\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-78985-116-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-115-1",doi:null,price:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5a1f36b34b43d68f20c7caf3961dd18a",bookSignature:"Prof. Snježana Topolovec-Pintaric",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8814.jpg",keywords:"New Pathogens, Classification, Molecular Diagnostic, Phylogenetics, Pathogenesis, Genes and Diseases, Chemistry, Interference in Metabolism, Disease Cycle, Epidemics,Chemical Control, Alternative Control",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 9th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 31st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 18th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"18 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"66211",title:"Prof.",name:"Snježana",middleName:null,surname:"Topolovec-Pintaric",slug:"snjezana-topolovec-pintaric",fullName:"Snježana Topolovec-Pintaric",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/66211/images/system/66211.jpeg",biography:"Snježana Topolovec-Pintarić is associate professor at University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology. Her main research activities are in plant pathology, mycology and plant protection. She was involved in 7 projects with chemical industries on evaluation of fungicidal efficacy. Since 2005 up to today, she has investigated biological control of plant pathogenic fungi with indigenous Trichoderma species as well as Trichoderma effects on plant growth. For six years she was in Organization Commitae for annual national Symposium of Plant Protection and she was secretary in Governing Board of Croatian Plant Protection Society. She contributed as lecturer and organizer in 2 workshops Seed pathology. She is trained instructional designer for e-learning, online courses. She likes to use her artistic skills in educational purposes: creating video-clips and art-exhibitions to educate about phytopathogenic fungi.",institutionString:"University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"287827",firstName:"Gordan",lastName:"Tot",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"gordan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7481",title:"Molecular Breeding of Flowers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f242f8a3dfe2dc7573408e571f88f857",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ichiro Kasajima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7481.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196648",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichiro",surname:"Kasajima",slug:"ichiro-kasajima",fullName:"Ichiro Kasajima"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7996",title:"Silage Production, Storage and Utilization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"25a33e586e2bf2fccade9521b5bae199",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7996.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Everlon Cid Rigobelo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8044",title:"Root Biology - Growth, Physiology, and Functions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e29d230e2fb39fddbf72452c91fe411d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Takuji Ohyama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8044.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"30061",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",surname:"Ohyama",slug:"takuji-ohyama",fullName:"Takuji Ohyama"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8108",title:"Citrus Production in Brazil",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"323198bd2227ad627206f0e347ae9121",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8108.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8164",title:"Red Algae",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4a3f032e72f62e19debd1bf5198fbda8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8164.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8244",title:"New Advances on Fermentation Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d14302686630dee0aa70e9dda9540c27",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8244.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6053",title:"Animal Domestication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc949732f3a3442f988ae91112645354",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fabrice Teletchea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6053.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"190135",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",surname:"Teletchea",slug:"fabrice-teletchea",fullName:"Fabrice Teletchea"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8286",title:"Plasmodium",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d99c8efcdec3aad76d0066e723b64344",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8286.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"31499",title:"Irrigation Institutions of Bangladesh: Some Lessons",doi:"10.5772/28991",slug:"irrigation-institutions-of-bangladesh-some-lessons",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/31499.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31499",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31499",totalDownloads:4160,totalViews:83,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 3rd 2011",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 9th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/31499",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/31499",book:{slug:"problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management"},signatures:"Nasima Tanveer Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"76122",title:"Ms.",name:"Nasima",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",fullName:"Nasima Chowdhury",slug:"nasima-chowdhury",email:"nasima.chowdhury@plymouth.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2079",title:"Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management",slug:"problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",bookSignature:"Manish Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2079.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"manish-kumar",fullName:"Manish Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31494",title:"Equity in Access to Irrigation Water: A Comparative Analysis of Tube-Well Irrigation System and Conjunctive Irrigation System",slug:"equity-in-access-to-irrigation-water-a-comparative-analysis-of-tube-well-irrigation-system-and-conju",totalDownloads:2005,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anindita Sarkar",authors:[{id:"87717",title:"Dr.",name:"Anindita",middleName:null,surname:"Sarkar",fullName:"Anindita Sarkar",slug:"anindita-sarkar"}]},{id:"31495",title:"Irrigation Water: Alternative Pricing Schemes Under Uncertain Climatic Conditions",slug:"irrigation-water-alternative-pricing-schemes-under-uncertain-climatic-conditions",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Gabriele Dono and Luca Giraldo",authors:[{id:"79067",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Giraldo",fullName:"Luca Giraldo",slug:"luca-giraldo"},{id:"79072",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"Dono",fullName:"Gabriele Dono",slug:"gabriele-dono"}]},{id:"31496",title:"Irrigation Development: A Food Security and Household Income Perspective",slug:"irrigation-development-food-security-and-household-income-perspective",totalDownloads:3390,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kenneth Nhundu and Abbyssinia Mushunje",authors:[{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje"}]},{id:"31497",title:"Water Rights Allocation, Management and Trading in an Irrigation District - A Case Study of Northwestern China",slug:"water-rights-allocation-management-and-trading-in-an-irrigation-district-a-case-study-of-northwester",totalDownloads:1869,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hang Zheng, Zhongjing Wang, Roger Calow and Yongping