Clinical manifestations of Felty’s syndrome and the frequency of signs/symptoms.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83962-547-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-546-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-548-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",bookSignature:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",keywords:"Managing Urbanization, Managing Development, Managing Resource Use, Drought Management, Flood Management, Water Quality Monitoring, Air Quality Monitoring, Ecological Monitoring, Modeling Extreme Natural Events, Ecological Restoration, Restoring Environmental Flows, Environmental Management Perspectives",numberOfDownloads:22,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 12th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 10th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 28th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A geospatial scholar working at the interface of natural and human systems, collaborating internationally on innovative studies about hazards and environmental challenges. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published more than 200 papers on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73876/images/system/73876.jfif",biography:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher (Ph.D., Rutgers, 1992) is a professor of Geography at Texas State University. His research has focused on various aspects of hazards and environmental management. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine. More recently his work pertains to spatial adaptation to climate change, spatial responses in wine growing regions to climate change, the geographies of viticulture and wine, artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict patterns of natural processes and hazards, historical ethnic enclaves in American cities and regions, and environmental adaptations of 19th century European immigrants to North America's landscapes.",institutionString:"Texas State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Texas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"76073",title:"Integrating Ecological Site Descriptions with Soil Morphology to Optimize Forest Management: Three Missouri Case Studies",slug:"integrating-ecological-site-descriptions-with-soil-morphology-to-optimize-forest-management-three-mi",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"},{id:"269286",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",surname:"Aide",slug:"christine-aide",fullName:"Christine Aide"},{id:"269287",title:"Dr.",name:"Indi",surname:"Braden",slug:"indi-braden",fullName:"Indi Braden"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"600",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",subtitle:"Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e97caba8487382025a1e70eb85e4e390",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3054",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",subtitle:"Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d6576de4f4c7fc7b8db5e91cba6dc28",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3054.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"865",title:"Perspectives on Nature Conservation",subtitle:"Patterns, Pressures and Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a4d39cf2a0c2a9416049331b508aa88",slug:"perspectives-on-nature-conservation-patterns-pressures-and-prospects",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/865.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9846",title:"Spatial Variability in Environmental Science",subtitle:"Patterns, Processes, and Analyses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfa4fa7b982bbff46ffbe6fbdbffbdf1",slug:"spatial-variability-in-environmental-science-patterns-processes-and-analyses",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher and Davod Poreh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9389",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"435d35b33ec04fe921640a514feb19e4",slug:"global-warming-and-climate-change",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9389.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8011",title:"Natural Hazards",subtitle:"Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43ca8c43ab0963f6c43350764f696b63",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-exposure-response-and-resilience",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"34370",title:"In Vivo Imaging of Protein-Protein Interactions",doi:"10.5772/24398",slug:"in-vivo-imaging-of-protein-protein-interactions",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34370.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34370",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34370",totalDownloads:2832,totalViews:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"July 15th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 9th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 30th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/34370",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/34370",book:{slug:"protein-protein-interactions-computational-and-experimental-tools"},signatures:"Weibo Cai",authors:[{id:"119750",title:"Dr.",name:"Weibo",middleName:null,surname:"Cai",fullName:"Weibo Cai",slug:"weibo-cai",email:"WCai@uwhealth.org",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2290",title:"Protein-Protein Interactions",subtitle:"Computational and Experimental Tools",fullTitle:"Protein-Protein Interactions - Computational and Experimental Tools",slug:"protein-protein-interactions-computational-and-experimental-tools",publishedDate:"March 30th 2012",bookSignature:"Weibo Cai and Hao Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2290.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0397-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4312-3",editors:[{id:"119750",title:"Dr.",name:"Weibo",middleName:null,surname:"Cai",slug:"weibo-cai",fullName:"Weibo Cai"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34341",title:"Computational Methods for Prediction of Protein-Protein Interaction Sites",slug:"computational-methods-for-prediction-of-protein-protein-interaction-sites",totalDownloads:2711,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Jarek Meller and Alexey Porollo",authors:[{id:"109478",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarek",middleName:null,surname:"Meller",fullName:"Jarek Meller",slug:"jarek-meller"},{id:"119745",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexey",middleName:null,surname:"Porollo",fullName:"Alexey Porollo",slug:"alexey-porollo"}]},{id:"34342",title:"Advances in Human-Protein Interaction - Interactive and Immersive Molecular Simulations",slug:"advances-in-human-protein-interaction-interactive-and-immersive-molecular-simulations",totalDownloads:2603,totalCrossrefCites:12,signatures:"Alex Tek, Matthieu Chavent, Marc Baaden, Olivier Delalande, Patrick Bourdot, Brian FG Katz and Nicolas Ferey",authors:[{id:"108864",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Ferey",fullName:"Nicolas Ferey",slug:"nicolas-ferey"},{id:"118776",title:"MSc.