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Acoustic Wave Velocity Measurement on Piezoelectric Single Crystals

Written By

Toshio Ogawa

Submitted: 28 October 2015 Reviewed: 25 February 2016 Published: 24 August 2016

DOI: 10.5772/62711

From the Edited Volume

Piezoelectric Materials

Edited by Toshio Ogawa

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Abstract

Sound velocities were measured in relaxor single-crystal plates and piezoelectric ceramics including lead free using an ultrasonic precision thickness gauge with high-frequency pulse generation. Estimating the difference in the sound velocities and elastic constants in the single crystals and ceramics, it was possible to evaluate effects of domain and grain boundaries on elastic constants. Existence of domain boundaries in single crystal affected the decrease in Young’s modulus, rigidity, Poisson’s ratio, and bulk modulus. While existence of grain boundaries affected the decrease in Young’s modulus and rigidity, Poisson’s ratio and bulk modulus increased. It was thought these phenomena come from domain alignment by DC poling and both the boundaries act as to absorb mechanical stress by defects due to the boundaries. In addition, the origin of piezoelectricity in single crystals is caused by low bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio, and high Young’s modulus and rigidity in comparison with ceramics. On the contrary, the origin of piezoelectricity in ceramics is caused by high Poisson’s ratio by high bulk modulus, and furthermore, low Young’s modulus and rigidity due to domain alignment.

Keywords

  • relaxor single crystals
  • sound velocities
  • elastic constants
  • domain boundary
  • grain boundary
  • piezoelectric ceramics

1. Introduction

1.1. What are relaxor materials?

Relaxor materials are one of the ferroelectric materials and show that temperatures to realize the maximum dielectric constants shift to higher temperature, and furthermore, the maximum values decrease with increasing frequency [1]. These phenomena are called “dielectric relaxation”. The relaxors are composed of lead-containing complex perovskite structures such as Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PZNT) and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMNT). The applications of relaxor had been focused on materials for multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) because of high dielectric constants and lower firing temperature for producing MLCC [2]. Moreover, since relaxors are composed of without PbZrO3, which is easy to decompose at high temperatures, they were suitable to produce piezoelectric single crystals in comparison with in the case of well-known PbTiO3–PbZrO3 (PZT) compositions [3].

1.2. Why do single crystals possess high performance of piezoelectricity?

Piezoelectric ceramic compositions were improved to realize higher electromechanical coupling factor from one-component system such as BaTiO3 (BT) to binary system of PZT and three-component (PZT 3) system as shown in Figure 1 [4, 5]. Since high piezoelectricity closely relates to ferroelectric domain alignment by DC poling, a research for piezoelectric single crystals without (with no existence of) grain boundary becomes important. In 1982, Kuwata et al. [6] discovered high coupling factor of thickness vibration mode of k33 around 90% in PZNT single-crystal rod. The reason to obtain higher coupling factor due to domain alignments through DC poling illustrates in Figure 2 from difference between single crystals (oriented domains) and ceramics (multidomains). In DC poling process, ferroelectric domains in single crystals become from multi-domains to oriented domains, and finally single (mono) domain in a crystal bulk, the dimensions of which more than several millimeter, while random-orientated ceramics become practical single domain in a ceramic grain, the dimensions of which around several microns. As the result, high coupling factors due to high domain alignment (high domain anisotropy) are realized in the crystal bulk without grain boundaries in comparison with oriented ceramic grains connected with each other by grain boundaries.

Figure 1.

Improvement of electromechanical coupling factor on thickness vibration mode of k33 from piezoelectric ceramics to single crystals since 1942 discovered BaTiO3 [4].

Figure 2.

Difference in domain alignments between single crystals and ceramics.