Wei",authors:[{id:"85947",title:"Dr.",name:"Hang",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Hang Zheng",slug:"hang-zheng"}]},{id:"31498",title:"Effects of Irrigation-Water Pricing on the Profitability of Mediterranean Woody Crops",slug:"effects-of-irrigation-water-pricing-on-the-profitability-of-mediterranean-tree-and-woody-crops",totalDownloads:1093,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. A. Fernández-Zamudio, F. Alcon and M. D. De-Miguel",authors:[{id:"87106",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Angeles",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-Zamudio",fullName:"Maria-Angeles Fernandez-Zamudio",slug:"maria-angeles-fernandez-zamudio"},{id:"87108",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Alcon",fullName:"Francisco Alcon",slug:"francisco-alcon"},{id:"87109",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"De-Miguel",fullName:"Maria-Dolores De-Miguel",slug:"maria-dolores-de-miguel"}]},{id:"31499",title:"Irrigation Institutions of Bangladesh: Some Lessons",slug:"irrigation-institutions-of-bangladesh-some-lessons",totalDownloads:4160,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nasima Tanveer Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"76122",title:"Ms.",name:"Nasima",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",fullName:"Nasima Chowdhury",slug:"nasima-chowdhury"}]},{id:"31500",title:"Modelling Current and Future Pan-European Irrigation Water Demands and Their Impact on Water Resources",slug:"modelling-future-pan-european-irrigation-water-demands-and-their-impact-on-water-availability",totalDownloads:1523,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tim Aus der Beek, Ellen Kynast and Martina Flörke",authors:[{id:"76531",title:"Dr",name:"Tim",middleName:null,surname:"Aus Der Beek",fullName:"Tim Aus Der Beek",slug:"tim-aus-der-beek"}]},{id:"31501",title:"Basics and Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar as a Tool for Monitoring Irrigation Process",slug:"basics-and-application-of-ground-penetrating-radar-as-a-tool-for-monitoring-irrigation-process",totalDownloads:10100,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Kazunori Takahashi, Jan Igel, Holger Preetz and Seiichiro Kuroda",authors:[{id:"77296",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Kazunori Takahashi",slug:"kazunori-takahashi"},{id:"77738",title:"Dr.",name:"Seiichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kuroda",fullName:"Seiichiro Kuroda",slug:"seiichiro-kuroda"},{id:"77739",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Igel",fullName:"Jan Igel",slug:"jan-igel"},{id:"77740",title:"Dr.",name:"Holger",middleName:null,surname:"Preetz",fullName:"Holger Preetz",slug:"holger-preetz"}]},{id:"31502",title:"A Low Cost Remote Monitoring Method for Determining Farmer Irrigation Practices and Water Use",slug:"a-low-cost-remote-monitoring-method-for-determining-farmer-irrigation-practices",totalDownloads:1387,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kristoph-Dietrich Kinzli",authors:[{id:"26575",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristoph-Dietrich",middleName:null,surname:"Kinzli",fullName:"Kristoph-Dietrich Kinzli",slug:"kristoph-dietrich-kinzli"}]},{id:"31503",title:"Critical Evaluation of Different Techniques for Determining Soil Water Content",slug:"critical-evaluation-of-different-techniques-for-determining-soil-water-content",totalDownloads:3493,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Alejandro Zermeño-González, Juan Munguia-López, Martín Cadena-Zapata, Santos Gabriel Campos-Magaña, Luis Ibarra-Jiménez and Raúl Rodríguez-García",authors:[{id:"83447",title:"PhD.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Zermeno-Gonzalez",fullName:"Alejandro Zermeno-Gonzalez",slug:"alejandro-zermeno-gonzalez"}]},{id:"31504",title:"Precision Irrigation: Sensor Network Based Irrigation",slug:"precision-irrigation-sensor-network-based-irrigation-to-improve-water-use-efficiency-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:5241,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"N. G. Shah ancd Ipsita Das",authors:[{id:"89255",title:"Dr",name:"Narendra G.",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Narendra G. Shah",slug:"narendra-g.-shah"},{id:"109328",title:"Dr.",name:"Ipsita",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Ipsita Das",slug:"ipsita-das"}]},{id:"31505",title:"Using Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Irrigation Scheduling",slug:"using-sensor-networks-for-precision-irrigation-control",totalDownloads:1978,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"John D. Lea-Cox",authors:[{id:"86163",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:"Derek",surname:"Lea-Cox",fullName:"John Lea-Cox",slug:"john-lea-cox"}]},{id:"31506",title:"Comparison of Different Irrigation Methods Based on the Parametric Evaluation Approach in West North Ahwaz Plain",slug:"comparison-of-different-irrigation-methods-based-on-the-parametric-evaluation-approach-in-west-north",totalDownloads:3329,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohammad Albaji, Saeed Boroomand Nasab and Jabbar Hemadi",authors:[{id:"76813",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Albaji",fullName:"Mohammad Albaji",slug:"mohammad-albaji"}]},{id:"31507",title:"Guideline for Groundwater Resource Management Using the GIS Tools in Arid to Semi Arid Climate Regions",slug:"guideline-for-groundwater-resource-management-using-the-gis-tools-in-arid-to-semi-arid-climate-regio",totalDownloads:2743,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Salwa Saidi, Salem Bouri, Brice Anselme and Hamed Ben Dhia",authors:[{id:"81180",title:"Dr.",name:"Salwa",middleName:null,surname:"Saidi",fullName:"Salwa Saidi",slug:"salwa-saidi"},{id:"81294",title:"Prof.",name:"Salem",middleName:null,surname:"Bouri",fullName:"Salem Bouri",slug:"salem-bouri"},{id:"81295",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamed",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Dhia",fullName:"Hamed Ben Dhia",slug:"hamed-ben-dhia"},{id:"81296",title:"Prof.",name:"Brice",middleName:null,surname:"Anselme",fullName:"Brice Anselme",slug:"brice-anselme"}]},{id:"31508",title:"Soil, Water and Crop Management for Agricultural Profitability and Natural Resources Protection in Salt-Threatened Irrigated Lands",slug:"soil-water-and-crop-management-for-agricultural-profitability-and-natural-resources-protection-in-sa",totalDownloads:1481,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fernando Visconti and José Miguel de Paz",authors:[{id:"79081",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Visconti",fullName:"Fernando Visconti",slug:"fernando-visconti"},{id:"87216",title:"Dr.",name:"José Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"De Paz",fullName:"José Miguel De Paz",slug:"jose-miguel-de-paz"}]},{id:"31509",title:"Criteria for Evaluation of Agricultural Land Suitability for Irrigation in Osijek County Croatia",slug:"criteria-for-evaluation-of-agricultural-land-suitability-for-irrigation",totalDownloads:2444,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lidija Tadić",authors:[{id:"79316",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidija",middleName:null,surname:"Tadić",fullName:"Lidija Tadić",slug:"lidija-tadic"}]},{id:"31510",title:"Rationalisation of Established Irrigation Systems: Policy and Pitfalls",slug:"rationalization-of-established-irrigation-systems-policy-and-pitfalls",totalDownloads:1357,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francine Rochford",authors:[{id:"79203",title:"Dr.",name:"Francine",middleName:null,surname:"Rochford",fullName:"Francine Rochford",slug:"francine-rochford"}]},{id:"31511",title:"Optimal Design or Rehabilitation of an Irrigation Project's Pipe Network",slug:"optimal-design-or-rehabilitation-of-the-irrigation-project-s-pipe-network",totalDownloads:2690,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Milan Cisty",authors:[{id:"76540",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",middleName:null,surname:"Cisty",fullName:"Milan Cisty",slug:"milan-cisty"}]},{id:"31512",title:"An Algebraic Approach for