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Tek",fullName:"Alex Tek",slug:"alex-tek"},{id:"118778",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Bourdot",fullName:"Patrick Bourdot",slug:"patrick-bourdot"},{id:"118779",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Baaden",fullName:"Marc Baaden",slug:"marc-baaden"},{id:"119074",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Delalande",fullName:"Olivier Delalande",slug:"olivier-delalande"},{id:"119075",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthieu",middleName:null,surname:"Chavent",fullName:"Matthieu Chavent",slug:"matthieu-chavent"},{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",middleName:null,surname:"Katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz"}]},{id:"34343",title:"Protein Interactome and Its Application to Protein Function Prediction",slug:"protein-interactome-and-its-application-to-protein-function-prediction",totalDownloads:1987,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Woojin Jung, Hyun-Hwan Jeong and KiYoung Lee",authors:[{id:"117137",title:"Prof.",name:"KiYoung",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"KiYoung Lee",slug:"kiyoung-lee"},{id:"140949",title:"BSc.",name:"Woojin",middleName:null,surname:"Jung",fullName:"Woojin Jung",slug:"woojin-jung"},{id:"140950",title:"MSc.",name:"Hyun-Hwan",middleName:null,surname:"Jeong",fullName:"Hyun-Hwan Jeong",slug:"hyun-hwan-jeong"}]},{id:"34344",title:"Integrative Approach for Detection of Functional Modules from Protein-Protein Interaction Networks",slug:"integrative-approach-for-detection-of-functional-modules-from-protein-protein-interaction-networks",totalDownloads:1815,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zelmina Lubovac",authors:[{id:"114610",title:"Dr.",name:"Zelmina",middleName:null,surname:"Lubovac",fullName:"Zelmina Lubovac",slug:"zelmina-lubovac"}]},{id:"34345",title:"Mining Protein Interaction Groups",slug:"mining-protein-interaction-groups",totalDownloads:1558,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lusheng Wang",authors:[{id:"116469",title:"Prof.",name:"Lusheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lusheng Wang",slug:"lusheng-wang"}]},{id:"34346",title:"Prediction of Combinatorial Protein-Protein Interaction from Expression Data Based on Conditional Probability",slug:"prediction-of-combinatorial-protein-protein-interaction-from-expression-data-based-on-conditional-pr",totalDownloads:1828,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Takatoshi Fujiki",authors:[{id:"13453",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuya",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshihiro",fullName:"Takuya Yoshihiro",slug:"takuya-yoshihiro"},{id:"117428",title:"Dr.",name:"Takatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujiki",fullName:"Takatoshi Fujiki",slug:"takatoshi-fujiki"}]},{id:"34347",title:"Inferring Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) Based on Computational Methods",slug:"inferring-protein-protein-interactions-ppis-based-on-computational-methods",totalDownloads:1801,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shuichi Hirose",authors:[{id:"112132",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirose",fullName:"Shuichi Hirose",slug:"shuichi-hirose"}]},{id:"34348",title:"Slow Protein Conformational Change, Allostery and Network Dynamics",slug:"slow-protein-conformational-change-allostery-and-network-dynamics",totalDownloads:2406,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fan Bai, Zhanghan Wu, Jianshi Jin, Philip Hochendoner and Jianhua Xing",authors:[{id:"117706",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianhua",middleName:null,surname:"Xing",fullName:"Jianhua Xing",slug:"jianhua-xing"},{id:"138302",title:"Prof.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",fullName:"Fan Bai",slug:"fan-bai"},{id:"138386",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhanghan",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Zhanghan Wu",slug:"zhanghan-wu"},{id:"138387",title:"Mr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Hochendoner",fullName:"Philip Hochendoner",slug:"philip-hochendoner"},{id:"138394",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianshi",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",fullName:"Jianshi Jin",slug:"jianshi-jin"}]},{id:"34349",title:"Prediction of Protein Interaction Sites Using Mimotope Analysis",slug:"prediction-of-protein-interaction-sites-using-mimotope-analysis",totalDownloads:1843,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jian Huang, Beibei Ru and Ping Dai",authors:[{id:"109387",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jian Huang",slug:"jian-huang"},{id:"117278",title:"Mr.",name:"Beibei",middleName:null,surname:"Ru",fullName:"Beibei Ru",slug:"beibei-ru"},{id:"117282",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Dai",fullName:"Ping Dai",slug:"ping-dai"}]},{id:"34350",title:"Structural Bioinformatics of Proteins: Predicting the Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of Proteins from Sequence",slug:"structural-bioinformatics-of-proteins-predicting-the-tertiary-and-quaternary-structure-of-proteins-f",totalDownloads:3528,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Baldo Oliva, Joan Planas-Iglesias, Jaume Bonet, Manuel A. Marín-López, Elisenda Feliu and Attila Gursoy",authors:[{id:"114600",title:"Prof.",name:"Baldo",middleName:null,surname:"Oliva",fullName:"Baldo Oliva",slug:"baldo-oliva"},{id:"141838",title:"Dr.",name:"Joan",middleName:null,surname:"Planas-Iglesias",fullName:"Joan Planas-Iglesias",slug:"joan-planas-iglesias"},{id:"141839",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaume",middleName:null,surname:"Bonet",fullName:"Jaume Bonet",slug:"jaume-bonet"},{id:"141840",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel A.",middleName:null,surname:"Marín-López",fullName:"Manuel A. Marín-López",slug:"manuel-a.-marin-lopez"},{id:"141841",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisenda",middleName:null,surname:"Feliu",fullName:"Elisenda Feliu",slug:"elisenda-feliu"},{id:"141842",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Gursoy",fullName:"Attila Gursoy",slug:"attila-gursoy"}]},{id:"34351",title:"Computational Approaches to Predict Protein Interaction",slug:"computational-approaches-to-predict-protein-interaction",totalDownloads:1577,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tien-Hao Chang",authors:[{id:"116744",title:"Prof.",name:"Tien-Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Tien-Hao Chang",slug:"tien-hao-chang"}]},{id:"34352",title:"G-Protein Coupled Receptors: Experimental and Computational Approaches",slug:"g-protein-coupled-receptors-experimental-and-computational-approaches",totalDownloads:2368,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Amirhossein Sakhteman, Hamid Nadri and Alireza Moradi",authors:[{id:"102735",title:"Dr.",name:"Amirhossein",middleName:null,surname:"Sakhteman",fullName:"Amirhossein Sakhteman",slug:"amirhossein-sakhteman"},{id:"149493",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Nadri",fullName:"Hamid Nadri",slug:"hamid-nadri"},{id:"149494",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Moradi",fullName:"Alireza Moradi",slug:"alireza-moradi"}]},{id:"34353",title:"Computational Approaches to Elucidating Transient Protein-Protein Interactions, Predicting Receptor-Ligand Pairings",slug:"computational-approaches-to-elucidating-transient-protein-protein-interactions-predicting-receptor-l",totalDownloads:1868,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ernesto Iacucci, Samuel Xavier De Souza and Yves Moreau",authors:[{id:"117723",title:"Mr.