1.3. High electromechanical coupling factor in relaxor single crystals

While relaxor single-crystal rods processed high coupling factor of k33 mode as mentioned previously, single-crystal plates were studied in cases of other vibration modes [7]. Figure 3 shows single-crystal rod and plate composed of relaxor single crystal and the relationships between the dimensions and electromechanical coupling factors of k33 (thickness vibration mode), k31 (length vibration mode), and k32 (width vibration mode). The DC poling direction is the thickness direction of both the rod and the plate. In the case of the single-crystal plates, it can be expected higher domain alignment in the plates to obtain higher coupling factors of k31 and k32 modes. Table 1 shows crystal plane dependence of coupling factors (k31, kt, k32), piezoelectric strain constants (d31, d33), remanent polarization (Pr), coercive field (Ec), and time aging for k31, respectively. We discovered giant k31 over 80% and d31 over 1300 pC/N in (100)0.91Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.09PbTiO3 [(100)PZNT91/09] and (110)0.74Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)–0.26PbTiO3 [(110)PMNT74/26] single-crystal plates [8]. The reason to obtain high k31 and d31 is due to achieve single (mono) domain alignment in the plates. Since PMNT compositions were preferred to produce single crystal in comparison with PZNT compositions because a pyrochlore phase is easily formed in PZNT together with perovskite phase, PMNT single crystal is focused on to fabricate by flux Bridgman method [9]. While the quality of PMNT single crystal was improved through the mass production by trial and error, plate-shaped piezoelectric transducers for medical use were replaced PZT ceramic plate by PMNT single-crystal plate because of high kt and high frequency of around 5 MHz (Figure 4) [5, 9].

Figure 3.

Vibration modes and coupling factors of single-crystal rod and plate in relaxor single crystal.

Crystal plane Single crystal k31 (%) −d31 (pC/N) kt (%) d33 (pC/N) k32 (%) Pr (μC/cm2) Ec (V/mm) Aging
(100) PZNT 86 2100 55 2400 42 35 600 Good
(100) PMNT 65 1030 60 2420 22 300 NG
(110) PZNT 30–60 300–720 40 530–1030 NG
(110) PMNT 87 1320 48 970 69 30 200
(111) PZNT 20 ~170 50 190–560 Good
(111) PMNT Small piezoelectricity

Table 1.

Crystal plane dependence of coupling factors (k31, kt, k32), piezoelectric strain constants (d31, d33), remanent polarization (Pr), coercive field (Ec), and time aging for k31 in PZNT and PMNT single-crystal plates.

Figure 4.

Plate-shaped piezoelectric transducers utilizing relaxor single crystal for medical uses in cases of (a) and (b): abdominal (stomach etc.) use, and (c): circulatory organ (heart) use [5].

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2. Characterization of relaxor single-crystal plates

2.1. Measurement of sound velocities in relaxor single-crystal plates

Sound velocities were measured in relaxor single-crystal plates (dimensions of 20.7 mm length, 14.0 mm width and 0.39 mm thickness) of (100)PMNT70/30 supplied by JFE Mineral Co., Ltd. using an ultrasonic precision thickness gauge (Olympus Model 35DL) with high-frequency (longitudinal wave: 30 and 20 MHz, and transverse wave: 20 and 5 MHz) pulse generation (Figure 5) [10, 11]. The measurement positions of Nos. ①–⑥ of sound velocities in the plate are shown in this figure. The directions of DC poling field and sound wave propagation are parallel to the thickness. The elastic constants in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates calculated by the sound velocities were compared with the elastic constants in piezoelectric ceramic disks (dimensions of 14–20 mm diameter and 0.5–1.5 mm thickness) composed of PMNT70/30, PZT, lead titanate, and lead free utilizing the equations as shown in Figure 6 [11]. On the measurement of sound velocities in single-crystal plates, there are one longitudinal wave velocity (VL), and two transverse wave velocities (VS/L and VS/W) in the directions of length and width in plate due to the anisotropy of the single-crystal plate (Figure 7) which are different from in the case of piezoelectric ceramics. However, the VS/W is almost same as the VS/L because of the same crystal anisotropy in the crystal plane of (100)PMNT70/30 as mentioned the following experimental results.

Figure 5.

Equipment of sound velocity measurement and measurement positions of ①–⑥ in single-crystal plate.