Controlling Cascade of Reaches in Irrigation Canals",slug:"an-algebraic-approach-for-controlling-cascade-of-reaches-in-irrigation-canals",totalDownloads:1147,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mouhamadou Samsidy Goudiaby, Abdou Sene and Gunilla Kreiss",authors:[{id:"83741",title:"Dr",name:"Abdou",middleName:null,surname:"Sene",fullName:"Abdou Sene",slug:"abdou-sene"},{id:"87652",title:"PhD.",name:"Mouhamadou Samsidy",middleName:null,surname:"Goudiaby",fullName:"Mouhamadou Samsidy Goudiaby",slug:"mouhamadou-samsidy-goudiaby"},{id:"123946",title:"Prof.",name:"Gunilla",middleName:null,surname:"Kreiss",fullName:"Gunilla Kreiss",slug:"gunilla-kreiss"}]},{id:"31513",title:"Spatial Variability of Field Microtopography and Its Influence on Irrigation Performance",slug:"spatial-variability-of-field-microtopography-and-its-influence-on-irrigation-performance",totalDownloads:1135,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Meijian Bai, Di Xu, Yinong Li and Shaohui Zhang",authors:[{id:"79223",title:"Dr.",name:"Meijian",middleName:null,surname:"Bai",fullName:"Meijian Bai",slug:"meijian-bai"},{id:"84712",title:"Prof.",name:"Di",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Di Xu",slug:"di-xu"},{id:"84713",title:"Prof.",name:"Yinong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yinong Li",slug:"yinong-li"},{id:"125083",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Shaohui Zhang",slug:"shaohui-zhang"}]},{id:"31514",title:"Performance of Smallholder Irrigation Schemes in the Vhembe District of South Africa",slug:"performance-of-smallholder-irrigation-schemes-in-the-vhembe-district-of-south-africa",totalDownloads:4049,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wim Van Averbeke",authors:[{id:"76788",title:"Prof.",name:"Wim",middleName:null,surname:"Van Averbeke",fullName:"Wim Van Averbeke",slug:"wim-van-averbeke"}]},{id:"31515",title:"Decision Strategies for Soil Water Estimations in Soybean Crops Subjected to No-Tillage and Conventional Systems, in Brazil",slug:"decision-strategies-of-soil-water-substitutio-in-soybean-subjected-to-no-tilleage-and-conventional-s",totalDownloads:1620,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lucieta G. Martorano, Homero Bergamaschi, Rogério T. de Faria and Genei A. Dalmago",authors:[{id:"79055",title:"Dr",name:"Lucieta",middleName:"Guerreiro",surname:"Martorano",fullName:"Lucieta Martorano",slug:"lucieta-martorano"},{id:"87316",title:"Dr.",name:"Homero",middleName:null,surname:"Bergamaschi",fullName:"Homero Bergamaschi",slug:"homero-bergamaschi"},{id:"87318",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogério",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",fullName:"Rogério Faria",slug:"rogerio-faria"},{id:"87320",title:"Dr.",name:"Genei",middleName:null,surname:"Dalmago",fullName:"Genei Dalmago",slug:"genei-dalmago"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3060",title:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b517f307caac739435f7fbaed5326ac",slug:"plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields",bookSignature:"Sven Bode Andersen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven Bode",surname:"Andersen",slug:"sven-bode-andersen",fullName:"Sven Bode Andersen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40396",title:"Genomic in situ Hybridization in Triticeae: A Methodological Approach",slug:"genomic-in-situ-hybridization-in-triticeae-a-methodological-approach",signatures:"Sandra Patussi Brammer, Santelmo Vasconcelos, Liane Balvedi\nPoersch, Ana Rafaela Oliveira and Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal",authors:[{id:"74308",title:"Dr.",name:"Santelmo",middleName:null,surname:"Vasconcelos",fullName:"Santelmo Vasconcelos",slug:"santelmo-vasconcelos"},{id:"160855",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Brammer",fullName:"Sandra Brammer",slug:"sandra-brammer"},{id:"160856",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Brasileiro-Vidal",fullName:"Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal",slug:"ana-christina-brasileiro-vidal"},{id:"160857",title:"BSc.",name:"Ana Rafaela",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Ana Rafaela Oliveira",slug:"ana-rafaela-oliveira"},{id:"160858",title:"MSc.",name:"Liane Balvedi",middleName:null,surname:"Poersch",fullName:"Liane Balvedi Poersch",slug:"liane-balvedi-poersch"},{id:"165999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Patussi",middleName:null,surname:"Brammer",fullName:"Sandra Patussi Brammer",slug:"sandra-patussi-brammer"}]},{id:"44340",title:"SRAP Molecular Marker Technology in Plant Science",slug:"srap-molecular-marker-technology-in-plant-science",signatures:"Genyi Li, Peter B. E. McVetty and Carlos F. Quiros",authors:[{id:"160577",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Genyi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Genyi Li",slug:"genyi-li"}]},{id:"40178",title:"Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Breeding in Plants",slug:"molecular-markers-and-marker-assisted-breeding-in-plants",signatures:"Guo-Liang Jiang",authors:[{id:"158810",title:"Dr.",name:"Guo-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Guo-Liang Jiang",slug:"guo-liang-jiang"}]},{id:"44012",title:"Genetic Dissection of Blackleg Resistance Loci in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)",slug:"genetic-dissection-of-blackleg-resistance-loci-in-rapeseed-brassica-napus-l-",signatures:"Harsh Raman, Rosy Raman and Nick Larkan",authors:[{id:"76347",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsh",middleName:null,surname:"Raman",fullName:"Harsh Raman",slug:"harsh-raman"},{id:"166451",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosy",middleName:null,surname:"Raman",fullName:"Rosy Raman",slug:"rosy-raman"},{id:"166452",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Larkan",fullName:"Nicholas Larkan",slug:"nicholas-larkan"}]},{id:"44502",title:"Marker Assisted Selection for Common Bean Diseases Improvements in Tanzania: Prospects and Future Needs",slug:"marker-assisted-selection-for-common-bean-diseases-improvements-in-tanzania-prospects-and-future-nee",signatures:"George Muhamba Tryphone, Luseko Amos Chilagane, Deogracious\nProtas, Paul Mbogo Kusolwa and Susan Nchimbi-Msolla",authors:[{id:"157660",title:"M.Sc.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Tryphone",fullName:"George Tryphone",slug:"george-tryphone"},{id:"166366",title:"Dr.",name:"Deogracious",middleName:null,surname:"Protas",fullName:"Deogracious Protas",slug:"deogracious-protas"},{id:"166412",title:"Dr.",name:"Luseko",middleName:null,surname:"Chilagane",fullName:"Luseko Chilagane",slug:"luseko-chilagane"},{id:"166413",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kusolwa",fullName:"Paul Kusolwa",slug:"paul-kusolwa"},{id:"166414",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Nchimbi-Msolla",fullName:"Susan Nchimbi-Msolla",slug:"susan-nchimbi-msolla"}]},{id:"44503",title:"Breeding for Drought Resistance Using Whole Plant Architecture — Conventional and Molecular Approach",slug:"breeding-for-drought-resistance-using-whole-plant-architecture-conventional-and-molecular-approach",signatures:"H.E. Shashidhar, Adnan Kanbar, Mahmoud Toorchi, G.M.\nRaveendra, Pavan Kundur, H.S. Vimarsha, Rakhi Soman, Naveen G.\nKumar, Berhanu Dagnaw Bekele and P. Bhavani",authors:[{id:"157332",title:"Dr.",name:"Halagappa",middleName:null,surname:"Shashidhar",fullName:"Halagappa Shashidhar",slug:"halagappa-shashidhar"}]},{id:"44529",title:"Breeding to Improve Symbiotic Effectiveness of Legumes",slug:"breeding-to-improve-symbiotic-effectiveness-of-legumes",signatures:"Vladimir A. Zhukov, Oksana Y. Shtark, Alexey Y. Borisov and Igor A.