Types of surgical simulators available [17].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8852",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Chemistry and Applications of Benzimidazole and its Derivatives",title:"Chemistry and Applications of Benzimidazole and its Derivatives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Finding new strategies for synthesizing benzimidazole derivatives and functionalizing the benzimidazole core has proved to be important due to the compound's various applications in medicine, chemistry, and other areas. The multitude of benzimidazole derivatives marketed as drugs has led to intensive research in the field for the discovery of new biologically active structures. The general applications of benzimidazole derivatives in materials chemistry, electronics, technology, dyes, pigments, and agriculture open up new research horizons. This book guides the rational design of benzimidazole derivatives synthesis with certain applications. Chapters cover such topics as therapeutic use of benzimidazole in conditions like diabetes, viruses, and parasitic diseases; X-ray crystal structure of selected benzimidazole derivatives; benzimidazole compounds for cancer therapy; and others.",isbn:"978-1-78984-553-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-552-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-241-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81426",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"chemistry-and-applications-of-benzimidazole-and-its-derivatives",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"e95984a2b87df5a7ca051cb3345d5e7a",bookSignature:"Maria Marinescu",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8852.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6381,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:36,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 30th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 12th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 10th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 1st 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 30th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"250975",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Marinescu",slug:"maria-marinescu",fullName:"Maria Marinescu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250975/images/system/250975.jpg",biography:"Maria Marinescu received her PhD in 2010 from the University of Bucharest, under the supervision of Prof. Mihaela Hillebrand, studying the chemistry and the electronic structure of the 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine compounds, as a key structures for the new biomolecules and hydrogen-bonding receptors. Dr Maria Marinescu is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Bucharest, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis and her current research interests are in organic synthesis of various heterocycles with applications in medicinal and materials chemistry, DFT studies in organic molecules related with their biological properties and applications of organic materials in art and archaeology.",institutionString:"University of Bucharest",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Bucharest",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"384",title:"Chemical Biology",slug:"chemical-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"67827",title:"Introductory Chapter: Short Insight in Synthesis and Applications of Benzimidazole and Its Derivatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87174",slug:"introductory-chapter-short-insight-in-synthesis-and-applications-of-benzimidazole-and-its-derivative",totalDownloads:507,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Maria Marinescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67827",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67827",authors:[{id:"250975",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria",surname:"Marinescu",slug:"maria-marinescu",fullName:"Maria Marinescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"67843",title:"Catalytic Intermolecular Functionalization of Benzimidazoles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87068",slug:"catalytic-intermolecular-functionalization-of-benzimidazoles",totalDownloads:457,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jørn H. Hansen and Richard Fjellaksel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67843",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67843",authors:[{id:"286179",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jørn H.",surname:"Hansen",slug:"jorn-h.-hansen",fullName:"Jørn H. Hansen"},{id:"305734",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Fjellaksel",slug:"richard-fjellaksel",fullName:"Richard Fjellaksel"}],corrections:null},{id:"66327",title:"X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis of Selected Benzimidazole Derivatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85291",slug:"x-ray-crystal-structure-analysis-of-selected-benzimidazole-derivatives",totalDownloads:458,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Aravazhi Amalan Thiruvalluvar, Gopalsamy Vasuki, Jayaraman Jayabharathi and Sivaraman Rosepriya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66327",authors:[{id:"222223",title:"Prof.",name:"Jayabharathi",surname:"Jayaraman",slug:"jayabharathi-jayaraman",fullName:"Jayabharathi Jayaraman"},{id:"284920",title:"Dr.",name:"Aravazhi Amalan",surname:"Thiruvalluvar",slug:"aravazhi-amalan-thiruvalluvar",fullName:"Aravazhi Amalan Thiruvalluvar"},{id:"296645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivaraman",surname:"Rosepriya",slug:"sivaraman-rosepriya",fullName:"Sivaraman Rosepriya"},{id:"297400",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopalsamy",surname:"Vasuki",slug:"gopalsamy-vasuki",fullName:"Gopalsamy Vasuki"}],corrections:null},{id:"66798",title:"Synthesis and Pharmacological Profile of Benzimidazoles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85229",slug:"synthesis-and-pharmacological-profile-of-benzimidazoles",totalDownloads:913,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66798",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66798",authors:[{id:"284317",title:"Dr.",name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna"}],corrections:null},{id:"65847",title:"Antidiabetogenic Features of Benzimidazoles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84802",slug:"antidiabetogenic-features-of-benzimidazoles",totalDownloads:602,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Alexander A. Spasov, Pavel M. Vassiliev, Vera A. Anisimova and Olga N. Zhukovskaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65847",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65847",authors:[{id:"286012",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Vassiliev",slug:"pavel-vassiliev",fullName:"Pavel Vassiliev"},{id:"286027",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Spasov",slug:"alexander-spasov",fullName:"Alexander Spasov"},{id:"286031",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga N.",surname:"Zhukovskaya",slug:"olga-n.-zhukovskaya",fullName:"Olga N. Zhukovskaya"},{id:"286074",title:"Prof.",name:"Vera A.",surname:"Anisimova",slug:"vera-a.-anisimova",fullName:"Vera A. Anisimova"}],corrections:null},{id:"67500",title:"Development of Benzimidazole Compounds for Cancer Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86691",slug:"development-of-benzimidazole-compounds-for-cancer-therapy",totalDownloads:626,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Puranik Purushottamachar, Senthilmurugan Ramalingam and Vincent C.O. Njar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67500",authors:[{id:"287305",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincent",surname:"Njar",slug:"vincent-njar",fullName:"Vincent Njar"},{id:"299412",title:"Dr.",name:"Puranik",surname:"Purushottamachar",slug:"puranik-purushottamachar",fullName:"Puranik Purushottamachar"},{id:"299413",title:"Dr.",name:"Senthilmurugan",surname:"Ramalingam",slug:"senthilmurugan-ramalingam",fullName:"Senthilmurugan Ramalingam"}],corrections:null},{id:"67074",title:"Benzimidazoles: From Antiproliferative to Multitargeted Anticancer Agents",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86249",slug:"benzimidazoles-from-antiproliferative-to-multitargeted-anticancer-agents",totalDownloads:666,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Yousef Najajreh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67074",authors:[{id:"285330",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yousef",surname:"Najajreh",slug:"yousef-najajreh",fullName:"Yousef Najajreh"}],corrections:null},{id:"66268",title:"Bisbenzimidazoles: Anticancer Vacuolar (H+)-ATPase Inhibitors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85231",slug:"bisbenzimidazoles-anticancer-vacuolar-h-sup-sup-atpase-inhibitors",totalDownloads:573,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Renukadevi Patil, Olivia Powrozek, Binod Kumar, William Seibel, Kenneth Beaman, Gulam Waris, Neelam Sharma-Walia and Shivaputra Patil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66268",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66268",authors:[{id:"237361",title:"Dr.",name:"Gulam",surname:"Waris",slug:"gulam-waris",fullName:"Gulam Waris"},{id:"243940",title:"Dr.",name:"Binod",surname:"Kumar",slug:"binod-kumar",fullName:"Binod Kumar"},{id:"289504",title:"Dr.",name:"Shivaputra",surname:"Patil",slug:"shivaputra-patil",fullName:"Shivaputra Patil"},{id:"289506",title:"Dr.",name:"Renukadevi",surname:"Patil",slug:"renukadevi-patil",fullName:"Renukadevi