Figure 6.

Elastic constants calculated by sound velocities using the equations.

Figure 7.

Propagation and amplitude directions of longitudinal and transverse waves in ceramics and single-crystal plate.

2.2. Piezoelectric and elastic constants

Table 2 shows the dielectric and piezoelectric constants for six samples (Nos. 1–6) of PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates. Dielectric and piezoelectric constants were measured using an LCR meter (HP4263A), an impedance/gain phase analyzer (HP4194A) and a d33 meter (Academia Sinia: ZJ-3D). The piezoelectric strain constant d33 is an average value measured at six positions in the plate as mentioned previously. The d33 and relative dielectric constant (εr) are considerably high of 1710–1870 pC/N and 5810–6740 due to the high domain alignment in single-crystal plate. In addition, kt is also rather high value of 63.1% suitable to a plate transducer with thickness mode.

Nos. d33 (pC/N) εr (−) k31 (%) k32 (%) kt (%) fc31 (Hz m) fc32 (Hz m) fct (Hz m)
1 1750 5888 30.5 74.5 63.3 736 838 2299
2 1712 5814 30.8 74.3 63.1 737 836 2293
3 1697 5796 30.1 74.3 63.1 743 837 2290
4 1810 6334 30.4 74.6 63.4 709 814 2291
5 1873 6569 27.6 69.0 62.6 700 823 2306
6 1837 6740 29.8 72.4 63.1 700 818 2293

Table 2.

Dielectric and piezoelectric constants for six samples (Nos. 1–6) of PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates; fc31, fc32 and fct mean frequency constants (a half of sound velocities) in k31, k32, and kt modes.

Figure 8 shows VL, VS/L, and VS/W at each measuring position of Nos. ①–⑥ in the plates (Nos. 1–6). The VS/L is almost same as the VS/W in all the plates of Nos. 1–6 because of the same crystal anisotropy of the crystal plane of (100)PMNT70/30. While the fluctuation [the difference in maximum and minimum values (Δ)] of VL, VS/L and VS/W in No. 2 is 3, 5, and 3 m/s, the fluctuation in No. 5 is considerably large values of ΔVL = 47 m/s, ΔVS/L = 182 m/s and VS/W = 152 m/s even though the kt’s are almost same (Table 2). The fluctuation of VL, VS/L, and VS/W in Nos. 5 and 6 corresponds to lager values of d33 and εr in comparison with the ones in Nos. 1–4 (Table 2). Therefore, it was clarified that the measurement of sound velocities is effective tool to precisely evaluate local domain alignments in single-crystal plates.

Figure 8.

Distributions of longitudinal wave velocity (VL) and transverse wave velocities (VS/L and VS/W) in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates.

Figures 9 and 10 show distributions of Y (in this case also YL = YW) and σ (σL = σW), and further, G (GL = GW) and K (KL = KW) in the plates of Nos. 1–6. Although the fluctuation of Y, σ, G, and K (ΔY, Δσ, ΔG and ΔK) in Nos. 1–4 is much smaller than the ΔY, Δσ, ΔG, and ΔK in Nos. 5 and 6. Figure 11 shows distributions of d33 in the plates of Nos. 1–6, the schematic domain alignments in the case of Nos. 2 and 5, and contribution of εar of a-axis direction) and εcr of c-axis direction) to εr. The reason higher d33 was obtained in the plates of Nos. 5 and 6 composed of oriented domain alignment is due to higher εr affected by εaa > εc) under the condition of same kt’s. On the contrary, the plates of Nos. 1–4 consist of single domain alignment, the εr of which practically depends on εc. These domain configurations between the plates of Nos. 1–4 and Nos. 5, 6 will be described in the Sections 2.3–2.5.

Figure 9.

Distributions of Young’s modulus (YL and YW) and Poisson’s ratio (σL and σW) in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates.

Figure 10.

Distributions of modulus of rigidity (GL and GW) and bulk modulus (KL and KW) in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates.