\nTikhonovich",authors:[{id:"73360",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexey",middleName:"Y.",surname:"Borisov",fullName:"Alexey Borisov",slug:"alexey-borisov"},{id:"81134",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Zhukov",fullName:"Vladimir Zhukov",slug:"vladimir-zhukov"},{id:"81139",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",middleName:"Yurievna",surname:"Shtark",fullName:"Oksana Shtark",slug:"oksana-shtark"},{id:"81142",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Tikhonovich",fullName:"Igor Tikhonovich",slug:"igor-tikhonovich"}]},{id:"44504",title:"Opium Poppy: Genetic Upgradation Through Intervention of Plant Breeding Techniques",slug:"opium-poppy-genetic-upgradation-through-intervention-of-plant-breeding-techniques",signatures:"Brij Kishore Mishra, Anu Rastogi, Ameena Siddiqui, Mrinalini\nSrivastava, Nidhi Verma, Rawli Pandey, Naresh Chandra Sharma and\nSudhir Shukla",authors:[{id:"156649",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhir",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Sudhir Shukla",slug:"sudhir-shukla"}]},{id:"44016",title:"Castor Breeding",slug:"castor-breeding",signatures:"Máira Milani and Márcia Barreto de Medeiros Nóbrega",authors:[{id:"74313",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Maira",middleName:null,surname:"Milani",fullName:"Maira Milani",slug:"maira-milani"},{id:"156611",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto De Medeiros Nóbrega",fullName:"Márcia Barreto De Medeiros Nóbrega",slug:"marcia-barreto-de-medeiros-nobrega"}]},{id:"41024",title:"Participatory Plant Quality Breeding: An Ancient Art Revisited by Knowledge Sharing. The Portuguese Experience",slug:"participatory-plant-quality-breeding-an-ancient-art-revisited-by-knowledge-sharing-the-portuguese-ex",signatures:"Maria Carlota Vaz Patto, Pedro Manuel Mendes-Moreira, Mara Lisa\nAlves, Elsa Mecha, Carla Brites, Maria do Rosário Bronze and Silas\nPego",authors:[{id:"70071",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bronze",fullName:"Maria Bronze",slug:"maria-bronze"},{id:"160017",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Carlota",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz Patto",fullName:"Maria Carlota Vaz Patto",slug:"maria-carlota-vaz-patto"},{id:"160020",title:"MSc.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes-Moreira",fullName:"Pedro Mendes-Moreira",slug:"pedro-mendes-moreira"},{id:"160021",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Brites",fullName:"Carla Brites",slug:"carla-brites"},{id:"160022",title:"Dr.",name:"Silas",middleName:null,surname:"Pego",fullName:"Silas Pego",slug:"silas-pego"},{id:"166078",title:"MSc.",name:"Mara Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Mara Lisa Alves",slug:"mara-lisa-alves"},{id:"166079",title:"MSc.",name:"Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Mecha",fullName:"Elsa Mecha",slug:"elsa-mecha"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64912",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Globalization of Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Their Ecofriendly Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82331",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-globalization-of-mosquito-borne-diseases-and-their-ecofriendly-control",body:'\nMosquitoes are the most common bloodsucking arthropods and important insect vectors of human disease affecting the course of human events and continue to do so. The world’s mosquito fauna include approximately 3500 species, but the main important species are Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex [1]. Mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) hit across new regions worldwide as people and goods are moving around the planet at ever-increasing rates and speed. The rapid spread of highly aggressive pathogens along with the development of resistance in their vectors represents fairly overwhelming epidemics and a huge challenge in modern parasitology and tropical medicine [2, 3]. Coming out of MBD may perhaps involve simple overflow from enzootic, i.e., wildlife, cycles like that West Nile virus reaching into the Americas; secondary amplification in domesticated animals as those of Japanese encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Rift Valley fever viruses; and urbanization where humans suit the amplification hosts and peridomestic mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti, act as a go-between human-to-human transmission in case of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Chikungunya and Zika viruses are the newly arrived arboviruses in the Western Hemisphere [4].
\nAedes aegypti is originated in Africa, from where it was widely distributed by the slave trade to much of the world via water barrels in ships transmitting several devastating viral diseases. In spite of its name, Ae. aegypti disappeared from Egypt for decades [5], but it recently remerged again transmitting a small outbreak of dengue in Red Sea Governorate in 2017 [6].
\nVector management is facing significant challenges, due to the peculiar traits and the rapid spread of invasive Aedes vectors, especially the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), showing a huge ecological and physiological plasticity and adaptability to a wide variety of habitats worldwide, including cold climates typical of Northern Europe [8, 9]. Furthermore, A. albopictus has the ability to vector a wide number of viruses, including dengue, La Crosse encephalitis, West Nile, and chikungunya [10]. Zika virus might adapt to exploit A. albopictus as a vector represents a worth mentioning concern [3]. The estimated potential range of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the United States is shown in Figure 1 [7]. The annoyance of mosquitoes is devastating enough to affect real estate values, tourist industries, and outdoor activities. More than a million people die every year from malaria, and other mosquito-borne diseases cause incalculable misery, poverty, and debilitation; Plasmodium falciparum takes more lives and causes more suffering than the other MBD put together. Despite the dramatic reductions in malaria incidence since 2000, malaria elimination from high-transmission settings still challenging and the increased arbovirus outbreaks in frequency and impact would worsen the situation. Zika virus epidemics (2015–2016) hit many countries representing an urgent need for united global action [2]. Mosquito-borne distress also includes significant agricultural losses occurring as a result of attacks on domestic animals [1]. Even with international resolve to prevent future epidemics, current practices in MBD control are mostly reactive and of limited efficacy [2]. Therefore, global approach for fighting MBDs needs precarious reevaluation and the aims of the chapter are to highlight the global impact of MBD along with their future epidemics and biorational control.
\nEstimated potential range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the United States, 2017, adapted from CDC [7].
Malaria is an ancient disease caused by Plasmodium parasites vectored by Anopheles mosquitoes. Five species cause malaria in humans, but P. falciparum and P. vivax throw up the greatest threat. Infectious agents transmitted by mosquitoes may have a greater connection to cancer and the immune system struggles to recognize and fight some of these infectious agents; therefore, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) highlighted that P. falciparum infections in holoendemic areas are probably carcinogenic to humans and placed them in Group 2A [11]. At the beginning of the twentieth century, malaria was endemic worldwide and 90% of the global population at risk [12]. During the 1930s and the early 1940s, effective campaigns include using environmental management and regular larvicidal treatment of breeding sites for the eradication of An. gambiae from 54,000 km2 in northeast Brazil [13]. Before World War II, the Global Malaria Eradication Program supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) [14] requited elimination of malaria, and such efforts eliminated malaria by 1978 from 37 countries, 27 of which were in the Americas and Europe [12], but malaria is, yet, a health burden in the tropics throughout the world and is a major cause of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa [2]. Malaria-endemic countries in the Eastern Hemisphere are shown in Figure 2 [15].
