Molecular classification scheme of carbapenemases [16].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8166",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Receptors P1 and P2 as Targets for Drug Therapy in Humans",title:"Receptors P1 and P2 as Targets for Drug Therapy in Humans",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book aims to provide a brief update on the functions of purinergic receptors in various systems, in addition to the signaling pathway activated to mediate these functions. We address the influence of hypoxia by modulating the activity of these receptors under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Additionally, we describe the mechanisms of induction of pain and inflammation in different systems. Finally, the book discusses some of the main bioinformatics tools currently used to improve or discover new prototypes capable of selectively acting on these receptors with estimated parameters of satisfactory solubility and toxicity for possible commercial implementation.",isbn:"978-1-78984-535-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-534-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-078-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78115",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"receptors-p1-and-p2-as-targets-for-drug-therapy-in-humans",numberOfPages:110,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"546c9abc8145b3a3ecf13557a03f7590",bookSignature:"Robson Faria",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8166.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1647,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 29th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 10th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 8th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 29th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 28th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",biography:"Robson Faria received his degree in Biological Sciences (2001) from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and M.Sc. (2003) and D.Sc. (2006) from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation’s Cellular\nand Molecular Biology program. He has been a Public Health Researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation since 2007. During the past 15 years, Dr. Robson has been working with the purinergic receptors, especially P2X7R, and the action of synthetic molecules and derivatives of natural products to discover new prototypes capable of treating neglected diseases.",institutionString:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1115",title:"Neuropharmacology",slug:"neuropharmacology"}],chapters:[{id:"70016",title:"Introductory Chapter: Receptors P1 and P2 as Targets for Drug Therapy in Humans",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90040",slug:"introductory-chapter-receptors-p1-and-p2-as-targets-for-drug-therapy-in-humans",totalDownloads:211,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Robson Faria",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70016",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70016",authors:[{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria"}],corrections:null},{id:"68764",title:"Functions of Purinergic Receptors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88251",slug:"functions-of-purinergic-receptors",totalDownloads:362,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Eren Sarikaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68764",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68764",authors:[{id:"282595",title:"Dr.",name:"Eren",surname:"Sarikaya",slug:"eren-sarikaya",fullName:"Eren Sarikaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"70276",title:"Purinergic Signaling and Dental Orofacial Pain",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87181",slug:"purinergic-signaling-and-dental-orofacial-pain",totalDownloads:294,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Xiuxin Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70276",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70276",authors:[{id:"285716",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiuxin",surname:"Liu",slug:"xiuxin-liu",fullName:"Xiuxin Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"67255",title:"The Role of Purinergic Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86425",slug:"the-role-of-purinergic-signaling-in-the-pathophysiology-of-perinatal-hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy",totalDownloads:433,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Tagore M. Morais-Lima, Joana C. Vicentini, Anael V.P. Alberto, Pedro H.M. de Freitas, Caio M. Perret, Natiele C. da Silva Ferreira, Deepaneeta Sarmah, Bharati Sinha, Gopika Das, Pallab Bhattacharya, Xin Wang, Luiz A. Alves and Renato Rozental",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67255",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67255",authors:[{id:"29743",title:"Prof.",name:"Xin",surname:"Wang",slug:"xin-wang",fullName:"Xin Wang"},{id:"76663",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz A.",surname:"Alves",slug:"luiz-a.-alves",fullName:"Luiz A. Alves"},{id:"288865",title:"M.D.",name:"Renato",surname:"Rozental",slug:"renato-rozental",fullName:"Renato Rozental"},{id:"292694",title:"Dr.",name:"Anael V.P.",surname:"Alberto",slug:"anael-v.p.-alberto",fullName:"Anael V.P. Alberto"},{id:"297140",title:"BSc.",name:"Caio M.",surname:"Perret",slug:"caio-m.-perret",fullName:"Caio M. Perret"},{id:"297141",title:"BSc.",name:"Tagore M.",surname:"Morais-Lima",slug:"tagore-m.-morais-lima",fullName:"Tagore M. Morais-Lima"},{id:"297142",title:"BSc.",name:"Joana C.",surname:"Vicentini",slug:"joana-c.-vicentini",fullName:"Joana C. Vicentini"},{id:"297145",title:"Dr.",name:"Natiele C.",surname:"da Silva Ferreira",slug:"natiele-c.-da-silva-ferreira",fullName:"Natiele C. da Silva Ferreira"},{id:"297147",title:"Dr.",name:"Pallab",surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"pallab-bhattacharya",fullName:"Pallab Bhattacharya"},{id:"297148",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepaneeta",surname:"Sarmah",slug:"deepaneeta-sarmah",fullName:"Deepaneeta Sarmah"},{id:"297149",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopika",surname:"Das",slug:"gopika-das",fullName:"Gopika Das"},{id:"297150",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharati",surname:"Sinha",slug:"bharati-sinha",fullName:"Bharati Sinha"},{id:"297151",title:"BSc.",name:"Pedro H.M.",surname:"de Freitas",slug:"pedro-h.m.-de-freitas",fullName:"Pedro H.M. de Freitas"}],corrections:null},{id:"67707",title:"A Brief View of Molecular Modeling Approaches to P2 Receptors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86862",slug:"a-brief-view-of-molecular-modeling-approaches-to-p2-receptors",totalDownloads:356,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Anael V.P. Alberto, Lucianna H.S. Santos, Rafael Ferreira, Dinarte N.M. Ferreira and Luiz A. Alves",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67707",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67707",authors:[{id:"76663",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz A.",surname:"Alves",slug:"luiz-a.-alves",fullName:"Luiz A. Alves"},{id:"292694",title:"Dr.",name:"Anael V.P.",surname:"Alberto",slug:"anael-v.p.-alberto",fullName:"Anael V.P. Alberto"},{id:"296973",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"rafael-ferreira",fullName:"Rafael Ferreira"},{id:"296974",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucianna H.S.",surname:"Santos",slug:"lucianna-h.s.-santos",fullName:"Lucianna H.S. Santos"},{id:"296975",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinarte",surname:"N.M. Ferreira",slug:"dinarte-n.m.-ferreira",fullName:"Dinarte N.M. Ferreira"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7256",title:"Dopamine",subtitle:"Health and Disease",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e46d08f526c35d787be15bcb17126fb8",slug:"dopamine-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Sarat Chandra Yenisetti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181774",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat Chandra",surname:"Yenisetti",slug:"sarat-chandra-yenisetti",fullName:"Sarat Chandra Yenisetti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7116",title:"Antidepressants",subtitle:"Preclinical, Clinical and Translational Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bd4340dfebb60697e12fc04a461d9ac",slug:"antidepressants-preclinical-clinical-and-translational-aspects",bookSignature:"Olivier Berend",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7116.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6404",title:"Drug Addiction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f432d0ab93a06628d3592b4c0fea44ae",slug:"drug-addiction",bookSignature:"Fang Zhao and Meng Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"207525",title:"Dr.",name:"Fang",surname:"Zhao",slug:"fang-zhao",fullName:"Fang Zhao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5894",title:"Neurotoxins",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ed24b0789b6d0bf230c24637f2f7575",slug:"neurotoxins",bookSignature:"J. Eric McDuffie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161246",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Eric",surname:"McDuffie",slug:"j.-eric-mcduffie",fullName:"J. Eric McDuffie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66064",slug:"corrigendum-to-textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high",title:"Corrigendum to: Textured BST Thin Film on Silicon Substrate: Preparation and Its Applications for High Frequency Tunable Devices",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66064.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66064",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66064",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66064",chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"1893",leadTitle:null,title:"Fossil Fuel and the Environment",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The world today is at crossroads in terms of energy, as fossil fuel continues to shape global geopolitics. Alternative energy has become rapidly feasible, with thousands of wind-turbines emerging in the landscapes of the US and Europe. Solar energy and bio-fuels have found similarly wide applications. This book is a compilation of 13 chapters. The topics move mostly seamlessly from fuel combustion and coexistencewith renewable energy, to the environment, and finally to the economics of energy, and food security. The research and vision defines much of the range of our scientific knowledge on the subject and is a driving force for the future. Whether feasible or futuristic, this book is a great read for researchers, practitioners, or just about anyone with an enquiring mind on this subject.