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Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. Dávila Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"12709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Mendez",fullName:"Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez",slug:"jose-rene-rangel-mendez"},{id:"12711",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Barrios",fullName:"Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios",slug:"vladimir-alonso-escobar-barrios"},{id:"112164",title:"Dr",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Espinosa",fullName:"Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa",slug:"guillermo-andrade-espinosa"},{id:"112165",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Dávila-Rodríguez",fullName:"José Luis Dávila-Rodríguez",slug:"jose-luis-davila-rodriguez"},{id:"112167",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Aguilar",fullName:"Nancy Verónica Pérez-Aguilar",slug:"nancy-veronica-perez-aguilar"}]},{id:"36175",title:"Preparation and Characterization of PVDF/PMMA/Graphene Polymer Blend Nanocomposites by Using ATR-FTIR Technique",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-pvdf-pmma-graphene-polymer-blend-nanocomposites-by-using-ft-ir-t",signatures:"Somayeh Mohamadi",authors:[{id:"108556",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamadi",fullName:"Somayeh Mohamadi",slug:"somayeh-mohamadi"}]},{id:"36176",title:"Reflectance IR Spectroscopy",slug:"fundamental-of-reflectance-ir-spectroscopy",signatures:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",authors:[{id:"111629",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Monsef Khoshhesab",fullName:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",slug:"zahra-monsef-khoshhesab"}]},{id:"36177",title:"Evaluation of Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Monomers Onto Natural Polymers by Means Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"evaluation-of-graft-copolymerization-of-acrylic-monomers-onto-natural-polymers-by-means-infrared-spe",signatures:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández, Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel-Aldana, Ana María Mendoza-Martínez, Carlos Velasco-Santos and Ana Laura Martínez-Hernández",authors:[{id:"37761",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta"},{id:"108894",title:"MSc.",name:"Cynthia Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Hernández",fullName:"Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",slug:"cynthia-graciela-flores-hernandez"},{id:"108896",title:"MSc.",name:"Ruth Zurisadai",middleName:null,surname:"Del Angel Aldana",fullName:"Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel Aldana",slug:"ruth-zurisadai-del-angel-aldana"},{id:"108898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos"},{id:"108905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Martínez",fullName:"Ana Maria Mendoza-Martínez",slug:"ana-maria-mendoza-martinez"}]},{id:"36178",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"María González",slug:"maria-gonzalez"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez",slug:"claudia-a.-rodriguez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"36187",title:"Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gas Phase FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Analysis",slug:"determination-of-adsorption-characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-using-gas-phase-ftir-spect",signatures:"Tarik Chafik",authors:[{id:"107310",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Chafik",fullName:"Tarik Chafik",slug:"tarik-chafik"}]},{id:"36188",title:"Identification of Rocket Motor Characteristics from Infrared Emission Spectra",slug:"identification-of-rocket-motor-characteristics-from-infrared-emission-spectra",signatures:"N. Hamp, J.H. Knoetze, C. Aldrich and C. Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74797",title:"Thermodynamic Stability Conditions as an Eigenvalues Fundamental Problem",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95777",slug:"thermodynamic-stability-conditions-as-an-eigenvalues-fundamental-problem",body:'\nIn physics, there is a time-independent theory, namely, thermodynamics that is used to determine the macroscopic equilibrium of physical systems. In practice, to compute the equilibrium conditions and the physical properties of a system, a physicist must find a function that completely describes the system, being capable of capturing all involved properties. The existence of such a function arises as a postulate of the themodynamics, having an extremum to the equilibrium states [1]. The function is called entropy and has a maximum at final equilibrium state. On the other hand, the same understanding about the physical properties of the system can be extracted through another relevant physical function, namely, energy. This treatment of using energy function instead of entropy to investigate the physical properties is completely equivalent but now the energy has a minimum and its existence also occurs by postulational reason, as for entropy function. A broad discussion on themodynamic’s postulates can be found in Ref. [1].