\nMalaria-endemic countries in the Eastern Hemisphere, adapted from CDC [15].
In 2014 and despite the African problems, Egypt eliminated malaria and there have been no cases of locally transmitted malaria ever since then [16]. The year 2015 was an extraordinary year for malaria control, due to three major news: Youyou Tu had won the 2015 Nobel Prize, for developing the antimalarial drug artemisinin; the development of the first vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria (i.e., RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S)); and the fall of malaria infection rates worldwide, with special reference to sub-Saharan Africa [17]. In the past two decades, such efforts resulted in a 60% reduction in malaria mortality worldwide and a 66% reduction in Africa [18]. Regardless of everything and in 2016, there were almost 216 million cases of malaria reported in 91 countries, with a rise of 5 million cases over 2015; malaria deaths reached 445,000 in 2016 reaching a similar number (446,000) to that of 2015. In 2016, Africa was homewards to 90% of malaria cases and 91% of malaria deaths. For malaria elimination, total funding for malaria control and elimination reached an estimated US$ 2.7 billion in 2016 and contributions from governments of endemic countries reached US$ 800 million (31% of funding) [14].
\nLymphatic filariasis (LF, elephantiasis) is an ancient [16] and a neglected tropical disease caused by Filarioidea nematodes such as Wuchereria bancrofti (responsible for 90% of cases) and by Brugia malayi and B. timori. Globally, an estimated 25 million people suffer from genital disease, whereas over 15 million people are badly affected with lymphedema [19]. Culex species, primarily Cx. quinquefasciatus [20], are the most common vectors across urban and semiurban areas of Asia [19]. Egypt stands on the verge of eliminating LF in 2004 as a huge national elimination campaign has been under way for 5 years, supported by unique public-private partnerships developed with WHO through the framework of the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. The fifth annual mass drug administration to 2.5 million people serves as the final phase of the Egyptian hard work to eliminate such disfiguring disease [21].
\nAe. aegypti transmit Flavivirus causing yellow fever, a devastating disease that has wrought havoc wherever emerged. After establishing in the New World, Ae. aegypti caused many epidemics. For example, the British army lost 1741; the French lost 29,000 of 33,000 men trying to acquire Haiti and the Mississippi Valley. France was willing to negotiate The Louisiana Purchase chiefly because of the presence of yellow fever in Louisiana and parts north. Many outbreaks hit coastal cities in the United States, such as Charleston, New Orleans, and Philadelphia, and gold-rush settlements in California. Yellow fever and malaria forced France to abandon completion of the Panama Canal until William Gorgas developed a program of mosquito control in Havana and then applied it to Panama [1]. Before twentieth century, yellow fever affected the entire New World. The efforts of Dr. Fred Soper and the Pan-American Health Organization resulted in a successful mosquito-control campaign in the post-World War II years contained yellow fever to the Amazon basin until very recently [1]. Yellow fever virus has three transmission cycles: jungle (sylvatic), intermediate (savannah), and urban. Urban yellow fever is transmitted only by Ae. aegypti, but a sylvatic form existing in monkeys is transmitted by other Aedes spp. such as Ae. africanus in Africa and Haemagogus and Sabethes mosquitoes in South America [22]. There is no risk of yellow fever in Egypt, and the government of Egypt requires proof of yellow fever vaccination only if visitors are arriving from a country with risk of yellow fever [23].
\nDengue (breakbone fever, epidemic hemorrhagic fever) is a Flavivirus disease transmitted by Ae. aegypti. The annual number of dengue fever cases worldwide has more than doubled since 2000, and over 100 countries are now endemic and the spread of arboviruses was extraordinary [2]. Thailand had high incidences of dengue in 2001, 2002, and 2010 as the incidence during these years was 50% higher than the average throughout the 10-year period. On the other hand, Laos experienced over 800,000 cases of dengue during 2000 and 2001 [24]. In 2015, Delhi, India, recorded its most terrible outbreak since 2006 with more than 15,000 cases. The Island of Hawaii, United States of America, was affected by an outbreak with 181. The Pacific island countries of Fiji, Tonga, and French Polynesia have continued to record cases [25]. During 2016, large dengue outbreaks worldwide occurred as the Americas region reported more than 2.38 million cases, while Brazil alone recorded slightly less than 1.5 million cases, about 3 times higher than those recorded in 2014, and 1032 dengue deaths were also reported in the region; the Western Pacific Region gives an account of more than 375,000 suspected cases of dengue in 2016 mainly in Philippines and Malaysia. The Solomon Islands stated an outbreak with more than 7000 suspected. In the African Region, Burkina Faso reported a localized outbreak of dengue with 1061 probable cases. In 2017, the Region of Americas have reported 50,172 cases of dengue fever, a reduction as compared with corresponding periods in previous years [25].
\nRift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic infectious viral disease caused by the RVF virus (RVFV) (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) inducing noteworthy threats to global public health and agriculture in Africa and the Middle East. In the past 15 years, RVFV caused tens of thousands of human cases, hundreds of human deaths, and more than 100,000 domestic animal deaths. Animals as cattle, sheep, goats, and camels act as amplifying hosts for the virus [26]. The virus has a significant potential for international spread and use in bioterrorism; RVFV has caused large, devastating periodic epizootics and epidemics in Africa over the past ∼60 years, with severe economic and nutritional burden on humans from illness and livestock loss.
\nWest Nile Virus (WNV) is transmitted by mosquitoes, mainly species of Aedes, Ochlerotatus, and Culex. WNV causes West Nile fever, a disease that rapidly spread across the United States following its introduction in the late 1990s. WNF is a serious disease in elderly people, and numerous deaths have been reported, especially in the west and upper Midwest. Current statistics are updated through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Figure 3) [27].
\nNational and state maps of West Nile virus (including county-level data) from 2003—present, adapted from CDC [27].
Prior to 2013, chikungunya virus cases and outbreaks had been identified in countries located in Africa, Asia, Europe, as well as the Indian and Pacific Oceans; during the late 2013, the first local transmission of chikungunya virus in the Americas was recorded in Caribbean countries and territories [28]. Countries and territories where chikungunya cases have been reported in 2018 are included in Figure 4.
\nCountries and territories where chikungunya cases have been reported (as of May 29, 2018), adapted from CDC [28].
Zika virus, a Flavivirus virus, was identified for the first time in Uganda in 1947 in Rhesus monkeys within a monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever. In 1952, it has been identified in humans in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania [29]. Zika virus arises after dengue, West Nile virus (emerged in 1999), and chikungunya (emerged in 2013). The Zika epidemic in the 2015–2016 is the worst case scenario of MBD tragedies as the virus spread in 20 months to 67 countries and territories [30]. The recent outbreaks of Zika virus infection were mainly vectored by Aedes mosquitoes as Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Ochlerotatus japonicus [31, 32].
