Main psychometric properties of ankle-related self-report measures.
\r\n\tThe idea of cyberspace is relatively new to this world, considering that the cyberspace realm is virtual and intangible. The book is intended do address the topics on data mining, cyber security, simulations, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and service oriented architecture.
",isbn:"978-1-78985-858-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-857-0",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",bookSignature:"Dr. Evon M.O. Abu-Taieh, Dr. Issam H. Al Hadid and Associate Prof. Abdelkrim El Mouatasim",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",keywords:"Data Mining Tools, Machine Learning, Body of Knowledge, Network Security Software, Security Tools, Hacking, Big Data Analysis Techniques, Big Data Analysis Tools, Multimedia, VR, IoT, AI in Cyber Space, AI in Social Networks, Cyberspace and Social Media, Cyberspace Hardware, Cyberspace Software, Service Oriented Architecture, Web Service",numberOfDownloads:2589,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 28th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 18th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 17th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 5th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 5th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223522/images/system/223522.png",biography:"Evon Abu-Taieh is an Associate Professor in the faculty of Computer Information Systems, The university of Jordan. \r\n\r\nAbu-Taieh served as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Aviation Technology, Engineering and Management and has been a guest editor for the Journal of Information Technology Research.\r\nShe has more than 45 published works in Simulation & modelling, Aviation, IT, PM, KM, GIS, AI, security and ciphering; in addition, Dr. Abu-Taieh holds positions on the editorial board of the International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications, International Journal of Information Technology Project Management, and International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change. Dr. Abu-Taieh served as Chair, Track chair, & reviewer in many renowned conferences.",institutionString:"The University of Jordan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Jordan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Jordan"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"250082",title:"Dr.",name:"Issam",middleName:null,surname:"H. Al Hadid",slug:"issam-h.-al-hadid",fullName:"Issam H. Al Hadid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250082/images/system/250082.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of Jordan",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"198150",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdelkrim",middleName:null,surname:"El Mouatasim",slug:"abdelkrim-el-mouatasim",fullName:"Abdelkrim El Mouatasim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198150/images/system/198150.png",biography:"Abdelkrim El Mouatasim, born in 1973, received a Ph.D. degree in applied mathematics and scientific computation in 2007 from Mohammadia Engineering School in Rabat, Morocco. Currently he is an associate professor at Polydisciplinary Faculty of Ouarzazate, Ibn Zohr University, Morocco. His research interests include: Optimization, Mathematical modeling, Stochastic perturbation, Water distribution system, Renewable energy, Image processing, Machine learning, Neural network, Regression analysis, Programming languages and Text mining. In 2001 he was decorated by King of Morocco Mohammed VI.",institutionString:"Ibn Zohr University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Université Ibn Zohr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:[{id:"68561",title:"Cyberspace and Artificial Intelligence: The New Face of Cyber-Enhanced Hybrid Threats",slug:"cyberspace-and-artificial-intelligence-the-new-face-of-cyber-enhanced-hybrid-threats",totalDownloads:139,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"66610",title:"Text Mining to Facilitate Domain Knowledge Discovery",slug:"text-mining-to-facilitate-domain-knowledge-discovery",totalDownloads:194,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"68505",title:"Research Design and Methodology",slug:"research-design-and-methodology",totalDownloads:1973,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"69741",title:"Blind Wavelet-Based Image Watermarking",slug:"blind-wavelet-based-image-watermarking",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"68281",title:"Cyberspace as a New Existential Dimension of Man",slug:"cyberspace-as-a-new-existential-dimension-of-man",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"70266",title:"Classification Model for Bullying Posts Detection",slug:"classification-model-for-bullying-posts-detection",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"66114",title:"Combined Deep Learning and Traditional NLP Approaches for Fire Burst Detection Based on Twitter Posts",slug:"combined-deep-learning-and-traditional-nlp-approaches-for-fire-burst-detection-based-on-twitter-post",totalDownloads:120,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"64576",title:"Tagging and Tag Recommendation",slug:"tagging-and-tag-recommendation",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7694",title:"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f955d03d619f68fec7b6f3518e792e6f",slug:"simulation-modelling-practice-and-theory",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh and Asim Abdel El Sheikh Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3794",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Focus on Ant and Particle Swarm Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5332a71035a274ecbf1c308df633a8ed",slug:"swarm_intelligence_focus_on_ant_and_particle_swarm_optimization",bookSignature:"Felix T.S. Chan and Manoj Kumar Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252210",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Chan",slug:"felix-chan",fullName:"Felix Chan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"29335",title:"Pediatric Dentistry – A Guide for General Practitioner",doi:"10.5772/31968",slug:"current-developments-in-pediatric-dentistry",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/29335.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29335",totalDownloads:5183,totalViews:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 6th 2011",dateReviewed:"September 7th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 29th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/29335",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/29335",book:{slug:"oral-health-care-pediatric-research-epidemiology-and-clinical-practices"},signatures:"Mandeep S. Virdi",authors:[{id:"89556",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandeep",middleName:"Singh",surname:"Virdi",fullName:"Mandeep Virdi",slug:"mandeep-virdi",email:"mandeepsingh74@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1442",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"Pediatric, Research, Epidemiology and Clinical Practices",fullTitle:"Oral Health Care - Pediatric, Research, Epidemiology and Clinical Practices",slug:"oral-health-care-pediatric-research-epidemiology-and-clinical-practices",publishedDate:"February 29th 2012",bookSignature:"Mandeep Singh Virdi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1442.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89556",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandeep",middleName:"Singh",surname:"Virdi",slug:"mandeep-virdi",fullName:"Mandeep Virdi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29333",title:"Early Childhood Caries: Parent’s Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Its Prevention in Malaysia",slug:"early-childhood-caries-parent-s-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-towards-its-prevention-in-malaysia",totalDownloads:8036,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Shani Ann Mani, Jacob John, Wei Yen Ping and Noorliza Mastura Ismail",authors:[{id:"97650",title:"Dr.",name:"Shani Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",fullName:"Shani Ann Mani",slug:"shani-ann-mani"},{id:"98763",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacob",middleName:null,surname:"John",fullName:"Jacob John",slug:"jacob-john"}]},{id:"29334",title:"Oral Health Care in Children – A Preventive Perspective",slug:"oral-health-care-in-children-a-preventive-perspective",totalDownloads:2548,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Agim Begzati, Kastriot Meqa, Mehmedali Azemi, Ajtene Begzati, Teuta Kutllovci, Blerta Xhemajli and Merita Berisha",authors:[{id:"94623",title:"Prof.",name:"Agim",middleName:null,surname:"Begzati",fullName:"Agim Begzati",slug:"agim-begzati"},{id:"100619",title:"MSc.",name:"Kastriot",middleName:null,surname:"Meqa",fullName:"Kastriot Meqa",slug:"kastriot-meqa"},{id:"128197",title:"Prof.",name:"Merita",middleName:null,surname:"Berisha",fullName:"Merita Berisha",slug:"merita-berisha"},{id:"128200",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehmedali",middleName:null,surname:"Azemi",fullName:"Mehmedali Azemi",slug:"mehmedali-azemi"},{id:"128201",title:"MSc.",name:"Teuta",middleName:null,surname:"Kutllovci",fullName:"Teuta Kutllovci",slug:"teuta-kutllovci"},{id:"128202",title:"Dr.",name:"Blerta",middleName:null,surname:"Latifi",fullName:"Blerta Latifi",slug:"blerta-latifi"},{id:"130146",title:"Dr.",name:"Ajtene",middleName:null,surname:"Begzati",fullName:"Ajtene Begzati",slug:"ajtene-begzati"}]},{id:"29335",title:"Pediatric Dentistry – A Guide for General Practitioner",slug:"current-developments-in-pediatric-dentistry",totalDownloads:5183,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mandeep S. Virdi",authors:[{id:"89556",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandeep",middleName:"Singh",surname:"Virdi",fullName:"Mandeep Virdi",slug:"mandeep-virdi"}]},{id:"29336",title:"Gingivitis in Children and Adolescents",slug:"gingivitis-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:10058,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Folakemi