Patil"},{id:"289690",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivia",surname:"Powrozek",slug:"olivia-powrozek",fullName:"Olivia Powrozek"},{id:"289691",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Seibel",slug:"william-seibel",fullName:"William Seibel"},{id:"289692",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth",surname:"Beaman",slug:"kenneth-beaman",fullName:"Kenneth Beaman"},{id:"289693",title:"Dr.",name:"Neelam",surname:"Sharma-Walia",slug:"neelam-sharma-walia",fullName:"Neelam Sharma-Walia"}],corrections:null},{id:"66526",title:"Optical Sensing (Nano)Materials Based on Benzimidazole Derivatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85643",slug:"optical-sensing-nano-materials-based-on-benzimidazole-derivatives",totalDownloads:698,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Ema Horak, Robert Vianello and Ivana Murković Steinberg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66526",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66526",authors:[{id:"288132",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ema",surname:"Horak",slug:"ema-horak",fullName:"Ema Horak"},{id:"295983",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Vianello",slug:"robert-vianello",fullName:"Robert Vianello"},{id:"295984",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Murković Steinberg",slug:"ivana-murkovic-steinberg",fullName:"Ivana Murković Steinberg"}],corrections:null},{id:"66558",title:"Benzimidazole as Solid Electrolyte Material for Fuel Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85430",slug:"benzimidazole-as-solid-electrolyte-material-for-fuel-cells",totalDownloads:515,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Daniel Herranz and Pilar Ocón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66558",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66558",authors:[{id:"289174",title:"Prof.",name:"Pilar",surname:"Ocon",slug:"pilar-ocon",fullName:"Pilar Ocon"},{id:"289175",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Herranz",slug:"daniel-herranz",fullName:"Daniel Herranz"}],corrections:null},{id:"66205",title:"Supramolecular Assembly of Benzimidazole Derivatives and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85333",slug:"supramolecular-assembly-of-benzimidazole-derivatives-and-applications",totalDownloads:372,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ana Beloqui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66205",authors:[{id:"289147",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Beloqui",slug:"ana-beloqui",fullName:"Ana Beloqui"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2553",title:"Lipid Peroxidation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b39734aa940b2d63ae5e8773d3dd5280",slug:"lipid-peroxidation",bookSignature:"Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2553.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2323",title:"Carbohydrates",subtitle:"Comprehensive Studies on Glycobiology and Glycotechnology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7c2e6a3566eee14c9884ad0820a6416",slug:"carbohydrates-comprehensive-studies-on-glycobiology-and-glycotechnology",bookSignature:"Chuan-Fa Chang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145728",title:"Prof.",name:"Chuan-Fa",surname:"Chang",slug:"chuan-fa-chang",fullName:"Chuan-Fa Chang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"372",title:"Aflatoxins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7f7359995dc5ee04e12df282495f77e",slug:"aflatoxins-biochemistry-and-molecular-biology",bookSignature:"Ramón Gerardo Guevara-González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62559",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramon G.",surname:"Guevara-Gonzalez",slug:"ramon-g.-guevara-gonzalez",fullName:"Ramon G. Guevara-Gonzalez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2524",title:"Dehydrogenases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33ceb84d728f6a5033ba0389f83db79b",slug:"dehydrogenases",bookSignature:"Rosa Angela Canuto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"149584",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Angela",surname:"Canuto",slug:"rosa-angela-canuto",fullName:"Rosa Angela Canuto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2558",title:"Milk Protein",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"592dc83a9c30e990c850c0dec87d5d7a",slug:"milk-protein",bookSignature:"Walter L. Hurley",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136109",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Hurley",slug:"walter-hurley",fullName:"Walter Hurley"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2290",title:"Protein-Protein Interactions",subtitle:"Computational and Experimental Tools",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ad647ca09bc52a34fb2d02f38aa2455",slug:"protein-protein-interactions-computational-and-experimental-tools",bookSignature:"Weibo Cai and Hao Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119750",title:"Dr.",name:"Weibo",surname:"Cai",slug:"weibo-cai",fullName:"Weibo Cai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2064",title:"Integrative Proteomics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82fe979a574466e287d597db196c0d67",slug:"integrative-proteomics",bookSignature:"Hon-Chiu Eastwood Leung, Tsz-Kwong Man and Ricardo J. Flores",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2064.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105582",title:"Dr.",name:"Hon-Chiu",surname:"Leung",slug:"hon-chiu-leung",fullName:"Hon-Chiu Leung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2555",title:"Lipoproteins",subtitle:"Role in Health and Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30f398afbe882fe1db3d1013952f3f13",slug:"lipoproteins-role-in-health-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Sasa Frank and Gerhard Kostner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2555.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135586",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerhard",surname:"Kostner",slug:"gerhard-kostner",fullName:"Gerhard Kostner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4597",title:"Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89a2f0b8113514563d387fba14e963bd",slug:"basic-principles-and-clinical-significance-of-oxidative-stress",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1788",title:"Biochemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1caa1928583ed92d67d44bf4a71403ef",slug:"biochemistry",bookSignature:"Deniz Ekinci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1788.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13652",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Deniz",surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74918",slug:"corrigendum-to-a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-co",title:"Corrigendum to: A Hybrid Control Approach Based on the Combination of PID Control with LQR Optimal Control",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74918.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74918",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74918",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74918",chapter:{id:"74293",slug:"a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-control",signatures:"Ibrahim K. Mohammed",dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"9887",title:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"74293",slug:"a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-control",signatures:"Ibrahim K. Mohammed",dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"9887",title:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"9887",title:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10831",leadTitle:null,title:"Mesothelioma",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b99f01ec6d988d1c940dceadaac5dea",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10831.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 16th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 14th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 4th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"55496",title:"The Role of Simulation in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Training",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69108",slug:"the-role-of-simulation-in-endoscopic-sinus-surgery-training",body:'Rhinology and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) have advanced considerably over the last two decades owing to advances in technology and research. Accessing the skull base can now be achieved via a transnasal endoscopic approach, and our ability to deal with complex pathology has evolved given the dramatic improvement in our understanding of anatomy and development of new surgical instrumentation. However, there remains a need to achieve competency with basic ESS, which includes control of an endoscope as well as using instruments within the tight confines of the para‐nasal sinuses close to vital structures such as the orbit or skull base. ESS requires familiarisation with the fulcrum effect of the instruments and the psychomotor constraints of the endoscopic interface. Resident participation in the operating room is associated with lengthier operative times [1, 2] and increased complication rates in ESS [3, 4]. Hence, there is a need for sinus surgery simulators to allow surgical training of residents in a safe environment thereby reducing complications. This chapter provides an updated review of ESS simulators and describes how simulation can be used effectively to improve training.