\nSince 2017, Zika cases, fortunately, have diminished, but Zika may be a harbinger of more MBD epidemics to come because human populations come into contact with mosquitoes, adapted to fed only on animals’ blood, as urbanization allowed new zoonotic pathogen transmission to immunologically naïve humans. Lately, yellow fever cases are climbing up in the Brazilian states, e.g., Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, and São Paulo, urging rapid local and global public health authorities to consider the resurgence of urban yellow fever transmission for the first time in decade. Moreover, there were sporadic outbreaks of Mayaro virus in the Amazon and Caribbean regions. The players for future epidemics include Oropouche virus, Sindbis virus, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus [2]. Africa is not only the ancestral cradle of humankind but also, in our context, the spawning land of numerous zoonotic diseases, notably arboviruses; it is expected that Africa has the greatest potential for novel zoonoses and dormant pathogen to invade elsewhere at a global scale [8]. Despite the upcoming threats, we could see that there is no global surveillance system tracking the emergence and spreading of MBDs.
\nSocial networks “VazaDengue” is an information system for preventing and combating MBD used to strengthen and classify the content of the entomological surveillance of mosquitoes transmitting dengue, Zika, and chikungunya automatically by providing geolocated reports, represented through dynamic maps, which could be directly included by the users or harvested from social networks such as Twitter and Instagram [33]. Because there is no reliable and specific treatment for arboviruses, avoidance of mosquito bites remains the best strategy [18]. Current prevention tools are represented by the employ of mosquito repellents as DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide). More information about commercial repellents and their safety concerns is reviewed [34]. Some strategies need to be integrated in regions with endemic mosquito-borne diseases for the reduction or removal of mosquito breeding sites, along with mosquitocidal treatments using chemical, botanical, or microbiological ovicides, larvicides, and pupicides [35, 36, 37]. Regarding application of synthetic pesticides, development of mosquito-resistant strains and some environmental and health concerns need to be considered. Overall, the major ecological and toxicological issues experienced with the overuse of chemical pesticides have boosted a renewed interest for the so-called “Biorational insecticides.” Biological control of mosquitoes covers a various range of predators and pathogens of mosquito young instars and adults [35]. The other control measures include the followings:
\nThe behavior-based control tools are very effective for controlling mosquito populations. The “lure and kill” strategy and Sound traps are useful tools [38]. When applied in Cuba in 1949 against Anopheles albimanus, sound traps collected a high number of males [39]. Related approaches led to successful removal of Culex tarsalis males, reducing female insemination, [40] and diminishing Culex tritaeniorhynchus paorus females [41]. Despite their efficacy, traps work only for a limited distance [38]. There is a renewed interest in sterile insect technique (SIT) for suppression of mosquito vectors, especially for Anopheles spp. Recently, SIT has been combined with autodissemination as adult females contaminated with dissemination stations of juvenile hormone for treating breeding habitats. Such technique controlled Aedes spp. efficiently, but cannot be used at large scales. Therefore, boosted SIT might enable the area-wide eradication of mosquitoes. Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal (RIDL) is a useful tool. In anticipation of perfect sexing mechanisms, a combination of Wolbachia-induced phenotypes, like cytoplasmic incompatibility and pathogen interference, and irradiation may prove to be the safest solution for population suppression [17].
\nBotanicals as plant extracts, essential oils (EOs), and crushed plant parts have a long history of successful applications in traditional medicine and folk ethno-veterinary of many developing and developed countries [42, 43]. The emerging scenario highlights screening plants as rich source of antiparasitic materials [35, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51]. They are often effective at few parts per million against mosquito larvae [52, 53, 54, 55]. Botanical pesticides and repellents are still used nowadays and have also stimulated natural product research; repellent products are extensively reviewed [34, 35, 52]. EOs and leaf extracts are effective larvicide against Culex pipiens in low doses [53, 54, 55]. Botanicals are cheap, easy to apply, and scarcely toxic to humans and other vertebrates; some of them are effective at very low doses, which are comparable to those of chemical pesticides currently marketed; aqueous plant extracts can be easily employed to threat mosquito breeding sites, without applying synthetic surfactants; finally, the development of resistance against them is extremely unlikely [36, 52]. Apart from the previous advantages of botanical-based pesticides and repellents, the number of currently marked products remains very low. In addition, both researchers and the industry are facing several challenges such as improving yield and efficacy, standardization, insufficient governmental support, and very slow and highly expensive way of registration of the developed products. Encapsulation and nanoparticles are useful for improving the persistence and efficacy of botanical insecticides [34, 36, 52]. Intestinally, Aganosma cymosa leaf extract used for nanosynthesis of Ag nanocrystals stimulates oviposition of An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus [56]. Botanicals could be used for the synthesis of mosquitocidal nanoformulations [57, 58, 59, 60] as well as cheap repellents with low human toxicity [61].
\nThe increased travel and trade accelerated trends toward the importation of exotic mosquito-borne diseases. In spite of the increase in frequency and intensity of arbovirus outbreaks, malaria mortality has been cut in half since 2000 due to successful mosquito control. Yet, major challenges still deserve attention in order to boost malaria prevention and control as development of artemisinin resistant strains, and inefficient RTS,S vaccine against Plasmodium vivax malaria predominant in many countries outside Africa. The carcinogenic infectious agents transmitted by mosquitoes may be undetected as either no one is looking for them, or they are looking in wrong anatomical locations and/or with inadequate tools [62]. More research is required to establish whether simian and avian forms of malaria play a part. If they do, such infectious agents could provide unique markers for early cancer detection [62]. Even though the available MBD prevention and control tools are quite expensive and not affordable by poor and most populations in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, several promising technologies for mosquito vector control are in the pipeline. Along with reduction or removal of mosquito breeding sites and employing personal mosquito repellents, integrated mosquito control strategies should be tailored in different geographical distribution including biological control tools in the presence of ultra-low quantities of nanoformulated botanicals to increase their performance and predation rates [60], SIT, boosted SIT [63], Wolbachia-based programs, RIDL, [64], and the repeated releases of genetically modified male mosquitoes. Innovative methods of identification of swarming sites are urgently necessary for the “lure and kill” approach and sound traps to work for long distances [38] as well as for the possibility to disrupt or enhance swarms, manipulating artificial markers. These efforts may lead to create “kill zones” within or in close proximity of villages where high numbers of mosquitoes would be attracted and killed [38]. The WHO and several funding agencies have sponsored that control efforts achieve more widespread MBD control and elimination initiating new ambitious global goals to reduce global malaria mortality by 90% by 2030 [65]. Fortunately, the current global approaches for fighting MBDs are heading toward such targets. We anticipated that when MBD control adopted globally, MBDs will hold back within the next two decades.
\nBook - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination of the preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent, together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book chapter (as well as conference papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying the chapter/conference paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – help licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in a proper way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) contents, IntechOpen has activated rules of attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you have to abide by the following:
\\n\\nAll rights to books and other compilations published on IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA book in its entirety or a significant part of a book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher, to be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn case you obtain permission from the publisher for reusing or republishing the book or significant parts of the book, you must respect ALL the terms below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the described way. In case you are unsure about proper attribution you should contact us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen's books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used (under terms of the respective CC license) if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect ALL the terms below:
\\n\\nThe above-described rules apply for online and offline attribution (use).
