education which is responsive to the changing needs and is rooted in an ethos of professional excellence. The Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram is committed to develop high standard of medical education, research and health care by adopting holistic approach, integrating modern medicines with traditional Indian system of medicine. The institute in committed to provide the affordable health care to the marginalized & underserved community especially underprivileged segment of society from the rural area.
When Mahatma Gandhi left Sabarmati Ashram and set up his ashram at Sewagram in 1936, the epicenter of India’s independence struggle shifted to this obscure village in Maharashtra. In 1944, when Gandhiji returned from his last imprisonment at Aga Khan Palace, Sewagram was experiencing a number of epidemics. In this situation, Bapu had no use of the guest house built for his guests. He got it converted into a dispensary, and later, into a 15 bedded hospital for women and children. It was christened “Kasturba Hospital” in memory of Kasturba Gandhi, who had passed away in 1942. Kasturba Hospital has the distinction of being the only hospital in the country started by the Father of the Nation himself.
Dr. Sushila Nayar, who joined Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1939 as his personal physician and in independent India she joined as Union Health Minister with then Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962. When Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, who had a rural background, became Prime Minister he desired to start a medical college in the rural area which can deliver the rural oriented medical education. Dr. Sushila Nayar took this as a challenge and in the process Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences was started in 1969 in the Gandhi Centenary year as experimentation in the medical education to create a rural bias amongst the medical students.
MGIMS is 50-years-old now. From a 15 bedded hospital in 1944, the Kasturba hospital has gradually grown into a 934-bedded hospital. The institute also runs a 50-bedded Dr. Sushila Nayar Hospital, in the tribal areas, in Melghat 250 kms away from Sewagram.
The various innovations have been developed at MGIMS to create the social consciousness among the medical students- Figure 1.
Medical education - innovations.
The few important innovations are:
At MGIMS, Students are admitted in undergraduate medical course (MBBS) from all over the country and are selected on the basis of a common eligibility examination at National Level. Soon after admission to the Institute, students attend a 15-day orientation course in Gandhi Ashram (Where Gandhiji lived from 1934 to 1946) to learn about a value system based on Gandhian ideology. The students during the Orientation Camp live in Gandhi’s Ashram and have to follow all routine of the Ashram, viz. – participation in morning and evening all religion prayer, participation in Sharamdan and community activities like spinning yarn which is popularly known as Khadi. The students are oriented towards value of dignity of labor (Sharamdan), religious tolerance and simple living and high thinking. The students are also taught relevance of Gandhian Thoughts/Philosophy in medical education with special context to personal hygiene, balance diet & nutrition and environmental health with the help of renown Gandhians who are specially invited and shares their experiences and interact with the students. The students are also exposed to the importance of Yoga, meditation and nature care as well as on spiritual health which was near & dear to Gandhiji.
During the camp students are also provided an orientation towards institute’s Code of Conducts which are:
Wearing Khadi (hand woven) clothes
Eschewing Non- Vegetarian food, smoking, alcoholic drinks, intoxicating drugs
Participation in all religion prayer and Sharamdan
Non-observance of untouchability
Equal respects to all religion
The medical graduates in India are trained mainly in tertiary care hospitals where they become completely dependent on technology. The villages of India need the doctors who have to rely on their own knowledge, skill with sound community orientation, clinical competence and good communication skills. The Social Service Camp is an attempt to achieve the objective of the Institute and to expose the students how to provide value based and cost- effective medical education especially in rural and resource constrained setting.
The camp is organized as a two weeks residential camp during the first year of M.B.B.S. course. Every year a new village is selected for organizing the camp. The criteria for the selection of the village includes:
So far 51 villages have been covered. Each student is allotted 3–5 families consisting of 15 to 20 individuals. The students make a detailed study in the allotted families with the help of a journal of Community Medicine Practice under the guidance of faculty, Post Graduate students and Para Medical staff of the DCM.
The students visit the allotted families in the morning as well as in the evening to collect the information related to their socio-economic status, environmental and housing conditions, dietary pattern, immunization status of the children, addictions, personal habits and health status of every individual of the family etc. They also learn about the customs, ethnic groups. Community based organizations working at the village level and facilities available in the village level. During the camp, the demonstration of chlorination of wells, construction of soakage pits and smokeless chulah (furnace) etc. are also given.
During these camps, the students get so much acquainted with the families as if they are the members of the adopted families. During the social Service Camp all residents of the village are examined and are subjected to blood, urine and stool investigations. Wherever it is required, they are provided advice or treatment, in the general outpatient clinic in the village itself. Those who require specialist attention are referred to the specialist clinics which are organized in the camp daily in the afternoon. Again, specialist provide their advice or treatment, if it is so required, patient is referred to Kasturba Hospital, Sewagram for admission/special investigations. The health care is totally free of cost during the camp period.