ESS is indicated in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who fail to respond to medical therapy [5]. Minor complication rates are reportedly 5%, with postoperative epistaxis the most common. Major complication rates are less than 1%; however, these include orbital and carotid artery injuries, which are potentially devastating for the patient [6]. ESS is also now being extended to include the management of dysthyroid eye disease and epiphora [7, 8], and the surgical management of benign [9, 10] and malignant [11] sinonasal and skull base tumours.
Traditionally surgical training required trainees to undergo a ‘surgical apprenticeship’ where they would work long hours and perform a large number of cases in order to gain competency. However, surgical competency does not always correlate with the number of cases performed. Critical to the achievement of expertise is the number of hours spent in deliberate practice [12]. Most developed countries advocate for safe working hours which is usually to restrict the working hours of residents/junior doctors in order to avoid fatigue and improve patient safety. There is therefore a need to provide trainees with the opportunity to undertake deliberate practice within the confines of these safe working hours. While traditional didactic teaching and textbooks remain of utmost importance, it has been demonstrated that the current generation of trainees is more amenable to technology and alternative teaching methods [13]. Interactive, hands‐on experiences with the opportunity to learn through trial and error are considered more enjoyable and effective [14].
This evolution, with respect to surgical skills acquisition, requires a change in the traditional methods of training. It is not always possible or safe for a trainee to practise and acquire the surgical skills that were traditionally learned in the operating theatre during operations on patients. Alternatives such as watching live or recorded surgery and cadaveric dissection have become an essential part of the way in which training is delivered. Cadaveric dissection remains the gold standard of ESS training and forms part of the otolaryngology curriculum in many training programmes [15]. Factors, such as cost and cadaver availability, however, limit the amount of time and opportunity that a trainee may have to work on their skills at cadaveric courses.
In areas, outside of medicine where significant harm is associated with error, simulation has been successfully implemented. Industries, such as aviation, use simulation for the purpose of providing a safe environment for pilots to practise, which reduces training time through improved retention of information. Simulation in surgery is rapidly developing and becoming a popular way to train both novice and skilled doctors. Repetitive practice of a well‐defined task and feedback allow for an accelerated and ultimately safer learning curve [16]. Simulation has the potential to improve surgical training including techniques and understanding, advances in instrumentation, patient safety and time allocation in theatre [3].
Surgical simulators vary considerably and range from devices that can be used to teach simple skills through to more complicated techniques. Table 1 summarises the different types of simulation models that exist as well as their advantages, disadvantages and best use.
Simulation | Advantages | Disadvantages | Best use |
---|---|---|---|
Bench models | Cheap, portable, reusable, minimal risk | Low fidelity, basic tasks, tasks are not surgical operations | Basic skills for novice learners, discrete skills |
Live animals | High fidelity, can practise haemostasis | High cost, ethical considerations, anatomical differences between animals and humans, single use only | Advanced practice of dissection skills |
Cadavers | High fidelity, only ‘true’ anatomical simulator | High cost, limited availability, single use, tissue compliance different from live surgery, infection risk | Advanced procedural knowledge, practice of dissection skills |
Human performance simulators | Reusable, high fidelity, data capture, interactivity | Cost, maintenance (upkeep), limited technical applications | Team training, crisis management |
Virtual reality surgical simulators | Reusable, data capture, minimal setup time, photorealism, potential for haptic feedback | Moderate to high cost, maintenance (upkeep), acceptance by trainees | Basic and advanced endoscopic sinus surgery |
Types of surgical simulators available [17].
Many sinus surgery simulators have been developed around the world varying from simple models constructed from regular household items to highly complex virtual reality models. Physical models described in the literature include low‐cost, low‐fidelity models through to high cost and intermediate fidelity ones. The major limitation of synthetic models is the unrealistic anatomy and consistency of the tissue, which lacks mobility and lifelike strength. Despite this, many have proven to be useful training tools for ESS trainees. Several studies have shown that the technical skills acquired on low‐fidelity physical models might confer the same degree of benefit as high‐fidelity training models, such as cadavers. This was because the learning process was considered to be more important than the physical substrate [18]. The Georgetown low‐cost sinus trainer costs $5 and allows the trainee to practise basic endoscopy and sinus surgery skills including recess probing, targeted injections, removal of a suture, removal of a foreign body and antrostomy creation using an egg [19, 20]. Witterick’s group from the University of Toronto developed a low‐cost, low‐fidelity, easily constructed simulator for $20 with five different training modules and demonstrated that training on the model had a positive impact on ESS skills [21, 22]. More recently, the University of Texas [23] have produced a silicone injection moulded ESS simulation model at low cost and testing revealed high ratings for both face and construct validity. Storz have crafted a lifelike training model based on real computed tomography images. This can be purchased but is considerably more expensive than those already discussed and furthermore the model has not undergone adequate validation [24].
Live animal and cadaveric simulation offers trainees excellent handling fidelity. They also offer the advantage of possessing tissue realism including bleeding. Tissue realism is, however, variable, depending on whether the cadaver is embalmed or fresh frozen. Embalmed cadavers do not exhibit the same subtle tissue characteristics of fresh frozen tissue. Normal surgical instruments may be used on either, and recognised surgical procedures may be undertaken. Live animal simulation is not permitted in all countries including the UK, and therefore, cadaveric simulation is more common. ESS simulation on cadavers has many advantages over physical models, but it relies on cadaver availability [25, 26]. The most important advantage is that cadavers represent the only true anatomical model of the human para‐nasal sinuses. Unfortunately, cost and ethical approval are two factors mitigating widespread practice. Cadaveric simulation also poses an infection risk and specimens are limited to single use. The ovine sinus simulator utilises a cadaveric sheep’s head whose sinus configuration has some similarities to human anatomy, including the lateral position of the maxillary sinuses, posterosuperior position of the skull base and midline of the position of the septum. The sheep’s head, however, is longer, lacks a sphenoid sinus and has poorly aerated ethmoidal cells rendering ethmoidectomy unrealistic [27].
Although early simulators were largely cadaveric or synthetic, technology advancement has resulted in a boom of virtual reality simulators. Virtual reality (VR) simulators have the capacity to overcome the inadequacies of physical and cadaveric models and allow trainees to practise a standardised, task with objective feedback. Sinus surgery naturally lends itself to computerised simulation given the use of high‐definition screens and requirement of the operator to work from a 2D image for a 3D procedure [28]. One of the earliest VR simulators was the Madigan endoscopic sinus surgery simulator (ES3), a simulator developed in collaboration with Department of Defence contractor Lockheed Martin Corporation in 1996. The operating system allows for visual and haptic feedback, offers instruction and analyses performance. It facilitates ESS training through provision of spatial relationships and depiction of sinus anatomy, as well as allowing the trainee to use common surgical instruments and has three difficulty modes depending on ability. Other VR simulators have been described in the literature. However, only three other VR simulators have undergone validation studies (Table 3). The McGill simulator for ESS (MSESS), developed by the National Research Council of Canada, represents the most advanced VR ESS simulator that is currently available to purchase. It has the ability to simulate an ethmoidectomy and sphenoidotomy secondary to its high optical resolution and tissue removal algorithm. The performance metrics relating to quality, efficiency and safety demonstrated a dichotomy between novice and senior surgeons [29]. Widespread adoption of the MSESS in training may, however, prove unrealistic as a consequence of its cost. The Flinders sinus surgery simulator (FSSS) is a prototype that was developed at Flinders University and was funded by The Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation. It is a high‐resolution haptic simulator that has advanced photorealism but a relatively basic tissue removal algorithm and lacks realistic haptic feedback. Unfortunately it is not currently available for purchase and is not being used as part of a training programme. The Dextroscope is a commercial FDA approved simulator developed by volume interactions. It facilitates reconstruction of images from a patient’s computed tomographic scan. The simulator uses virtual tools through stereoscopic glass; however, it lacks force feedback and is time consuming.