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the above-described way. In case you are unsure about proper attribution you should contact us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn case you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works comprised in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the above-described way.
\\n\\nIntechOpen will not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen have to be properly attributed.
\\n\\nThe above-described rules apply for online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the rules of attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to changes.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book chapter (as well as conference papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying the chapter/conference paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – help licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in a proper way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) contents, IntechOpen has activated rules of attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you have to abide by the following:
\n\nAll rights to books and other compilations published on IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA book in its entirety or a significant part of a book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher, to be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn case you obtain permission from the publisher for reusing or republishing the book or significant parts of the book, you must respect ALL the terms below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the described way. In case you are unsure about proper attribution you should contact us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen's books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used (under terms of the respective CC license) if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect ALL the terms below:
\n\nThe above-described rules apply for online and offline attribution (use).
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the above-described way. In case you are unsure about proper attribution you should contact us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn case you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works comprised in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the above-described way.
\n\nIntechOpen will not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen have to be properly attributed.
\n\nThe above-described rules apply for online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the rules of attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to changes.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Vienna University of Technology",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:"Assist. Prof.",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:"Postdoctoral researcher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University Joseph Fourier (Grenoble I)",country:null}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:null}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:451},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:604},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:199},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:1080},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:75},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:1470}],offset:12,limit:12,total:103407},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Theriogenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Dr. Katy Satué Ambrojo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9080",title:"Megafauna - Evolution and Extinction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"788b2896a7f0a6a7af629af840e1c91b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9080.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0d00294936052bbe63a52ce11fa591aa",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9083",title:"Sprague Dawley Rat",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fe8baf797abe811e95282183affddfdc",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9083.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:92},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:105},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6856",title:"Gold Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23e172496e46e18712a901308d074cfb",slug:"gold-nanoparticles-reaching-new-heights",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman and Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6856.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:"Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2175",title:"Risk Management",subtitle:"Current Issues and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6406ba890ef4569efd8298e1121685d",slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Nerija Banaitiene",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2175.jpg",editors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1667",title:"A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7be827d70aa0311258d658f729670887",slug:"a-bird-s-eye-view-of-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Carlos C. Perez-Marin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1667.jpg",editors:[{id:"25632",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos C.",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Marin",slug:"carlos-c.-perez-marin",fullName:"Carlos C. Perez-Marin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1806},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6856",title:"Gold Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23e172496e46e18712a901308d074cfb",slug:"gold-nanoparticles-reaching-new-heights",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman and Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6856.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:"Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6151",title:"Noninvasive Ventilation in Medicine",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e2fc8d909ac2458e0087490ea02a6d",slug:"noninvasive-ventilation-in-medicine-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Mayank Vats",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6151.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148941",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:"Gyan",surname:"Vats",slug:"mayank-vats",fullName:"Mayank Vats"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7215",title:"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f824828c2212e79b75fa65b194c5007",slug:"recent-developments-in-photovoltaic-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Natarajan Prabaharan, Marc A. Rosen and Pietro Elia Campana",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7215.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199317",title:"Dr.",name:"Natarajan",middleName:null,surname:"Prabaharan",slug:"natarajan-prabaharan",fullName:"Natarajan Prabaharan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7485",title:"Applied Modern Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7a7be73f7232e08867ed81bdf9850c6",slug:"applied-modern-control",bookSignature:"Le Anh Tuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180550",title:"Dr.",name:"Le",middleName:null,surname:"Anh Tuan",slug:"le-anh-tuan",fullName:"Le Anh Tuan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7488",title:"Analytical Pyrolysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30a667792c3a70b53d30fb6e9e1e7b4d",slug:"analytical-pyrolysis",bookSignature:"Peter Kusch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254714",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kusch",slug:"peter-kusch",fullName:"Peter Kusch"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"757cc326df7bcca72c8c850d9f4f71d1",slug:"engineered-fabrics",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7245",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"67a331ebb2dd2b8f73228fa4daa7382f",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"52",title:"Genetic Epidemiology",slug:"genetic-epidemiology",parent:{title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:22,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:32},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"genetic-epidemiology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"2556",title:"Methylation",subtitle:"From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab598a9444e1ee2f8ad04109f1cb898d",slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Anica Dricu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2556.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106758",title:"Prof.",name:"Anica",middleName:null,surname:"Dricu",slug:"anica-dricu",fullName:"Anica Dricu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38950",doi:"10.5772/51774",title:"The Methylation of Metals and Metalloids in Aquatic Systems",slug:"the-methylation-of-metals-and-metalloids-in-aquatic-systems",totalDownloads:1525,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Robert P. Mason",authors:[{id:"152418",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Peter",surname:"Mason",slug:"robert-mason",fullName:"Robert Mason"}]},{id:"38575",doi:"10.5772/51419",title:"Circulating Methylated DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection",slug:"circulating-methylated-dna-as-biomarkers-for-cancer-detection",totalDownloads:2589,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Hongchuan Jin, Yanning Ma, Qi Shen and Xian Wang",authors:[{id:"40131",title:"Dr.",name:"Xian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xian-wang",fullName:"Xian Wang"},{id:"163999",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongchuan",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"hongchuan-jin",fullName:"Hongchuan Jin"}]},{id:"41225",doi:"10.5772/52046",title:"Diverse Domains of (Cytosine-5)-DNA Methyltransferases: Structural and Functional Characterization",slug:"diverse-domains-of-cytosine-5-dna-methyltransferases-structural-and-functional-characterization",totalDownloads:1906,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"A. Yu. Ryazanova, L. A. Abrosimova, T. S. Oretskaya and E. A. Kubareva",authors:[{id:"152990",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kubareva",slug:"elena-kubareva",fullName:"Elena