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0277-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6149-3",doi:"10.5772/2315",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"fossil-fuel-and-the-environment",numberOfPages:318,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"65fc2d4b7fcf8142f419dc0956d1ebf8",bookSignature:"Shahriar Khan",publishedDate:"March 14th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1893.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:54787,numberOfWosCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitations:56,numberOfTotalCitations:111,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 20th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 19th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 18th 2012",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"107794",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"shahriar-khan",fullName:"Shahriar Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107794/images/2376_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Shahriar Khan has been an Associate Professor at Independent University Bangladesh (IUB) since 2005. He received his M.S. and Ph.D (1997) from Texas A&M University, where he also served as Assistant Lecturer. He received his B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). He was active as adjunct professor at Bronte College, Canada. Dr. Khan has had industrial experience in Schlumberger Oilfield Services, where he designed radio frequency and magnetic resonance electronics for drilling equipment. \nDr. Khan is a member of IEEE, and a Life Fellow of the Institute of Engineers, Bangladesh. He is a speaker and instructor for the Astronomy Association of Bangladesh. Besides fossil fuel and renewable energy, Dr. Khan has cross-disciplinary interests in power systems, power electronics, communications, control systems, and river basin dynamics. In recent years, he has attempted to apply research to improving living standards in the country and worldwide.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"781",title:"Environmental Conservation & Protection",slug:"environmental-conservation-and-protection"}],chapters:[{id:"32327",title:"Effects of Fuel Properties on Diffusion Combustion and Deposit Accumulation",slug:"effects-of-fuel-properties-on-diffusion-combustion-and-deposit-accumulation",totalDownloads:2421,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"115400",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuhiro",surname:"Hayashida",slug:"kazuhiro-hayashida",fullName:"Kazuhiro Hayashida"},{id:"140974",title:"Mr.",name:"Katsuhiko",surname:"Haji",slug:"katsuhiko-haji",fullName:"Katsuhiko Haji"}]},{id:"32328",title:"A Review of Hydrogen-Natural Gas Blend Fuels in Internal Combustion Engines",slug:"a-review-of-use-of-hcng-fuels-in-internal-combustion-engines",totalDownloads:5579,totalCrossrefCites:7,authors:[{id:"108787",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Mariani",slug:"antonio-mariani",fullName:"Antonio Mariani"}]},{id:"32329",title:"Fuel-N Conversion to NO, N2O and N2 During Coal Combustion",slug:"fuel-n-conversion-to-no-n2o-and-n2-during-coal-combustion",totalDownloads:5217,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"115876",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanisław",surname:"Gil",slug:"stanislaw-gil",fullName:"Stanisław Gil"}]},{id:"32330",title:"Co-Combustion of Coal and Alternative Fuels",slug:"co-combustion-of-coal-and-alternative-fuels",totalDownloads:2536,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"109256",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Kolat",slug:"pavel-kolat",fullName:"Pavel Kolat"},{id:"137327",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdeněk",surname:"Kadlec",slug:"zdenek-kadlec",fullName:"Zdeněk Kadlec"}]},{id:"32331",title:"Fossil Fuel Power Plant Simulators for Operator Training",slug:"fossil-fuel-power-plant-simulators-for-operator-training",totalDownloads:4912,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"107559",title:"MSc.",name:"Jose",surname:"Tavira-Mondragon",slug:"jose-tavira-mondragon",fullName:"Jose Tavira-Mondragon"}]},{id:"32332",title:"Energy-Efficient Standalone Fossil-Fuel Based Hybrid Power Systems Employing Renewable Energy Sources",slug:"energy-efficient-standalone-fossil-fuel-based-micro-grid-systems-with-renewable-energy-and-smart-gri",totalDownloads:2579,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"26176",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",surname:"Wies",slug:"richard-wies",fullName:"Richard Wies"},{id:"116079",title:"Dr.",name:"Ron",surname:"Johnson",slug:"ron-johnson",fullName:"Ron Johnson"},{id:"116081",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashish",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"ashish-agrawal",fullName:"Ashish Agrawal"}]},{id:"32333",title:"Estimating Oil Reserves: History and Methods",slug:"estimating-oil-reserves-history-and-methods-",totalDownloads:8784,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"112541",title:"Prof.",name:"Nuno",surname:"Madureira",slug:"nuno-madureira",fullName:"Nuno Madureira"}]},{id:"32334",title:"Global Trends of Fossil Fuel Reserves and Climate Change in the 21st Century",slug:"global-trends-of-fossil-fuel-reserves-and-climate-change-in-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:11068,totalCrossrefCites:10,authors:[{id:"26093",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharat Raj",surname:"Singh",slug:"bharat-raj-singh",fullName:"Bharat Raj Singh"},{id:"118426",title:"Prof.",name:"Onkar",surname:"Singh",slug:"onkar-singh",fullName:"Onkar Singh"}]},{id:"32335",title:"Modern Transitions in Saving Energy and the Environment",slug:"energy-saving-programs",totalDownloads:2091,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"107794",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",surname:"Khan",slug:"shahriar-khan",fullName:"Shahriar Khan"}]},{id:"32336",title:"Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Semi-Rural Environment in Mexico City",slug:"presence-of-pahs-in-semi-rural-environment-on-mexico-city",totalDownloads:2407,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"107530",title:"Dr.",name:"Rutilio",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"rutilio-ortiz",fullName:"Rutilio Ortiz"},{id:"140637",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Vega",slug:"salvador-vega",fullName:"Salvador Vega"},{id:"140638",title:"Dr.",name:"Rey",surname:"Gutiérrez",slug:"rey-gutierrez",fullName:"Rey Gutiérrez"},{id:"140641",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",surname:"Schettino",slug:"beatriz-schettino",fullName:"Beatriz Schettino"},{id:"140644",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Gibson",slug:"richard-gibson",fullName:"Richard Gibson"}]},{id:"32337",title:"Carbon Capture and Storage - Technologies and Risk Management",slug:"carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-technologies-and-risk-management",totalDownloads:1881,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"32930",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia R. V.",surname:"Morgado",slug:"claudia-r.-v.-morgado",fullName:"Claudia R. V. Morgado"},{id:"119986",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Esteves",slug:"victor-esteves",fullName:"Victor Esteves"}]},{id:"32338",title:"Energy and Economy Links - A Review of Indicators and Methods",slug:"energy-and-economy-links-a-review-of-indicators-and-methods",totalDownloads:2179,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"119257",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Lotfalipour",slug:"mohammad-lotfalipour",fullName:"Mohammad Lotfalipour"},{id:"123131",title:"MSc.",name:"Malihe",surname:"Ashena",slug:"malihe-ashena",fullName:"Malihe Ashena"}]},{id:"32339",title:"Fossil Fuel and Food Security",slug:"fossil-fuel-and-food-security",totalDownloads:3148,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"115744",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"White",slug:"richard-white",fullName:"Richard White"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"24370",firstName:"Mirna",lastName:"Cvijic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"cvijic@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8846",title:"Wildlife Population Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f98cebd21162fda5bc6188bb52f8264",slug:"wildlife-population-monitoring",bookSignature:"Marco Ferretti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"272715",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Ferretti",slug:"marco-ferretti",fullName:"Marco Ferretti"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6386",title:"National Parks",subtitle:"Management and Conservation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78bb9f1f37bc8416f72ee2ad7b805c91",slug:"national-parks-management-and-conservation",bookSignature:"Mohd Nazip Suratman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"MOHD NAZIP",surname:"SURATMAN",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"MOHD NAZIP SURATMAN"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"15252",title:"Optoelectronic Chaotic Circuits",doi:"10.5772/15598",slug:"optoelectronic-chaotic-circuits",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/15252.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15252",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15252",totalDownloads:2888,totalViews:85,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 12th 2010",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 19th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/15252",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/15252",book:{slug:"optoelectronic-devices-and-properties"},signatures:"M.P. Hanias, H.E. Nistazakis and G.S. Tombras",authors:[{id:"19522",title:"Prof.",name:"George S.",middleName:null,surname:"Tombras",fullName:"George S. Tombras",slug:"george-s.-tombras",email:"gtombras@phys.uoa.gr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"21355",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael P.",middleName:null,surname:"Hanias",fullName:"Michael P. Hanias",slug:"michael-p.-hanias",email:"mhanias@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"23386",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:"E.",surname:"Nistazakis",fullName:"Hector Nistazakis",slug:"hector-nistazakis",email:"enistaz@phys.uoa.gr",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"86",title:"Optoelectronic Devices and Properties",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Optoelectronic Devices and Properties",slug:"optoelectronic-devices-and-properties",publishedDate:"April 19th 2011",bookSignature:"Oleg Sergiyenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/86.