The students also carry out the diet survey in the family and calculate the calorie and nutrients intake of individuals under the supervision of the teachers.
The students are trained on how to communicate with the villagers and are given briefing about the various models, charts, exhibits placed in the exhibition hall. Later they bring the family members to the exhibition hall and educate them with the help of the charts and models under the guidance of the Health Educator.
After the Social Service Camp, for the next three years, the students visit their adopted village every month on a fixed Saturday. In the first year of their visits, the students study personal hygiene, basic sanitation, housing, immunization, diet, nutrition, growth and development.
During the subsequent period, the students are given exercised related to maternal, newborn & child health, growth & development, breast & complimentary feeding, antenatal & postnatal care and Nutrition education. Consideration is given to health education involving teaching aids developed by the students themselves and to fertility control.
In the final year of their visits, the students perform exercises pertaining to local endemic diseases and their association with environmental sanitation, housing, vectors, personal hygiene, safe drinking water and develop IEC material on preventive measures. The role of village level health providers & VHNSC are also studied by the students. (11)
The students are introduced to Qualitative methods and PLA tools during Social Service Camp. They are explained the qualitative techniques and also demonstrated how to apply those techniques in the villages to understand the views, perceptions, expressions and opinions of the villagers about a topic. The students are exposed to the PLA tools such as Social Mapping, transect walk, Venn diagram, Seasonal Calendar, Force Field Analysis and Focus Group Discussion.
Family visits are the mainstay of Social Service Camp. The morning and evening hours are allotted for family visits where they interview family members regarding nutrition, hygiene adolescent health geriatric health and other related issues. This help them in developing rapport with the family, empathy and communication skills. They are prepared for these visits through having sessions on communications skills - active listening, reflecting, importance of asking open ended question, appreciation, empathy and not being judgmental through role plays. They are also taught about age specific communication; i.e. how to communicate with different age group. During the camp duration the students convince and mobilize the families allotted to them to avail the benefit of screening and curative services provided in the camp. This helps them to practice persuasive communication and negotiation skill. The students also get opportunity to negotiate behavior change with the family member in their subsequent monthly village visits.
During the social service camp, formal interactive sessions are also arranged on topics related
The villagers understand the importance of environmental sanitation as the villagers have been trained for how to chlorinate the well water, how to dispose waste water, garbage and refuse. They are motivated to construct soak pits, sanitary latrines and smokeless chulah etc.
Villagers realize the importance and practice of proper hand washing before cooking and before eating.
The health seeking behaviour of the family is changed. During illness they seek medical help as early as possible from the nearest health facility.
They understand how to take care during pregnancy, postnatal period and care of children.
The home delivery has been almost abolished.
The villagers do not allow their daughters to marry before reaching the age of 18 years.
The adolescent girls and women have been educated for the gender specific hygiene practice.
Breastfeeding practices and immunization coverage have improved.
The villagers become aware of various communicable and non-communicable diseases, diet and nutrition and immunization etc.
The ROME camp for two weeks is organized for students, after 2nd Professional examination. This time students stay at one of the Rural Health Training Centres of MGIMS, Sewagram. The camp is organized with the objectives:
to expose students to the organization & functioning of health care delivery system and implementation of national health programs at PHC level
to make students understand the role of family and social environment in the disease causation and health care seeking practice
to expose students to community health need assessment methods
During this camp, the visits are arranged for students to different levels of health care facilities and to interact with health care providers. Over the years we started involving the district level Programme Officers/Managers including District Health Officer and Civil Surgeon, Wardha for providing practical teaching to the medical students during the camp. They also share their experiences related to various facilitation factors, barriers and challenges in the implementation of health programme. Usually the clinical case presentation for undergraduate students are taken place in the premises of the hospital but taking the advantage of ROME camp, community based clinical case presentation at family level are organized under the supervision of the faculty members from the clinical specialties. Thus, students understand the role of social and environmental factors in health and diseases. They are also exposed to the various socio-cultural factors and established community practices in the village which have strong bearing on health and diseases as well as with the health seeking behaviors of the community. The students are also given opportunity to plan, collect the data, analyze it and write the report on small community-based surveys on various priority health issues related to community health needs.