\nIn practical problems, it woud be impossible to computing the total energy of a system taking all time-dependent freedom degrees, such as atomic coordinates of the components of the system each with its translational, rotation energies, etc., among others time-dependent properties. The thermodynamics theory emerges from the fact that a great number of those freedom degrees are eliminated by considering statistical averages, and not macroscopically manifesting. Thus, as the physical principle of energy conservation keeps unaltered over decades, having been already rigorously tried and confirmed, a well-defined thermodynamic energy function appears somewhat intuitive. Indeed, the energy must be interpreted as a function capable of providing the macroscopic properties of the system. Besides, due to the complexity in measuring the energy of a system, it is relevant to assume some state whereby the energy is arbitrary defined as zero and measuring the energy in connection that state because only energy differences have any physical meaning [1, 2, 3].
\nThere are equivalent approaches to investigate the thermodynamics properties of a system in terms of thermodynamic functions (or thermodynamic potentials) of Helmholtz, enthalpy and Gibbs instead of the energy or entropy. Such thermodynamic potentials are obtained by using Legendre transformations in order to change the original extensive variables, or part of them, in the function thermodynamic energy by the intensive variables. Besides, other thermodynamic functions (in addition to those already mentioned) can appear when making Legendre transformations in specific extensive parameters of the energy or in the extensive parameters of the entropy, such as grand canonical potential, and Massieu, Planck and Krammers functions. The function to be used must be defined by the practical characteristics of the problem and these last mentioned functions are less common in more elementary approaches of postulational thermodynamics [1, 4].
\nA solid understanding of postulational thermodynamic theory is necessary in order to investigate the thermal or mechanic stability of the most diverse systems. The increase in the thermal stability of DNA against thermal denaturation can be experimentally investigated using a methodology in which the differences or changes in the standard values of negativity and positivity of enthalpy and entropy, or even between them, are decisive for the study’s conclusions [5]. The formalism of free energy (or Helmholtz potential) can be used for practical determination of the level of stored energy accumulated in material during plastic processing applied as well as the stored energy for the simple stretching of austenitic steel [6]. There are an infinity of applications of thermodynamic theory in wich the stability of a system is intimately related to some physical feature of thermodynamic functions, and whose the convenience of the choice is determined by practical situation.
\nInteresting formalisms or analytical techniques that combine the superposition of the thermodynamic theory and mathematical methods appear as support for problems of applied physics aimed to investigate the stability conditions of a system, either through experimental or computational studies. In order to show of a physical point of view, as arises the thermal and mechanical stability of a system, let us invoke the known physical origin of the energy \n
In this chapter, we discuss in details the postulate of maximum entropy or minimum energy through which it is possible to see that the thermodynamic functions \n
This chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, we discuss the general procedures to diagonalize the thermodynamic energy as well as obtain Talyor’s series in an \n
We already addressed in the introduction about the postulational existence of the thermodynamic energy function \n
Remembering the most general form of Taylor’s series for a function \n
where \n
Let us carefully expanding the energy \n
where \n
By analogy with the one-variable differential calculus and due to the postulate of minimum energy (\n
and therefore
\nLet us define in Eq. (4)\n\n
Notice that \n
The matricial form of the quadratic expression in Eq. (6) is given by
\nwhere the second-order derivatives above and below of main diagonal represent all combinations of double partial derivatives in relation to the extensive variables of the energy. Explicitly showing the terms of mixed partial derivatives in the matricial equation given by Eq. (7), we have
\nResuming the previous discussion in which the extensive variables are compactly defined as \n
where
\n\n\n
See that in the canonical form of \n
It is possible to see that this conditon occurs only when \n
Observe that Eq. (13) implies an equation in \n
So far, we have show some generalities about thermodynamic energy in an \n
If we take the entropy of the system instead of energy, all above formalism remains valid by simple exchanging \n
In a two-dimensional thermodynamic space, a discussion on the eigenvalues of \n
The stability conditions of a thermodynamic system are intrinsically related to the signs of the second-order derivatives of the energy, being the exact calculating of the eigenvalues of Eq. (13) (of previously known signs) an important factor in order to understand the physical origin of the stability of the system. In next section, we present a discussion of eigenvalues of the energy in a three-dimensional thermodynamic space.