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58036",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Sergiyenko",slug:"oleg-sergiyenko",fullName:"Oleg Sergiyenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"15235",title:"Organic-Organic Semiconductor Interfaces for Molecular Electronic Devices",slug:"organic-organic-semiconductor-interfaces-for-molecular-electronic-devices",totalDownloads:3268,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ji-Seon Kim and Craig Murphy",authors:[{id:"17779",title:"Dr.",name:"Ji-Seon",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Ji-Seon Kim",slug:"ji-seon-kim"},{id:"24197",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Murphy",fullName:"Craig Murphy",slug:"craig-murphy"}]},{id:"15233",title:"A Study of Adhesion of Silicon Dioxide on Polymeric Substrates for Optoelectronic Applications",slug:"a-study-of-adhesion-of-silicon-dioxide-on-polymeric-substrates-for-optoelectronic-applications",totalDownloads:6650,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"E. Amendola, A. Cammarano and D. Acierno",authors:[{id:"18308",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenio",middleName:null,surname:"Amendola",fullName:"Eugenio Amendola",slug:"eugenio-amendola"},{id:"21739",title:"Dr.",name:"Aniello",middleName:null,surname:"Cammarano",fullName:"Aniello Cammarano",slug:"aniello-cammarano"},{id:"21740",title:"Prof.",name:"Domenico",middleName:null,surname:"Acierno",fullName:"Domenico Acierno",slug:"domenico-acierno"}]},{id:"15239",title:"Organic Semiconductor Based Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Devices",slug:"organic-semiconductor-based-heterostructures-for-optoelectronic-devices",totalDownloads:2991,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anca Stanculescu and Florin Stanculescu",authors:[{id:"21373",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Stanculescu",fullName:"Anca Stanculescu",slug:"anca-stanculescu"},{id:"21611",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin",middleName:null,surname:"Stanculescu",fullName:"Florin Stanculescu",slug:"florin-stanculescu"}]},{id:"15241",title:"Thin-Film Diamond Phototransistors",slug:"thin-film-diamond-phototransistors",totalDownloads:1939,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Linjun Wang, Jian Huang, Ke Tang, Jijun Zhang and Yiben Xia",authors:[{id:"6655",title:"Dr.",name:"Linjun",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Linjun Wang",slug:"linjun-wang"},{id:"18380",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jian Huang",slug:"jian-huang"},{id:"18381",title:"MSc.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Ke Tang",slug:"ke-tang"},{id:"18382",title:"Prof.",name:"Yiben",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",fullName:"Yiben Xia",slug:"yiben-xia"},{id:"19699",title:"PhD.",name:"Jijun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Jijun Zhang",slug:"jijun-zhang"}]},{id:"15234",title:"Multilayer Approach in Light-Emitting Transistors",slug:"multilayer-approach-in-light-emitting-transistors",totalDownloads:3277,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gianluca Generali, Stefano Toffanin and Raffaella Capelli",authors:[{id:"17902",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaella",middleName:null,surname:"Capelli",fullName:"Raffaella Capelli",slug:"raffaella-capelli"},{id:"21526",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Toffanin",fullName:"Stefano Toffanin",slug:"stefano-toffanin"},{id:"21527",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianluca",middleName:null,surname:"Generali",fullName:"Gianluca Generali",slug:"gianluca-generali"}]},{id:"15242",title:"Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Optoelectronic Devices",slug:"effects-of-ionizing-radiation-on-optoelectronic-devices",totalDownloads:2724,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"V. Th. Tsakiri, A. P. Skountzos, P. H. Yannakopoulos and E. Verrelli",authors:[{id:"21625",title:"Dr.",name:"Panos",middleName:null,surname:"Yannakopoulos",fullName:"Panos Yannakopoulos",slug:"panos-yannakopoulos"},{id:"25287",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Tsakiri",fullName:"Victoria Tsakiri",slug:"victoria-tsakiri"},{id:"25288",title:"MSc.",name:"Antonis",middleName:null,surname:"Skountzos",fullName:"Antonis Skountzos",slug:"antonis-skountzos"},{id:"25289",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",middleName:null,surname:"Verrelli",fullName:"Emanuele Verrelli",slug:"emanuele-verrelli"}]},{id:"15237",title:"Identification of Emergent Research Issues: the Case of Optoelectronic Devices",slug:"identification-of-emergent-research-issues-the-case-of-optoelectronic-devices",totalDownloads:1929,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivana Roche, Nathalie Vedovotto, Dominique Besagni, Claire François, Roger Mounet, Edgar Schiebel and Marianne Hörlesberger",authors:[{id:"22643",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Roche",fullName:"Ivana Roche",slug:"ivana-roche"},{id:"22768",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Schiebel",fullName:"Edgar Schiebel",slug:"edgar-schiebel"},{id:"22769",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianne",middleName:null,surname:"Hörlesberger",fullName:"Marianne Hörlesberger",slug:"marianne-horlesberger"},{id:"22770",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Vedovotto",fullName:"Nathalie Vedovotto",slug:"nathalie-vedovotto"},{id:"22771",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Besagni",fullName:"Dominique Besagni",slug:"dominique-besagni"},{id:"22772",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"François",fullName:"Claire François",slug:"claire-francois"},{id:"22773",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Mounet",fullName:"Roger Mounet",slug:"roger-mounet"}]},{id:"15236",title:"Synchronous Vapor-Phase Coating of Conducting Polymers for Flexible Optoelectronic Applications",slug:"synchronous-vapor-phase-coating-of-conducting-polymers-for-flexible-optoelectronic-applications",totalDownloads:2315,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Keon-Soo Jang and Jae-Do Nam",authors:[{id:"22917",title:"Dr.",name:"Jae Do",middleName:null,surname:"Nam",fullName:"Jae Do Nam",slug:"jae-do-nam"},{id:"24093",title:"Mr.",name:"Keon-Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Jang",fullName:"Keon-Soo Jang",slug:"keon-soo-jang"}]},{id:"15238",title:"ZnO Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications",slug:"zno-nanostructures-for-optoelectronic-applications",totalDownloads:5168,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ashok K. Sood, Zhong Lin Wang, Dennis L. Polla, Nibir K. Dhar, Tariq Manzur and A.F.M. Anwar",authors:[{id:"23657",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok K.",middleName:"K",surname:"Sood",fullName:"Ashok K. Sood",slug:"ashok-k.-sood"},{id:"23658",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",middleName:null,surname:"Polla",fullName:"Dennis Polla",slug:"dennis-polla"},{id:"23660",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Zhong Wang",slug:"zhong-wang"},{id:"60603",title:"Dr.",name:"Nibir",middleName:null,surname:"Dhar",fullName:"Nibir Dhar",slug:"nibir-dhar"},{id:"60604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tariq",middleName:null,surname:"Manzur",fullName:"Tariq Manzur",slug:"tariq-manzur"},{id:"60605",title:"Prof.",name:"A. F. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Anwar",fullName:"A. F. M. Anwar",slug:"a.-f.-m.-anwar"}]},{id:"15240",title:"Hybrid Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Materials based on Silicon Nanocrystals and Conjugated Polymers",slug:"hybrid-optoelectronic-and-photovoltaic-materials-based-on-silicon-nanocrystals-and-conjugated-polyme",totalDownloads:2459,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Vladimir Svrcek",authors:[{id:"7159",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Svrcek",fullName:"Vladimir Svrcek",slug:"vladimir-svrcek"}]},{id:"15244",title:"Synthesis, Self-assembly and Optoelectronic Properties of Monodisperse ZnO Quantum Dots",slug:"synthesis-self-assembly-and-optoelectronic-properties-of-monodisperse-zno-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:4351,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ting Mei and Yong Hu",authors:[{id:"17669",title:"Prof.",name:"Ting",middleName:null,surname:"Mei",fullName:"Ting Mei",slug:"ting-mei"},{id:"21460",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Yong Hu",slug:"yong-hu"}]},{id:"15247",title:"In-Situ Analysis of Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductor Nanostructures and Defects in Transmission Electron Microscopes",slug:"in-situ-analysis-of-optoelectronic-properties-of-semiconductor-nanostructures-and-defects-in-transmi",totalDownloads:1838,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yutaka Ohno, Ichiro Yonenega and Seiji Takeda",authors:[{id:"17609",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Ohno",fullName:"Yutaka Ohno",slug:"yutaka-ohno"},{id:"23880",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yonenaga",fullName:"Ichiro Yonenaga",slug:"ichiro-yonenaga"},{id:"23881",title:"Dr.",name:"Seiji",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",fullName:"Seiji Takeda",slug:"seiji-takeda"}]},{id:"15250",title:"Investigating Optoelectronic Properties of the NbN Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector",slug:"investigating-optoelectronic-properties-of-the-nbn-superconducting-nanowire-single-photon-detector",totalDownloads:2031,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhizhong Yan",authors:[{id:"19486",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhizhong",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Zhizhong Yan",slug:"zhizhong-yan"}]},{id:"15246",title:"Band Structure and Magneto- Transport Properties in II-IV Nanostructures Semiconductors - Application to Infrared Detector Superlattices",slug:"band-structure-and-magneto-transport-properties-in-ii-iv-nanostructures-semiconductors-application-t",totalDownloads:1828,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdelhakim Nafidi",authors:[{id:"19548",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhakim",middleName:null,surname:"Nafidi",fullName:"Abdelhakim Nafidi",slug:"abdelhakim-nafidi"}]},{id:"15248",title:"3D Body & Medical Scanners’ Technologies: Methodology and Spatial Discriminations",slug:"3d-body-medical-scanners-technologies-methodology-and-spatial-discriminations",totalDownloads:4793,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Julio C. Rodríguez-Quiñonez, Oleg Sergiyenko, Vera Tyrsa, Luís C. Básaca-Preciado, Moisés Rivas-Lopez, Daniel Hernández-Balbuena and Mario Peña-Cabrera",authors:[{id:"58036",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Sergiyenko",fullName:"Oleg Sergiyenko",slug:"oleg-sergiyenko"},{id:"6164",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Pena Cabrera",fullName:"Mario Pena Cabrera",slug:"mario-pena-cabrera"},{id:"17318",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Tyrsa",fullName:"Vera Tyrsa",slug:"vera-tyrsa"},{id:"22352",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Basaca Preciado",fullName:"Luis Carlos Basaca Preciado",slug:"luis-carlos-basaca-preciado"},{id:"22353",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Quinones",fullName:"Julio Cesar Rodriguez Quinones",slug:"julio-cesar-rodriguez-quinones"},{id:"24227",title:"Dr.",name:"Moises",middleName:null,surname:"Rivas-Lopez",fullName:"Moises Rivas-Lopez",slug:"moises-rivas-lopez"},{id:"24228",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Balbuena",fullName:"Daniel Hernandez Balbuena",slug:"daniel-hernandez-balbuena"}]},{id:"15243",title:"Research