Figure 11.

Distributions of d33 in the plates, the schematic domain alignments in the case of Nos. 2 and 5, and contribution of εar of a-axis direction) and εcr of c-axis direction) to εr.

2.3. Effect of domain boundaries on elastic constants

Figure 12 shows relationships between elastic constants (Y, σ, G, and K) and d33 in the plates of Nos. 1–6. There are two groups such as single domain alignment (low Y, G and high σ, K of Nos. 1–4) and oriented domain alignment (high Y, G and low σ, K of Nos. 5 and 6). Comparing the two groups, while the domain configurations change from oriented domain alignment (plates of Nos. 5 and 6) to single domain alignment (plates of Nos. 1–4), the Y and G decrease, and σ and K increase. Here, the plates with oriented domain alignment mean the plates possess domain boundaries just like grain boundaries as mentioned later. It was thought that the existence of domain boundaries like grain boundaries acts as the increase in Y, G and the decrease in σ and K as same as in the case of ceramics.

Figure 12.

Relationships between elastic constants and d33 in plates.

2.4. Frequency responses in single-crystal plates

Frequency responses of impedance in the plates were measured to investigate the vibration modes. There are kt fundamental and the overtones of 3rd, 5th, and 7th without any spurious responses in range from 1 to 50 MHz (Figure 13). Calculating from the impedance responses of kt fundamental, the average kt, and the standard deviation are 63.1% and σ = 0.25% (n = 6 pcs.).

Figure 13.

Frequency responses of impedance in single-crystal plates in range of from 1 to 50 MHz.

While frequency responses in range of 1–150 kHz were measured for analyzing k31 and k32 modes, there are simple responses in Nos. 1–4; however, there are complicated responses with spurious responses in Nos. 5 and 6 (Figure 14). Since the complicated responses were related to k31, k32 modes and their overtones [12], it was evident that different domain configurations exist in the plates of Nos. 5 and 6 as well as the investigation on measuring sound velocities.

Figure 14.

Frequency responses of impedance in single-crystal plates in range of from 1 to 150 kHz.

2.5. Observation of ferroelectric domains by transmission optical microscope

Single-crystal plates removed electrodes for DC poling use, after DC poling and after depolarization at 200°C, were investigated by a transmission type optical microscope under cross nicol to directly observe the domain configurations. Figure 15 shows photos of the plates of Nos. 2 and 5 after DC poling (a) and after depolarization (b), and schematic pictures of domain alignments of the plates (Nos. 2 and 5) after depolarization. Although the photo of No. 2(a) indicates uniform color, the photo of No. 5(a) consists of two different color regions after DC poling. As the subtle difference in colors indicates the difference in domain alignment of the crystal bulk itself [12], it is thought that the plate of No. 5(a) is composed of more than two kinds of domain configuration (oriented domain alignment, moreover, there are domain boundaries just like grain boundaries), and on the other hand, the plate of No. 2(a) becomes uniformity (single domain alignment). The observations of the plates of Nos. 2(b) and 5(b) after depolarization more clearly show these domain configurations as described in the schematic pictures. Comparing the photos of Nos. 5(a) and (b), it can be concluded that the domain alignments have already existed in as-grown single-crystal plate such as grain boundaries in ceramics (it means domain boundaries just like grain boundaries). It was thought that these boundaries come from some kinds of mechanical stress because single-crystal plates are quite uniform from the viewpoints the investigation of the chemical compositions and the physical properties analyzed by XRD in the plates [9].

Figure 15.

Observation of domain alignments in single-crystal plates by transmission optical microscope under cross nicol and schematic pictures of domain alignments of plates. Nos. ①–⑥ in this figure [No. 5(a)] correspond to measurement positions of sound velocities.

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3. Elastic constant of PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates and ceramics

PMNT70/30 ceramics were fabricated to compare the two bodies, single-crystal plates, and ceramics. Evaluating elastic constants calculated by sound veracities, it was thought that effects of domain and grain boundaries on elastic constants can be clarified in both the cases.