Oredugba and Patricia Ayanbadejo",authors:[{id:"44491",title:"Prof.",name:"Folakemi",middleName:null,surname:"Oredugba",fullName:"Folakemi Oredugba",slug:"folakemi-oredugba"},{id:"113305",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Ayanbadejo",fullName:"Patricia Ayanbadejo",slug:"patricia-ayanbadejo"}]},{id:"29337",title:"The Principles Prevention in Dentistry",slug:"the-principles-prevention-in-dentistry",totalDownloads:5314,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jalaleddin Hamissi",authors:[{id:"89444",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jalaleddin",middleName:"H",surname:"Hamissi",fullName:"Jalaleddin Hamissi",slug:"jalaleddin-hamissi"}]},{id:"29338",title:"Antidepressants: Side Effects in the Mouth",slug:"antidepressants-side-effects-in-the-mouth-",totalDownloads:3453,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Patrícia Del Vigna de Ameida, Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann, Luciana Reis de Azevedo Alanis, Antônio Adilson Soares de Lima and Ana Maria Trindade Grégio",authors:[{id:"48532",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana Reis",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo-Alanis",fullName:"Luciana Reis Azevedo-Alanis",slug:"luciana-reis-azevedo-alanis"},{id:"104600",title:"Prof.",name:"Antônio Adilson",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Antônio Adilson Lima",slug:"antonio-adilson-lima"},{id:"113923",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Gregio",fullName:"Ana Gregio",slug:"ana-gregio"},{id:"117755",title:"MSc.",name:"Patrícia Del Vigna De",middleName:null,surname:"Ameida",fullName:"Patrícia Del Vigna De Ameida",slug:"patricia-del-vigna-de-ameida"},{id:"117757",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues",middleName:null,surname:"Johann",fullName:"Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann",slug:"aline-cristina-batista-rodrigues-johann"}]},{id:"29339",title:"Classical and Modern Methods in Caries Epidemiology",slug:"classical-and-modern-methods-in-caries-epidemiology",totalDownloads:1829,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. Larmas, H. Vähänikkilä, K. Leskinen and J. Päkkilä",authors:[{id:"92698",title:"Prof.",name:"Markku",middleName:null,surname:"Larmas",fullName:"Markku Larmas",slug:"markku-larmas"},{id:"99758",title:"MSc.",name:"Hannu",middleName:null,surname:"Vähänikkilä",fullName:"Hannu Vähänikkilä",slug:"hannu-vahanikkila"},{id:"99759",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaja",middleName:null,surname:"Leskinen",fullName:"Kaja Leskinen",slug:"kaja-leskinen"},{id:"99760",title:"MSc.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Päkkilä",fullName:"Jari Päkkilä",slug:"jari-pakkila"}]},{id:"29340",title:"Epidemiology of Dental Caries in the World",slug:"epidemiology-of-dental-caries-in-the-world",totalDownloads:14157,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Rafael da Silveira Moreira",authors:[{id:"89468",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:"Da Silveira",surname:"Moreira",fullName:"Rafael Moreira",slug:"rafael-moreira"}]},{id:"29341",title:"The Determinants of Self–Rated Oral Health in Istanbul Adults",slug:"the-determinants-of-self-rated-oral-health-in-istanbul-adults",totalDownloads:2494,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kadriye Peker",authors:[{id:"91872",title:"Dr.",name:"Kadriye",middleName:null,surname:"Peker",fullName:"Kadriye Peker",slug:"kadriye-peker"}]},{id:"29342",title:"Krill Enzymes (Krillase®) an Important Factor to Improve Oral Hygiene",slug:"krill-enzymes-krillaser-as-an-important-factor-to-improve-oral-hygiene",totalDownloads:1881,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kristian Hellgren",authors:[{id:"46042",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristian",middleName:null,surname:"Hellgren",fullName:"Kristian Hellgren",slug:"kristian-hellgren"}]},{id:"29343",title:"Probiotics and Oral Health",slug:"probiotics-oral-health",totalDownloads:2514,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Harini Priya Vishnu",authors:[{id:"96691",title:"Dr.",name:"Harini Priya",middleName:null,surname:"M",fullName:"Harini Priya M",slug:"harini-priya-m"}]},{id:"29344",title:"Towards Oral Health Promotion",slug:"towards-oral-health-promotion",totalDownloads:1840,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"José Roberto de Magalhães Bastos, Magali de Lourdes Caldana, Luis Marcelo Aranha Camargo, Ariadnes Nobrega Oliveira, Ricardo Pianta Rodrigues da Silva, Angela Xavier, Fábio Silva de Carvalho and Roosevelt da Silva Bastos",authors:[{id:"98572",title:"Prof.",name:"José Roberto Magalhães",middleName:null,surname:"Bastos",fullName:"José Roberto Magalhães Bastos",slug:"jose-roberto-magalhaes-bastos"},{id:"98603",title:"Prof.",name:"Magali De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Caldana",fullName:"Magali De Lourdes Caldana",slug:"magali-de-lourdes-caldana"},{id:"98640",title:"MSc.",name:"Ariadnes Nobrega De",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Ariadnes Nobrega De Oliveira",slug:"ariadnes-nobrega-de-oliveira"},{id:"98642",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo Pianta Rodrigues Da",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Ricardo Pianta Rodrigues Da Silva",slug:"ricardo-pianta-rodrigues-da-silva"},{id:"98643",title:"MSc.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Xavier",fullName:"Angela Xavier",slug:"angela-xavier"},{id:"98645",title:"MSc.",name:"Fábio Silva",middleName:null,surname:"de Carvalho",fullName:"Fábio Silva de Carvalho",slug:"fabio-silva-de-carvalho"},{id:"98647",title:"Dr.",name:"Roosevelt",middleName:null,surname:"Bastos",fullName:"Roosevelt Bastos",slug:"roosevelt-bastos"},{id:"132968",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Aranha Camargo",fullName:"Luis Marcelo Aranha Camargo",slug:"luis-marcelo-aranha-camargo"}]},{id:"29345",title:"HIV/AIDS and Oral Health in Socially Disadvantaged Communities",slug:"hiv-aids-and-oral-health-in-socially-disadvantaged-communities",totalDownloads:2032,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Febronia Kokulengya Kahabuka and Flora Masumbuo Fabian",authors:[{id:"104286",title:"Prof.",name:"Febronia",middleName:"Kokulengya",surname:"Kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka"},{id:"105657",title:"Prof.",name:"Flora",middleName:null,surname:"Fabian",fullName:"Flora Fabian",slug:"flora-fabian"}]},{id:"29346",title:"Oral and Dental Health in Pregnancy",slug:"oral-and-dental-health-in-pregnancy",totalDownloads:2084,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eftekharalsadat Hajikazemi and Fatemeh Haghdoost Osquei",authors:[{id:"55798",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Hajikazemi",fullName:"Hajikazemi",slug:"hajikazemi"}]},{id:"29347",title:"The Influence of Smoking on Dental and Periodontal Status",slug:"the-influence-of-smoking-on-dental-and-periodontal-status",totalDownloads:3308,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jindra Smejkalova, Vimal Jacob, Lenka Hodacova, Zdenek Fiala, Radovan Slezak and Sajith Vellappally",authors:[{id:"95583",title:"Prof.",name:"Jindra",middleName:null,surname:"Smejkalova",fullName:"Jindra Smejkalova",slug:"jindra-smejkalova"},{id:"98913",title:"Prof.",name:"Radovan",middleName:null,surname:"Slezak",fullName:"Radovan Slezak",slug:"radovan-slezak"},{id:"98917",title:"Dr.",name:"Lenka",middleName:null,surname:"Hodacova",fullName:"Lenka Hodacova",slug:"lenka-hodacova"},{id:"98920",title:"Prof.",name:"Zdenek",middleName:null,surname:"Fiala",fullName:"Zdenek Fiala",slug:"zdenek-fiala"},{id:"99889",title:"Dr.",name:"Vimal",middleName:null,surname:"Jacob",fullName:"Vimal Jacob",slug:"vimal-jacob"},{id:"128216",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajith",middleName:null,surname:"Vellappally",fullName:"Sajith Vellappally",slug:"sajith-vellappally"}]},{id:"29348",title:"Tooth Autotransplantation",slug:"tooth-autotransplantation",totalDownloads:4068,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eduardo Santiago, Germano Rocha and João F. C. Carvalho",authors:[{id:"91683",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Santiago",fullName:"Eduardo Santiago",slug:"eduardo-santiago"},{id:"129693",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"João Carvalho",slug:"joao-carvalho"},{id:"129694",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",fullName:"Germano Rocha",slug:"germano-rocha"}]},{id:"29349",title:"The Importance of Final Irrigation with Mineralolithic Effect Agents During Chemomechanical Treatment of Tooth Root Canal",slug:"the-importance-of-final-irrigation-with-mineralolithic-effect-agents-during-chemomechanical-treatmen",totalDownloads:2213,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aleksandar Mitić, Nadica Mitić, Slavoljub Živković, Jelena Milašin, Jovanka Gašić, Vladimir Mitić, Tatjana Tanić and Jelena Popović",authors:[{id:"64273",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Milašin",fullName:"Jelena Milašin",slug:"jelena-milasin"},{id:"76439",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:"Dragisa",surname:"Mitić",fullName:"Aleksandar Mitić",slug:"aleksandar-mitic"},{id:"132465",title:"Prof.",name:"Nadica",middleName:null,surname:"Mitić",fullName:"Nadica Mitić",slug:"nadica-mitic"},{id:"132469",title:"Prof.",name:"Slavoljub",middleName:null,surname:"Živković",fullName:"Slavoljub Živković",slug:"slavoljub-zivkovic"},{id:"132478",title:"Prof.",name:"Jovanka",middleName:null,surname:"Gašić",fullName:"Jovanka Gašić",slug:"jovanka-gasic"},{id:"132481",title:"MSc.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Mitić",fullName:"Vladimir Mitić",slug:"vladimir-mitic"},{id:"132485",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Tanić",fullName:"Tatjana Tanić",slug:"tatjana-tanic"},{id:"132489",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Popović",fullName:"Jelena Popović",slug:"jelena-popovic"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2116",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"Prosthodontics, Periodontology, Biology, Research and Systemic Conditions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0d5f8110fc46ac49a935b2e5f0992ce",slug:"oral-health-care-prosthodontics-periodontology-biology-research-and-systemic-conditions",bookSignature:"Mandeep Singh Virdi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2116.