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Iacucci",fullName:"Ernesto Iacucci",slug:"ernesto-iacucci"},{id:"138322",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Xavier De Souza",fullName:"Samuel Xavier De Souza",slug:"samuel-xavier-de-souza"},{id:"142880",title:"Dr.",name:"Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Moreau",fullName:"Yves Moreau",slug:"yves-moreau"}]},{id:"34354",title:"Finding Protein Complexes via Fuzzy Learning Vector Quantization Algorithm",slug:"finding-protein-complexes-via-fuzzy-learning-vector-quantization-algorithm",totalDownloads:1584,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hamid Ravaee",authors:[{id:"112183",title:"Mr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Ravaee",fullName:"Hamid Ravaee",slug:"hamid-ravaee"}]},{id:"34370",title:"In Vivo Imaging of Protein-Protein Interactions",slug:"in-vivo-imaging-of-protein-protein-interactions",totalDownloads:2832,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Weibo Cai",authors:[{id:"119750",title:"Dr.",name:"Weibo",middleName:null,surname:"Cai",fullName:"Weibo Cai",slug:"weibo-cai"}]},{id:"34371",title:"NMR Investigations on Ruggedness of Native State Energy Landscape in Folded Proteins",slug:"nmr-investigations-on-ruggedness-of-native-state-energy-landscape-in-folded-proteins",totalDownloads:1810,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Maruthi Krishna Mohan Poluri",authors:[{id:"114336",title:"Dr.",name:"Maruthi Krishna Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Poluri",fullName:"Maruthi Krishna Mohan Poluri",slug:"maruthi-krishna-mohan-poluri"}]},{id:"34372",title:"Conformational and Disorder to Order Transitions in Proteins: Structure / Function Correlation in Apolipoproteins",slug:"conformational-and-disorder-to-order-transitions-in-proteins-structure-function-correlation-in-apoli",totalDownloads:2004,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"José Campos-Terán, Paola Mendoza Espinosa, Jaime Mas and Rolando Castillo",authors:[{id:"111783",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-Terán",fullName:"José Campos-Terán",slug:"jose-campos-teran"},{id:"118899",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Mas",fullName:"Jaime Mas",slug:"jaime-mas"},{id:"118900",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",middleName:null,surname:"Castillo",fullName:"Rolando Castillo",slug:"rolando-castillo"},{id:"139455",title:"MSc.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza Espinosa",fullName:"Paola Mendoza Espinosa",slug:"paola-mendoza-espinosa"}]},{id:"34373",title:"Protein-Protein Interactions in Salt Solutions",slug:"protein-protein-interactions-in-salt-solutions",totalDownloads:9860,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Jifeng Zhang",authors:[{id:"115388",title:"Dr.",name:"Jifeng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Jifeng Zhang",slug:"jifeng-zhang"}]},{id:"34374",title:"Computational Tools and Databases for the Study and Characterization of Protein Interactions",slug:"computational-tools-and-databases-for-the-study-and-characterization-of-protein-interactions",totalDownloads:2378,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Joan Segura, Jose Ramon Blas Pastor and Narcis Fernandez-Fuentes",authors:[{id:"112048",title:"Prof.",name:"Narcis",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-Fuentes",fullName:"Narcis Fernandez-Fuentes",slug:"narcis-fernandez-fuentes"},{id:"116018",title:"MSc.",name:"Joan",middleName:null,surname:"Segura",fullName:"Joan Segura",slug:"joan-segura"},{id:"116020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Blas Pastor",fullName:"Jose Ramon Blas Pastor",slug:"jose-ramon-blas-pastor"}]},{id:"34375",title:"Protein-Protein Interaction Networks: Structures, Evolution, and Application to Drug Design",slug:"protein-protein-interaction-networks-structures-evolution-and-application-to-drug-design",totalDownloads:2435,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Takeshi Hase and Yoshihito Niimura",authors:[{id:"109290",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihito",middleName:null,surname:"Niimura",fullName:"Yoshihito Niimura",slug:"yoshihito-niimura"},{id:"117613",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hase",fullName:"Takeshi Hase",slug:"takeshi-hase"}]},{id:"34376",title:"A Survey on Evolutionary Analysis in PPI Networks",slug:"a-survey-on-evolutionary-analysis-in-ppi-networks",totalDownloads:1646,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Pavol Jancura and Elena Marchiori",authors:[{id:"112218",title:"MSc.",name:"Pavol",middleName:null,surname:"Jancura",fullName:"Pavol Jancura",slug:"pavol-jancura"},{id:"140064",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Marchiori",fullName:"Elena Marchiori",slug:"elena-marchiori"}]},{id:"34377",title:"Scalable, Integrative Analysis and Visualization of Protein Interactions",slug:"scalable-integrative-analysis-and-visualization-of-protein-interactions",totalDownloads:1827,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"David Otasek, Chiara Pastrello and Igor Jurisica",authors:[{id:"118658",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Jurisica",fullName:"Jurisica",slug:"jurisica"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2553",title:"Lipid Peroxidation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b39734aa940b2d63ae5e8773d3dd5280",slug:"lipid-peroxidation",bookSignature:"Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2553.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38477",title:"Lipid Peroxidation: Chemical Mechanism, Biological Implications and Analytical Determination",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-chemical-mechanism-biological-implications-and-analytical-determination",signatures:"Marisa Repetto, Jimena Semprine and Alberto Boveris",authors:[{id:"36452",title:"Dr.",name:"Marisa",middleName:"Gabriela",surname:"Repetto",fullName:"Marisa Repetto",slug:"marisa-repetto"}]},{id:"38517",title:"Lipid Oxidation in Homogeneous and Micro-Heterogeneous Media in Presence of Prooxidants, Antioxidants and Surfactants",slug:"lipid-oxidation-in-homogeneous-and-micro-heterogeneous-media-in-presence-of-prooxidants-antioxidants",signatures:"Vessela D. Kancheva and Olga T. Kasaikina",authors:[{id:"139075",title:"Prof.",name:"Vessela",middleName:"Deneva",surname:"Kancheva",fullName:"Vessela Kancheva",slug:"vessela-kancheva"},{id:"142775",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Kasaikina",fullName:"Olga Kasaikina",slug:"olga-kasaikina"}]},{id:"38468",title:"Lipid Peroxidation End-Products as a Key of Oxidative Stress: Effect of Antioxidant on Their Production and Transfer of Free Radicals",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-end-products-as-a-key-of-oxidative-stress-effect-of-antioxidant-on-their-producti",signatures:"Hanaa Ali Hassan Mostafa Abd El-Aal",authors:[{id:"140134",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanaa",middleName:"Ali",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Hanaa Hassan",slug:"hanaa-hassan"}]},{id:"38472",title:"Iron Overload and Lipid Peroxidation in Biological Systems",slug:"iron-overload-and-lipid-peroxidation-in-biological-systems",signatures:"Paula