3.1. Piezoelectric properties and elastic constant in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates and ceramics

Table 3 shows dielectric and piezoelectric properties in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates and ceramics. PMNT ceramics possessed the properties as follows: one-quarter of d33, a half of εr and two-third of kt in comparison with the vales of PMNT single-crystal plates. Table 4 shows elastic constants in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates and ceramics after DC poling. PMNT single-crystal plates possessed the properties as follows: almost same VL, however, extremely large VS (+1000 m/s), as the result, small σ in comparison with the σ of PMNT ceramics. It is thought that the differences in the both are due mainly to grain boundaries as discussing later.

Single crystal d33 (pC/N) εr (−) k31 (%) k32 (%) kt (%) fc31 (Hz m) fc32 (Hz m) fct (Hz m)
Av. 1780 6190 29.9 73.2 63.1 721 828 2295
σ 65 377 1.1 2.0 0.3 18 10 6

Table 3.

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates and ceramics after DC poling.

PMNT70/30 single-crystal plate (dimensions; 20.7 mmL, 14.0 mmW, 1.00 mmT), n = 6 pcs.

Ceramics d33 (pC/N) εr (−) kp (%) k31* (%) k32* (%) kt (%) fcp (Hz m) fc31* (Hz m) fc32* (Hz m) fct (Hz m)
Av. 420 3045 50.6 20.9 41.6 41.9 2167 1554 1703 2227
σ 7.5 60 1.0 0.5 7.7 4.4

Table 3.

Continued.

PMNT70/30 ceramic disk (dimensions; 20.0 mmΦ, 1.00 mmT), n = 10 pcs.

* PMNT70/30 ceramic plate (dimensions; 15.6 mmL, 10.9 mmW, 1.00 mmT), n = 1 pc.

PMNT70/30 manufacturing processes; Firing: 1200°C, 2h/ DC poling: 2 kV/mm, 30 min at RT.

Material Elastic constants Density (g/cm3) VL (m/s) VS/L (m/s) VS/W (m/s) YL, YW (×1010 N/m2)
Single crystal Av. 8.10 4565 2897 2895 15.8 15.8
σ 0.01 12 41 32 0.2 0.2
Ceramics Av. 7.89 4466 1862 7.61
σ 0.02 12 12 0.09

Table 4.

Elastic constants in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates and ceramics after DC poling.

Material Elastic constants σL, σW (–) GL, GW (×1010 N/m2) KL, KW (×1010 N/m2)
Single crystal Av. 0.16 0.16 6.80 6.79 7.82 7.82
σ 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.15 0.19 0.14
Ceramics Av. 0.395 2.73 12.1
σ 0.002 0.03 0.01

Table 4.

Continued.

3.2. Effect of DC poling and grain boundaries on elastic constants

Figure 16 shows the effect of DC poling on elastic constants in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates; elastic constants vs. d33 after DC poling and after depolarizing together with lead-containing (PMNT, soft and hard PZT, lead titanate and PMNT) and lead-free (barium titanate, alkali niobate, and alkali bismuth titanate) ceramics. PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates after DC poling become mechanical hard because Y, G, σ, and K increase, while Y and G decrease and σ and K increase all kinds of ceramics [see the directions of each arrow (→)]. It was thought since single crystal was improved mechanical hardness after DC poling, domain boundaries in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plate act as to absorb mechanical stress generated by defects due to the boundaries.

Figure 16.

Effect of DC poling on elastic constants in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates.

Figure 17 shows the effect of grain boundary between PMNT single-crystal plates and PMNT ceramics; elastic constants vs. various kinds of coupling factors (k) such as kp (planer coupling factor in ceramic disk), k31, k32, and kt in the single-crystal plates. Introducing grain boundary, in PMNT ceramics Y and G become smaller and σ and K become larger in comparison with the ones in single crystal [see the directions of each arrow (→)]. Grain boundaries also act as to absorb mechanical stress by the defects due to the boundaries. Furthermore, increasing k (k31, k32, and kt) in single crystal, Y and G decrease, and σ and K increase as same as the ones of piezoelectric ceramics. It was thought that these counter phenomena (Y and G decrease, and σ and K increase) for increasing k between PMNT single-crystal plates and PMNT ceramics are due to domain alignment by DC poling field [11].