and Development of the Passive Optoelectronic Rangefinder",slug:"research-and-development-of-the-passive-optoelectronic-rangefinder",totalDownloads:2492,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Vladimir Cech and Jiri Jevicky",authors:[{id:"21344",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Cech",fullName:"Vladimir Cech",slug:"vladimir-cech"},{id:"21345",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Jevicky",fullName:"Jiri Jevicky",slug:"jiri-jevicky"}]},{id:"15249",title:"Methods and Devices of Processing Signals of Optoelectronic Position Transducers",slug:"methods-and-devices-of-processing-signals-of-optoelectronic-position-transducers",totalDownloads:2574,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zbigniew Szcześniak and Adam Szcześniak",authors:[{id:"21771",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Szcześniak",fullName:"Adam Szcześniak",slug:"adam-szczesniak"},{id:"21800",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Szcześniak",fullName:"Zbigniew Szcześniak",slug:"zbigniew-szczesniak"}]},{id:"15245",title:"Optoelectronic Measurements in Science and Innovative Industrial Technologies",slug:"optoelectronic-measurements-in-science-and-innovative-industrial-technologies",totalDownloads:2145,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vladimir G. Meledin",authors:[{id:"19913",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:"G.",surname:"Meledin",fullName:"Vladimir Meledin",slug:"vladimir-meledin"}]},{id:"15257",title:"Optoelectronic Oscillators",slug:"optoelectronic-oscillators",totalDownloads:4502,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Patrice Salzenstein",authors:[{id:"18345",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrice",middleName:null,surname:"Salzenstein",fullName:"Patrice Salzenstein",slug:"patrice-salzenstein"}]},{id:"15253",title:"Statistical Tools and Optoelectronic Measuring Instruments",slug:"statistical-tools-and-optoelectronic-measuring-instruments",totalDownloads:1866,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ionel Sabin and Ionel Ioana",authors:[{id:"11036",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel"},{id:"23884",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel"}]},{id:"15256",title:"Advanced Numerical Simulation of Organic Light-emitting Devices",slug:"advanced-numerical-simulation-of-organic-light-emitting-devices",totalDownloads:4300,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Beat Ruhstaller, Evelyne Knapp, Benjamin Perucco, Nils Reinke, Daniele Rezzonico and Felix Müller",authors:[{id:"18372",title:"Prof.",name:"Beat",middleName:null,surname:"Ruhstaller",fullName:"Beat Ruhstaller",slug:"beat-ruhstaller"},{id:"22063",title:"Mrs.",name:"Evelyne",middleName:null,surname:"Knapp",fullName:"Evelyne Knapp",slug:"evelyne-knapp"},{id:"22064",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Rezzonico",fullName:"Daniele Rezzonico",slug:"daniele-rezzonico"},{id:"22065",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils",middleName:null,surname:"Reinke",fullName:"Nils Reinke",slug:"nils-reinke"},{id:"22066",title:"Mr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Perucco",fullName:"Benjamin Perucco",slug:"benjamin-perucco"},{id:"22067",title:"Mr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Müller",fullName:"Felix Müller",slug:"felix-muller"},{id:"22073",title:"Mr.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Bachmann",fullName:"Benjamin Bachmann",slug:"benjamin-bachmann"},{id:"22074",title:"Mr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Flatz",fullName:"Thomas Flatz",slug:"thomas-flatz"}]},{id:"15254",title:"Design and Simulation of Time-Pulse Coded Optoelectronic Neural Elements and Devices",slug:"design-and-simulation-of-time-pulse-coded-optoelectronic-neural-elements-and-devices",totalDownloads:2400,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Vladimir G. Krasilenko, Aleksandr I. Nikolskyy and Alexander A. Lazarev",authors:[{id:"23538",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir G.",middleName:null,surname:"Krasilenko",fullName:"Vladimir G. Krasilenko",slug:"vladimir-g.-krasilenko"},{id:"137167",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandr I.",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolskyy",fullName:"Aleksandr I. Nikolskyy",slug:"aleksandr-i.-nikolskyy"},{id:"137168",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander A.",middleName:null,surname:"Lazarev",fullName:"Alexander A. Lazarev",slug:"alexander-a.-lazarev"}]},{id:"15260",title:"Optical and Electrical Spectrum Analysis of Optoelectronic Devices",slug:"optical-and-electrical-spectrum-analysis-of-optoelectronic-devices",totalDownloads:5803,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ning Hua Zhu, Wei Chen, Wei Li, Li Xian Wang, Xiao Qiong Qi and Bang Hong Zhang",authors:[{id:"19593",title:"Dr.",name:"Ning Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Ning Hua Zhu",slug:"ning-hua-zhu"},{id:"21968",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Wei Chen",slug:"wei-chen"},{id:"21969",title:"Mr.",name:"Li Xian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Li Xian Wang",slug:"li-xian-wang"},{id:"21970",title:"Dr.",name:"Bang Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Bang Hong Zhang",slug:"bang-hong-zhang"}]},{id:"15255",title:"Bistable Photoconduction in Semiconductors",slug:"bistable-photoconduction-in-semiconductors",totalDownloads:1987,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stefano Lagomarsino",authors:[{id:"18670",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Lagomarsino",fullName:"Stefano Lagomarsino",slug:"stefano-lagomarsino"}]},{id:"15258",title:"Electromechanical 3D Optoelectronic Scanners: Resolution Constraints and Possible Ways of Improvement",slug:"electromechanical-3d-optoelectronic-scanners-resolution-constraints-and-possible-ways-of-improvement",totalDownloads:1844,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Oleg Sergiyenko, Vera Tyrsa, Luís C. Basaca-Preciado, Julio C. Rodríguez-Quiñones, Wilmar Hernández, Juan I. Nieto-Hipólito, Moisés Rivas Lopez and Oleg Starostenko",authors:[{id:"58036",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Sergiyenko",fullName:"Oleg Sergiyenko",slug:"oleg-sergiyenko"},{id:"17318",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Tyrsa",fullName:"Vera Tyrsa",slug:"vera-tyrsa"},{id:"22352",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Basaca Preciado",fullName:"Luis Carlos Basaca Preciado",slug:"luis-carlos-basaca-preciado"},{id:"22353",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Quinones",fullName:"Julio Cesar Rodriguez Quinones",slug:"julio-cesar-rodriguez-quinones"},{id:"24227",title:"Dr.",name:"Moises",middleName:null,surname:"Rivas-Lopez",fullName:"Moises Rivas-Lopez",slug:"moises-rivas-lopez"},{id:"22354",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez",fullName:"Wilmar Hernandez",slug:"wilmar-hernandez"},{id:"22355",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Nieto Hipolito",fullName:"Juan Ivan Nieto Hipolito",slug:"juan-ivan-nieto-hipolito"},{id:"22356",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Starostenko",fullName:"Oleg Starostenko",slug:"oleg-starostenko"}]},{id:"15259",title:"Employment of Pulsed-Laser Deposition for Optoelectronic Device Fabrication",slug:"employment-of-pulsed-laser-deposition-for-optoelectronic-device-fabrication",totalDownloads:2199,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ullrich Bruno",authors:[{id:"18376",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Ullrich",fullName:"Bruno Ullrich",slug:"bruno-ullrich"}]},{id:"15261",title:"Optical Spectral Structure and Frequency Coherence",slug:"optical-spectral-structure-and-frequency-coherence",totalDownloads:2303,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ning Hua Zhu, Wei Li, Jian Hong Ke, Hong Guang Zhang, Jiang Wei Man and Jian Guo Liu",authors:[{id:"19593",title:"Dr.",name:"Ning Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Ning Hua Zhu",slug:"ning-hua-zhu"},{id:"21971",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Wei Li",slug:"wei-li"},{id:"21972",title:"Ms.",name:"Jian Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Ke",fullName:"Jian Hong Ke",slug:"jian-hong-ke"},{id:"21973",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong Guang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Hong Guang Zhang",slug:"hong-guang-zhang"},{id:"21974",title:"Mr.",name:"Jiang Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Man",fullName:"Jiang Wei Man",slug:"jiang-wei-man"},{id:"137170",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianguo",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Jianguo Liu",slug:"jianguo-liu"}]},{id:"15252",title:"Optoelectronic Chaotic Circuits",slug:"optoelectronic-chaotic-circuits",totalDownloads:2888,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"M.P. Hanias, H.E. Nistazakis and G.S. Tombras",authors:[{id:"19522",title:"Prof.",name:"George S.",middleName:null,surname:"Tombras",fullName:"George S. Tombras",slug:"george-s.-tombras"},{id:"21355",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael P.",middleName:null,surname:"Hanias",fullName:"Michael P. Hanias",slug:"michael-p.-hanias"},{id:"23386",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:"E.",surname:"Nistazakis",fullName:"Hector Nistazakis",slug:"hector-nistazakis"}]},{id:"15251",title:"Optoelectronic Feedback in Semiconductor Light Sources: Optimization of Network Components for Synchronization",slug:"optoelectronic-feedback-in-semiconductor-light-sources-optimization-of-network-components-for-synchr",totalDownloads:1877,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sora F. Abdalah, Marzena Ciszak, Francesco Marino, Kais Al-Naimee, Riccardo Meucci and F. Tito Arecchi",authors:[{id:"17128",title:"Dr.",name:"Marzena",middleName:null,surname:"Ciszak",fullName:"Marzena Ciszak",slug:"marzena-ciszak"},{id:"21273",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Marino",fullName:"Francesco Marino",slug:"francesco-marino"},{id:"21274",title:"Dr.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Meucci",fullName:"Riccardo Meucci",slug:"riccardo-meucci"},{id:"21275",title:"Prof.",name:"F. Tito",middleName:null,surname:"Arecchi",fullName:"F. Tito Arecchi",slug:"f.-tito-arecchi"},{id:"21276",title:"Dr.",name:"Sora F.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdalah",fullName:"Sora F. Abdalah",slug:"sora-f.-abdalah"},{id:"21277",title:"Dr.",name:"Kais",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Naimee",fullName:"Kais Al-Naimee",slug:"kais-al-naimee"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1505",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3305b759b0efc22e8ed16e9048818817",slug:"scanning-electron-microscopy",bookSignature:"Viacheslav Kazmiruk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1505.