Validation refers to the process of testing the simulator, and it can be defined as outlined in Table 2.
Definition | Use | |
---|---|---|
Face | Having experts review the contents of the test to see if it measures what it is supposed to measure | To initially design a test (subjective) |
Content | An estimate of the validity of a testing instrument based on a detailed examination of the contents of the test item | Experts review whether or not the test contains the logical steps and skill used in a procedure (subjective) |
Construct | A set of procedures for evaluating a testing instrument based on the degree to which the test items identify the quality, ability, or trait it was designed to measure | To differentiate between novices and experts (objective) |
Predictive | The extent to which the scores on a test are predictive of actual performance | Test used to measure skill predicts who will actually perform the procedure well and who will not in the operating room. This provides the most clinically useful assessment (objective) |
Validity definitions—reproduced from Ref. [16].
Validation is an essential process prior to the implementation of a simulator into training. Face validation is simplest and is often undertaken first and refers to the simulator looking and feeling authentic. In the case of ESS simulation, it requires judgement from a person familiar with ESS, which is typically an expert rhinologist. In isolation, it is never sufficient and requires further evaluation before acceptable conclusions, regarding its ability to teach and train, are able to drawn. It is fundamental that a surgical simulator undergoes construct validation. Construct validity refers to the assessment of the quality of the simulator and its ability to carry out what it was designed to do. This may be the teaching of anatomy or ESS skills and should have the ability to distinguish novices from experts. Fundamentally, the goal of surgical simulation is to improve surgical performance and efficiency. Predictive validity represents the highest level of testing. A sinus simulator that has undergone predictive validation has the ability to teach those skills that can be translated into improved operative performance.
There are seven physical trainers, one cadaveric model and four VR platforms that have undergone validation as ESS simulators (Table 3).
Simulator | Analysis | Validity |
---|---|---|
| Stamm et al. [30] | Face |
Fortes et al. [31] | Face | |
Briner et al. [24] | Face | |
Burge et al. [32] | Construct | |
Steehler et al. [20] | Face, content & construct | |
Steehler et al. [33] | Construct* | |
Leung et al. [21] | Predictive | |
Wais et al. [22] | Face | |
Chang et al. [23] | Face, content & construct | |
Harbison et al. [2] | ||
Sheep’s head model | Awad et al. [27] | Face, content & construct |
Awad et al. [34] | ||
| Rudman et al. [35] | Face |
Edmond et al. [36] | Predictive | |
Uribe et al. [37] | Face & construct | |
Arora et al. [38] | Construct | |
Fried at al. [39] | Construct | |
Solyar et al. [40] | Construct | |
Fried et al. [41] | Predictive | |
Varshney et al. [29] | Face & construct | |
Dharmawardana et al. [42] | Face & content | |
Diment et al. [43] | Construct | |
Caversaccio et al. [44] | Predictive* |
Summary of validated sinus surgery simulators.
*Unable to prove.
There are a number of physical bench models that have undergone validation in the literature. All seven of these models score well with respect to teaching endoscopy skills and hand eye coordination. Efficiency of task completion improved with practice. Camera navigation and instrument handling became more accurate. These observations were particularly apparent among medical students and resident learners. While these models lend themselves to these basic tasks, their use as a training tool for ESS would appear limited. They do not aid surgical decision‐making nor have the realism to teach surgical anatomy. The low‐fidelity sinus simulator developed by the University of Toronto was, however, able to demonstrate that its use prior to cadaveric dissection improved surgical performance. Given the ease of construction, low cost and overall entertainment factor, these low‐fidelity physical models may be implemented into training to teach novices and junior trainee’s simple skills in ESS.
Cadaveric simulation, despite being regarded as the gold standard over physical and VR models, is yet to demonstrate that its use improves operating performance. Nonetheless trainees do consider the experience of training on cadavers to be highly valuable [15]. The sheep’s head model as a sinus simulator for the purpose of ESS training has undergone face and construct validation [27, 45]. Awad et al. suggest that it used as a step in the simulation ladder, prior to in‐vivo practice, as it represents an opportunity to focus on basic endoscopic rhinological procedures in conjunction with training on VR and cadaveric models. They describe a task specific checklist and global assessment tool to evaluate the performance of the operator. The simulator demonstrated a clear relationship between surgical experience and task performance.
The most comprehensively validated VR sinus simulator is the ES3. The ES3 has undergone extensive validation and to date represents the only VR ESS simulator to have predictive validity. It has been shown to train novices in sinus surgery, so that they can perform to a level within 80% of an experienced surgeon. Surgical performance within the operating theatre, as judged anonymously by senior surgeons, was better following simulation training. The positive impact of prior simulation training was reflected in the fact that surgeons reported improvement in confidence and observed reduced overall operating time. The ES3, however, is not currently available to purchase for residency training programmes. The MSESS has also been systematically validated and research shows that it is able to differentiate between levels of experience based on task performance. Violation of no‐go zones and the amount of mucosa resected over the lamina papyracea were both significantly higher in novices. The simulator demonstrates adequate realism and serves as a useful training option for medical students through to senior surgeons. The FSSS is a prototype that is currently not available for purchase and it is not incorporated in a training programme. As a simulator, it was considered better among novices compared to experts in terms of usability and usefulness. While tissue texture and deformity was considered realistic, the haptic behaviour of the rigid endoscope was not. Task performance was significantly different between novices and experts demonstrating construct validity for the FSSS. The Dextroscope failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in a trainees’ anatomical knowledge following its use and lacks any proven validity.
There have been numerous publications describing the validation of sinus simulators that now exist but like many other specialties, interpreting the accuracy of these studies can be problematic [46]. Typically, authors describe simulators that have been evaluated with a view to validation. However, the quality of the study, outcome measures and statistical analysis lack accuracy and clarity rendering the conclusions weak. Statements of effectiveness and representativeness by an expert in the field do not constitute high‐level evidence. Face validity relies on expert opinion but unfortunately no universal consensus exists as to what constitutes an expert. Furthermore, novices are poorly categorised and range from students to middle tier trainees. Several of the above studies, while well constructed, involve low sample sizes and therefore lack the power to make valid conclusions. This lack of standardisation in terms of recruitment and outcome reporting make it very difficult to compare one simulator with another. Therefore, choosing one simulator over another is difficult. Aside from the limitations that exist in terms of validation, simulators are expensive and require frequent maintenance.