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89556",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandeep",surname:"Virdi",slug:"mandeep-virdi",fullName:"Mandeep Virdi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29451",title:"Relationship Between Chewing and Swallowing Functions and Health-Related Quality of Life",slug:"relationship-between-chewing-and-swallowing-functions-and-health-related-quality-of-life-among-the-e",signatures:"Hiroko Miura, Shuichi Hara, Kiyoko Yamasaki and Yoshie Usui",authors:[{id:"93684",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroko",middleName:null,surname:"Miura",fullName:"Hiroko Miura",slug:"hiroko-miura"},{id:"124624",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Hara",fullName:"Shuichi Hara",slug:"shuichi-hara"},{id:"124625",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiyoko",middleName:null,surname:"Yamasaki",fullName:"Kiyoko Yamasaki",slug:"kiyoko-yamasaki"},{id:"124626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshie",middleName:null,surname:"Usui",fullName:"Yoshie Usui",slug:"yoshie-usui"}]},{id:"29452",title:"Residual Ridge Resorption – Revisited",slug:"residual-ridge-resorption-revisited",signatures:"Derek D’Souza",authors:[{id:"89596",title:"Dr.",name:"Derek",middleName:"S J",surname:"DSouza",fullName:"Derek DSouza",slug:"derek-dsouza"}]},{id:"29453",title:"Improvement of Patient’s Satisfaction and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life by the Implant and Prosthodontic Treatment",slug:"improvement-of-oral-health-related-quality-of-life-by-the-prosthetic-and-implant-therapy",signatures:"Nikola Petricevic, Asja Celebic and Ksenija Rener-Sitar",authors:[{id:"96859",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikola",middleName:null,surname:"Petricevic",fullName:"Nikola Petricevic",slug:"nikola-petricevic"},{id:"101017",title:"Prof.",name:"Asja",middleName:null,surname:"Celebic",fullName:"Asja Celebic",slug:"asja-celebic"},{id:"101018",title:"Dr.",name:"Ksenija",middleName:null,surname:"Rener-Sitar",fullName:"Ksenija Rener-Sitar",slug:"ksenija-rener-sitar"}]},{id:"29454",title:"Association Between Tooth Loss and Cancer Mortality in Elderly Individuals",slug:"association-between-tooth-loss-and-cancer-mortality-in-elderly-subjects",signatures:"Toshihiro Ansai and Yutaka Takata",authors:[{id:"95005",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Takata",fullName:"Yutaka Takata",slug:"yutaka-takata"},{id:"103652",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ansai",fullName:"Toshihiro Ansai",slug:"toshihiro-ansai"}]},{id:"29455",title:"Geriatric Oral Health – Appreciating and Addressing It with a Team Approach",slug:"geriatric-oral-health-appreciating-and-addressing-it-with-a-team-approach",signatures:"Mun Loke Wong and Hilary P. Thean",authors:[{id:"100020",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilary",middleName:null,surname:"Thean",fullName:"Hilary Thean",slug:"hilary-thean"},{id:"100025",title:"Dr.",name:"Mun Loke",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",fullName:"Mun Loke Wong",slug:"mun-loke-wong"}]},{id:"29456",title:"Research and Clinical Applications of Facial Analysis in Dentistry",slug:"research-and-clinical-applications-of-facial-analysis-in-dentistry",signatures:"Barbara de Lima Lucas, Roberto Bernardino Júnior, Luiz Carlos Gonçalves, Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião and Vanderlei Luiz Gomes",authors:[{id:"60602",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Beatriz",surname:"Gavião",fullName:"Maria Gavião",slug:"maria-gaviao"},{id:"101295",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Barbara",middleName:"De Lima",surname:"Lucas",fullName:"Barbara Lucas",slug:"barbara-lucas"},{id:"108171",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardino-Júnior",fullName:"Roberto Bernardino-Júnior",slug:"roberto-bernardino-junior"},{id:"108172",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Luiz Carlos Gonçalves",slug:"luiz-carlos-goncalves"},{id:"108179",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanderlei Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",fullName:"Vanderlei Luiz Gomes",slug:"vanderlei-luiz-gomes"}]},{id:"29457",title:"Clinical and Histological Evaluation of Barberry Gel on Periodontal Inflammation",slug:"clinical-and-histological-evaluation-of-barberry-gel-on-periodontal-inflammation",signatures:"Abbas Makarem, Amir Moeintaghavi, Hossein Orafaei, Mahboube Shabzendedar and Iman Parissay",authors:[{id:"59367",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Moeintaghavi",fullName:"Amir Moeintaghavi",slug:"amir-moeintaghavi"},{id:"59368",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahbobeh",middleName:null,surname:"Shabzendedar",fullName:"Mahbobeh Shabzendedar",slug:"mahbobeh-shabzendedar"},{id:"59369",title:"Prof.",name:"Iman",middleName:null,surname:"Parissay",fullName:"Iman Parissay",slug:"iman-parissay"},{id:"59370",title:"Prof.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Orafai",fullName:"Hossein Orafai",slug:"hossein-orafai"},{id:"109792",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Makarem",fullName:"Abbas Makarem",slug:"abbas-makarem"}]},{id:"29458",title:"Periodontal Disease and Carotid Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms of the Association",slug:"periodontal-disease-and-carotid-atherosclerosis-mechanisms-of-the-association",signatures:"Maria Serena De Franceschi, Leonzio Fortunato, Claudio Carallo, Cesare Tripolino, Concetta Irace, Michele Figliuzzi, Antonio Crispino and Agostino Gnasso",authors:[{id:"70447",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Carallo",fullName:"Claudio Carallo",slug:"claudio-carallo"},{id:"136901",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonzio",middleName:null,surname:"Fortunato",fullName:"Leonzio Fortunato",slug:"leonzio-fortunato"},{id:"142102",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Serena",middleName:null,surname:"De Franceschi",fullName:"Maria Serena De Franceschi",slug:"maria-serena-de-franceschi"},{id:"142103",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",middleName:null,surname:"Tripolino",fullName:"Cesare Tripolino",slug:"cesare-tripolino"},{id:"142104",title:"Dr.",name:"Concetta",middleName:null,surname:"Irace",fullName:"Concetta Irace",slug:"concetta-irace"},{id:"142105",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Figliuzzi",fullName:"Michele Figliuzzi",slug:"michele-figliuzzi"},{id:"142106",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Crispino",fullName:"Antonio Crispino",slug:"antonio-crispino"},{id:"142107",title:"Dr.",name:"Agostino",middleName:null,surname:"Gnasso",fullName:"Agostino Gnasso",slug:"agostino-gnasso"}]},{id:"29459",title:"Relationship Between Oral Malodor and Oral Microbiota",slug:"relationship-between-oral-malodor-and-oral-microbiota",signatures:"Nao Suzuki, Masahiro Yoneda and Takao Hirofuji",authors:[{id:"68990",title:"Dr.",name:"Nao",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Nao Suzuki",slug:"nao-suzuki"},{id:"127524",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yoneda",fullName:"Masahiro Yoneda",slug:"masahiro-yoneda"},{id:"127525",title:"Prof.",name:"Takao",middleName:null,surname:"Hirofuji",fullName:"Takao Hirofuji",slug:"takao-hirofuji"}]},{id:"29460",title:"Oral Health and Nutrition",slug:"oral-health-and-nutrition",signatures:"Sudeshni Naidoo",authors:[{id:"97781",title:"Prof.",name:"Sudeshni",middleName:null,surname:"Naidoo",fullName:"Sudeshni Naidoo",slug:"sudeshni-naidoo"}]},{id:"29461",title:"Use of Polyols in Oral Biology Research",slug:"use-of-polyols-in-oral-biology-research",signatures:"Kauko K. Mäkinen",authors:[{id:"97319",title:"Prof.",name:"Kauko",middleName:null,surname:"Mäkinen",fullName:"Kauko Mäkinen",slug:"kauko-makinen"}]},{id:"29462",title:"Virulence Mechanisms of Leukotoxin from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans",slug:"virulence-mechanisms-of-leukotoxin-from-aggregatibacter-actinomycetemcomitans",signatures:"Anders Johansson and Sotos Kalfas",authors:[{id:"73016",title:"Dr.",name:"Anders",middleName:null,surname:"Johansson",fullName:"Anders Johansson",slug:"anders-johansson"},{id:"130446",title:"Prof.",name:"Sotos",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfas",fullName:"Sotos Kalfas",slug:"sotos-kalfas"}]},{id:"29463",title:"Transformation of Nitrite and Nitric Oxide Produced by Oral Bacteria to Reactive Nitrogen Oxide Species in the Oral Cavity",slug:"enhanced-formation-of-reactive-nitrogen-oxide-species-by-proliferation-of-nitrate-and-nitrite-reduci",signatures:"Umeo Takahama and Sachiko Hirota",authors:[{id:"69106",title:"Prof.",name:"Umeo",middleName:null,surname:"Takahama",fullName:"Umeo Takahama",slug:"umeo-takahama"},{id:"77076",title:"Dr.",name:"Sachiko",middleName:null,surname:"Hirota",fullName:"Sachiko Hirota",slug:"sachiko-hirota"}]},{id:"29464",title:"Dentists and Preventive Oral Health Care",slug:"dentists-and-preventive-oral-health-care",signatures:"Hadi Ghasemi",authors:[{id:"89660",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ghasemi",fullName:"Hadi Ghasemi",slug:"hadi-ghasemi"}]},{id:"29465",title:"Inequality of Oral Health in a Life-Course Perspective",slug:"dynamic-changes-of-oral-health",signatures:"Dorthe Holst and Annemarie A. Schuller",authors:[{id:"89778",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorthe",middleName:null,surname:"Holst",fullName:"Dorthe Holst",slug:"dorthe-holst"},{id:"131790",title:"Dr.",name:"Annemarie A",middleName:null,surname:"Schuller",fullName:"Annemarie A Schuller",slug:"annemarie-a-schuller"}]},{id:"29466",title:"The Role of the Oral Health Therapist in the Provision of Oral Health Care to Patients Across All Ages",slug:"the-role-of-the-oral-health-therapist-in-the-provision-of-oral-health-care-to-patients-across-all-ag",signatures:"Hanny Calache and Matthew Hopcraft",authors:[{id:"95484",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanny",middleName:null,surname:"Calache",fullName:"Hanny Calache",slug:"hanny-calache"},{id:"100093",title:"Prof.