\nLet us define the energy in a three-dimensional thermodynamic space. To do this, we consider a system with one chemical component and explicitly write the energy \n
where
\n\n\n
Note that \n
The determinant given by Eq. (18) provides a third-degree equation in \n
The above equation is commonly known as characteristic equation, and its solution necessarily imply in three positive roots due to the minimum energy postulate. After some algebraic manipulations [8, 11, 12] in order to solve Eq. (19) and considering \n
Observe that Eq. (22) is equivalent to the determinant of \n
In short, to obtaining in which conditions at equilibrium point (\n
We must solve Eq. (19) permuting \n
and imposing \n
As it happened for energy, here Eq. (24) is expected from one-variable calculus and its last two relations were introduced for a more physical than mathematical reason during analytical solution of Eq. (23). It is important to emphasize that although Eq. (25) keeps the same format and sign of Eq. (21), the sign in Eq. (26) for the entropy formalism is now negative. This should not cause any surprise and can be concluded even without explicitly calculate the three eigenvalues of characteristic equation due to the known expression to the product between the three roots, \n
Some physical problems require the use of thermodynamic potentials of Helmholtz, enthalpy and Gibbs as well as the grand canonical potential instead of thermodynamic energy to be more easy solved. These thermodynamic functions are introduced in the next topic.
\nBy using Legendre transformations, it is possible to change the extensive variables, or part of them, in the thermodynamic energy function. In this subsection, we are considering the same energy of three extensive variables defined by \n
In order to introduce Helmholtz potential that is an energy function that instead of being a function of \n
where the temperature can be defined by \n
Taking
\nand substituting Eq. (29) into Eq. (28)\n
\nwhere
\nSee of the Eq. (30) that \n
It is a general fact that Legendre transformation change the sign of the second-order derivatives of the new introduced function in relation that intensive parameter. A demonstration of this consideration to molar Helmholtz potential \n
Following the same procedure used to derive the stability conditions of the energy and entropy functions, it is possible to obtain a complete set of relations that Helmholtz potential must obey. Mathematically \n
The enthalpy potential is also mathematically a saddle surface. In this case, Legendre transformation is applied in the extensive parameter \n
and substituting Eq. (33) into Eq. (28), we have
\nwhere
\nDue to Legendre transformations, it is possible to conclude that
\nand other inequalities can be obtained the same way as previously presented to energy and entropy functions,i. e., by diagonalization of \n
It is possible to write a function obtained by double Legendre transformation in the extensive parameters \n
where
\nLegendre transformations provide the following relations, and \n
Here the second-order derivatives in relation to \n
A function of \n
and combining the above equation with Eq. (29) into (28), we have
\nwhere
\nThus, by Legendre transformations in \n
These relations indicate that \n
Novel geometric approaches aimed at obtaining thermodynamic relations in a systematic way for a number of thermodynamic potentials and formally derived the classical Gibbs stability condition has been recently investigated [15].
\nSo far, we demonstrate the mathematical conditions that second-order derivatives of the thermodynamic functions must satisfied. In the next section, we use these conditions to directly obtain the mechanical and thermal stability of a general system.
\nLet us start this section remembering some quantities of physical interest defined below [1, 2, 3]:
\nwhere \n
The thermal expansion is related to changes in dimensions of physical systems due to temperature variations. We can understand the behavior of materials on the macroscopic or microscopic scale when subjected to temperature changes by the abosolute values of \n
Specific heats are useful to understand the thermal properties of physical systems in several length scales (macroscale and microscale). Besides, the specific heats are positive physical quantities associated to the thermal stability of the system, as will be mathematically demonstrated in this section.
\nThe isothermal and adiabatic compressibilities are positive physical quantities, being related to the mechanical stability of the system. A deep comprehension of the physical origin of the mentioned quantities in terms of the signs of the second-order derivatives of thermodynamis functions, it is relevant to theoretical or experimental researchers.