The role of simulation in surgical training is already well established. Simulation serves to improve the technical skills required of a surgeon within both otolaryngology and other surgical subspecialties [47, 48]. The widespread implementation of simulation in training is influenced by many factors such as cost and effectiveness. The provision of simulation opportunities for surgical trainees depends on departmental and training programme philosophy, pre‐existing access to cadaveric workshops and courses, and ultimately a need to change practice. Undoubtedly, high‐fidelity models will become increasingly available and cost effective and allow departments to utilise simulation for assessment of surgical skills acquired rather than as a training tool. This may be as part of trainee assessment and recruitment or revalidation. Competency, which currently relies upon expert opinion or logbook analysis, may be superseded by simulation. Laeeq et al. [49] demonstrated that a minimum of 55 sinus surgeries are required to achieve competency in all steps of FESS; however, training requires formative and summative assessment and not simply operative cases only. Procedural‐based assessments, which are routinely used in many training programmes for assessment, are subject to the inherent bias of the well‐liked trainee scoring highly. Objective structured assessment of skills (OSATS) have been developed and shown to be effective in the assessment of surgical competence [33]. Their application to a simulation task that has the potential to be blinded and independently reviewed is an exciting possibility. Alternatively training departments could use the objective scores that are given by simulators for score specific tasks.
Simulation provides trainees of all abilities an opportunity to improve their skills in a safe, low‐risk environment
ESS simulators exist with inherent advantages and disadvantages
Simulation can be used to practise simple and complex skills
Validation is a fundamental aspect of simulation development
Simulation has a key role to play in the evolution of surgical training
Brassica is a commercially important genus that contains vegetables, oilseeds, condiments, and fodder crops, and they provide nutrition and health-promoting substances to humans worldwide [1]. The commercially important vegetables such as Chinese cabbage (var.
Production of Brassica vegetables constantly threatened by emerging viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases, whose incidence has increased in recent years [2, 3]. The major diseases of Brassica vegetables are Black rot, clubroot, Downy mildew, Fusarium wilt, soft rot, and Turnip mosaic virus [2]. Cultural, physical, biological, or chemical controls, or a combination of these controls, integrated pest management, are used for disease control [2, 3]. However, soil-borne phytopathogens such as Fusarium wilt or clubroot are hard to control by physical and chemical methods, and they can survive in the soil for many years in dormant conditions and become devastating when they find suitable host [2, 3, 4]. Thus, breeding the disease resistant cultivars of Brassica vegetables, especially against soil-borne phytopathogens, is the best way for effective disease control. Recently, some disease resistance genes (
In this chapter, we focus on the Fusarium wilt and clubroot and present the breeding for these disease resistances in Brassica vegetables using DNA marker selection.
Fusarium wilt was first identified in the United States by Smith in the 1890s, and in the following decades it was subsequently found in Japan and several other countries [14, 15]. In recent years, Fusarium wilt has been overspread in China [16].
A number of traditional techniques have been adopted to manage Fusarium wilt disease. Crop rotation is effective to control Fusarium wilt disease [18], and soil solarization [19] and soil steam sterilization [20, 21] can suppress significantly the
Most
Selection by inoculation test is labor-intensive and highly influenced by the environmental factors, and selection of suitable plants highly depends on the experience of breeders. In contrast, DNA marker selection is rarely affected by the environmental conditions. DNA marker selection also has merits that it can be performed at early developmental stages, can handle many samples, and can test multiple traits in a sample [37]. Identification of
As the susceptible allele (
Primer sequence | PCR condition | R | S | Ref | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bra012688m | F | AGTCGCTTGGAAGTCTGAGG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | A | NA | [32, 33] |
R | GAGCTAACCAACTATACATTGAACC | |||||
YR688s | F | CTCCATCTGAGGATGGAAGTTGTACAAGCTCGGA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s and 68 °C for 30s, and final extension at 68 °C for 2 min. This primer set is used with YR689s for multiplex PCR. | A | NA | |
R | GCTCCGAATTCGAATTGGTGAATATCGCATACGAG | |||||
SSR687int | F | CGTCAAAACCCTTTTGCCTA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 30s, and final extension at 72 °C for 2 min. This marker is co-dominant DNA marker | LB | SB | |
R | CAAACGCTCGGTCCTGAAAT | |||||
Bra012689m | F | GCATCAAGGCAAAAATGTCA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | A | NA | [32, 33] |
R | CATTATAGTAGAACCCAAGTTGATCC | |||||
YR689s | F | CCACTCAGATGTCGTTGAGAAGTCTGATACCATCG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s and 68 °C for 30s, and final extension at 68 °C for 2 min. This primer set is used with YR688s for multiplex PCR | A | NA | |
R | AGGAGACGACGACTGATCCACAAAGTGTGTATC |
DNA marker for predicting fusarium wilt resistance in
R, resistance; S, susceptible; A, amplification of PCR product; NA, no amplification of PCR product; LB, large sized band; SB, small sized band.
Determining of Fusarium wilt resistance by DNA marker. A dominant DNA marker (Bra012688m) and co-dominant DNA marker (SSR687int) are used. Lane 3 and 4 show the heterozygosity of
In
Primer sequence | PCR condition | R | S | Ref | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fusa-6 | F | TGATGCAAGTGTGGTGACAA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min After PCR, | D | ND | [61] |
R | CAATCGCTTCTTGCTTCTCC | |||||
Fusa-4 | F | ATCATGGGATCGAGAGAAGCCGCCC | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min After PCR, | ND | D | [61] |
R | TAGCTTCATGCCATAGTCGTCCTGG | |||||
#1 | F | AGATTGTGCAATTAAACGCGACG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min After PCR, | ND | D | [36] |
R | CATCCTCAGATTCCAAGCACAAC | |||||
#2 | F | GAAGTTGGGTAAAGAAATTGTTCGTGC | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min | SB | LB | [36] |
R | ATCCCAAGTTGATATCAGTAGGAAGAG | |||||
#3 | F | AATGGTTGCTCAATGAGAAGTATGC | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min After PCR, | ND | D | [36] |
R | GCCTCTGAAAGATCTGGAAAAAGAA |
DNA marker for predicting fusarium wilt resistance in
R, resistance; S, susceptible; D, PCR products are digested; ND, PCR products are not digested; LB, large sized band; SB, small sized band.