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Hopcraft",fullName:"Matthew Hopcraft",slug:"matthew-hopcraft"}]},{id:"29467",title:"Oral Health & HIV",slug:"oral-health-and-hiv",signatures:"Sudeshni Naidoo",authors:[{id:"97781",title:"Prof.",name:"Sudeshni",middleName:null,surname:"Naidoo",fullName:"Sudeshni Naidoo",slug:"sudeshni-naidoo"}]},{id:"29468",title:"Oral Health of People with Psychiatric Disorders",slug:"oral-health-of-patients-with-psychiatric-disorders",signatures:"Lin-Yang Chi and Kuan-Yu Chu",authors:[{id:"102807",title:"Dr.",name:"Lin-Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Chi",fullName:"Lin-Yang Chi",slug:"lin-yang-chi"},{id:"102810",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chu",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chu",slug:"kuan-yu-chu"}]},{id:"29469",title:"Structural Changes on Human Dental Enamel Treated with Er:YAG, CO2 Lasers and Remineralizing Solution: EDS Analysis",slug:"structural-changes-on-human-dental-enamel-treated-with-er-yag-co2-lasers-and-remineralizing-solution",signatures:"Rosalía Contreras-Bulnes, Oscar Fernando Olea-Mejía, Laura Emma Rodríguez-Vilchis, Rogelio José Scougall-Vilchis and Claudia Centeno-Pedraza",authors:[{id:"75681",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalía",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras-Bulnes",fullName:"Rosalía Contreras-Bulnes",slug:"rosalia-contreras-bulnes"},{id:"75719",title:"Prof.",name:"Oscar Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Olea-Mejìa",fullName:"Oscar Fernando Olea-Mejìa",slug:"oscar-fernando-olea-mejia"},{id:"75725",title:"Prof.",name:"Rogelio Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Scougall-Vilchis",fullName:"Rogelio Jose Scougall-Vilchis",slug:"rogelio-jose-scougall-vilchis"},{id:"76654",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Centeno-Pedraza",fullName:"Claudia Centeno-Pedraza",slug:"claudia-centeno-pedraza"},{id:"76659",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Vilchis",fullName:"Laura Emma Rodríguez-Vilchis",slug:"laura-emma-rodriguez-vilchis"}]},{id:"29470",title:"Indigenous Australians and Oral Health",slug:"indigenous-australians-and-oral-health",signatures:"Madeline Shearer and Lisa Jamieson",authors:[{id:"104792",title:"Ms.",name:"Madeline",middleName:null,surname:"Shearer",fullName:"Madeline Shearer",slug:"madeline-shearer"},{id:"104798",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Jamieson",fullName:"Lisa Jamieson",slug:"lisa-jamieson"}]},{id:"29471",title:"Oral Health Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Parents/Caregivers",slug:"oral-health-knowledge-attitude-and-practices-of-parents-caregivers",signatures:"Suttatip Kamolmatyakul",authors:[{id:"90858",title:"Dr.",name:"Suttatip",middleName:null,surname:"Kamolmatyakul",fullName:"Suttatip Kamolmatyakul",slug:"suttatip-kamolmatyakul"}]},{id:"29472",title:"Systemic Methods of Fluoride and the Risk for Dental Fluorosis",slug:"systemic-methods-of-fluoride-and-the-risk-for-dental-fluorosis",signatures:"Consuelo Fernanda Macedo de Souza, José Ferreira Lima Júnior, Maria Soraya P. Franco Adriano and Fabio Correia Sampaio",authors:[{id:"100538",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Sampaio",fullName:"Fabio Sampaio",slug:"fabio-sampaio"},{id:"100541",title:"BSc.",name:"Consuelo Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",fullName:"Consuelo Fernanda Sousa",slug:"consuelo-fernanda-sousa"},{id:"100542",title:"BSc.",name:"Maria Soraya",middleName:null,surname:"Adriano",fullName:"Maria Soraya Adriano",slug:"maria-soraya-adriano"},{id:"100543",title:"MSc.",name:"Jose Ferreira",middleName:null,surname:"Lima Junior",fullName:"Jose Ferreira Lima Junior",slug:"jose-ferreira-lima-junior"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70353",title:"Patient-Report Outcome Measures for Ankle-Related Functionality",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89509",slug:"patient-report-outcome-measures-for-ankle-related-functionality",body:'\nThe main purpose of this chapter is to present a clinical and scientific perspective of the applicability of self-report outcome measures on the assessment of rehabilitation intervention designed to treat ankle/foot disorders. Some aspects about the development of these clinical tools will be briefly discussed in order to offer clinicians and scientists some criteria to better select an appropriate measure for a given clinical goal. In addition, a presentation is given of how the item response theory (IRT), by using Rasch analysis, can be used to assess such clinical measurement tools and to enrich rehabilitation data concerning clinical intervention effectiveness.
\nThroughout the history of orthopedic field, the main focus of clinical relevant outcome measures used to be those related to body structure and function, quantifying movement restrictions, such as range of motion or functional impairments like muscle strength. By this point of view, treatment goals and definitions of successful interventions captured mainly what is direct important for the healthcare professional rather than for the patient. However, what is crucial and naturally understandable for patients is functionality and disability, which brings a clear necessity to measure dysfunction at this level. Furthermore, the International Classification of Functionality (ICF) proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that health issues should be considered by taking into account individual function, activity, and social participation. The impact that injuries, illnesses, and any other harm might have upon health, especially over functionality and quality of life, must be considered in a context of clinical evaluation in the health area.
\nUsually, ankle dysfunctions require the involvement of a wide variety of healthcare professionals in order to achieve excellence in recovery and functionality. This is particularly true when the treatment plan includes surgery, medications, rehabilitation program, and many other interventions carried out by different professionals. Multidisciplinary healthcare thus requires instruments that work across distinct disciplines in a sense of combining them and unifying perspectives.
\nThe health team may have priorities that can diverge from patient-specific needs or beliefs. This may happen often because both look for a health condition from different backgrounds and starting points and this communication noise may lead to inappropriate treatment plan and can decrease patient’s compliance.
\nFocusing on the patient, who is most interested in full recovering of his/her health, quantifying subjective perception of functional status as well as health-related quality of life represents a challenge both for clinicians and researches, particularly in the field of rehabilitation. A patient-centered or also called client-based assessment tool is needed and should meet the clinical needs of both the patient and the healthcare team, in such a way that it must be practical and accepted by everyone involved in a treatment context.
\nClient-based assessment instruments, like questionnaires, are tools suitable to comprise the domains of activity and social participation being commonly the selected instrument for the assessment of health-related quality of life. They have the ultimate goal of transforming subjective measures into objective data that can be quantified and analyzed. Self-report questionnaires are useful both for clinical and scientific research purposes once they combine efficiency, reliability, and low cost and, at the same time, meeting the necessity to quantify patient-centered clinical outcome measures.
\nEvery clinical outcome measure may have five goals in order to be useful in a clinical-based scenario. The acronym that exemplifies this feature is known as SMART goals and can be visualized in Figure 1.
\nSMART goals for a clinical assessment tool.
One way to classify questionnaires and functional scales is by their assessment application (see Figure 2). In this case, they can be categorized as being generic or specific. Generic questionnaires measure overall health, within biopsychosocial approach, and are intended to be applicable across a wide spectrum of diseases, interventions, demographic, and cultural subgroups. The most famous and used instrument that encompasses this properties is the 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), which measure health-related quality of life in two main domains of mental and physical health. On the other hand, disease-specific measures aim to assess the most important traits usually affected by a condition of interest and that can be used to determine clinical improvement or deterioration. The foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS) and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale (AOFAS) are both examples of condition-specific measures.
\nQuestionnaires and functional scale classification schema.
Another form in which self-report tools can be organized is in relation to the clinical function (see Figure 2). Within this context, they can be discriminative or evaluative instruments. The selection of one type over the other depends on the desired use of the instrument. Discriminative instruments, such as the Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT), can be used to identify individuals with a particular disorder, in this case, chronic ankle instability. Evaluative instruments are developed to follow up and measure an individual’s change, thus assessing the effectiveness and outcome of treatment. The foot and ankle ability measure (FAAM) and lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) are examples of evaluative instruments. Information acquired from an evaluative instrument is useful only if evidence is available to support the interpretation of scores obtained in the specific population in which the instrument is intended to be used.