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100815",title:"Dr.",name:"Viacheslav",surname:"Kazmiruk",slug:"viacheslav-kazmiruk",fullName:"Viacheslav Kazmiruk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"30890",title:"Gaseous Scanning Electron Microscope (GSEM): Applications and Improvement",slug:"variable-pressure-and-environmental-sem-vp-sem-applications-and-improvement-",signatures:"Lahcen Khouchaf",authors:[{id:"102248",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Khouchaf",fullName:"Khouchaf",slug:"khouchaf"}]},{id:"30891",title:"Interactions, Imaging and Spectra in SEM",slug:"interactions-imaging-spectra-in-sem",signatures:"Rahul Mehta",authors:[{id:"105072",title:"Prof.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",fullName:"Rahul Mehta",slug:"rahul-mehta"}]},{id:"30892",title:"In Situ Experiments in the Scanning Electron Microscope Chamber",slug:"in-situ-experiments-in-the-scanning-electron-microscope-chamber",signatures:"Renaud Podor, Johann Ravaux and Henri-Pierre Brau",authors:[{id:"108327",title:"Dr.",name:"Renaud",middleName:null,surname:"Podor",fullName:"Renaud Podor",slug:"renaud-podor"},{id:"135682",title:"Mr.",name:"Johann",middleName:null,surname:"Ravaux",fullName:"Johann Ravaux",slug:"johann-ravaux"},{id:"135696",title:"Mr.",name:"Henri-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Brau",fullName:"Henri-Pierre Brau",slug:"henri-pierre-brau"}]},{id:"30893",title:"Some Applications of Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) in Materials Research",slug:"some-applications-of-electron-back-scattering-diffraction-ebsd-in-materials-research",signatures:"Zhongwei Chen, Yanqing Yang and Huisheng Jiao",authors:[{id:"103685",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanqing",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Yanqing Yang",slug:"yanqing-yang"}]},{id:"30894",title:"Dopant Driven Electron Beam Lithography",slug:"dopant-driven-electron-beam-lithography",signatures:"Timothy E. Kidd",authors:[{id:"101947",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Kidd",fullName:"Timothy Kidd",slug:"timothy-kidd"}]},{id:"30895",title:"Palmtop EPMA",slug:"palmtop-epma",signatures:"Jun Kawai, Yasukazu Nakaye and Susumu Imashuku",authors:[{id:"117815",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Kawai",fullName:"Jun Kawai",slug:"jun-kawai"}]},{id:"30896",title:"Adhesive Properties",slug:"adhesive-properties",signatures:"Anna Rudawska",authors:[{id:"110857",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Rudawska",fullName:"Anna Rudawska",slug:"anna-rudawska"}]},{id:"30916",title:"Contribution of Scanning Electron Microscope to the Study of Morphology, Biology, Reproduction, and Phylogeny of the Family Syllidae (Polychaeta)",slug:"contribution-of-scanning-electron-microscope-to-the-study-of-morphology-biology-reproduction-and-phy",signatures:"Guillermo San Martín and María Teresa Aguado",authors:[{id:"101204",title:"Prof.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"San Martín",fullName:"Guillermo San Martín",slug:"guillermo-san-martin"}]},{id:"30917",title:"Diversity of Lips and Associated Structures in Fishes by SEM",slug:"diversity-of-lips-and-associated-structures-in-fishes-by-sem",signatures:"Pinky Tripathi and Ajay Kumar Mittal",authors:[{id:"101825",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinky",middleName:null,surname:"Tripathi",fullName:"Pinky Tripathi",slug:"pinky-tripathi"},{id:"115916",title:"Prof.",name:"Ajay Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",fullName:"Ajay Kumar Mittal",slug:"ajay-kumar-mittal"}]},{id:"30918",title:"Effects of Er:YAG Laser Irradiation on Dental Hard Tissues and All-Ceramic Materials: SEM Evaluation",slug:"effects-of-laser-irradiation-on-dental-hard-tissues-and-dental-materials-sem-evaluation-",signatures:"Bülent Gökçe",authors:[{id:"99319",title:"Prof.",name:"Bülent",middleName:null,surname:"Gökçe",fullName:"Bülent Gökçe",slug:"bulent-gokce"}]},{id:"30919",title:"The Application of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to Study the Microstructure Changes in the Field of Agricultural Products Drying",slug:"the-application-of-scanning-electron-microscope-sem-to-study-the-microstructure-changes-in-the-field",signatures:"Hong-Wei Xiao and Zhen-Jiang Gao",authors:[{id:"28871",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenjiang",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Zhenjiang Gao",slug:"zhenjiang-gao"},{id:"103506",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Hong-Wei Xiao",slug:"hong-wei-xiao"}]},{id:"30920",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging of Bacteria Based on Nucleic Acid Sequences",slug:"scanning-electron-microscope-imaging-of-bacteria-based-on-nucleic-acid-sequences",signatures:"Takehiko Kenzaka and Katsuji Tani",authors:[{id:"109193",title:"Dr.",name:"Takehiko",middleName:null,surname:"Kenzaka",fullName:"Takehiko Kenzaka",slug:"takehiko-kenzaka"},{id:"109194",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsuji",middleName:null,surname:"Tani",fullName:"Katsuji Tani",slug:"katsuji-tani"}]},{id:"30921",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effect on Morphology of PLLA: PCL Blends and on Their Composite with Coconut Fiber",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effect-on-the-morphology-of-plla-pcl-blends-and-on-their-composite-with-coconut-f",signatures:"Yasko Kodama and Claudia Giovedi",authors:[{id:"108474",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasko",middleName:null,surname:"Kodama",fullName:"Yasko Kodama",slug:"yasko-kodama"},{id:"110225",title:"Dr.",name:"Cláudia",middleName:null,surname:"Giovedi",fullName:"Cláudia Giovedi",slug:"claudia-giovedi"}]},{id:"30922",title:"Study of Helminth Parasites of Amphibians by Scanning Electron Microscopy",slug:"study-of-helminth-parasites-of-amphibians-by-scanning-electron-microscopy",signatures:"Cynthya Elizabeth González, Monika Inés Hamann and Cristina Salgad",authors:[{id:"104099",title:"Dr.",name:"Cynthya",middleName:"Elizabeth",surname:"González",fullName:"Cynthya González",slug:"cynthya-gonzalez"},{id:"108603",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika Inés",middleName:null,surname:"Hamann",fullName:"Monika Inés Hamann",slug:"monika-ines-hamann"},{id:"108606",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Salgado",fullName:"Cristina Salgado",slug:"cristina-salgado"}]},{id:"30923",title:"Pathogenic Attributes of Non-Candida albicans Candida Species Revealed by SEM",slug:"pathogenic-attributes-of-non-candida-albicans-candida-species-revealed-by-sem",signatures:"Márcia Cristina Furlaneto, Célia Guadalupe Tardeli de Jesus Andrade, Luciana Furlaneto-Maia, Emanuele Júlio Galvão de França and Alane Tatiana Pereira Moralez",authors:[{id:"101952",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcia Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Furlaneto",fullName:"Marcia Cristina Furlaneto",slug:"marcia-cristina-furlaneto"},{id:"109069",title:"Dr.",name:"Célia Guadalupe Tardeli De Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Célia Guadalupe Tardeli De Jesus Andrade",slug:"celia-guadalupe-tardeli-de-jesus-andrade"},{id:"109070",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Furlaneto-Maia",fullName:"Luciana Furlaneto-Maia",slug:"luciana-furlaneto-maia"},{id:"109071",title:"MSc.",name:"Emanuele Julio Galvão",middleName:null,surname:"França",fullName:"Emanuele Julio Galvão França",slug:"emanuele-julio-galvao-franca"},{id:"128748",title:"MSc.",name:"Alane Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Moralez",fullName:"Alane Tatiana Moralez",slug:"alane-tatiana-moralez"}]},{id:"30934",title:"Multimodal Microscopy for Ore Characterization",slug:"multimodal-microscopy-for-ore-characterization",signatures:"Otávio da Fonseca Martins Gomes and Sidnei Paciornik",authors:[{id:"99055",title:"Dr.",name:"Otavio",middleName:"Da Fonseca Martins",surname:"Gomes",fullName:"Otavio Gomes",slug:"otavio-gomes"},{id:"109691",title:"Prof.",name:"Sidnei",middleName:null,surname:"Paciornik",fullName:"Sidnei Paciornik",slug:"sidnei-paciornik"}]},{id:"30935",title:"SEM Analysis of Precipitation Process in Alloys",slug:"sem-analysis-of-precipitation-process-in-alloys",signatures:"Maribel L. Saucedo-Muñoz, Victor M. Lopez-Hirata and Hector J. Dorantes-Rosale",authors:[{id:"76298",title:"Dr.",name:"Víctor Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"López-Hirata",fullName:"Víctor Manuel López-Hirata",slug:"victor-manuel-lopez-hirata"},{id:"103382",title:"Prof.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Saucedo-Muñoz",fullName:"Maribel Saucedo-Muñoz",slug:"maribel-saucedo-munoz"},{id:"107864",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Dorantes-Rosales",fullName:"Hector Dorantes-Rosales",slug:"hector-dorantes-rosales"}]},{id:"30936",title:"Cutting Mechanism of Sulfurized Free-Machining Steel",slug:"cutting-mechanism-of-sulfurized-free-machining-steel",signatures:"Junsuke Fujiwara",authors:[{id:"105232",title:"Dr.",name:"Junsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Fujiwara",fullName:"Junsuke Fujiwara",slug:"junsuke-fujiwara"}]},{id:"30937",title:"Catalyst Characterization with FESEM/EDX by the Example of Silver-Catalyzed Epoxidation of 1,3-Butadiene",slug:"catalyst-characterization-with-fesem-edx-by-the-example-of-the-epoxidation-of-1-3-butadiene-",signatures:"Thomas N. Otto, Wilhelm Habicht, Eckhard Dinjus and Michael Zimmerman",authors:[{id:"114899",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Otto",fullName:"Thomas Otto",slug:"thomas-otto"}]},{id:"30938",title:"Fractal Analysis of Micro Self-Sharpening Phenomenon in Grinding with Cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) Wheels",slug:"fractal-analysis-of-self-sharpening-phenomenon-in-grinding-with-cubic-boron-nitride-cbn-wheel-",signatures:"Yoshio Ichida",authors:[{id:"105836",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshio",middleName:null,surname:"Ichida",fullName:"Yoshio Ichida",slug:"yoshio-ichida"}]},{id:"30939",title:"Evolution of Phases in a Recycled Al-Si Cast Alloy During Solution Treatment",slug:"evolution-of-phases-in-a-recycled-al-si-cast-alloy-during-solution-treatment",signatures:"Eva Tillová, Mária Chalupová and Lenka Hurtalová",authors:[{id:"23964",title:"Prof.",name:"Mária",middleName:null,surname:"Chalupová",fullName:"Mária Chalupová",slug:"maria-chalupova"},{id:"100623",title:"Prof.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Tillova",fullName:"Eva Tillova",slug:"eva-tillova"},{id:"135822",title:"Dr.",name:"Lenka",middleName:null,surname:"Hurtalová",fullName:"Lenka Hurtalová",slug:"lenka-hurtalova"}]},{id:"30940",title:"Strength and Microstructure of Cement Stabilized Clay",slug:"strength-and-microstructure-of-cement-stabilized-clay",signatures:"Suksun Horpibulsuk",authors:[{id:"103519",title:"Prof.",name:"Suksun",middleName:"-",surname:"Horpibulsuk",fullName:"Suksun Horpibulsuk",slug:"suksun-horpibulsuk"}]},{id:"30948",title:"FE-SEM Characterization of Some Nanomaterial",slug:"fe-sem-characterization-of-some-nanomaterials-",signatures:"A. Alyamani and O. M. Lemine",authors:[{id:"99805",title:"Dr.",name:"O.Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Lemine",fullName:"O.Mohamed Lemine",slug:"o.mohamed-lemine"},{id:"120388",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmaed",middleName:null,surname:"Alyamani",fullName:"Ahmaed Alyamani",slug:"ahmaed-alyamani"}]},{id:"30949",title:"A Study of the Porosity of Activated Carbons Using the Scanning Electron Microscope",slug:"a-study-of-the-porosity-of-activated-carbons-using-the-scanning-elctrom-microscope",signatures:"Osei-Wusu Achaw",authors:[{id:"107889",title:"Dr.",name:"Osei-Wusu",middleName:null,surname:"Achaw",fullName:"Osei-Wusu Achaw",slug:"osei-wusu-achaw"}]},{id:"30950",title:"Study of Structure and Failure Mechanisms in ACA Interconnections Using SEM",slug:"study-of-structure-and-failure-mechanisms-in-aca-interconnections-using-sem",signatures:"Laura Frisk",authors:[{id:"110630",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Frisk",fullName:"Laura Frisk",slug:"laura-frisk"}]},{id:"30951",title:"Exploring the Superconductors with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)",slug:"exploring-the-superconductors-with-scanning-electron-microscopy-sem-",signatures:"Shiva Kumar Singh, Devina Sharma, M. Husain, H. Kishan, Ranjan Kumar and V.P.S. Awana",authors:[{id:"105419",title:"Mr.",name:"Shiva",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Singh",fullName:"Shiva Kumar Singh",slug:"shiva-kumar-singh"},{id:"109865",title:"Prof.",name:"Mushahid",middleName:null,surname:"Husain",fullName:"Mushahid Husain",slug:"mushahid-husain"},{id:"109866",title:"Dr.",name:"V. P. S.",middleName:null,surname:"Awana",fullName:"V. P. S. Awana",slug:"v.-p.-s.-awana"},{id:"137474",title:"MSc.",name:"Devina",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Devina Sharma",slug:"devina-sharma"},{id:"137475",title:"Dr.",name:"H.",middleName:null,surname:"Kishan",fullName:"H. Kishan",slug:"h.-kishan"},{id:"143941",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Ranjan Kumar",slug:"ranjan-kumar"}]},{id:"30952",title:"Morphological and Photovoltaic Studies of TiO2 NTs for High Efficiency Solar Cells",slug:"morphological-and-photovoltaic-studies-of-tio2-nanotubes-for-high-efficiency-solar-cells",signatures:"Mukul Dubey and Hongshan He",authors:[{id:"107873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongshan",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Hongshan He",slug:"hongshan-he"},{id:"107874",title:"Mr.",name:"Mukul",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",fullName:"Mukul Dubey",slug:"mukul-dubey"}]},{id:"30953",title:"Synthesis and Characterisation of Silica/Polyamide-Imide Composite Film for Enamel Wire",slug:"synthesis-and-characterization-of-spherical-silica-polyamide-imide-composite-film-for-enamel-wire",signatures:"Xiaokun Ma and Sun-Jae Kim",authors:[{id:"105601",title:"Prof.",name:"Sun-Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Sun-Jae Kim",slug:"sun-jae-kim"},{id:"107938",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaokun",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Xiaokun Ma",slug:"xiaokun-ma"}]},{id:"30954",title:"Scanning Electron Microscope for Characterising of Micro- and Nanostructured Titanium Surfaces",slug:"scanning-electron-microscope-for-characterising-of-micro-and-nanostructured-titanium-surfaces-",signatures:"Areeya Aeimbhu",authors:[{id:"99729",title:"Dr.",name:"Areeya",middleName:null,surname:"Aeimbhu",fullName:"Areeya Aeimbhu",slug:"areeya-aeimbhu"}]},{id:"30955",title:"Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy for the Morphological Study of Biofilm in Medical Devices",slug:"application-of-scanning-electron-microscopy-for-the-morphological-study-of-biofilm-in-medical-device",signatures:"R. M. Abd El-Baky",authors:[{id:"103658",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Abd El-Baky",fullName:"Rehab Mahmoud Abd El-Baky",slug:"rehab-mahmoud-abd-el-baky"}]},{id:"30956",title:"Interrelated Analysis of Performance and Fouling Behaviors in Forward Osmosis by Ex-Situ Membrane Characterizations",slug:"interrelated-analysis-of-performance-and-fouling-behaviors-in-forward-osmosis-by-ex-situ-membrane-ch",signatures:"Coskun Aydiner, Semra Topcu, Caner Tortop, Ferihan Kuvvet, Didem Ekinci, Nadir Dizge and Bulent Keskinler",authors:[{id:"109299",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Coskun",middleName:null,surname:"Aydiner",fullName:"Coskun Aydiner",slug:"coskun-aydiner"}]},{id:"30957",title:"Biodegradation of Pre-Aged Modified Polyethylene Films",slug:"biodegradation-of-pre-aged-modified-polyethylene-films",signatures:"Bożena Nowak, Jolanta Pająk and Jagna Karcz",authors:[{id:"103087",title:"Dr.",name:"Bożena",middleName:"Danuta",surname:"Nowak",fullName:"Bożena Nowak",slug:"bozena-nowak"},{id:"108409",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Pająk",fullName:"Jolanta Pająk",slug:"jolanta-pajak"},{id:"108412",title:"Dr.",name:"Jagna",middleName:null,surname:"Karcz",fullName:"Jagna Karcz",slug:"jagna-karcz"}]},{id:"30958",title:"Surface Analysis Studies on Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Using Scanning Electron Microscope and Atomic Force Microscope",slug:"surface-analysis-studies-on-polymer-electrolyte-membranes-using-scanning-electron-microscope-and-ato",signatures:"M. Ulaganathan, R. Nithya and S. Rajendran",authors:[{id:"102326",title:"Dr.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Ulaganathan",fullName:"M Ulaganathan",slug:"m-ulaganathan"},{id:"102329",title:"Prof.",name:"S",middleName:null,surname:"Rajendran",fullName:"S Rajendran",slug:"s-rajendran"}]},{id:"30959",title:"Characterization of Ceramic Materials Synthesized by Mechanosynthesis for Energy Applications",slug:"characterization-of-ceramic-materials-synthesized-by-mechanosynthesis-for-energy-applications",signatures:"Claudia A. Cortés-Escobedo, Félix Sánchez-De Jesús, Gabriel Torres-Villaseñor, Juan Muñoz-Saldaña and Ana M. Bolarín-Miró",authors:[{id:"39070",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bolarin-Miro",fullName:"Ana Maria Bolarin-Miro",slug:"ana-maria-bolarin-miro"},{id:"106669",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"Cortés-Escobedo",fullName:"Claudia Alicia Cortés-Escobedo",slug:"claudia-alicia-cortes-escobedo"},{id:"107412",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Munoz-Saldana",fullName:"Juan Munoz-Saldana",slug:"juan-munoz-saldana"},{id:"107419",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-De Jesus",fullName:"Felix Sanchez-De Jesus",slug:"felix-sanchez-de-jesus"},{id:"124602",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Villasenor",fullName:"Gabriel Torres-Villasenor",slug:"gabriel-torres-villasenor"}]},{id:"30960",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Environmental SEM: Suitable Tools for Study of Adhesion Stage and Biofilm Formation",slug:"scanning-electron-microscopy-sem-and-environnmental-sem-suitable-tools-for-study-of-adhesion-stage-a",signatures:"Soumya El Abed, Saad Koraichi Ibnsouda, Hassan Latrache and Fatima Hamadi",authors:[{id:"102518",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"El Abed",fullName:"Soumya El Abed",slug:"soumya-el-abed"},{id:"135701",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Koraichi Ibnsouda",fullName:"Saad Koraichi Ibnsouda",slug:"saad-koraichi-ibnsouda"},{id:"135703",title:"Prof.",name:"Latrache",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Latrache Hassan",slug:"latrache-hassan"},{id:"135704",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamadi",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",fullName:"Hamadi Fatima",slug:"hamadi-fatima"}]},{id:"30961",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Nanocomposites",slug:"scanning-electron-microscopy-study-of-fiber-reinforced-polymeric-nanocomposites",signatures:"Mohammad Kamal Hossain",authors:[{id:"104713",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"Mohammad Hossain",slug:"mohammad-hossain"}]},{id:"30962",title:"Preparation and Characterization of Dielectric Thin Films by RF Magnetron-Sputtering with (Ba0.3Sr0.7)(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 Ceramic Target",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-dielectric-thin-films-by-rf-magnetron-sputtering-with-ba0-3sr0-7",signatures:"Feng Shi",authors:[{id:"24821",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",fullName:"Feng Shi",slug:"feng-shi"}]},{id:"30963",title:"Microstructural and Mineralogical Characterization of Clay Stabilized Using Calcium-Based Stabilizers",slug:"microstructural-and-mineralogical-characterization-of-clay-stabilized-using-calcium-based-stabilizer",signatures:"Pranshoo Solanki and Musharraf Zaman",authors:[{id:"20942",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranshoo",middleName:null,surname:"Solanki",fullName:"Pranshoo Solanki",slug:"pranshoo-solanki"},{id:"20945",title:"Prof.",name:"Musharraf",middleName:null,surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Musharraf Zaman",slug:"musharraf-zaman"}]},{id:"30964",title:"The Use of ESEM in Geobiology",slug:"the-use-of-esem-in-geobiology",signatures:"Magnus Ivarsson and Sara Holmström",authors:[{id:"109413",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Ivarsson",fullName:"Magnus Ivarsson",slug:"magnus-ivarsson"},{id:"135734",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Holmström",fullName:"Sara Holmström",slug:"sara-holmstrom"}]},{id:"30965",title:"How Log Interpreter Uses SEM Data for Clay Volume Calculation",slug:"how-log-interpreter-uses-sem-data-to-estimate-a-reservoir-clay-volume-",signatures:"Mohammadhossein Mohammadlou and Mai Britt Mørk",authors:[{id:"103154",title:"PhD.",name:"Mohammadhossein",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadlou",fullName:"Mohammadhossein Mohammadlou",slug:"mohammadhossein-mohammadlou"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70581",title:"Carbapenem Resistance: Mechanisms and Drivers of Global Menace",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90100",slug:"carbapenem-resistance-mechanisms-and-drivers-of-global-menace",body:'\nThe global burden of antibiotic resistance is mounting continuously; preferably it piles up the pressure on veterinary medicine and on human. The WHO made a landmark by promoting and declaring AMR as a global health concern. The agenda of global health concerns are at the developmental stages, for example, a book named as
In a historical perspective, antibiotic resistance is a mounting and compelling concern. New types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are taking control of ancient drugs. We may be entering the post-antibiotic era, because of increased persistence, spread, and the emergence of superbugs. It has been reported that annually, in the USA, about 99,000 deaths are caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogen-related hospital-acquired infections [3]. While in America, the annual death rate is about 50,000 caused by two usual HAIs, known as sepsis and pneumonia, which cost around $8 billion to the economy of the USA. The patients infected with bacterial strains that are resistant to antibiotics must stay in the hospital minimum for 13 days, which adds to 8 million days annually. An annual report of the cost of economy loss with regard to a productivity loss of around $35 billion has been demonstrated within healthcare settings [3].