Clubroot is also one of the most devastating diseases in Brassica vegetables and spreads almost all over the world [39]. Clubroot disease is caused by an obligate plant pathogen
Clubroot is quite difficult to control completely by the traditional methods due to the long survival spores of the
Some biocontrol agents against
In
In
A breeding for clubroot resistance is much more complex compared with Fusarium wilt resistance due to the complexity of plant–pathogen interactions. A number of clubroot resistance locus has been identified by the different research groups in
Primer sequence | PCR condition | R | S | Ref | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRaim-T | F | TATATTAATGATAAAGCAGAAGAAGAAA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | A | NA | [33, 49] |
R | AATGCGACTGAGAAAGTTGTAG | |||||
Craim-Q | F | TGAAGAATGCGGGCTACGTCCTCTGAAATC | NA | A | ||
R | GAAGTAGATGAACGTGTTTATTTTAGAAA | |||||
TCR108 | F | CGGATATTCGATCTGTGTTCA | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | A | NA | [33, 64] |
R | AAAATGTATGTGTTTATGTGTTTCTGG | |||||
mCrr1a | F | CGATGACATGTCTGCCTTCT | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 58 °C for 30s, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. | SB | LB | [33] |
R | TCTGAGATTCAACCGCTTCA | |||||
B50-C9 | F | GATTCAATGCATTTCTCTCGAT | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1.5 min, and 72 °C for 2 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | A | NA | [60] |
B50 | R | CGTATTATATCTCTTTCTCCATCCC | ||||
B50-6R | F | AATGCATTTTCGCTCAACC | NA | A | ||
B50 | R | CGTATTATATCTCTTTCTCCATCCC | ||||
HC688–4 | F | TCTCTGTATTGCGTTGACTG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 60 °C for 1.5 min, and 72 °C for 2 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | A | NA | [60] |
HC688–6 | R | ATATGTTGAAGCCTATGTCT | ||||
HC688–4 | F | TCTCTGTATTGCGTTGACTG | NA | A | ||
HC688–7 | R | AAATATATGTGAAGTCTTATGATC | ||||
BRMS-096 | F | AGTCGAGATCTCGTTCGTGTCTCCC | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 1 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 40 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 1 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 4 min. | LB | SB | [65] |
R | TGAAGAAGGATTGAAGCTGTTGTTG | |||||
OPC11–2S | F | GTAACTTGGTACAGAACAGCATAG | 1 cycle of 94 °C for 30s, 45 cycles of 94 °C for 30s, 40 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 2 min, and final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. | LB | SB | [66, 67] |
R | ACTTGTCTAATGAATGATGATGG |
DNA marker for predicting clubroot resistance in
R, resistance; S, susceptible; A, amplification of PCR product; NA, no amplification of PCR product; LB, large sized band; SB, small sized band.
Determining of clubroot resistance by DNA marker. A dominant DNA marker (TCR108) or co-dominant DNA marker (OPC11–2S) is used in left or middle panel, respectively. In right panel, two primer sets (TCR108& OPC11–2S) were used for the simultaneous selection of multiple clubroot resistance genes.
In
Both Fusarium wilt and clubroot are the serious disease for Brassica vegetables. Breeders are trying to develop the resistant lines for the both diseases by DNA marker assisted breeding. It has already been successfully developed Fusarium wilt and clubroot resistant lines. However, a Fusarium wilt resistant line can be infested by the clubroot or vice versa, while the clubroot has the virulence complexity. It is quite difficult to inoculate the multiple pathogens/races in an individual plant, while resistant breeding independently for each disease will make a further issue. DNA marker-based selection will enables us to overcome the mentioned issue. It has already found an association between a Fusarium wilt resistance allele and clubroot susceptible allele in
This chapter includes results supported by grants from Project of the NARO Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (Research program on development of innovation technology).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
",metaTitle:"Access policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All IntechOpen published chapters are available OPEN ACCESS can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\\n\\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\\n\\nThe full content of chapters can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\\n\\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\\n\\nIntechOpen chapters are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\\n\\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\\n\\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\\n\\nAll IntechOpen books are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2021-02-26
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All IntechOpen published chapters are available OPEN ACCESS can be read without the requirement for registration of any kind, immediately upon publication, without any barrier.
\n\nThe HTML version, as well as the PDF version of publications dated before 2012 that are accessible through a reader, are available to readers with no restriction.
\n\nThe full content of chapters can be read, copied and printed from the link location of the chapter and these actions are not limited or restricted in any way.
\n\nRegistration is requested only to download the PDF of the chapter. There are no subscription fees and there is no charge to user groups.
\n\nIntechOpen chapters are distributed under CC BY 3.0 licences allowing users to “copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...” and there is no non-commercial restriction.
\n\nAuthors may post published works to any repository or website with no delay, and Authors and Editors of IntechOpen books have direct access to the PDF of the full book.
\n\nAll published content can be crawled for indexing. Full text and metadata may be accessed with instructions publicly posted.
\n\nAll IntechOpen books are indexed in CLOCKSS and preservation of access to published content is clearly indicated.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2021-02-26
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5828},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1765},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10555},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15952}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119464},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10956",title:"Pulsed Lasers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"88bd906b149fc3d1c5d6fdbd9916826c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10956.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10672",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cfe87b713a8bee22c19361b86b03d506",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Boris I. Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10674",title:"Topics on Quantum Information Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d7481712cff0157cd8f849cba865727d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sergio Curilef and Dr. Angel Ricardo Plastino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"125424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Curilef",slug:"sergio-curilef",fullName:"Sergio Curilef"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10921",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c45670ef4b081fd9eebaf911b2b4627b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Aamir Shahzad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10921.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10852",title:"Electromagnetic Compatibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5d2cce3a2adbd5d108d3301ee97025b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Kishk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10852.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"150146",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Kishk",slug:"ahmed-kishk",fullName:"Ahmed Kishk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:51},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9893",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09ba24f6ac88af7f0aaff3029714ae48",slug:"automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Constantin Voloşencu, Serdar Küçük, José Guerrero and Oscar Valero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9893.jpg",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7016",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7937d2c640c7515de372282c72ee5635",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-pathology",bookSignature:"Alaeddin Abukabda, Maria Suciu and Minodora Andor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7016.jpg",editors:[{id:"307873",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaeddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abukabda",slug:"alaeddin-abukabda",fullName:"Alaeddin Abukabda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59b5ceeeedaf7449a30629923569388c",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10405",title:"River Basin Management",subtitle:"Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5ddd0f2eda107ce19c4c06a55a8351",slug:"river-basin-management-sustainability-issues-and-planning-strategies",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10405.jpg",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5334},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9893",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09ba24f6ac88af7f0aaff3029714ae48",slug:"automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Constantin Voloşencu, Serdar Küçük, José Guerrero and Oscar Valero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9893.jpg",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7016",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7937d2c640c7515de372282c72ee5635",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-pathology",bookSignature:"Alaeddin Abukabda, Maria Suciu and Minodora Andor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7016.jpg",editors:[{id:"307873",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaeddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abukabda",slug:"alaeddin-abukabda",fullName:"Alaeddin Abukabda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59b5ceeeedaf7449a30629923569388c",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10405",title:"River Basin Management",subtitle:"Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5ddd0f2eda107ce19c4c06a55a8351",slug:"river-basin-management-sustainability-issues-and-planning-strategies",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10405.jpg",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9559",title:"Teamwork in Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0053c2ff8d9ec4cc4aab82acea46a41e",slug:"teamwork-in-healthcare",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9559.