Kubareva"},{id:"153059",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ryazanova",slug:"alexandra-ryazanova",fullName:"Alexandra Ryazanova"},{id:"153060",title:"Ms.",name:"Liudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Abrosimova",slug:"liudmila-abrosimova",fullName:"Liudmila Abrosimova"},{id:"153063",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Oretskaya",slug:"tatiana-oretskaya",fullName:"Tatiana Oretskaya"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"38575",title:"Circulating Methylated DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection",slug:"circulating-methylated-dna-as-biomarkers-for-cancer-detection",totalDownloads:2589,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Hongchuan Jin, Yanning Ma, Qi Shen and Xian Wang",authors:[{id:"40131",title:"Dr.",name:"Xian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xian-wang",fullName:"Xian Wang"},{id:"163999",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongchuan",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"hongchuan-jin",fullName:"Hongchuan Jin"}]},{id:"39269",title:"DNA Methylation in the Pathogenesis of Head and Neck Cancer",slug:"dna-methylation-in-the-pathogenesis-of-head-and-neck-cancer",totalDownloads:1777,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Zvonko Magić, Gordana Supić, Mirjana Branković-Magić and Nebojša Jovic",authors:[{id:"40933",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Supic",slug:"gordana-supic",fullName:"Gordana Supic"},{id:"153134",title:"Prof.",name:"Zvonko",middleName:null,surname:"Magic",slug:"zvonko-magic",fullName:"Zvonko Magic"},{id:"162918",title:"Prof.",name:"Nebojsa",middleName:null,surname:"Jovic",slug:"nebojsa-jovic",fullName:"Nebojsa Jovic"},{id:"162919",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirjana",middleName:null,surname:"Brankovic-Magic",slug:"mirjana-brankovic-magic",fullName:"Mirjana Brankovic-Magic"}]},{id:"38950",title:"The Methylation of Metals and Metalloids in Aquatic Systems",slug:"the-methylation-of-metals-and-metalloids-in-aquatic-systems",totalDownloads:1525,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Robert P. Mason",authors:[{id:"152418",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Peter",surname:"Mason",slug:"robert-mason",fullName:"Robert Mason"}]},{id:"41225",title:"Diverse Domains of (Cytosine-5)-DNA Methyltransferases: Structural and Functional Characterization",slug:"diverse-domains-of-cytosine-5-dna-methyltransferases-structural-and-functional-characterization",totalDownloads:1906,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"A. Yu. Ryazanova, L. A. Abrosimova, T. S. Oretskaya and E. A. Kubareva",authors:[{id:"152990",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kubareva",slug:"elena-kubareva",fullName:"Elena Kubareva"},{id:"153059",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ryazanova",slug:"alexandra-ryazanova",fullName:"Alexandra Ryazanova"},{id:"153060",title:"Ms.",name:"Liudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Abrosimova",slug:"liudmila-abrosimova",fullName:"Liudmila Abrosimova"},{id:"153063",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Oretskaya",slug:"tatiana-oretskaya",fullName:"Tatiana Oretskaya"}]},{id:"41211",title:"Messenger RNA Cap Methylation in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, a Prototype of Non‐Segmented Negative‐Sense RNA Virus",slug:"messenger-rna-cap-methylation-in-vesicular-stomatitis-virus-a-prototype-of-non-segmented-negative-se",totalDownloads:2323,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Jianrong Li and Yu Zhang",authors:[{id:"153206",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianrong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"jianrong-li",fullName:"Jianrong Li"}]},{id:"38530",title:"Host-Mimicking Strategies in DNA Methylation for Improved Bacterial Transformation",slug:"host-mimicking-strategies-in-dna-methylation-for-improved-bacterial-transformation",totalDownloads:1564,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Hirokazu Suzuki",authors:[{id:"152236",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hirokazu",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirokazu-suzuki",fullName:"Hirokazu Suzuki"}]},{id:"41250",title:"Breaking the Silence: The Interplay Between Transcription Factors and DNA Methylation",slug:"breaking-the-silence-the-interplay-between-transcription-factors-and-dna-methylation",totalDownloads:2099,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Byron Baron",authors:[{id:"100140",title:"Dr.",name:"Byron",middleName:null,surname:"Baron",slug:"byron-baron",fullName:"Byron Baron"}]},{id:"38180",title:"Bifunctional Prokaryotic DNA-Methyltransferases",slug:"bifunctional-prokaryotic-dna-methyltransferases",totalDownloads:1048,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Dmitry V. Nikitin, Attila Kertesz-Farkas, Alexander S. Solonin and Marina L. Mokrishcheva",authors:[{id:"151694",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitri",middleName:null,surname:"Nikitin",slug:"dmitri-nikitin",fullName:"Dmitri Nikitin"},{id:"152806",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",middleName:null,surname:"Kertesz-Farkas2",slug:"attila-kertesz-farkas2",fullName:"Attila Kertesz-Farkas2"},{id:"152807",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Solonin",slug:"alexander-solonin",fullName:"Alexander Solonin"},{id:"152808",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Mokrishcheva",slug:"marina-mokrishcheva",fullName:"Marina Mokrishcheva"}]},{id:"40284",title:"Deciphering Protein Arginine Methylation in Mammals",slug:"deciphering-protein-arginine-methylation-in-mammals",totalDownloads:1698,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Ruben Esse, Paula Leandro, Isabel Rivera, Isabel Tavares de Almeida, Henk J Blom and Rita Castro",authors:[{id:"151778",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"rita-castro",fullName:"Rita Castro"}]},{id:"39946",title:"Methylation in Tumorigenesis",slug:"methylation-in-tumorigenesis",totalDownloads:1117,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"methylation-from-dna-rna-and-histones-to-diseases-and-treatment",title:"Methylation",fullTitle:"Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment"},signatures:"Melissa A. Edwards, Pashayar P. Lookian, Drew R. Neavin and Mark A. Brown",authors:[{id:"152439",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Brown",slug:"mark-brown",fullName:"Mark Brown"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"genetic-epidemiology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},privacyPolicy:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8841",title:"Deterministic Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd65f564ea0b77f91dea36cfcbaa1da7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Timothy Sands",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8841.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"258189",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Sands",slug:"timothy-sands",fullName:"Timothy Sands"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8922",title:"Modelling of Artificial Intelligence Controller for Microgrid Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5a9f1298be5472f9e429f3ab47cd404",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. M Venkateshkumar, Dr. Umashankar Subramaniam and Dr. Cheng Siong Chin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108910",title:"Prof.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Venkateshkumar",slug:"m-venkateshkumar",fullName:"M Venkateshkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8915",title:"Advances in Membrane Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19febde893f705494f2334d02977fd83",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Amira Abdelrasoul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8915.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"151521",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelrasoul",slug:"amira-abdelrasoul",fullName:"Amira Abdelrasoul"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8899",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e19068f7f6c92b5643a3f8fbf2f895e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rui Esteves Esteves Araújo and Dr. José Roberto Camacho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8899.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31663",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui Esteves",middleName:"Esteves",surname:"Araújo",slug:"rui-esteves-araujo",fullName:"Rui Esteves Araújo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8919",title:"Environmental Impacts of Solar Panels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84b4f2c95c817552f02813474b074576",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abdülkerim Gok",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8919.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"266161",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdülkerim",middleName:null,surname:"Gok",slug:"abdulkerim-gok",fullName:"Abdülkerim Gok"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8839",title:"Advanced Communication and Control Methods for Future Smartgrids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"272b87662ec87f859b72930758bce663",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8839.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272760",title:"Dr.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8842",title:"Innovation in Energy Systems - New Technologies for Changing Paradigms in Operation, Protection, Business and Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75fdfb0206f7d487c3ac8dbe21dcef16",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8842.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272760",title:"Dr.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:22},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management/irrigation-institutions-of-bangladesh-some-lessons",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management",chapter:"irrigation-institutions-of-bangladesh-some-lessons"},fullPath:"/books/problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management/irrigation-institutions-of-bangladesh-some-lessons",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()