\nThe main factors when considering practicality are the following:
The time expended to self-answer or to administer the questionnaire
The necessity of formal training or prior experience
Special or specific set up
Scoring method and use of electronic devices or software
Although patients may appear to have time to complete self-report measures in the waiting room before being seen for therapy, lengthy or numerous self-report forms may interfere with patient care. Some people may fatigue while completing self-report forms, and this fatigue could influence their responses. When selecting a self-report instrument, clinicians should pay attention on the time needed to fulfill the questionnaire. Usually, the authors report this time in scientific publications or in user’s manual, when applicable. For a self-administered questionnaire, ideally no more than 10 min should be needed to answer all items.
\nAnother important point to consider is the form of test administration. Some self-report questionnaires, especially translated versions, may require a structured interview for a proper measurement reliability. Although this procedure is likely to increase the time needed to fill in the questionnaire, it is essential to achieve an acceptable level of accuracy in measurement. Instructions for taking a test are sometimes not sufficient, and special training and experience may be necessary. Usually, there is no need for special training, but test familiarization and reading the user’s guide, when applicable and suggested by the test developers, may be helpful. A great advantage of self-report measures is that no equipment or specific setups, and no professional or support staff are needed to help with the tests.
\nA strong point for a clinician is the importance of immediate feedback and interpretation of test result. Consequently, a scoring method that can be done manually without any software or computer assistance is desirable. It is common practice for a test’s score to be attained by just summing up the individual items score and then transforming this result into a percentage. It is important to know the correct interpretation of this value, whether 100% means full function or the worst score for functionality.
\nSome instruments result in a single composite score or in a composite score and subscale scores for components of the item being measured. A single composite score can be desirable for communicating findings to others and for identifying people who are at risk for chronic ankle instability, for example. A composite score can be useful for discriminative instruments once a single cutoff score is an important clinical information for a diagnosis process. However, a single composite score may not represent a comprehensive analysis about physical function or ankle-related functionality for a specific task or domain. Subscale scores for components of physical function, like activities of daily living or sport related tasks, may be more useful for planning intervention and monitoring outcomes.
\nIn order to ascertain that a questionnaire has proper methodological quality, information about its psychometric properties must be available. Ideally, although potentially time-consuming, information about the development of the questionnaire can sometimes be useful for a better comprehension about target population and/or medical conditions. Some author’s suggest eight criteria that should be taken into account when assessing the quality of such outcome measures. These include (1) conceptual and measurement model; (2) content and construct validity; (3) reliability; (4) responsiveness; (5) floor and ceiling effects; (6) internal consistency; (7) feasibility to answer, administer, and interpret; and (8) cultural and language adaptations (translations). Reference values for each of these variables have also been suggested aiming to help clinicians and researchers in the selection and use of the clinical assessment tool that bests suits their necessity.
\nFor the purposes of this chapter, four basic variables will be addressed in detail. They contain the minimum information needed to select and use a self-report questionnaire. They are validity, reliability, internal consistency, and responsiveness.
\nContent validity examines the extent to which the concepts of interest are comprehensively represented by the items in the questionnaire. It is very important to know about the following aspects regarding the development of a questionnaire for an appropriate judgment of content validity:
Measurement aim of the questionnaire: it can be discriminative, evaluative, or predictive. Different items may be valid for different aims.
Target population: it indicates whether the items were at the appropriate level of difficulty for the sample or the population for which the questionnaire was developed. If a questionnaire is intended to measure the functional status of patients with ankle/foot disorders, it is expected that items like standing on tiptoes should be much more relevant for such group than it would be for patients with knee problems. Nevertheless item’s appropriateness, also the item’s difficulty level, is another issue to be considered. Different populations demand different outcome measures. Ankle-related functionality of volleyball professional players, for example, requires items that measure function in a higher level of ability, with more challenging functional tasks, such as jumping and landing. In sum, a detailed description of the target population is crucial for judging the comprehensiveness and the applicability of the questionnaire for a given population.
Concepts: for what the questionnaire was developed to measure. Clinicians must be aware about the relevant concepts that a questionnaire is able to measure. Quality of life, functionality, and symptoms are examples of different concepts a questionnaire may assess. These different outcome levels should clearly be distinguished and measured by separate subscales. Self-report instruments measures at the level of individual’s capacity, that is, what he/she thinks they are able to do. Functional scales usually assess individual’s performance, which is what he/she actually can do.
Item selection and item reduction: a thorough list of potential items relating to symptoms, signs, and limitations can be gathered from literature review and input from expert clinicians (in the case of ankle-related functionality, from physicians, surgeons, and physical therapists) who treat individuals with foot and ankle-related disorders. Another important source of information is individuals with musculoskeletal pathologies within this scope. A common procedure is ask for all these people to rate each potential item from −2 (not important) to +2 (very important), and after that, reject all items with a score below +1.
Interpretability of the items: completing the questionnaire should not require reading skills beyond that of a 12-year-old to avoid missing values and unreliable answers. To meet this recommendation, items should be as short as possible and, written with friendly vocabulary, understandable for a layperson out of health area. Another two points are direct questions, one attribute at a time, and direct reference about the time frame to which the questionnaire refers to.
Evidence for construct validity includes how the scores on the instrument relate to other measures of the construct, in a manner that is consistent with theoretically derived hypotheses concerning the concepts that are being measured. Construct validity should be assessed by testing predefined hypotheses. When testing expected correlations between measures, this can be called convergent validity or divergent validity when dealing with expected differences in scores between “known” groups.
\nSimilar to construct validity is the criterion validity, which refers to the extent to which scores on a particular instrument relate to a gold standard. In a situation where there is no gold standard test or, at least, a well-established measurement tool for a given clinical condition, the analysis of criterion validity can become quite challenging. In these cases, face validity can be achieved by the process of item selection and item reduction. This indicates whether a measure appears to have been designed to measure what it is supposed to measure, in case, ankle-related functionality. Face validity, while contributing to the validity of the data obtained with a measure, is not represented by the outcome of a statistical test but by the judgment of the tester to make sure the measure has been used under similar conditions of measurement.
\nEvidence of validity is the first step when choosing an instrument to assess and interpret the effect of pathology and subsequent impairment on physical function, as well as to compare clinical intervention effectiveness.
\nReliability relates to score stability, and it concerns the degree to which patients can be distinguished from each other, despite measurement error. Reliability coefficients such intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) take into account three sources of variation, that is:
The variation among individuals, also known as interindividual variation
The personal variation, which is the same as intraindividual variation
At last, a variation that combines those previous mentioned, which is the error attributed to the measurement itself (measurement error)
Index like ICC is used for continuous measures and is expressed as a ration between 0 (low reliability) and 1 (high reliability). High reliability is particularly important for discriminative purposes because the difference observed in a measure should be a perfect reflection of a real change and not overlapped or shadowed by any sources of error.
\nAuthors and test developers should provide clear information about which reliability measure they have used; if ICC is the case, the two-way random effect model is the best option for the far majority of cases. Pearson correlation coefficient is inadequate, because systematic differences are not considered. The correspondent of ICC for ordinal measures is the weighted Cohen’s kappa coefficient, which is so the preferred option for such variables. In groups or samples with 50 subjects or above, the value of 0.70 is the minimum recommendation for both indexes.
\nWhen adding up items with the purpose to measure, a construct is very important to know if those items are well correlated with each other and with the total score generated by them. In other words, it is highly desirable to know if the instrument is homogenous or unidimensional and so if the questionnaire as a whole measure the same concept or construct. This measure of unidimensionality is the internal consistency and is quite presumable that it should be as high or as good as possible.
\nThere are many ways to measure internal consistency. Usually they complement each other in the process of measuring unidimensionality. The principal component analysis or the factor analysis is both very good ways to determine whether the items form only one overall dimension or not. Also confirmatory or exploratory analysis, when applicable, is useful to determine if a given group of items measure one same construct, and therefore are grouped in one scale, or if it would be better to join the items in two or more subscales. The Rasch model is also a way to measure internal consistency by using the fit statistics, which is used to assess unidimensionality, and can be simply explained as a ratio between the observed response and the response predicted by the model. This analysis is also important for evidence of construct validity, which will be better explained in the proper section ahead in this chapter.
\nOnce the scale(s) is(are) defined, then the Cronbach’s alpha is the appropriate measure of choice. Here we have two possible situations:
A very low Cronbach’s alpha indicates that there is no reason to group the items together in a same scale or questionnaire, because there are not well correlated with each other
On the other hand, a very high Cronbach’s alpha suggests that maybe there are redundant items, which means that they measure almost the same attribute of functionality. When this happens it is valuable to judge if one or more items could be removed from the questionnaire.
Cronbach’s alpha should be interpreted with caution when applied to questionnaires with too many items, approximately more than 20 items. In these cases, the index is usually very high, because Cronbach’s alpha is dependent upon the number of items in a scale. The reference value for adequate internal consistency when using the Cronbach’s alpha range between 0.70 and 0.95.
\nA large number of definitions and methods have been proposed for assessing responsiveness. A very good comprehensive definition for responsiveness is the ability of the instrument to detect clinically important changes in an individual’s status over time even when these changes are small. This ability is the accuracy of the instrument that must be able to differentiate clinical observed changes from measurement error. Even though an instrument can capture very small changes, what really matters is to know if a change is clinically relevant. The Guyatt’s responsiveness ratio (RR) does precisely this comparison by relating the variability found within the subject with between the subjects. The reference value for RR is 1.96 because this happens when the minimal important change equals the smallest detectable change.