M. González, Natacha E. Piloni and Susana Puntarulo",authors:[{id:"36192",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Puntarulo",fullName:"Susana Puntarulo",slug:"susana-puntarulo"}]},{id:"38469",title:"Trends in the Evaluation of Lipid Peroxidation Processes",slug:"trends-in-the-evaluation-of-lipid-peroxidation-processes",signatures:"Mihaela Ilie and Denisa Margină",authors:[{id:"47029",title:"Dr.",name:"Denisa",middleName:null,surname:"Margina",fullName:"Denisa Margina",slug:"denisa-margina"},{id:"49035",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Ilie",fullName:"Mihaela Ilie",slug:"mihaela-ilie"}]},{id:"38473",title:"Automation of Methods for Determination of Lipid Peroxidation",slug:"automation-of-methods-for-determination-of-lipid-peroxidation",signatures:"Jiri Sochor, Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky, Petr Babula, Vojtech Adam, Jaromir Hubalek and Rene Kizek",authors:[{id:"16205",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Kizek",fullName:"Rene Kizek",slug:"rene-kizek"},{id:"16208",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Babula",fullName:"Petr Babula",slug:"petr-babula"},{id:"30300",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaromír",middleName:null,surname:"Hubálek",fullName:"Jaromír Hubálek",slug:"jaromir-hubalek"},{id:"142669",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Sochor",fullName:"Jiri Sochor",slug:"jiri-sochor"},{id:"142676",title:"Dr.",name:"Branislav",middleName:null,surname:"Ruttkay-Nedecky",fullName:"Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky",slug:"branislav-ruttkay-nedecky"},{id:"142677",title:"Dr.",name:"Vojtech",middleName:null,surname:"Adam",fullName:"Vojtech Adam",slug:"vojtech-adam"}]},{id:"38478",title:"Liposomes as a Tool to Study Lipid Peroxidation",slug:"liposomes-as-a-tool-to-study-lipid-peroxidation",signatures:"Biljana Kaurinovic and Mira Popovic",authors:[{id:"139916",title:"Prof.",name:"Mira",middleName:null,surname:"Popovic",fullName:"Mira Popovic",slug:"mira-popovic"},{id:"142369",title:"Prof.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Kaurinovic",fullName:"Biljana Kaurinovic",slug:"biljana-kaurinovic"}]},{id:"38457",title:"Liposomes as a Tool to Study Lipid Peroxidation in Retina",slug:"liposomes-as-a-tool-to-study-lipid-peroxidation-in-retina",signatures:"Natalia Fagali and Angel Catalá",authors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",slug:"angel-catala"},{id:"139988",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Fagali",fullName:"Natalia Fagali",slug:"natalia-fagali"}]},{id:"38461",title:"The Effect of Plant Secondary Metabolites on Lipid Peroxidation and Eicosanoid Pathway",slug:"the-effect-of-plant-secondary-metabolites-on-lipid-peroxidation-and-eicosanoid-pathway",signatures:"Neda Mimica-Dukić, Nataša Simin, Emilija Svirčev, Dejan Orčić, Ivana Beara, Marija Lesjak and Biljana Božin",authors:[{id:"78766",title:"Dr.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Bozin",fullName:"Biljana Bozin",slug:"biljana-bozin"},{id:"140273",title:"Prof.",name:"Neda",middleName:null,surname:"Mimica-Dukic",fullName:"Neda Mimica-Dukic",slug:"neda-mimica-dukic"},{id:"142754",title:"MSc.",name:"Natasa",middleName:null,surname:"Simin",fullName:"Natasa Simin",slug:"natasa-simin"},{id:"142756",title:"BSc.",name:"Emilija",middleName:null,surname:"Jovin",fullName:"Emilija Jovin",slug:"emilija-jovin"},{id:"142757",title:"Dr.",name:"Dejan",middleName:null,surname:"Orcic",fullName:"Dejan Orcic",slug:"dejan-orcic"},{id:"156386",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Beara",fullName:"Ivana Beara",slug:"ivana-beara"},{id:"156387",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Lesjak",fullName:"Marija Lesjak",slug:"marija-lesjak"}]},{id:"38471",title:"Repeatedly Heated Vegetable Oils and Lipid Peroxidation",slug:"repeatedly-heated-vegetable-oils-and-lipid-peroxidation",signatures:"Kamsiah Jaarin and Yusof Kamisah",authors:[{id:"140497",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamsiah",middleName:null,surname:"Jaarin",fullName:"Kamsiah Jaarin",slug:"kamsiah-jaarin"},{id:"140500",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yusof",middleName:null,surname:"Kamisah",fullName:"Yusof Kamisah",slug:"yusof-kamisah"}]},{id:"38456",title:"Effects of Hydroperoxide in Lipid Peroxidation on Dough Fermentation",slug:"effects-of-hydroperoxide-in-lipid-peroxidation-on-dough-fermentation",signatures:"Toshiyuki Toyosaki",authors:[{id:"139920",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Toyosaki",fullName:"Toshiyuki Toyosaki",slug:"toshiyuki-toyosaki"}]},{id:"38460",title:"Modification of Fatty Acid Composition in Meat Through Diet: Effect on Lipid Peroxidation and Relationship to Nutritional Quality – A Review",slug:"modification-of-fatty-acid-composition-in-meat-through-diet-effect-on-lipid-peroxidation-and-relatio",signatures:"Gema Nieto and Gaspar Ros",authors:[{id:"141016",title:"Dr.",name:"Gema",middleName:null,surname:"Nieto",fullName:"Gema Nieto",slug:"gema-nieto"},{id:"141332",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaspar",middleName:null,surname:"Ros",fullName:"Gaspar Ros",slug:"gaspar-ros"}]},{id:"38458",title:"Lipid Peroxidation After Ionizing Irradiation Leads to Apoptosis and Autophagy",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-after-ionizing-irradiation-leads-to-apoptosis-and-autophagy",signatures:"Juliann G. Kiang, Risaku Fukumoto and Nikolai V. Gorbunov",authors:[{id:"157452",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliann",middleName:null,surname:"Kiang",fullName:"Juliann Kiang",slug:"juliann-kiang"},{id:"158709",title:"Dr.",name:"Risaku",middleName:null,surname:"Fukumoto",fullName:"Risaku Fukumoto",slug:"risaku-fukumoto"},{id:"158710",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Gorbunov",fullName:"Nikolai Gorbunov",slug:"nikolai-gorbunov"}]},{id:"38467",title:"Tissue Occurrence of Carbonyl Products of Lipid Peroxidation and Their Role in Inflammatory Disease",slug:"tissue-occurrence-of-carbonyl-products-of-lipid-peroxidation-and-their-role-in-inflammatory-disease",signatures:"Maria Armida Rossi",authors:[{id:"148504",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi",fullName:"Maria Rossi",slug:"maria-rossi"}]},{id:"38465",title:"The Role of Physical Exercise on Lipid Peroxidation in Diabetic Complications",slug:"the-role-of-physical-exercise-on-lipid-peroxidation-in-diabetic-complications",signatures:"Yaşar Gül Özkaya",authors:[{id:"142843",title:"Dr.",name:"Y. Gul",middleName:null,surname:"Ozkaya",fullName:"Y. Gul Ozkaya",slug:"y.