\nCurrently, the multifarious causes of resistance constitute many factors including improper use and regulations, lack of awareness, aberrant antibiotic usage, the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in livestock as well as in poultry for infection control, and online marketing [4]. Fundamentally, the reason behind the resistance evolution is the improper and excessive use of antimicrobials. The powerful drivers of antibiotic resistance include infection control standards, sanitation system, drug quality, water hygiene systems, diagnostics and therapeutics, and migration or travel quarantine. Genetic mutations and exchange of genetic material between organisms play a key role in the distribution of antibiotic resistance [5]. MDR organisms in hospital wastes are associated with public health illnesses because they are ultimately disseminated to humans. In this regard, recently a study has been conducted in Pakistan to find the occurrence of ESBL producing
Carbapenems are effective β-lactam antimicrobials and have very potent efficacy against many ESBL-producing bacteria and are also administered intravenously. In order to treat bacterial infections, carbapenems are considered as the most reliable and the last resort class of antimicrobials. Carbapenem agent has a very unique structure, usually defined by carbapenem coupled to B-lactam ring, which provide protection against the majority of b-lactamases as well as metallo-b-lactamases, and thus possess extended antibacterial activity [8]. Carbapenems work by penetrating the cell wall of bacteria, binding with penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), and result in inactivation of intracellular autolytic inhibitor enzymes, ultimately killing the bacterial cell.
\nIn addition, carbapenems mainly target “transpeptidase inhibition enzyme” during bacterial cell wall synthesis, preventing peptide cross-linking activity, leading to enhanced autolytic activity, and thus resulting in cell death. Therefore, carbapenems are considered as effective antimicrobials to treat life-threatening and invasive infections due to their “concentration-independent killing effect” on infecting bacteria [9, 10].
\nCarbapenemases are versatile b-lactamases, having the capability to hydrolyze carbapenems, cephalosporins, penicillins, and monobactams. Carbapenemases typically belong to two molecular families, namely, “metallo-carbapenemases” in which activity is inhibited by EDTA, used zinc molecule at their active sites, and “serine-based carbapenemases” in which activity is not inhibited by EDTA rather used serine residues at their active sites and inactivated through β-lactamase inhibitors like tazobactam and clavulanic acid [11].
\nβ-Lactamases are classified based on two properties: functional and molecular ones. Functional classification was proposed by a scientist “Bush” in 1988, who classified β-lactamases into four functional groups namely, groups 1–4. Carbapenems fall under subgroup the 2f and group 3 [12]. Later on another scientist, Rasmussen, suggested that group 3 can be further divided into three functional subgroups on the basis of substrate specificity [13].
\nThe molecular classification was proposed by scientist “Frere” and colleagues, who classified carbapenemases into class A, class B, and class D carbapenemases (Table 1).
\nClassification | \nEnzymes | \nCommon bacteria | \n
---|---|---|
Class A | \nSME, NMC, KPC, IMI, GES | \nAll | \n
Class B | \nVIM, SPM, GIM, IMP | \n\n | \n
Subclass B1 | \nVIM-2, IMP-1, SPM-1, CcrA and BcII | \n\n |
Subclass B2 | \nSfh-1, CphA | \n\n |
Subclass B3 | \nGob-1, FEZ-1, CAU-1 & L1 | \n\n |
Class D | \nOXA | \n\n | \n
Molecular classification scheme of carbapenemases [16].
Class A carbapenemases require a serine active site at position number 70 in Ambler numbering system, fall under the group 2f, and have the ability to hydrolyze carbapenems, penicillins, aztreonam, and cephalosporins [14].
\nClass B metallo-B-lactamases require a zinc ion at their active sites and have the ability to hydrolyze carbapenems, penicillins, and cephalosporins but do not hydrolyze aztreonam [15].
\nClass D carbapenemases were firstly described in 1993; among these class D OXA β-lactamases are the most important and were anciently named as penicillinases and have the ability to hydrolyze oxacillin, penicillin, cloxacillin, and ceftazidime but do not hydrolyze imipenem [11].
\nCarbapenem resistance is a leading and major public health concern around the globe. It mainly occurs among the
Factors that play a critical role in the emergence of carbapenem resistance are improper antibiotic prescription, uncontrolled public access to antimicrobials, poor sales regulation, lack of infection control measures within healthcare centers, the use of sub-therapeutic doses in agricultural settings [18].
\nIn gram-negative bacteria, the development of carbapenem resistance (particularly in the presence of carbapenemases) is a leading factor associated with the emergence of MDR pathogens which may ultimately lead to the development of pandrug resistant (PDR) bacterial strains. Undoubtedly, among the carbapenemase-producing organisms, resistance to the last resort agents rapidly emerge and spread particularly when such agents are used in healthcare centers [18]. It has also been demonstrated that this carbapenem-resistant-nosocomial pathogens continually emerge, thus accruing more carbapenem resistance determinants, mechanisms, as well as carbapenem encoding genes that ultimately lead to increase carbapenem MICs ruling out yet the best therapeutic choice against such carbapenemase producers [18].
\nThe emergence of resistance against these antibiotics reflects a growing health concern around the globe. Carbapenem resistance is mainly caused by two basic mechanisms including the production of carbapenemases (carbapenem-hydrolyzing enzymes) and B-lactamase activity coupled with structural mutations (ESBLs and AmpC cephalosporinases) [19, 20] (Figure 1).
\nMechanism of carbapenem resistance in
Carbapenem resistance can be developed either due to acquired or intrinsic resistance mechanisms or sometimes both, since the bacteria have acquired numerous resistance mechanisms including mutations in the target site, efflux pumps, and enzymatic inactivation. Among these, enzymatic inactivation [acquired carbapenemases (plasmid-mediated)] is the most emerging and well-established mechanism. Acquired carbapenem resistance mechanisms include (1) destruction of carbapenems which are resistant to hydrolysis by plasmid AmpCs in conjunction with ESBL enzymes, contributing insusceptibility towards carbapenem agent [21]; (2) transfer of ESBL genes between the organisms; and (3) porin mutation with expression modulation. Loss of
Several mobile genetic elements have their potential role in carbapenem resistance like Tn4401, Class I integrons, IncFIIK2, IncF1A, and IncI2 [17]. Transposon Tn4401 contains tnpR and tnpA genes, coding for “resolvase” and “transposase,” respectively, and is mainly associated with
To date, drivers for the acquisition of Carbapenem resistance among gram-negative bacteria have not been emphasized. But some of the known drivers for carbapenem resistance are prior long-term use of metronidazole and imipenem drugs in hospital settings, prior long-term hospital stays, and the presence of biliary drain catheters. It has been described that the disruption of normal flora by metronidazole increases the frequency of translocation, hence promoting carbapenem resistance among
It has also been demonstrated that carbapenem resistance accelerated, once the gene for these enzymes became associated with acquired genetic elements like integrons and plasmids [25]. Thus the circulation of carbapenem-resistant genes among different strains isolated from clinic and hospital sewerage system coupled with the transfer of such genes by bacteriophage carrying Β-lactamases genes coding for OXA-B-lactamases is now been considered as potential drivers for the increased spread and emergence of Carbapenem resistance [26].
\nThe
The emergence of carbapenem resistance among
Epidemiological data on carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant
Since CRE infections are very difficult to treat, some of the treatment options for addressing the threat of “Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae” include tigecycline, polymyxins, aminoglycosides, fosfomycin, meropenem/vaborbactam, and ceftazidime/avibactam. Combinations of B-lactamase are also available and are safer and more effective for treating CRE infections. It has been reported that polymyxin monotherapy can also lead to the emergence of resistance; therefore, polymyxin in combination with carbapenems must be administered in an appropriate dose [35]. Similar is the case with fosfomycin. The use of fosfomycin intravenously is recommended for urinary tract infections [36]. Clinicians should be vigilant in exploring new treatment options as well as for detection of CRE infections. Many of the new treatment options are in process, but none of them represent a magic bullet to address this concerned threat.