\nAnother adequate and common measure of responsiveness is the area under the receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve. It is very useful to define cutoff scores for discriminative purposes and to define injury severity. The reference value for the area under the curve is at least 0.70.
\nOne point that impact negatively on responsiveness is the presence of floor or ceiling effects. They are considered to be present when more than 15% of respondents achieved the lowest or highest possible score. Thus, the responsiveness is limited because changes cannot be measured in these patients nor is it possible to distinguish one from another, which compromises reliability.
\nLimitations in measurements, such as ceiling or floor effects, can usually be avoided by selecting measures that have been demonstrated to provide meaningful information about people who are similar to those being measured. In other words, the target population of each measurement tool must be considered by matching the sample, e.g., patients with the appropriate questionnaire or functional scale.
\nThe Rasch model and the factor analysis constitute two ways of assessing psychometric properties of an instrument and can be, and frequently are, used in functional scales development. These two statistical procedures have the same theoretical model, which is the item response theory. The basic concept behind IRT is that the probability of choosing a response for each item is a function of both the subject’s or patient’s ability and the difficulty level of each item.
\nWhen applying the concepts of IRT to psychometric properties analysis, it is possible to obtain more detailed information about validity, accuracy, and targeting that helps understanding the clinical meaning of a self-report instrument. It goes beyond just looking at the final score of a questionnaire or at cutoff scores. This closer look at outcome measures like functional scales adds information to those obtained by traditional statistical tests, e.g., Cronbach alpha or ICC. IRT not only improves the methodological quality when elaborating new instruments but gives clearly insights into effects of intervention as well, whether comparing groups or the subject longitudinally.
\nRasch analysis can be applied to examine instruments or assessment scales applicable in wide spectrum of disciplines, including studies in health area, education, marketing, economy, and social sciences. In the majority of evaluations, a well-defined group is selected to answer a series of predefined items. The Rasch model offers a mathematical theoretical reference by which researches that elaborate instruments are able to create comparable measures. The main point behind this model is the concept of unidimensionality, which can be summarized by the idea that useful clinical measures involve the analysis of only one human attribute at the time. In other words, it implies that the instrument measures a single latent ability. Taking a self-report questionnaire as an example, this would mean the items are organized according to their difficulty level and are placed in a single linear hierarchic scale.
\nThe Rasch model transforms ordinal scales into interval measures. This process allows us to calibrate item difficulty and subject’s ability in a same linear continuum, which is divided into equal intervals or logits. The logits is defined by items and works similarly as a ruler on which individuals are organized accordingly to their level of ability. The probabilistic model of Rasch analysis can be defined by the following formula:
\n\n\n
where P is the probability of an “n” individual to succeed on a given event “i” in any trial. This probability equals to the mathematical function f of the subtraction from the “n” individual’s ability “B” in relation to the “i” item’s difficulty level “D.” This probability can be extrapolated for multilevel items, i.e., for non-dichotomous responses. As a result of this procedure under IRT concepts, an item characteristic curve can be drawn, which represents the probability of choosing a response for each item based on the subject’s or patient’s ability. A typical item characteristic curve is defined by two properties: item’s difficulty and item’s discrimination power. Taking back the ruler analogy cited above, the difficulty of an item functions as a location index that is where in the continuum of ability the item works better. Hard items function with high-ability individuals as well as easy items do the same with low-ability subjects. By discrimination power, it means how well an item can separate individuals whose abilities are below or above the item location. Graphically, this property appears as the steepness of the item characteristic curve and can be interpreted as the steeper the greater the discrimination power. A flat curve means that the probability of a right answer is nearly the same with low or high levels of ability. It is worthwhile to stress out that this two properties only describe the form of item characteristic curve, and consequently how well an item function, but it cannot be used as a proof of item validity. Applying these concepts for multilevel item, Likert-like scale, for example, each answer possibility would have its own curve with distinct peaks. All the curves together should measure the spectrum of ability measured by the item.
\nIf all items meet this probabilistic expectation, it is possible to state that the questionnaire, as a whole, assesses an unidimensional construct. This probabilistic framework constitutes the basis of Rasch model and thereby makes it possible to organize items by their difficulty level as well as by the patients’ ability level, both based on the observed answering pattern.
\nQuestionnaires should be responsive to changes in the status of the patient across the spectrum of ability. Another benefit of IRT is that it provides the amount of information that each item contributes at varying levels of ability. Easy items should provide information among low-ability levels examinees, and conversely, hard items that describe difficult tasks give information among high-ability examinees. The questionnaire final score is, therefore, the sum of all these information collected by each item, and the accuracy of it is directly proportional to the amount of information provided. The target of an evaluative instrument is to provide information across all ability ranges. Therefore, such an appropriate evaluative questionnaire should contain items that assess an individual’s ability to perform activities that span from easy to more challenging ones.
\nThe results of an item characteristic curve are valuable only when the following requirements are met:
Unidimensionality
The questionnaire measures a single latent trait.
Local independence
The answer for each item is independent from another item.
No time constraints
Should be no time limit or restriction when answering the test.
No guessing as an answer
A correct answer may not due to guessing but reflect the person’s ability.
This implies that only one latent ability accounts for the individual’s response for each of the items contained on the instrument, which is exactly the unidimensionality mentioned throughout this section. Both factor analysis and the Rasch model can ascertain this aspect of construct validity. Those items that did not fit to the model should be revised or eliminated accordingly with scale’s goals.
\nMeasures should be chosen based on whether they have been designed for and have been used with people similar to the people to be measured. For example, to assess an elite athlete’s functionality after an ankle sprain, sport subscale of the foot and ankle ability measure questionnaire should provide more clinical useful information than the whole lower extremity functional scale (LEFS). This is not because one instrument is better than the other is, but because it is a better instrument selection to the target population or the right patient.
\nThe next section shows four self-report questionnaires that are currently available for measuring ankle-related functionality. Some systematic reviews report that these instruments have very good psychometric properties and are quite useful for clinical scenarios as well as for research contexts. A brief overview for each of them is provided. For full information, we suggest to read the original studies about their development.
\nThe LEFS is a measure of activity limitation developed for musculoskeletal conditions of the lower extremity. On this scale, participants rate the difficulty in performing 20 activities of the lower extremity on a 5-point Likert scale, rating grade 0, meaning “extreme difficulty or unable to perform activity,” to grade 4, meaning “no difficulty”. The responses are summed to give a score ranging from 0 to 80, with 0 indicating high functional limitation and 80 indicating low functional restriction. LEFS was tested in a heterogeneous population with different lower limb conditions and was found to have high internal consistency (.96) and high test-retest reliability (r = .86) and correlated well with the physical function subscale and the physical component summary scores of the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey (r = .80 and .64, respectively).
\nThe FAAM is composed of two subscales named activities of daily living (ADL) and sports subscale, respectively. ADL subscale has 21 items and the sports subscale 8 items. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale anchored by 4 (no difficulty at all) and 0 (unable to do). Item score totals, which range from 0 to 84 for the ADL subscale and from 0 to 32 for the sports subscale, are transformed to percentage scores. A higher score represents a higher level of function for each subscale.
\nThe FAOS is a 42-item questionnaire divided into 5 subscales: “pain” (9 items), “other symptoms” (7 items), “activities of daily living” (17 items), “sport and recreation function” (5 items), and “foot- and ankle-related quality of life” (4 items). Each question can be scored on a 5-point Likert scale (from zero to four) and each of the five subscale scores is calculated as the sum of the items included. Raw scores are then transformed to a 0 to 100, worst to best score.
\nThe CAIT is a nine-item questionnaire designed to be a discriminative instrument of chronic ankle instability. The questionnaire is structured so that the feeling of instability is reported for different types of activities such as running, walking, hopping, and descending stairs. The nine items generate a total score from 0 to 30 for each foot, in which 0 is the worst possible score, meaning severe instability, and 30 is the best possible score, meaning normal stability. The CAIT is a reliable (ICC 0.96) instrument that can discriminate stable from unstable ankles and measure the severity of functional ankle instability.
\nTable 1 summarizes the main psychometric properties of each instruments reported above.
\n\n | LEFS | \nFAAM | \nFAOS | \nCAIT | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Validity | \n92% of variance explained at baseline Concurrent validity r = .80 and .87, at short and medium term follow up, respectively (correlation with Olerud-Molander ankle score) | \nExperts and patients were involved in item generation and reduction | \nItem selection and reduction by patients (n = 213) Experts: not involved | \nCAIT and LEFS (α = .50, P < .01) and VAS (α.76, P < .01) Construct validity and internal reliability were acceptable (α = .83; point measure correlation for all items, >0.5; item reliability index, .99) | \n
Reliability | \nNo information | \nADL subscale: ICC = .89; SEM = 2,1 points Sport subscale: ICC = .87; SEM = 4,5 points | \nSubscale pain, rs = .96; subscale symptoms, rs = .89; subscale ADL, rs = .85; subscale sports, rs = .92; subscale quality of life, rs = .92 | \nICC, 0,96 | \n
Internal consistency | \nα = .92 at base line; .94 short term; .90 long term. | \nCronbach alpha for ADL subscale, α = .96 in stable group (n = 79); in changed group, α = .98 (n = 164) Cronbach alpha for sport subscale from a combined sample, α = .98 | \nSubscale pain, α = .94; subscale symptoms, α = .88; subscale ADL, α = .97; subscale sports, α = .94; subscale “quality of life,” α = .92 | \nThe threshold CAIT score was 27.5 (Youden index, 68.1); sensitivity was 82.9% and specificity was 74.7%. | \n
Responsiveness | \nGuyatt = 1.99 AUC ROC = 0.79 (95% CI = 0.70-0.88) | \nMDC ADL subscale, 5.7 MDC Sport subscale, 12.3 | \nNo information | \nNo information | \n
Main psychometric properties of ankle-related self-report measures.