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7016",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7937d2c640c7515de372282c72ee5635",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-pathology",bookSignature:"Alaeddin Abukabda, Maria Suciu and Minodora Andor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7016.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"307873",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaeddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abukabda",slug:"alaeddin-abukabda",fullName:"Alaeddin Abukabda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59b5ceeeedaf7449a30629923569388c",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:"M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9893",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09ba24f6ac88af7f0aaff3029714ae48",slug:"automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Constantin Voloşencu, Serdar Küçük, José Guerrero and Oscar Valero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9893.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10405",title:"River Basin Management",subtitle:"Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5ddd0f2eda107ce19c4c06a55a8351",slug:"river-basin-management-sustainability-issues-and-planning-strategies",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1093",title:"Thoracic Oncology",slug:"thoracic-oncology",parent:{title:"Oncology",slug:"medicine-oncology"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:201,numberOfWosCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitations:46,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"thoracic-oncology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10130",title:"Mesothelioma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a0b7726fd9f57a0bf9583a81dfed0e3",slug:"mesothelioma",bookSignature:"Sonia Maciá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10130.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"281982",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Maciá",slug:"sonia-macia",fullName:"Sonia Maciá"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9102",title:"Asbestos-related Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05268073ee2a653571449e4519749085",slug:"asbestos-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Takemi Otsuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34101",title:"Prof.",name:"Takemi",middleName:null,surname:"Otsuki",slug:"takemi-otsuki",fullName:"Takemi Otsuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7091",title:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ecda741df661e21f77858de31105346",slug:"esophageal-cancer-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7091.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6676",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b42744d3e884f96093849d9af11933f2",slug:"lung-cancer-strategies-for-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Alba Fabiola Costa Torres",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"162855",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba Fabiola",middleName:null,surname:"Costa Torres",slug:"alba-fabiola-costa-torres",fullName:"Alba Fabiola Costa Torres"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5278",title:"Thyroid Cancer",subtitle:"Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f845f2f12f985ef83aad2dde3bfc5161",slug:"thyroid-cancer-advances-in-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5278.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80495",title:"Prof.",name:"Hojjat",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmadzadehfar; Md, MSc",slug:"hojjat-ahmadzadehfar-md-msc",fullName:"Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar; Md, MSc"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1168",title:"Malignant Mesothelioma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d0120821f2ff7e1885baf8c71540b11",slug:"malignant-mesothelioma",bookSignature:"Carmen Belli and Santosh Anand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1168.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101488",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Belli",slug:"carmen-belli",fullName:"Carmen Belli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"687",title:"Esophageal Cancer",subtitle:"Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomarkers, Nutrition and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"032d68a8b53825af052d4b8783d27aaa",slug:"esophageal-cancer-cell-and-molecular-biology-biomarkers-nutrition-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Ferdous Rastgar Jazii",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/687.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82029",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferdous",middleName:null,surname:"Rastgar Jazii",slug:"ferdous-rastgar-jazii",fullName:"Ferdous Rastgar Jazii"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"974",title:"Mesotheliomas",subtitle:"Synonyms and Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Cyto-Histopathological Features, Clinic, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75d66c9a37715a7b43ddaf0ea3e46a63",slug:"mesotheliomas-synonyms-and-definition-epidemiology-etiology-pathogenesis-cyto-histopathological-features-clinic-diagnosis-treatment-prognosis",bookSignature:"Alexander Zubritsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84298",title:"Dr",name:"Alexander",middleName:"N",surname:"Zubritsky",slug:"alexander-zubritsky",fullName:"Alexander Zubritsky"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"41536",doi:"10.5772/33138",title:"Effect of Asbestos on Anti-Tumor Immunity and Immunological Alteration in Patients with Malignant Mesothelioma",slug:"effect-of-asbestos-on-anti-tumor-immunity-and-immunological-alteration-in-patients-with-malignant-me",totalDownloads:1286,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"malignant-mesothelioma",title:"Malignant Mesothelioma",fullTitle:"Malignant Mesothelioma"},signatures:"Yasumitsu Nishimura, Megumi Maeda, Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Hidenori Matsuzaki, Suni Lee, Kazuya Fukuoka, Takashi Nakano, Takumi Kishimoto and Takemi Otsuki",authors:[{id:"34101",title:"Prof.",name:"Takemi",middleName:null,surname:"Otsuki",slug:"takemi-otsuki",fullName:"Takemi Otsuki"},{id:"48627",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoko",middleName:null,surname:"Kumagai-Takei",slug:"naoko-kumagai-takei",fullName:"Naoko Kumagai-Takei"},{id:"48630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshie",middleName:null,surname:"Miura",slug:"yoshie-miura",fullName:"Yoshie Miura"},{id:"48631",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasumitsu",middleName:null,surname:"Nishimura",slug:"yasumitsu-nishimura",fullName:"Yasumitsu Nishimura"},{id:"104888",title:"Dr.",name:"Megumi",middleName:null,surname:"Maeda",slug:"megumi-maeda",fullName:"Megumi Maeda"},{id:"104893",title:"Dr.",name:"Suni",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"suni-lee",fullName:"Suni Lee"},{id:"104894",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidenori",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuzaki",slug:"hidenori-matsuzaki",fullName:"Hidenori Matsuzaki"},{id:"104897",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kazuya",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuoka",slug:"kazuya-fukuoka",fullName:"Kazuya Fukuoka"},{id:"104898",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"takashi-nakano",fullName:"Takashi Nakano"},{id:"104902",title:"Dr.",name:"Takumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kishimoto",slug:"takumi-kishimoto",fullName:"Takumi Kishimoto"}]},{id:"51576",doi:"10.5772/64374",title:"Elastography: A New Ultrasound Technique in Nodular Thyroid Pathology",slug:"elastography-a-new-ultrasound-technique-in-nodular-thyroid-pathology",totalDownloads:1693,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"thyroid-cancer-advances-in-diagnosis-and-therapy",title:"Thyroid Cancer",fullTitle:"Thyroid Cancer - Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy"},signatures:"Dana