-gul-ozkaya"}]},{id:"38466",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species Act as Signaling Molecules in Liver Carcinogenesis",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species-act-as-signaling-molecules-in-liver-carcinogenesis",signatures:"María Cristina Carrillo, María de Luján Alvarez, Juan Pablo Parody, Ariel Darío Quiroga and María Paula Ceballos",authors:[{id:"142215",title:"PhD.",name:"Maria Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Carrillo",fullName:"Maria Cristina Carrillo",slug:"maria-cristina-carrillo"},{id:"142855",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Luján",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez",fullName:"Maria De Luján Alvarez",slug:"maria-de-lujan-alvarez"},{id:"142858",title:"BSc.",name:"Juan Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Parody",fullName:"Juan Pablo Parody",slug:"juan-pablo-parody"},{id:"142859",title:"Dr.",name:"Ariel Darío",middleName:null,surname:"Quiroga",fullName:"Ariel Darío Quiroga",slug:"ariel-dario-quiroga"},{id:"142861",title:"BSc.",name:"Maria Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Ceballos",fullName:"Maria Paula Ceballos",slug:"maria-paula-ceballos"}]},{id:"38459",title:"Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidants in Arterial Hypertension",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-and-antioxidants-in-arterial-hypertension",signatures:"Teresa Sousa, Joana Afonso, António Albino-Teixeira and Félix Carvalho",authors:[{id:"131252",title:"Prof.",name:"Félix",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Félix Carvalho",slug:"felix-carvalho"},{id:"140800",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Albino-Teixeira",fullName:"António Albino-Teixeira",slug:"antonio-albino-teixeira"},{id:"142410",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",fullName:"Teresa Sousa",slug:"teresa-sousa"},{id:"142411",title:"MSc.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Afonso",fullName:"Joana Afonso",slug:"joana-afonso"}]},{id:"38476",title:"Lipid Peroxidation and Reperfusion Injury in Hypertrophied Hearts",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-and-reperfusion-injury-in-hypertrophied-hearts",signatures:"Juliana C. Fantinelli, Ignacio A. Pérez Núñez, Luisa F. González Arbeláez and Susana M. Mosca",authors:[{id:"98613",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Mosca",fullName:"Susana Mosca",slug:"susana-mosca"}]},{id:"38455",title:"Lipid Peroxidation by-Products and the Metabolic Syndrome",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-by-products-and-the-metabolic-syndrome",signatures:"Nicolas J. Pillon and Christophe O. Soulage",authors:[{id:"139163",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:"Jean",surname:"Pillon",fullName:"Nicolas Pillon",slug:"nicolas-pillon"},{id:"139829",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Soulage",fullName:"Christophe Soulage",slug:"christophe-soulage"}]},{id:"38475",title:"Region Specific Vulnerability to Lipid Peroxidation in the Human Central Nervous System",slug:"region-specific-vulnerability-to-lipid-peroxidation-in-the-human-central-nervous-system",signatures:"Alba Naudí, Mariona Jové, Victòria Ayala, Omar Ramírez, Rosanna Cabré, Joan Prat, Manuel Portero-Otin, Isidre Ferrer and Reinald Pamplona",authors:[{id:"139955",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinald",middleName:null,surname:"Pamplona",fullName:"Reinald Pamplona",slug:"reinald-pamplona"}]},{id:"38474",title:"Role of Lipid Peroxidation in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Cataract",slug:"role-of-lipid-peroxidation-in-the-pathogenesis-of-age-related-cataract",signatures:"Bojana Kisic, Dijana Miric, Lepsa Zoric and Aleksandra Ilic",authors:[{id:"139383",title:"Prof.",name:"Bojana",middleName:null,surname:"Kisic",fullName:"Bojana Kisic",slug:"bojana-kisic"},{id:"150937",title:"Prof.",name:"Dijana",middleName:null,surname:"Miric",fullName:"Dijana Miric",slug:"dijana-miric"},{id:"150938",title:"Prof.",name:"Lepsa",middleName:null,surname:"Zoric",fullName:"Lepsa Zoric",slug:"lepsa-zoric"},{id:"150939",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ilic",fullName:"Aleksandra Ilic",slug:"aleksandra-ilic"}]},{id:"38462",title:"Lipid Peroxidation in Hepatic Fibrosis",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-in-hepatic-fibrosis",signatures:"Ichiro Shimizu, Noriko Shimamoto, Katsumi Saiki, Mai Furujo and Keiko Osawa",authors:[{id:"142420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Shimizu",fullName:"Ichiro Shimizu",slug:"ichiro-shimizu"}]},{id:"38463",title:"Use of CoA Biosynthesis Modulators and Selenoprotein Model Substance in Correction of Brain Ischemic and Reperfusion Injuries",slug:"use-of-coa-biosynthesis-modulators-and-selenoprotein-model-substance-in-correction-of-brain-ischemic",signatures:"Nina P. Kanunnikova, Natalya Z. Bashun and Andrey G. Moiseenok",authors:[{id:"142487",title:"Prof.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Kanunnikova",fullName:"Nina Kanunnikova",slug:"nina-kanunnikova"},{id:"142491",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalya",middleName:null,surname:"Bashun",fullName:"Natalya Bashun",slug:"natalya-bashun"},{id:"142503",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Moiseenok",fullName:"Andrey Moiseenok",slug:"andrey-moiseenok"}]},{id:"38464",title:"Lipid Peroxidation and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers – A Toxicological Perspective",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-and-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-a-toxicological-perspective",signatures:"Mary C. Vagula and Elisa M. Konieczko",authors:[{id:"141806",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary",middleName:null,surname:"Vagula",fullName:"Mary Vagula",slug:"mary-vagula"},{id:"150947",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Konieczko",fullName:"Elisa Konieczko",slug:"elisa-konieczko"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75856",title:"Felty’s Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97080",slug:"felty-s-syndrome",body:'In 1924, at Johns Hopkins Hospital, American physician Augustus Felty described five unusual cases with features of chronic arthritis, splenomegaly, and striking leukopenia [1]. In 1932, the eponym “Felty’s syndrome (FS)” was first used by Hanrahan and Miller to describe these cases [2]. Currently, FS is considered an uncommon subset of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) complicated by neutropenia and splenomegaly [3]. Although splenomegaly represents one characteristic of the triad that defines FS, it is not an absolute requirement of FS diagnosis [4, 5]. T-cell large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) leukemia in the setting of RA is the condition most likely to be confused with FS. Studies on FS should be considered with the caveat that almost all were performed without a study of T-cell clonality and, therefore, could include cases of RA-associated T-LGL leukemia (see “Diagnosis and differential diagnosis”).
About 1% to 3% of patients with RA develop FS [6]. However, with the evolution of RA pharmacotherapy, the frequency of FS has decreased substantially [7]. The mean age of the patients is 60 years, with a 1.5:1 female to male ratio [8].
There is firm evidence that the HLA-DRB1*04 genotype is a risk factor for FS development [9]. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms leading to development of neutropenia and splenomegaly in FS are unknown. It is believed, though, that neutrophil survival defect is the main cause of neutropenia [8, 10]. Several autoantibodies have been found in the serum of FS patients with higher frequency or at higher titers in comparison with seropositive RA patients without FS, which may contribute to neutropenia development, including:
autoantibodies to H3, H4, and H2A histones deiminated by peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 [11];
autoantibodies against glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [12];
autoantibodies against eukaryotic elongation factor 1A-1 antigen [13];
circulating immune complexes [14].