\nIn order to better investigate the physical consequences of the signs of the second-order derivatives of the energy, see the first relation in Eq. (20)\n
\nRemembering the temperature definition \n
Then, if we combine Eq. (50) and the definition of specific heat (at \n
A positive specific heat (\n
that compared with Eq. (30) provides
\nand
\nIf we take the derivation side by side of Eq. (53) in relation to \n
It is possible to observe that the left side of Eq. (56) is relationed to the specific heat at \n
and from definition of specific heat in Eq. (45)\n
\nNote that Eq. (58) represents the same result already obtained in Eq. (51), only taking different formalisms to thermodynamic function, and so analyzing distinct second-order derivatives. The specific heat must be interpreted as the necessary amount of heat to increase or decrease the temperature of the physical system. A negative specific heat would imply in an inexistent physical situation because we would have a system capable of receiving some quantity of heat (postive) and decreasing its temperature (negative \n
We investigate now the signs of second-order derivatives of Gibbs potential. The relation given by first inequality in Eq. (39) provides an important conclusion to specific heat at \n
The above equation can be compared with Eq. (37), and we obtain
\nand
\nDeriving Eq. (60) side by side in relation to \n
and from definition of specific heat at \n
Notice that specific heat at \n
Resuming Eq. (54) and by derivation of the left and right sides in relation to \n
Comparing Eq. (66) with the definition to isothermal compressibility in Eq. (47), we can obtain
\nAs the sign of the second-order derivative in Eq. (66) is positive, we have
\nNotice that the sign of the second-order derivative of the appropriately chosen potential leads to a relevant relation for the sign of physical quantity of interest. Besides, in the definition given by Eq. (47) that increments of pressure in the system leads to decrease in volume due to the ever positive isothermal compressibility, and this is an intuitive conclusion. From Eq. (67) we mathematically demonstrated that isothermal compressibility is always positive due to specific features of the potentials. In particular, the positive value of \n
It is relevant to clarify that \n
It is worthy of emphasis that some stability condition can be deduced by the signs of the second-order derivatives of energy (or any thermodynamic function), as presented in this chapter. In a three-dimensional (or higher) thermodynamic space the complexity in obtain with success the stability conditions for some potential is associated to the matrix order of the second-order derivatives. Besides, to all cases one or several second-order relations must be manipulated to conclude about the thermal and mechanical stability of the system.
\nIn this chapter, we show the useful of specific linear algebra topics in addition with many-variable calculus that coupled to minimum energy postulate appear as in important insight to understand the stability of thermodynamic systems. We find the thermal and mechanical stability of physical systems are directly associated with the signs of the second-order derivatves of thermodynamic energy or other taken representation.
\nWe present a general addressing to the energy representation in terms of matrial equations whereby the stability conditions arise of an eigenvalues fundamental problem. Besides, the minimum energy postulate provides the signs of the second-order derivatives. Accordingly, of a physical point of view the stabilility of a system occurs due to minimum energy postulate.
\nFormal caracteristics of postulational thermodynamic theory and, particularly, about the second-order derivatives of the thermodynamic functions are discussed with relevant consequences on the thermal and mechanical stability. The presented analytical formalism is an important support to conclude how the stability of a system arises, and can be useful in any field of the exact sciences. We hope that this methodology can be extended to higher-order matrices of energy as well as some of the obtained relations can be used in specific problems of applied physics.
\nThe author gratefully acknowledges the support provided by Brazilian agencies CAPES e CNPq. I would like to thank the following for their kind support: Instituto Federal do Piauí, Campus São Raimundo Nonato; and friend and colleague Israel A. C. Noletto for the private messages that contributed to the writing of this text.
\nIntechOpen celebrates Open Access academic research of women scientists: Call Opens on February 11, 2018 and closes on March 8th, 2018.
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\\n\\nAPPLYING FOR THE “INTECHOPEN WOMEN IN SCIENCE 2018” OPEN ACCESS BOOK COLLECTION
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\n\nThe submissions are now closed. All applicants will be notified on the results in due time. Thank you for participating!
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