Stoian, Timar Bogdan, Marius Craina, Mihaela Craciunescu,\nRomulus Timar and Adalbert Schiller",authors:[{id:"105871",title:"Dr.",name:"Romulus",middleName:null,surname:"Timar",slug:"romulus-timar",fullName:"Romulus Timar"},{id:"182103",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:"I",surname:"Stoian",slug:"dana-stoian",fullName:"Dana Stoian"},{id:"182104",title:"Prof.",name:"Marius",middleName:null,surname:"Craina",slug:"marius-craina",fullName:"Marius Craina"},{id:"182105",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan",middleName:null,surname:"Timar",slug:"bogdan-timar",fullName:"Bogdan Timar"},{id:"182245",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Craciunescu",slug:"mihaela-craciunescu",fullName:"Mihaela Craciunescu"},{id:"183185",title:"Prof.",name:"Adalbert",middleName:null,surname:"Schiller",slug:"adalbert-schiller",fullName:"Adalbert Schiller"}]},{id:"51836",doi:"10.5772/64609",title:"Dr. Saul Hertz (1905–1950) Discovers the Medical Uses of Radioactive Iodine: The First Targeted Cancer Therapy",slug:"dr-saul-hertz-1905-1950-discovers-the-medical-uses-of-radioactive-iodine-the-first-targeted-cancer-t",totalDownloads:1330,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"thyroid-cancer-advances-in-diagnosis-and-therapy",title:"Thyroid Cancer",fullTitle:"Thyroid Cancer - Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy"},signatures:"Barbara Hertz",authors:[{id:"184018",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Hertz",slug:"barbara-hertz",fullName:"Barbara Hertz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61811",title:"The Clinical Relevance of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Clinical Practice",slug:"the-clinical-relevance-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-and-laryngopharyngeal-reflux-in-clinical-p",totalDownloads:693,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-cancer-and-beyond",title:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond",fullTitle:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond"},signatures:"Aragona Salvatore Emanuele, Mereghetti Giada and Giorgio\nCiprandi",authors:[{id:"247667",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuele Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Aragona",slug:"emanuele-salvatore-aragona",fullName:"Emanuele Salvatore Aragona"}]},{id:"61934",title:"The Role of Esophagus in Voice Rehabilitation of Laryngectomees",slug:"the-role-of-esophagus-in-voice-rehabilitation-of-laryngectomees",totalDownloads:629,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-cancer-and-beyond",title:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond",fullTitle:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond"},signatures:"Ljiljana Širić, Marinela Rosso and Aleksandar Včev",authors:[{id:"249257",title:"Dr.",name:"Ljiljana",middleName:null,surname:"Širić",slug:"ljiljana-siric",fullName:"Ljiljana Širić"},{id:"249659",title:"Dr.",name:"Marinela",middleName:null,surname:"Rosso",slug:"marinela-rosso",fullName:"Marinela Rosso"}]},{id:"62305",title:"Pleural Effusions in Lung Cancer: Detection and Treatment",slug:"pleural-effusions-in-lung-cancer-detection-and-treatment",totalDownloads:700,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"lung-cancer-strategies-for-diagnosis-and-treatment",title:"Lung Cancer",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment"},signatures:"Milic Medenica, Miras Medenica and Danilo Cosovic",authors:[{id:"246939",title:"Prof.",name:"Milic",middleName:null,surname:"Medenica",slug:"milic-medenica",fullName:"Milic Medenica"},{id:"247717",title:"Dr.",name:"Miras",middleName:null,surname:"Medenica",slug:"miras-medenica",fullName:"Miras Medenica"},{id:"253456",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Cosovic",slug:"danilo-cosovic",fullName:"Danilo Cosovic"}]},{id:"51929",title:"Management of Rare Thyroid Malignancies",slug:"management-of-rare-thyroid-malignancies",totalDownloads:838,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"thyroid-cancer-advances-in-diagnosis-and-therapy",title:"Thyroid Cancer",fullTitle:"Thyroid Cancer - Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy"},signatures:"Moustafa Mourad, David Chan, Sameep Kadakia and Yadranko\nDucic",authors:[{id:"183645",title:"Dr.",name:"Yadranko",middleName:null,surname:"Ducic",slug:"yadranko-ducic",fullName:"Yadranko Ducic"}]},{id:"70769",title:"Suppressed Immune System Caused by Exposure to Asbestos and Malignant Mesothelioma",slug:"suppressed-immune-system-caused-by-exposure-to-asbestos-and-malignant-mesothelioma",totalDownloads:303,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"asbestos-related-diseases",title:"Asbestos-related Diseases",fullTitle:"Asbestos-related Diseases"},signatures:"Yasumitsu Nishimura, Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Suni Lee, Kei Yoshitome and Takemi Otsuki",authors:[{id:"34101",title:"Prof.",name:"Takemi",middleName:null,surname:"Otsuki",slug:"takemi-otsuki",fullName:"Takemi Otsuki"},{id:"48627",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoko",middleName:null,surname:"Kumagai-Takei",slug:"naoko-kumagai-takei",fullName:"Naoko Kumagai-Takei"},{id:"48631",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasumitsu",middleName:null,surname:"Nishimura",slug:"yasumitsu-nishimura",fullName:"Yasumitsu Nishimura"},{id:"104893",title:"Dr.",name:"Suni",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"suni-lee",fullName:"Suni Lee"},{id:"219725",title:"Dr.",name:"Kei",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshitome",slug:"kei-yoshitome",fullName:"Kei Yoshitome"}]},{id:"62225",title:"Prevention and Management of Complications from Esophagectomy",slug:"prevention-and-management-of-complications-from-esophagectomy",totalDownloads:887,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"esophageal-cancer-and-beyond",title:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond",fullTitle:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond"},signatures:"Jacqueline Oxenberg",authors:[{id:"246492",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Oxenberg",slug:"jacqueline-oxenberg",fullName:"Jacqueline Oxenberg"}]},{id:"61995",title:"Targeted Photodynamic Therapy for Improved Lung Cancer Treatment",slug:"targeted-photodynamic-therapy-for-improved-lung-cancer-treatment",totalDownloads:596,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"lung-cancer-strategies-for-diagnosis-and-treatment",title:"Lung Cancer",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment"},signatures:"Anine Crous and Heidi Abrahamse",authors:[{id:"60947",title:"Prof.",name:"Heidi",middleName:null,surname:"Abrahamse",slug:"heidi-abrahamse",fullName:"Heidi Abrahamse"},{id:"244468",title:"Ms.",name:"Anine",middleName:null,surname:"Crous",slug:"anine-crous",fullName:"Anine Crous"}]},{id:"62239",title:"Chemoresistance of Lung Cancer Cells: 2D and 3D In Vitro Models for Anticancer Drug Screening",slug:"chemoresistance-of-lung-cancer-cells-2d-and-3d-in-vitro-models-for-anticancer-drug-screening",totalDownloads:700,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"lung-cancer-strategies-for-diagnosis-and-treatment",title:"Lung Cancer",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment"},signatures:"Vivek Kaushik, Juan Sebastian Yakisich, Yogesh Kulkarni, Neelam\nAzad and Anand Krishnan V. Iyer",authors:[{id:"245497",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Sebastian",surname:"Yakisich",slug:"juan-yakisich",fullName:"Juan Yakisich"},{id:"245499",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivek",middleName:null,surname:"Kaushik",slug:"vivek-kaushik",fullName:"Vivek Kaushik"},{id:"245502",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kulkarni",slug:"yogesh-kulkarni",fullName:"Yogesh Kulkarni"},{id:"245503",title:"Dr.",name:"Neelam",middleName:null,surname:"Azad",slug:"neelam-azad",fullName:"Neelam Azad"},{id:"245505",title:"Dr.",name:"Anand",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer",slug:"anand-iyer",fullName:"Anand Iyer"}]},{id:"61716",title:"Introductory Chapter: Esophagus and Esophageal Cancer",slug:"introductory-chapter-esophagus-and-esophageal-cancer",totalDownloads:445,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"esophageal-cancer-and-beyond",title:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond",fullTitle:"Esophageal Cancer and Beyond"},signatures:"Jianyuan Chai",authors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}]},{id:"51574",title:"Thyroid Cancer in Children and Adolescents",slug:"thyroid-cancer-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:1108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"thyroid-cancer-advances-in-diagnosis-and-therapy",title:"Thyroid Cancer",fullTitle:"Thyroid Cancer - Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy"},signatures:"Eman Marie, Mahnaz Kousha and Reza Vali",authors:[{id:"181725",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Vali",slug:"reza-vali",fullName:"Reza Vali"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"thoracic-oncology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/paranasal-sinuses/the-role-of-simulation-in-endoscopic-sinus-surgery-training",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"paranasal-sinuses",chapter:"the-role-of-simulation-in-endoscopic-sinus-surgery-training"},fullPath:"/books/paranasal-sinuses/the-role-of-simulation-in-endoscopic-sinus-surgery-training",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()