Autoantibodies against granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were found in 73% patients with FS [15]. However, given that, in most cases, bone marrow in FS reveals normal myeloid cellularity or myeloid hyperplasia with increased granulopoiesis, relative excess of immature forms, and apparent lack of mature myeloid elements [8], the pathogenetic significance of anti-G-CSF antibodies in neutropenia development in patients with FS is unclear.
Some researchers question the significance of spleen sequestration/destruction in neutropenia pathogenesis [8]. However, neutrophils are found in periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths of the spleen even in patients with severe neutropenia [16]. In addition, removal of the spleen leads to restoration of normal neutrophil counts in most patients with FS.
Clinical manifestations of FS and the frequency of signs/symptoms based on literature data [5, 14, 17, 18, 19] are presented in Table 1.
Signs/symptoms | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Major | |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 100 |
Neutropenia | 100 |
Splenomegaly | 90 |
Minor | |
Rheumatoid nodules | 53–82 |
Leg ulcers | 16–41 |
Skin pigmentation | 5–29 |
Hepatomegaly/portal hypertension | 5–68 |
Serositis | 0–22 |
Lymphadenopathy | 0–34 |
Neuropathy | 11–17 |
Episcleritis | 0–8 |
Clinical manifestations of Felty’s syndrome and the frequency of signs/symptoms.
FS usually develops 10–15 years after RA presentation [14, 20], but in rare instances, neutropenia and splenomegaly may precede an arthritis history (non-articular Felty’s syndrome) [21, 22, 23, 24].
The erosive process in FS is typically severe, but this is related to the duration of RA before the onset of neutropenia and splenomegaly [6]. RA with FS is associated with more frequent and severe extra-articular manifestations than RA without FS [14, 20]. Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies are associated with severe extra-articular manifestations in patients with RA [25]. This is consistent with the finding that the vast majority of patients with FS have high titers of RF [14]. In our cohort of 25 patients with FS with a median duration of RA prior to FS diagnosis of 7 years, erosive arthritis at the time of FS diagnosis was detected in 77% of the patients. RF was within the normal range in only two cases, but the anti-CCP titers in these patients were highly positive [26].
Neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count of less than 1.500–2.000/μL) without a clearly identified cause is required, by definition, for the FS diagnosis. Neutropenia can manifest as increased frequency and severity of bacterial infections. However, despite reduced absolute neutrophil counts, patients with FS can remain free of infectious complications for extended periods of time.
Splenomegaly is present in over 90% of patients with FS, but the spleen size does not correlate with neutropenia [14, 17, 19]. Splenic histology in FS shows non-specific findings (Figure 1). The red pulp shows expanded sinuses as well as the pulp cords, and an increased number of macrophages and plasma cells. The white pulp follicles are usually hyperplastic [18, 27, 28]. It is possible that portal hypertension secondary to nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver contributes to spleen enlargement in some patients with FS [29].
Spleen histological examination in a patient with Felty’s syndrome. (A) The spleen shows preservation of the white pulp with prominent germinal centers and lymphocytic infiltration of the red pulp (H&E, ×100). (B) Lymphocytes infiltrate both cords and sinusoids. The infiltration is more prominent within the splenic cords (H&E, ×400).
FS should be suspected in a patient with RA, unexplained neutropenia, and splenomegaly. There is a wide range of pathologies in patients with RA that can manifest with neutropenia with or without splenomegaly. FS is a clinical diagnosis, and there is no specific single diagnostic test to confirm or exclude it; therefore, FS is essentially a diagnosis of exclusion.
Neutropenia caused by drug therapy (drug-induced neutropenia) should be ruled out first. The most important treatment of drug-induced neutropenia is to withdraw the causative drug. The average time for full recovery of the neutrophil count is 9 days (range, 9–24 days) [30]. Methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, tocilizumab, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha antagonists, antimalarial medications, analgesics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most common causes of drug-induced neutropenia in patients with RA [28]. It is important to keep in mind that unlike with other drugs, rituximab-induced neutropenia occurs after a median period of 4.5 months (range, 3–6.5 months) after the last rituximab infusion [31].
T-LGL leukemia is a rare type of mature T-cell neoplasm characterized by the clonal expansion of large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) and, in most cases, has indolent clinical course. Typical features of T-LGL leukemia include the increase in the number of peripheral blood LGLs, cytopenia (most commonly neutropenia), and variable splenomegaly. A peculiar feature of T-LGL leukemia is its association with RA, which occurs in 17–28% of patients with T-LGL leukemia [32, 33]. Historically, a definitive diagnosis of T-LGL leukemia required the increase in the number of LGLs in peripheral blood greater than 2 × 109/L, but it is now recognized that a lower count (range, 0.4–2 × 109/L) may be compatible with the diagnosis [34, 35, 36].
Cases of T-LGL leukemia in the setting of RA (RA-associated T-LGL leukemia) with low LGL count in peripheral blood and concomitant neutropenia are clinically indistinguishable from FS and diagnostically challenging. RA-associated T-LGL leukemia and FS are distinguished in clinical practice by evaluation of rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) gamma and TCR beta genes in the blood and/or in the bone marrow. The monoclonal rearrangements of the TCR genes (T-cell clonality) are present in T-LGL leukemia but not in FS (Figure 2) [3, 8, 37]. However, there is considerable discussion regarding the significance of dominant T-cell clones as a hallmark of T-cell malignancy because clonal populations of T-cells are observed both in healthy individuals and in exuberant reactive responses [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. Activating somatic mutations in the signal transducer and activator of the transcription 3 (STAT3) gene and an increase in the number of LGLs above 2 × 109/L were detected in RA-associated T-LGL leukemia but not in FS (39% vs. 0% and 21% vs. 0%, respectively) [26]. In addition, the expression of the CD57 antigen and the aberrant (diminished or absent) expression of CD5 on cytotoxic CD3 + CD8+ T-lymphocytes are more typical for T-LGL leukemia than in the polyclonal expansion of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in FS [26]. In contrast, it seems that the current criteria for bone marrow involvement in T-LGL leukemia do not seem to be sufficiently specific to distinguish it from FS [8, 26].
Evaluation of T-cell clonality based on rearrangements of the T-cell receptor (TCR) genes. (A) TCR genes show monoclonal rearrangement in T-LGL leukemia. (B) TCR genes show polyclonal rearrangement in Felty’s syndrome.
Aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, or acute leukemia can sometimes present with isolated neutropenia. To rule out these pathologies, a bone marrow examination should be considered. In rare cases, cirrhosis, amyloidosis, lymphomas involving spleen, sarcoidosis, or infections can lead to splenomegaly in patients with RA.