While working with the students in the field, in 1995 few students approached me requesting that they have to understand the reason & ways to handle certain issues related to allotted families in the adopted villages. Consequently, using participative approach, we decided to introduce an exercise on Essential National Health Research” with the undergraduate medical students. Accordingly, a two days’ workshop on Research Methodology was organized to give an overview on Research Methodology. At the same time, the students in the group (3 to 5 students) were asked to find out the health problems in the allotted families in the villages. In the second stage, students prioritized the health problems and reached to consensus about the priority health problem to be addressed. In group, the students were taught how to convert the health problem to researchable question followed by developing a research protocol including literature search, objective of research and detail methodology and then the students conduct research projects in the groups under the guidance of faculty members of the department of Community Medicine.
Initially, a few students were interested to conduct research in hospital setup. However, they were motivated to take up the research topic in the field. The emphasis was given to undertake simple intervention which may sometime require behavioural change process so that the family members get full advantage of research. It has been highly satisfying both for students & for the community. Thus, in true sense a prototype of action research in the field has been developed the undergraduate students which has been refined during last 20 years and the process of undertaking research project is continuing in the adopted villages on voluntary basis.
Interns are posted for three months at both rural health training centre & urban health training centre out of their twelve months internship training programme. The interns are exposed to primary health care delivery & Kiran clinics so that they can sharpen their clinical competence with limited diagnostic facilities. They also interact with CBOs & VHNSC to appreciate their role in health promotion and disease prevention.
For last 8 years we are providing rural orientation to the undergraduate and postgraduate nursing students on rotation basis at our Rural Health Training Center, Anji and Urban Health Center, Wardha.
During their posting at RHTC they work very closely with Primary Health Center staff in the delivery of RMNCH programme. They also assist PHC staff in conducting deliveries. They visit to rural community and interact with CBOs & VHNSC. The faculty posted at Rural Health Training Center supervises their activities and conduct academical sessions in the afternoon. During the posting they are also given a small project either in School or in the community on priority health issues.
Similarly, during their posting at Urban Health Training Center, they are allotted few families in the field. Under guidance of faculty and social workers they conduct family study and present their brief report in the end of posting. The students are also posted at OPD of the Center for clinical exposure in rotation.
In 1994 Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram decided that those who desired to do Postgraduate Programme at MGIMS will have to serve for two years at a designated rural site. At MGIMS we selected nearly about 100 rural sites which were managed mainly by NGOs on “No Profit No Loss” basis and serving the marginalized community in the underserved rural area. We could able to identify these sites in every part of country. The students are posted at these sites on voluntary basis and while the doctors are working in the rural area, they are closely monitored by the faculty members of MGIMS on quarterly basis and sometime the visits are paid to the NGOs sites to ensure the proper utilization of manpower.
On successful completion of two years’ programme, the students were given admission to various PG programmes. At MGIMS presently we have PG programmes in all basic medical disciplines However the Government has come out with the National Entrance Examination for admission to PG programmes and we have to keep this Scheme in abeyance while our request to continue with the Scheme is pending with the appropriate authority.
In order to discharge the social responsibility of an academic institution, we have developed an interface between Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram with District Health System and Community. This interface is being utilized to have an integrated approach in the health care and research programme in the field. Over the years we have taken confidence building measures with the health system and have developed mutually beneficial partnership and in the process, we are working very closely with Primary Health Centres, Sub-Centres and Community Health Centres in the field. MGIMS play an important role in capacity building of health care providers on various health and health related issues and the District Health System in return has contributed significantly by supporting the community-based health care delivery and research as well as in teaching and training including during the Social Service Camp and ROME Camp. In the process, Institute has developed two Rural Health Training Centres at Anji and Bhidi and Urban Health Training Centre at Gandhi Memorial Leprosy Foundation, Wardha. These Centres act as a bridge between MGIMS and District Health System in discharging social responsibilities of MGIMS in providing health care to the marginalized rural population and promoting community-based research by the faculty members of MGIMS, Sewagram. All clinical faculties of MGIMS, Sewagram are regularly visiting these Centres on periodic basis to extend specialist health care at Primary Health Centres. Consequently, the MGIMS has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the District Health System to manage two Primary Health Centres at Anji and Talegaon in rural area and two Primary Health Centres in the city of Wardha in urban area two years back which has further strengthened the partnership.
The DCM is involved in providing services to 100 villages in Wardha Block since 1985. Based on the experience over the years we promoted various community-based organizations (CBOs) and built up their capacity for promoting health action in the community. Initially we interacted mainly with the Village Panchayats (Local Bodies) and once we developed a good understanding with the Panchayat, we started promoting CBOs. Over the years two important CBOs which have been promoted are –.