\n
\n
\n
We pride ourselves on our belief that scientific progress is generated by collaboration, that the playing field for scientific research should be leveled globally, and that research conducted in a democratic environment, with the use of innovative technologies, should be made available to anyone.
\n\nWe look forward to hearing from individuals and organizations who are interested in new discoveries and sharing their research.
",metaTitle:"Contact us",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/contact-us",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Headquarters
\\n\\n\\n\\n
London
\\n\\nIntechOpen Limited, 7th floor
\\n\\n10 Lower Thames Street
\\n\\nLondon, EC3R 6AF, UK
\\n\\nPhone: +44 (0)203 972 6202
\\n\\n\\n\\n
Rijeka
\\n\\nIN TECH d.o.o.
\\n\\nJaneza Trdine 9
\\n\\n51000 Rijeka - Croatia
\\n\\nPhone: +385 (0) 51 686 165
\\n"},{"imagePath":"/media/thumbnail/780x430/3","type":"mediaComponent","mediaType":"image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","caption":"","originalUrl":"/media/thumbnail/600x600/3","alignment":"center"},{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"General Inquires: info@intechopen.com
\\n\\nFunders: funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n*INTECHOPEN LIMITED is a privately owned company registered in England and Wales, No. 11086078 Registered Office: 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Headquarters
\n\n\n\n
London
\n\nIntechOpen Limited, 7th floor
\n\n10 Lower Thames Street
\n\nLondon, EC3R 6AF, UK
\n\nPhone: +44 (0)203 972 6202
\n\n\n\n
Rijeka
\n\nIN TECH d.o.o.
\n\nJaneza Trdine 9
\n\n51000 Rijeka - Croatia
\n\nPhone: +385 (0) 51 686 165
\n"},{imagePath:"/media/thumbnail/780x430/3",type:"mediaComponent",mediaType:"image",mimeType:"image/jpeg",caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/thumbnail/600x600/3",alignment:"center"},{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'General Inquires: info@intechopen.com
\n\nFunders: funders@intechopen.com
\n\n*INTECHOPEN LIMITED is a privately owned company registered in England and Wales, No. 11086078 Registered Office: 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5313},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4819},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1468},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9362},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14778}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108153},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"7316",title:"Seepage - Steady State Flow of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2db3d61cbecd04230717ab1d9e5cd4b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7316.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7724",title:"Climate Issues in China",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5642f989826772a94001c51e2030ea1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7996",title:"Wildfire in the Wildland Urban Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"caac4a94c451c97cf8b52a6dcbac746b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jason Gordon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7996.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",surname:"Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8037",title:"Paleontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"369bbc9633ff0e0d4f62335075242d2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8037.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8113",title:"Ocean Wave Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f7eaf28497842d73eb2ce64a1415aec2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcello Di Risio, Dr. Daniele Celli and Dr. Davide Pasquali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8113.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Di Risio",slug:"marcello-di-risio",fullName:"Marcello Di Risio"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8481",title:"River Deltas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8dd049b4bf7f01bdeda390d40a27b0c8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8481.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8485",title:"Weather Forecasting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"01daf31ddded5641c4ed88eca67b4284",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8485.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8556",title:"Mars Exploration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44538d785d8dfcc0d4f809e3a62b0035",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Giuseppe Pezzella and Prof. Antonio Viviani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8568",title:"Intelligent Life Beyond Earth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f678594f3e4c852a12790aca46dbcdc2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8568.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9242",title:"Biogeoscience Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dc62d7b263bcc3b797384e73513297f9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9242.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9245",title:"Landmines and Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5015fc770dfb6f6e67a5dd370f1668a0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. K.T.M. Udayanga Hemapala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9245.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"128187",title:"Dr.",name:"K.T.M.",surname:"Hemapala",slug:"k.t.m.-hemapala",fullName:"K.T.M. Hemapala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9248",title:"Galaxies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"364566b36a78a23c895936974dc002ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9248.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:35},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:75},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:142},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:41},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8463",title:"Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23f39beea4d557b0ae424e2eaf82bf5e",slug:"pediatric-surgery-flowcharts-and-clinical-algorithms",bookSignature:"Sameh Shehata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8463.jpg",editors:[{id:"37518",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"sameh-shehata",fullName:"Sameh Shehata"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4392},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8463",title:"Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23f39beea4d557b0ae424e2eaf82bf5e",slug:"pediatric-surgery-flowcharts-and-clinical-algorithms",bookSignature:"Sameh Shehata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37518",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"sameh-shehata",fullName:"Sameh Shehata"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7187",title:"Osteosarcoma",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Translational Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89096359b754beb806eca4c6d8aacaba",slug:"osteosarcoma-diagnosis-mechanisms-and-translational-developments",bookSignature:"Matthew Gregory Cable and Robert Lawrence Randall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265693",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Cable",slug:"matthew-gregory-cable",fullName:"Matthew Gregory Cable"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8256",title:"Distillation",subtitle:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76af109f83e14d915e5cb3949ae8b80",slug:"distillation-modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"702",title:"Petrochemical Engineering",slug:"engineering-chemical-engineering-petrochemical-engineering",parent:{title:"Chemical Engineering",slug:"engineering-chemical-engineering"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:174,numberOfWosCitations:83,numberOfCrossrefCitations:95,numberOfDimensionsCitations:203,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-chemical-engineering-petrochemical-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8448",title:"Glycerine Production and Transformation",subtitle:"An Innovative Platform for Sustainable Biorefinery and Energy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63834d3e01c2550240908758fb0fbe34",slug:"glycerine-production-and-transformation-an-innovative-platform-for-sustainable-biorefinery-and-energy",bookSignature:"Marco Frediani, Mattia Bartoli and Luca Rosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8448.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53209",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Frediani",slug:"marco-frediani",fullName:"Marco Frediani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6829",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",subtitle:"Recent Insight",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"058919afbb548d3448e70238b4637e84",slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",bookSignature:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",middleName:null,surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6730",title:"Palm Oil",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96d058f3abbc8d0660dcd56042a8ece8",slug:"palm-oil",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6730.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Waisundara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5143",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",subtitle:"a Practical Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0b7842ba790370b5485de1694611376",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",bookSignature:"Laura Romero-Zeron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5143.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109465",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Zerón",slug:"laura-romero-zeron",fullName:"Laura Romero-Zerón"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4647",title:"Advanced Materials for Renewable Hydrogen Production, Storage and Utilization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b798cc5c2b3f364c1322bed506499fd",slug:"advanced-materials-for-renewable-hydrogen-production-storage-and-utilization",bookSignature:"Jianjun Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4647.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145203",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianjun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jianjun-liu",fullName:"Jianjun Liu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2873",title:"Hydrogen Storage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5636fb7f125524c17e174c9cf62c8363",slug:"hydrogen-storage",bookSignature:"Jianjun Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145203",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianjun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jianjun-liu",fullName:"Jianjun Liu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1604",title:"Advances in Chemical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88084d0ed8f82a4ec50ed554de9f0036",slug:"advances-in-chemical-engineering",bookSignature:"Zeeshan Nawaz and Shahid Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1604.