Figure 17.

Effect of grain boundary between PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates and ceramics.

3.3. Relationships between sound velocities, Poisson’s ratio, and bulk modulus

Figure 18 shows the relationships between ratio of VS to VL; VS/VL, σ, and K in PMNT single-crystal plates and piezoelectric ceramics including PMNT ceramics. Since decreasing VS/VL increasing coupling factor (k) from a result of our previous study [11], k increases with increasing σ and K in both the cases of single crystal and ceramic. However, the σ and K in single crystal are extremely small in comparison with the ones in ceramics; especially the σ in single crystal after depolarizing is zero. While the σ in ceramics distributes from 0.38 to 0.43 (soft PZT), from 0.36 to 0.40 (PMNT), and from 0.22 to 0.27 (PbTiO3), the σ in PMNT single crystal distribute from 0.0 to 0.16 before and after DC poling, respectively. The reason σ’s become smaller from PZT, PMNT, PbTiO3 ceramics to PMNT single crystal depends on degree of the crystal anisotropy of the materials as shown in the ranges of σ (the longitudinal axis).

Figure 18.

Relationships between ratio of VS to VL; VS/VL, σ and K in PMNT70/30 single-crystal plates and piezoelectric ceramics including PMNT70/30 ceramics.

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4. Origin of piezoelectricity in single-crystal plates and ceramics

From the viewpoints of elastic constants in single crystal and ceramics, the origin of piezoelectricity of both was proposed from viewpoints of elastic constants. In single crystal, low K accompanied with high Y and G and low σ is significant to realize high k because single crystal exhibits one grain (no grain boundary) with single domain (Figure 17). On the contrary, in ceramics high σ caused by high K accompanied with low Y and G is significant to realize high k because same charges introduced by domain alignment in each grain repulse each other after DC poling [11]. The repulsion of oriented domains in grains acts as increasing σ with increasing K and decreasing Y and G, as the results, high k can be achieve in ceramics with multi grains (practical single domain in one grain). Therefore, the origin of piezoelectricity in ceramics is said that the existence of grain boundaries; furthermore, the grain orientation accompanied with domain alignment between ceramic grains is the key. Figure 19 is summarized the relationships between domain alignment, size dimensions, origin of piezoelectricity, and effect of DC poling on elastic constants in single crystal and ceramics through our investigation of the measurement on sound velocities. From this figure, it is clearly understand between single and oriented domains in single crystal, and the relationships between size dimensions, domain and grain alignments, and the effect of DC poling on elastic constants in piezoelectric materials.

Figure 19.

Relationships between domain alignment, size dimensions, piezoelectricity, and effect of DC poling on elastic constants in single crystal and ceramics.

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5. Summary

Roles of domain and grain boundaries in relaxor single-crystal plates and ceramics were clarified by measuring sound velocities. Effect of domain boundaries on elastic constants was evaluated by the effect of DC poling on elastic constants in (100)0.70Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.30PbTiO3 relaxor single-crystal plates. Effect of grain boundary on elastic constants was evaluated by comparing elastic constant in the relaxor single crystals and the ceramics. Finally, the different origins of piezoelectricity in single crystals and ceramics were proposed through our investigation of the measurement on sound velocities.

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Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by two Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research C (Nos. 21560340 and 26420282), a Grant from the Strategic Research Foundation Grant-Aided Project for Private Universities 2010–2014 (No. S1001032) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT), and a Cooperation Research Foundation 2014–2015 between Academy and Industry of Fukuroi City, Shizuoka, Japan.

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Written By

Toshio Ogawa

Submitted: 28 October 2015 Reviewed: 25 February 2016 Published: 24 August 2016