In the initial years we used to visit the villages while delivering the health education in the community. We noticed that every time we visited the community, a different set of people gathered. Hence, we decided to develop Women Self Help Groups on the guidelines of National Agriculture Bank for Rural Development (NABARD). These groups are informal groups and don’t require any formal registration, however, number has to be restricted to 20 members. In the initial years, we spent a considerable time using SHG only for economic empowerment of women and to provide them relief from the moneylenders. These Self-Help Groups collect token monthly subscription from the members and utilized the collected amount for internal lending. Once the groups have a certain amount of money, then bank provide them a formal linkage by which they are eligible for the bank loan to undertake small income generation activities. Over the years these SHGs have been proved as good example of micro financing at community level. Once these groups’ financially stabilized, we started introducing health agenda in their activities by providing them relevant information in a phased manner. At present the DCM has nearly 300 Self Help Groups in the field practice area and promoting health action on various health and health related issues in the community.
The members of Self-Help Groups prompted to help adolescent girls who don’t have proper information related to menstrual hygiene and suffering rampantly with anemia. Accordingly, we started organizing community based Adolescent Girls Groups known as Kishori Panchayat. These groups are mainly involved in adolescent to Adolescent health programme. They have been oriented towards various adolescent health issues, maternal health, child survivals, environmental health and family life education as well as on RTI/STD/HIV control. These girls in turn also trained their peers and younger adolescent girls in the villages.
Later on, we have developed these girls’ groups on the bases of activities of the Rashtriya Kishor Swastha Karyakram (National Adolescent Health Programme). At present we are linking these community based adolescent activities with the school based adolescent health programme to ensure sustainability. Additionally, two Adolescent Health Resource Centers have been developed at our Rural Health Training Centers at Anji and Bhidi which acts as reference centers for both for community based and school based adolescent health programmes.
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram is committed to provide accessible and affordable health care, primarily to underprivileged rural communities. In the community health needs assessment (using both quantitative, qualitative and participatory methods) in 60 villages, the findings emerged that the delivery of Primary Health Care was available at Primary Health Centre (PHC) or Sub-centre level but not at the village level. Villagers had to travel a long distance for seeking primary health care even for the basic ailments and it costed them a lot. Apart from the direct health expenditure on consultation, medicines or investigations, patients had to forego their daily wages and spend on transportation. The VHNSCs of respective village recommended to establish a village-based clinic, to cater to the unmet need of providing primary health care at the village level especially directed towards marginalized, poor and vulnerable section of the society- women, children and elders.
The Kiran clinics were started in selected villages under the CLICS (Community Led Initiative for Child Survival) program in 2004 to meet the health needs as defined above. The pre-condition set by Department of Community Medicine (DCM) for partnering with the VHNSC to establish a clinic was that at least 60% of the population of the village should contribute to the Village health fund. This was done to ensure financial sustainability of the clinic in the long run. Apart from providing curative services, preventive and promotive services are also provided through the clinic. It is an attempt to overcome constraints that affect access to care like distance, transport and availability of services of basic health care facility.
Usually services given under any research-project stop after project ends, Kiran clinics have sustained through community-ownership for a period of more than 15-years, which, is a testimony to simple but robust and transparent management and reflects the
Quality health services are provided in the Kiran clinic. One diabetic patient showed his satisfaction saying “Doctors and sister give psychological support along with quality treatment. I am 100% satisfied with services given at very low cost.” (12)
In our field practice area, 23 such clinics have been established. The cost comparison in terms of doctor’s fee, cost of drugs, transport, and lost wages has been strongly in favor of the Kiran Clinic (approximately 64 rupees at the Kiran Clinic versus 390 rupees for treatment outside the village which is a savings of almost 350 rupees.)”
In the Kiran clinic only, generic drugs are being purchased and made available to the patients at no-profit, no-loss basis to ensure affordability Apart from organizing clinic, the VHNSCs also ensure the quality of services at the clinic. Again, the DCM supplied them with a tool in the form of a QA checklist which covers a number of quality parameters from the presence of health care providers to adequate infrastructure and logistics, including drugs. The charges and the cost of treatment for the patient are also under scrutiny, as is the client satisfaction based on simple exit interviews. To top it all, it also looks into equity issues - whether the clinic manages to reach out to the disadvantaged and marginalized in the community, including the women and children.
The Kiran Clinics also act as hub for Health promotion by providing Growth monitoring, Antenatal care, Screening for Hypertension and Diabetes and also provide support in organization of VHND (Village Health Nutrition Day) at Village level. Thus, it offers a promise for new and innovative health initiatives.