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15484",title:"Dr",name:"Zeeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",slug:"zeeshan-nawaz",fullName:"Zeeshan Nawaz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2288",title:"Crude Oil Emulsions",subtitle:"Composition Stability and Characterization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d237bdec7bb1475639149b044fac69f5",slug:"crude-oil-emulsions-composition-stability-and-characterization",bookSignature:"Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:"El-Sayed",surname:"Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Abdel-Raouf"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29876",doi:"10.5772/35875",title:"Petroleum Asphaltenes",slug:"petroleum-asphaltenes",totalDownloads:13438,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"crude-oil-emulsions-composition-stability-and-characterization",title:"Crude Oil Emulsions",fullTitle:"Crude Oil Emulsions - Composition Stability and Characterization"},signatures:"Lamia Goual",authors:[{id:"106226",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamia",middleName:null,surname:"Goual",slug:"lamia-goual",fullName:"Lamia Goual"}]},{id:"29881",doi:"10.5772/36945",title:"Determination of Metal Ions in Crude Oils",slug:"determination-of-metal-ions-in-crude-oils",totalDownloads:9810,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"crude-oil-emulsions-composition-stability-and-characterization",title:"Crude Oil Emulsions",fullTitle:"Crude Oil Emulsions - Composition Stability and Characterization"},signatures:"M.Y. Khuhawar, M. Aslam Mirza and T.M. Jahangir",authors:[{id:"110537",title:"Prof.",name:"M.Y",middleName:null,surname:"Khuhawar",slug:"m.y-khuhawar",fullName:"M.Y Khuhawar"}]},{id:"33981",doi:"10.5772/31368",title:"Production of Biodiesel from Microalgae",slug:"production-of-biodiesel-using-triglycerides-from-microalgae",totalDownloads:11952,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"advances-in-chemical-engineering",title:"Advances in Chemical Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Chemical Engineering"},signatures:"Marc Veillette, Mostafa Chamoumi, Josiane Nikiema, Nathalie Faucheux and Michèle Heitz",authors:[{id:"86777",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Nikiema",slug:"josiane-nikiema",fullName:"Josiane Nikiema"},{id:"98733",title:"MSc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Veillette",slug:"marc-veillette",fullName:"Marc Veillette"},{id:"98735",title:"Mr.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Chamoumi",slug:"mostafa-chamoumi",fullName:"Mostafa Chamoumi"},{id:"98736",title:"Prof.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Faucheux",slug:"nathalie-faucheux",fullName:"Nathalie Faucheux"},{id:"98737",title:"Prof.",name:"Michèle",middleName:null,surname:"Heitz",slug:"michele-heitz",fullName:"Michèle Heitz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60482",title:"Palm Oil Mill Effluent as an Environmental Pollutant",slug:"palm-oil-mill-effluent-as-an-environmental-pollutant",totalDownloads:1008,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"palm-oil",title:"Palm Oil",fullTitle:"Palm Oil"},signatures:"Hesam Kamyab, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Mohd Fadhil Md Din,\nShahabaldin Rezania, Tayebeh Khademi and Ashok Kumar",authors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",middleName:null,surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"},{id:"237449",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreeshivadasan",middleName:null,surname:"Chelliapan",slug:"shreeshivadasan-chelliapan",fullName:"Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan"},{id:"241504",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Fadhil",middleName:null,surname:"Md Din",slug:"mohd-fadhil-md-din",fullName:"Mohd Fadhil Md Din"},{id:"241505",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahabaldin",middleName:null,surname:"Rezania",slug:"shahabaldin-rezania",fullName:"Shahabaldin Rezania"},{id:"241506",title:"Dr.",name:"Tayebeh",middleName:null,surname:"Khademi",slug:"tayebeh-khademi",fullName:"Tayebeh Khademi"},{id:"241508",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"}]},{id:"52155",title:"EOR Processes, Opportunities and Technological Advancements",slug:"eor-processes-opportunities-and-technological-advancements",totalDownloads:2673,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]},{id:"63428",title:"Waste Frying Oil as a Feedstock for Biodiesel Production",slug:"waste-frying-oil-as-a-feedstock-for-biodiesel-production",totalDownloads:569,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",fullTitle:"Petroleum Chemicals - Recent Insight"},signatures:"Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Olalekan David Adeniyi, Moses Aderemi Olutoye and Uduak George Akpan",authors:null},{id:"51915",title:"Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery",slug:"microbial-enhanced-oil-recovery-2016-10-14",totalDownloads:2706,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Aliya Yernazarova, Gulzhan Kayirmanova, Almagul Baubekova and\nAzhar Zhubanova",authors:[{id:"178534",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aliya",middleName:null,surname:"Yernazarova",slug:"aliya-yernazarova",fullName:"Aliya Yernazarova"},{id:"179203",title:"Dr.",name:"Gulzhan",middleName:null,surname:"Kaiyrmanova",slug:"gulzhan-kaiyrmanova",fullName:"Gulzhan Kaiyrmanova"},{id:"191673",title:"Dr.",name:"Almagul",middleName:null,surname:"Baubekova",slug:"almagul-baubekova",fullName:"Almagul Baubekova"},{id:"194422",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Zhubanova",slug:"azhar-zhubanova",fullName:"Azhar Zhubanova"}]},{id:"62888",title:"Biological Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater",slug:"biological-treatment-of-petrochemical-wastewater",totalDownloads:1173,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",fullTitle:"Petroleum Chemicals - Recent Insight"},signatures:"Nirmal Ghimire and Shuai Wang",authors:null},{id:"51645",title:"Polymer Flooding",slug:"polymer-flooding",totalDownloads:2408,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Antoine Thomas",authors:[{id:"178596",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Antoine",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"antoine-thomas",fullName:"Antoine Thomas"}]},{id:"33982",title:"Sulfonation/Sulfation Processing Technology for Anionic Surfactant Manufacture",slug:"sulfonation-sulfation-processing-technology-for-anionic-surfactant-manufacture",totalDownloads:27291,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"advances-in-chemical-engineering",title:"Advances in Chemical Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Chemical Engineering"},signatures:"Jesús Alfonso Torres Ortega",authors:[{id:"90059",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:"Alfonso",surname:"Torres Ortega",slug:"jesus-torres-ortega",fullName:"Jesus Torres Ortega"}]},{id:"38711",title:"Hydrogen Storage for Energy Application",slug:"hydrogen-storage-for-energy-application",totalDownloads:10411,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"hydrogen-storage",title:"Hydrogen Storage",fullTitle:"Hydrogen Storage"},signatures:"Rahul Krishna, Elby Titus, Maryam Salimian, Olena Okhay, Sivakumar Rajendran, Ananth Rajkumar, J. M. G. Sousa, A. L. C. Ferreira, João Campos Gil and Jose Gracio",authors:[{id:"25491",title:"Dr.",name:"Elby",middleName:null,surname:"Titus",slug:"elby-titus",fullName:"Elby Titus"}]},{id:"66507",title:"Introductory Chapter: Oil Field Chemicals - Ingredients in Petroleum Industry",slug:"introductory-chapter-oil-field-chemicals-ingredients-in-petroleum-industry",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"petroleum-chemicals-recent-insight",title:"Petroleum Chemicals",fullTitle:"Petroleum Chemicals - Recent Insight"},signatures:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",authors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",middleName:null,surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}]},{id:"60752",title:"Biomaterial from Oil Palm Waste: Properties, Characterization and Applications",slug:"biomaterial-from-oil-palm-waste-properties-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:812,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"palm-oil",title:"Palm Oil",fullTitle:"Palm Oil"},signatures:"Rudi Dungani, Pingkan Aditiawati, Sri Aprilia, Karnita Yuniarti, Tati\nKarliati, Ichsan Suwandhi and Ihak Sumardi",authors:[{id:"220081",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingkan",middleName:null,surname:"Aditiawati",slug:"pingkan-aditiawati",fullName:"Pingkan Aditiawati"},{id:"234728",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudi",middleName:null,surname:"Dungani",slug:"rudi-dungani",fullName:"Rudi Dungani"},{id:"249537",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Aprilia",slug:"sri-aprilia",fullName:"Sri Aprilia"},{id:"249539",title:"Dr.",name:"Karnita",middleName:null,surname:"Yuniarti",slug:"karnita-yuniarti",fullName:"Karnita Yuniarti"},{id:"249541",title:"Dr.",name:"Tati",middleName:null,surname:"Karliati",slug:"tati-karliati",fullName:"Tati Karliati"},{id:"249542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichsan",middleName:null,surname:"Suwandi",slug:"ichsan-suwandi",fullName:"Ichsan Suwandi"},{id:"249543",title:"Dr.",name:"Ihak",middleName:null,surname:"Sumardi",slug:"ihak-sumardi",fullName:"Ihak Sumardi"},{id:"256251",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Hartati",slug:"sri-hartati",fullName:"Sri Hartati"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-chemical-engineering-petrochemical-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6837",title:"Lithium-ion Batteries - Thin Film for Energy Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea7789260b319b9a4b472257f57bfeb5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mitsunobu Sato, Dr. Li Lu and Dr. Hiroki Nagai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179615",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Process Industry Automation, Heat and Power Generation and Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis and Prof. Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:"G.",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9428",title:"New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Industry 4.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e089eec484ce8e9eb32198c2d8b34ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Romeral Martinez, Dr. Roque A. Osornio-Rios and Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9428.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"86501",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Romeral Martinez",slug:"luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Luis Romeral Martinez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10107",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Oncology Drug Discovery & Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"043c178c3668865ab7d35dcb2ceea794",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. John Cassidy and Dr. Belle Taylor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"244455",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cassidy",slug:"john-cassidy",fullName:"John Cassidy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10132",title:"Applied Computational Near-surface Geophysics - From Integral and Derivative Formulas to MATLAB Codes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38cdbbb671df620b36ee96af1d9a3a90",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afshin Aghayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10132.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311030",title:"Dr.",name:"Afshin",middleName:null,surname:"Aghayan",slug:"afshin-aghayan",fullName:"Afshin Aghayan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10110",title:"Advances and Technologies in Building Construction and Structural Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df2ad14bc5588577e8bf0b7ebcdafd9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Kaboli and Dr. Sara Shirowzhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10110.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"309192",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kaboli",slug:"ali-kaboli",fullName:"Ali Kaboli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10175",title:"Ethics in Emerging Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c92da249676e35e2f7476182aa94e84",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali Hessami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10175.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-hessami",fullName:"Ali Hessami"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:16},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/oral-health-care-pediatric-research-epidemiology-and-clinical-practices/current-developments-in-pediatric-dentistry",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"oral-health-care-pediatric-research-epidemiology-and-clinical-practices",chapter:"current-developments-in-pediatric-dentistry"},fullPath:"/books/oral-health-care-pediatric-research-epidemiology-and-clinical-practices/current-developments-in-pediatric-dentistry",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()