In two earlier analyzes of survival in FS, 5-year mortality ranged from 25% to 36% [5, 44]; however, recent data regarding the prognosis of FS are not available. The treatment goal in FS is a reversal of the neutropenia to prevent recurrent bacterial infections and sepsis, which is the leading cause of death in patients with FS. The treatment strategy for FS is not evidence-based because of the lack of controlled trials.
Methotrexate (MTX) is considered the first-line therapy for treatment of FS based on case reports and case series data. Low doses of MTX (up to 25 mg once a week) can improve both joint diseases and neutropenia, usually within 1–2 months.
One recent literature review supported the use of rituximab (RTX) as a second-line therapy. A sustained increase in the absolute number of neutrophils was observed in 62.5% of FS patients during the 3 months following one cycle of RTX treatment [45]. The appropriate dosing schedule of RTX for treatment of FS remains uncertain, but most often patients receive two 1000 mg doses separated by 15 days [46]. Some patients had a recurrence of neutropenia after RTX treatment, indicating that in some cases a sustained response may require maintenance therapy with RTX.
There is very limited evidence regarding the leflunomide efficacy in FS [47]. TNF-alpha inhibitors (adalimumab, ethanercept, and infliximab) are ineffective in FS [45].
Splenectomy maintained normal neutrophil counts in 80% of patients with FS [10]. However, the indications for splenectomy are now limited because of effective medications and the risk of post-splenectomy sepsis.
The results of treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) in patients with FS are variable. GCs can provide a rapid improvement in neutrophil count by stimulating the release of mature cells from the bone marrow and mobilizing them from the marginal pool, thus, creating the effect of increasing their absolute number. However, to achieve a real clinical effect, high doses and prolonged use of GCs may be required, which increases the risk of infection in patients with FS.
G-CSF can be used for treatment of FS patients with life-threatening infections.
Although nearly 100 years have passed since the first description of FS, this pathology remains a mystery in many aspects. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neutropenia and spleen enlargement in these patients are poorly understood. Optimal approaches to therapy for this rare disorder have not been developed, but the use of rituximab seems promising.
I would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
',metaTitle:"OAI-PMH",metaDescription:"As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/oai-pmh",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\\n\\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\nAs a Data Provider, metadata for published Chapters and Journal Articles are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\\n\\nREQUESTS
\\n\\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nDATABASES
\\n\\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\\n\\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\\n\\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\\n\\n\\n\\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\nAs a Data Provider, metadata for published Chapters and Journal Articles are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\n\nREQUESTS
\n\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\nDATABASES
\n\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\n\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\n\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\n\n\n\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5818},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5287},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1757},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10539},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15929}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119317},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10760",title:"Steppe Biome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"982f06cee6ee2f27339f3c263b3e6560",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10760.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10763",title:"Biodiversity of Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c96b42d4539957c58dfc2eb8fd9ffc21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10763.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10766",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bf47534a17fef030dc256b541482553c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Mustafa Ergen and Associate Prof. Yasar Bahri Ergen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10766.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"166961",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Ergen",slug:"mustafa-ergen",fullName:"Mustafa Ergen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b369ac809068d2ebf1f8c26418cc6bec",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10846",title:"Stormwater",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9bfae8caba192ce3ab6744c9cbefa210",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10846.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:47},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5319},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"906",title:"Bacteriology",slug:"pure-microbiology-bacteriology",parent:{title:"Pure Microbiology",slug:"pure-microbiology"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:46,numberOfWosCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"pure-microbiology-bacteriology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5831",title:"Clostridium Difficile",subtitle:"A Comprehensive Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fabbec5ed99960d2fb904f16790e8b97",slug:"clostridium-difficile-a-comprehensive-overview",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5471",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514afc8c2d4eb28ddca22c032ad96d9e",slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany and Laura E. Crotty Alexander",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54154",doi:"10.5772/67338",title:"Staphylococcus aureus: Overview of Bacteriology, Clinical Diseases, Epidemiology, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Approach",slug:"staphylococcus-aureus-overview-of-bacteriology-clinical-diseases-epidemiology-antibiotic-resistance-",totalDownloads:5558,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Arumugam Gnanamani, Periasamy Hariharan and Maneesh Paul-\nSatyaseela",authors:[{id:"192829",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",middleName:null,surname:"Gnanamani",slug:"arumugam-gnanamani",fullName:"Arumugam Gnanamani"},{id:"204388",title:"Dr.",name:"Periasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Hariharan",slug:"periasamy-hariharan",fullName:"Periasamy Hariharan"},{id:"204389",title:"Dr.",name:"Maneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Paul-Satyaseela",slug:"maneesh-paul-satyaseela",fullName:"Maneesh Paul-Satyaseela"}]},{id:"53782",doi:"10.5772/66645",title:"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Food- Producing and Companion Animals and Food Products",slug:"methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-in-food-producing-and-companion-animals-and-food-pr",totalDownloads:2233,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Jungwhan Chon, Kidon Sung and Saeed Khan",authors:[{id:"189634",title:"Dr.",name:"Kidon",middleName:null,surname:"Sung",slug:"kidon-sung",fullName:"Kidon Sung"},{id:"190400",title:"Dr.",name:"Jungwhan",middleName:null,surname:"Chon",slug:"jungwhan-chon",fullName:"Jungwhan Chon"},{id:"190401",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"saeed-khan",fullName:"Saeed Khan"}]},{id:"52755",doi:"10.5772/65978",title:"Bee Products and Essential Oils as Alternative Agents for Treatment of Infections Caused by S. aureus",slug:"bee-products-and-essential-oils-as-alternative-agents-for-treatment-of-infections-caused-by-s-aureus",totalDownloads:1467,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Piotr Szweda and Barbara Kot",authors:[{id:"117528",title:"Dr.",name:"Szweda",middleName:null,surname:"Piotr",slug:"szweda-piotr",fullName:"Szweda