The community is engaged at every stage (planning, implementation and evaluation) in the functioning of Kiran clinics and has been able to successfully run the clinics for the last 15 years. The committee has flexibility and authority to make necessary changes in functioning of the clinic, e.g. addition of new services, registration fees, drug price and incentive to village volunteer etc. Over the years, the committees have taken several decisions to improve the services through these clinics as per demand of the community; e.g. addition of new services like treatment of non-communicable diseases and other health promotion activities.
Community dialogue, voluntary participation, empowerment of people and involving them in decision making have been crucial for ensuring ownership. One member of VHNSC expressed her gratitude saying -
DCM continuously engages with PRI members in all villages in its field practice area. Orientation sessions are organized through the Rural and Urban Health Training Centres to empower the PRI and VHNSC members for health action at the community level. Due to its continuous engagement with VHNSC, in most of the villages in the field practice area, monthly meetings of VHNSC members are ensured.
VHNSC has a vital role in decentralized health planning and monitoring. NHM envisaged VHNSC to function adequately with involvement of community members and promote people’s participation in the planning process. However, there should be a tool which facilitates in planning, implementation according to village specific health plan, and community monitoring of health services at the village level. (13)
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS) has developed a community-led approach and ensures the provision of high quality and affordable health care with emphasis on maternal and child health, in partnership with local community and health system. The strategy is to empower the communities to manage and own village-based primary health care. The DCM has initiated various community-based organizations in the villages – self-help groups of women, adolescents groups (more than 60 in numbers) and empowered Village Health, Nutrition & Sanitation Committees (VHNSC) in every village in a systematic manner.
The programme uses the Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change (IMCFSC) to guide its BCC activities. IMCFSC uses an iterative process where ‘community dialogue’ and ‘collective action’ work together to produce social change as shown in Figure 2. (14) The VHNSC have been empowered for health planning, organization of Immunization Day, monitoring of the health functionaries, and they work in close collaboration with the local health system and democratic body. There is an effort to link health and developmental activities at the village level.
integrated model of communication for social change.
Formal interaction of medical and nursing students with community-based organizations is arranged during their village visit; they witness the activities of community-based organizations. This helps aspiring doctors understand the role of individuals, families and communities in preventing diseases, maintaining and promoting health, and improving health-seeking behaviour.
Based on our experience of working with VHNSC it can be inferred that most VHNSCs are moving in right direction by addressing social determinants of health for which they have been empowered to recognized the social determinants of health being important in improving the health of the community as a whole, however it require continuous support, hand holding and monitoring from both public health system and other stakeholders. (15)
Community based organization will be the key to bring about the overall development of the villages. Most importantly, communities need to control the process. The ultimate goal is for communities to have the confidence and competence to make informed choices from a range of appropriate options for sustainable and equitable development. The need of the hour is to bring about a holistic change in the lives of beneficiaries among the villagers by uplifting their socioeconomic and health status through effective linkages through community, governmental and other developmental agencies. The VHNSC should be able to prepare an Integrated Village Development Plan with technical guidance from local organizations/agencies. (16)
As a part of their social responsibility, medical colleges needs to play the role of catalyst to bring all the stakeholders (Villages level committees, PRI members, Health functionaries – ASHA, AWW, ANM, MPWs, School students and teachers, NGOs etc..) on one platform and make an integrated plan for development of villages in their community development block area. Capacity building of the community and household will be pivotal if sustainable development is to be ensured and the Gandhian dream of Gram Swaraj is to be realized.
At present we have developed an interface between community, health system & MGIMS, which requires further nurturing in a manner that all three stakeholders sustain their commitment. The MGIMS has discharging its role to nurture & further develop this partnership in order to discharge its social responsibility in short term & social accountability in long term.
Author is thankful to all his collogues in the department of Community Medicine At MGIMS, Sewagram for their direct or indirect contribution.
“The author declares no conflict of interest.”
ANC | Ante-natal care |
ANMs | Auxiliary Nurse Midwives |
CBE | Community Based Education |
CBOs | Community Based Organization |
CLICS | Community Led Initiative for Child Survival |
DCM | Department of Community Medicine |
IMCFSC | Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change |
MCH | Maternal and Child health |
MGIMS | Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences |
NHM | National Health Mission |
OPD | Out Patient Department |
PHCs | Primary Health Centres |
PLA | Participatory Learning & Action |
PNC | Post-natal care |
RHTC | Rural Health & Training Centre |
ROME | Reorientation of Medical Education |
SDG | Social Determinants of Health |
SHGs | Self Help Groups |
UHC | Urban Health Centre |
VHNSC | Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committee |
VHND | Village Health and Nutrition Day |
WHO | World Health Organization |
General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
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\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
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