Piotr"},{id:"189685",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Kot",slug:"barbara-kot",fullName:"Barbara Kot"},{id:"195004",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Kot",slug:"barbara-kot",fullName:"Barbara Kot"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54154",title:"Staphylococcus aureus: Overview of Bacteriology, Clinical Diseases, Epidemiology, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Approach",slug:"staphylococcus-aureus-overview-of-bacteriology-clinical-diseases-epidemiology-antibiotic-resistance-",totalDownloads:5558,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Arumugam Gnanamani, Periasamy Hariharan and Maneesh Paul-\nSatyaseela",authors:[{id:"192829",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",middleName:null,surname:"Gnanamani",slug:"arumugam-gnanamani",fullName:"Arumugam Gnanamani"},{id:"204388",title:"Dr.",name:"Periasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Hariharan",slug:"periasamy-hariharan",fullName:"Periasamy Hariharan"},{id:"204389",title:"Dr.",name:"Maneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Paul-Satyaseela",slug:"maneesh-paul-satyaseela",fullName:"Maneesh Paul-Satyaseela"}]},{id:"55751",title:"Overview of Clostridium difficile Infection: Life Cycle, Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance and Treatment",slug:"overview-of-clostridium-difficile-infection-life-cycle-epidemiology-antimicrobial-resistance-and-tre",totalDownloads:2124,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"clostridium-difficile-a-comprehensive-overview",title:"Clostridium Difficile",fullTitle:"Clostridium Difficile - A Comprehensive Overview"},signatures:"Joana Isidro, Aristides L. Mendes, Mónica Serrano, Adriano O.\nHenriques and Mónica Oleastro",authors:[{id:"164933",title:"Prof.",name:"Mónica Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa Oleastro",slug:"monica-alexandra-sousa-oleastro",fullName:"Mónica Alexandra Sousa Oleastro"},{id:"200015",title:"Dr.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Isidro",slug:"joana-isidro",fullName:"Joana Isidro"},{id:"200016",title:"MSc.",name:"Aristides",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",slug:"aristides-mendes",fullName:"Aristides Mendes"},{id:"200017",title:"Prof.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Serrano",slug:"monica-serrano",fullName:"Mónica Serrano"},{id:"200019",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Henriques",slug:"adriano-henriques",fullName:"Adriano Henriques"}]},{id:"53534",title:"Role of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Transmission Among Contact Athletes",slug:"role-of-nasal-staphylococcus-aureus-carriage-in-transmission-among-contact-athletes",totalDownloads:1053,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Kotaro Suzuki",authors:[{id:"189571",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotaro",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kotaro-suzuki",fullName:"Kotaro Suzuki"}]},{id:"53377",title:"Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Adults",slug:"staphylococcus-aureus-bacteremia-in-adults",totalDownloads:1432,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Dima Youssef and Kate Molony",authors:[{id:"190397",title:"Dr.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Youssef",slug:"dima-youssef",fullName:"Dima Youssef"},{id:"195814",title:"Dr.",name:"Kate",middleName:null,surname:"Molony",slug:"kate-molony",fullName:"Kate Molony"}]},{id:"52755",title:"Bee Products and Essential Oils as Alternative Agents for Treatment of Infections Caused by S. aureus",slug:"bee-products-and-essential-oils-as-alternative-agents-for-treatment-of-infections-caused-by-s-aureus",totalDownloads:1467,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Piotr Szweda and Barbara Kot",authors:[{id:"117528",title:"Dr.",name:"Szweda",middleName:null,surname:"Piotr",slug:"szweda-piotr",fullName:"Szweda Piotr"},{id:"189685",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Kot",slug:"barbara-kot",fullName:"Barbara Kot"},{id:"195004",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Kot",slug:"barbara-kot",fullName:"Barbara Kot"}]},{id:"54496",title:"Clostridium difficile Infection: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment",slug:"clostridium-difficile-infection-pathogenesis-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:1179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"clostridium-difficile-a-comprehensive-overview",title:"Clostridium Difficile",fullTitle:"Clostridium Difficile - A Comprehensive Overview"},signatures:"Laura Fernández-García, Lucia Blasco, María López and Maria\nTomás",authors:[{id:"198586",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Tomas",slug:"maria-tomas",fullName:"Maria Tomas"},{id:"204982",title:"Ms.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-García",slug:"laura-fernandez-garcia",fullName:"Laura Fernandez-García"},{id:"204983",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Blasco",slug:"lucia-blasco",fullName:"Lucia Blasco"},{id:"204984",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"maria-lopez",fullName:"Maria Lopez"}]},{id:"54736",title:"Assays for Measuring C. difficile Toxin Activity and Inhibition in Mammalian Cells",slug:"assays-for-measuring-c-difficile-toxin-activity-and-inhibition-in-mammalian-cells",totalDownloads:833,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"clostridium-difficile-a-comprehensive-overview",title:"Clostridium Difficile",fullTitle:"Clostridium Difficile - A Comprehensive Overview"},signatures:"Mary Ann Cox, Lorraine D. Hernandez, Pulkit Gupta, Zuo Zhang,\nFred Racine and Alex G. Therien",authors:[{id:"171428",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Therien",slug:"alex-therien",fullName:"Alex Therien"}]},{id:"52584",title:"PCR Assay for Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Fresh Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)",slug:"pcr-assay-for-detection-of-staphylococcus-aureus-in-fresh-lettuce-lactuca-sativa-",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Andrés F. Chávez‐Almanza, Jaime López‐Cervantes, Ernesto U.\nCantú‐Soto, Dalia I. Sánchez‐Machado and Olga N. Campas‐Baypoli",authors:[{id:"190200",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"López-Cervantes",slug:"jaime-lopez-cervantes",fullName:"Jaime López-Cervantes"},{id:"195405",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Chavez Almanza",slug:"andres-chavez-almanza",fullName:"Andres Chavez Almanza"},{id:"195406",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:"Uriel",surname:"Cantú-Soto",slug:"ernesto-cantu-soto",fullName:"Ernesto Cantú-Soto"}]},{id:"53035",title:"Effects of Electronic (e)-Cigarette Vapor on Staphylococcal Virulence: Are E-Cigarettes Safer than Conventional Cigarettes?",slug:"effects-of-electronic-e-cigarette-vapor-on-staphylococcal-virulence-are-e-cigarettes-safer-than-conv",totalDownloads:1155,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus"},signatures:"Laura E. Crotty Alexander, Shymaa Enany and Elisa McEachern",authors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"},{id:"194113",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:"Elise",surname:"Crotty Alexander",slug:"laura-crotty-alexander",fullName:"Laura Crotty Alexander"},{id:"195095",title:"Ms.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"McEachern",slug:"elisa-mceachern",fullName:"Elisa McEachern"}]},{id:"56444",title:"Introductory Chapter: Clostridium difficile Infection Overview",slug:"introductory-chapter-clostridium-difficile-infection-overview",totalDownloads:890,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"clostridium-difficile-a-comprehensive-overview",title:"Clostridium Difficile",fullTitle:"Clostridium Difficile - A Comprehensive Overview"},signatures:"Shymaa Enany",authors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"pure-microbiology-bacteriology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/protein-protein-interactions-computational-and-experimental-tools/in-vivo-imaging-of-protein-protein-interactions",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"protein-protein-interactions-computational-and-experimental-tools",chapter:"in-vivo-imaging-of-protein-protein-interactions"},fullPath:"/books/protein-protein-interactions-computational-and-experimental-tools/in-vivo-imaging-of-protein-protein-interactions",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()