\nThe rapid spread of carbapenem resistance as well as carbapenem-resistant
An interdisciplinary and global assess should be examined for the formulation of new diagnostic and screening tools. In this regard, alternative strategies to antibiotics like the use of phage therapy and probiotics can reduce this resistance burden. The spread of resistance can be minimized by immunization, application of infection control measures, rationalization of antibiotic usage, proper screening and treatment, and education and awareness programs. At global, national, and regional level, tracking and bio-surveillance system and preventive approaches of MDR and AMR pathogens can control this “global resistome.”
\nYou have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"1175"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1230",title:"Quantum Optics",slug:"quantum-optics",parent:{title:"Optics and Lasers",slug:"optics-and-lasers"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:52,numberOfWosCitations:55,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitations:41,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"quantum-optics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7260",title:"Quantum Electronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d5b189b2c0ac7f735ae412103f3afdb",slug:"quantum-electronics",bookSignature:"Faustino Wahaia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7260.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188029",title:"Dr.",name:"Faustino",middleName:null,surname:"Wahaia",slug:"faustino-wahaia",fullName:"Faustino Wahaia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6286",title:"Photon Counting",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cb9826a544c5714e517d67fa8ea29150",slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Nikolay Britun and Anton Nikiforov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6286.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176901",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Britun",slug:"nikolay-britun",fullName:"Nikolay Britun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"885",title:"Quantum Optics and Laser Experiments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1f32486c23bb9f2e6a8e982844e7ef8f",slug:"quantum-optics-and-laser-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergiy Lyagushyn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/885.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87239",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergiy",middleName:null,surname:"Lyagushyn",slug:"sergiy-lyagushyn",fullName:"Sergiy Lyagushyn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"26314",doi:"10.5772/39023",title:"Resonant Effects of Quantum Electrodynamics in the Pulsed Light Field",slug:"resonant-effects-of-quantum-electrodynamics-in-the-pulsed-light-field",totalDownloads:1136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"quantum-optics-and-laser-experiments",title:"Quantum Optics and Laser Experiments",fullTitle:"Quantum Optics and Laser Experiments"},signatures:"Sergei P. Roshchupkin, Alexandr A. Lebed’, Elena A. Padusenko and Alexey I. Voroshilo",authors:[{id:"128546",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",middleName:"Pavlovich",surname:"Roshchupkin",slug:"sergei-roshchupkin",fullName:"Sergei Roshchupkin"},{id:"134247",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandr",middleName:null,surname:"Lebed’",slug:"alexandr-lebed'",fullName:"Alexandr Lebed’"},{id:"134248",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Padusenko",slug:"elena-padusenko",fullName:"Elena Padusenko"},{id:"134251",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksey",middleName:null,surname:"Voroshilo",slug:"aleksey-voroshilo",fullName:"Aleksey Voroshilo"}]},{id:"59541",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73616",title:"Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Microbial Detection to Enhance Clinical Investigations",slug:"application-of-fluorescence-spectroscopy-for-microbial-detection-to-enhance-clinical-investigations",totalDownloads:1243,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Fardad Shakibaie, Laurent Lamard, Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop and\nLaurence J. Walsh",authors:[{id:"179467",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",slug:"laurence-walsh",fullName:"Laurence Walsh"},{id:"225292",title:"Dr.",name:"Fardad",middleName:null,surname:"Shakibaie",slug:"fardad-shakibaie",fullName:"Fardad Shakibaie"},{id:"235998",title:"Prof.",name:"Halina",middleName:null,surname:"Rubinsztein-Dunlop",slug:"halina-rubinsztein-dunlop",fullName:"Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop"},{id:"235999",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Lamard",slug:"laurent-lamard",fullName:"Laurent Lamard"}]},{id:"26310",doi:"10.5772/31119",title:"Nonclassical Properties of Superpositions of Coherent and Squeezed States for Electromagnetic Fields in Time-Varying Media",slug:"nonclassical-properties-of-superpositions-of-coherent-and-squeezed-states-for-electromagnetic-fields",totalDownloads:1786,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"quantum-optics-and-laser-experiments",title:"Quantum Optics and Laser Experiments",fullTitle:"Quantum Optics and Laser Experiments"},signatures:"Jeong Ryeol Choi",authors:[{id:"85677",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeong Ryeol",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",slug:"jeong-ryeol-choi",fullName:"Jeong Ryeol Choi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58205",title:"High Sensitivity Photodetector for Photon-Counting Applications",slug:"high-sensitivity-photodetector-for-photon-counting-applications",totalDownloads:1544,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Fabio Acerbi and Matteo Perenzoni",authors:[{id:"99506",title:"Mr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Perenzoni",slug:"matteo-perenzoni",fullName:"Matteo Perenzoni"},{id:"213861",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Acerbi",slug:"fabio-acerbi",fullName:"Fabio Acerbi"}]},{id:"58843",title:"Quantum Non-Demolition Measurement of Photons",slug:"quantum-non-demolition-measurement-of-photons",totalDownloads:1035,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Keyu Xia",authors:[{id:"210723",title:"Prof.",name:"Keyu",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",slug:"keyu-xia",fullName:"Keyu Xia"}]},{id:"59541",title:"Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Microbial Detection to Enhance Clinical Investigations",slug:"application-of-fluorescence-spectroscopy-for-microbial-detection-to-enhance-clinical-investigations",totalDownloads:1245,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Fardad Shakibaie, Laurent Lamard, Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop and\nLaurence J. Walsh",authors:[{id:"179467",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",slug:"laurence-walsh",fullName:"Laurence Walsh"},{id:"225292",title:"Dr.",name:"Fardad",middleName:null,surname:"Shakibaie",slug:"fardad-shakibaie",fullName:"Fardad Shakibaie"},{id:"235998",title:"Prof.",name:"Halina",middleName:null,surname:"Rubinsztein-Dunlop",slug:"halina-rubinsztein-dunlop",fullName:"Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop"},{id:"235999",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Lamard",slug:"laurent-lamard",fullName:"Laurent Lamard"}]},{id:"57572",title:"Photon Counting for Studying Faint Astronomical Variable Signals in Optical Band",slug:"photon-counting-for-studying-faint-astronomical-variable-signals-in-optical-band",totalDownloads:917,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Filippo Ambrosino and Franco Meddi",authors:[{id:"210583",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",middleName:null,surname:"Ambrosino",slug:"filippo-ambrosino",fullName:"Filippo Ambrosino"},{id:"210939",title:"Prof.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Meddi",slug:"franco-meddi",fullName:"Franco Meddi"}]},{id:"58015",title:"Computational Methods for Photon-Counting and Photon- Processing Detectors",slug:"computational-methods-for-photon-counting-and-photon-processing-detectors",totalDownloads:894,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Luca Caucci, Yijun Ding and Harrison H. Barrett",authors:[{id:"211916",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Caucci",slug:"luca-caucci",fullName:"Luca Caucci"},{id:"213953",title:"Dr.",name:"Yijun",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",slug:"yijun-ding",fullName:"Yijun Ding"},{id:"213954",title:"Dr.",name:"Harrison",middleName:null,surname:"Barrett",slug:"harrison-barrett",fullName:"Harrison Barrett"}]},{id:"59489",title:"High-Speed and High-Resolution Photon Counting for Near-Range Lidar",slug:"high-speed-and-high-resolution-photon-counting-for-near-range-lidar",totalDownloads:827,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Tatsuo Shiina",authors:[{id:"4840",title:"Associate Professor",name:"Tatsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Shiina",slug:"tatsuo-shiina",fullName:"Tatsuo Shiina"}]},{id:"58782",title:"Silicon Photomultiplier for the Plug & Imaging PET system: Physics, Technological Challenges and Application to Modern Nuclear Medicine",slug:"silicon-photomultiplier-for-the-plug-imaging-pet-system-physics-technological-challenges-and-applica",totalDownloads:794,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Nicola D’Ascenzo and Qingguo Xie",authors:[{id:"173909",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingguo",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"qingguo-xie",fullName:"Qingguo Xie"},{id:"213828",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"DAscenzo",slug:"nicola-dascenzo",fullName:"Nicola DAscenzo"}]},{id:"58029",title:"Principles and Early Historical Development of Silicon Avalanche and Geiger-Mode Photodiodes",slug:"principles-and-early-historical-development-of-silicon-avalanche-and-geiger-mode-photodiodes",totalDownloads:1470,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Edward M.D. Fisher",authors:[{id:"199505",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:"M. D.",surname:"Fisher",slug:"edward-fisher",fullName:"Edward Fisher"}]},{id:"58165",title:"Study of Formation and Decay of Rare-Gas Excimers by Laser- Induced Fluorescence",slug:"study-of-formation-and-decay-of-rare-gas-excimers-by-laser-induced-fluorescence",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Frédéric Marchal, Neermalsing Sewraj, Jean-Pierre Gardou, Nofel\nMerbahi and Mohammed Yousfi",authors:[{id:"129101",title:"Prof.",name:"N.",middleName:null,surname:"Merbahi",slug:"n.-merbahi",fullName:"N. Merbahi"},{id:"213960",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Frédéric",middleName:null,surname:"Marchal",slug:"frederic-marchal",fullName:"Frédéric Marchal"},{id:"213963",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Gardou",slug:"jean-pierre-gardou",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Gardou"},{id:"213964",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Yousfi",slug:"mohammed-yousfi",fullName:"Mohammed Yousfi"},{id:"221392",title:"Dr.",name:"Neermalsing",middleName:null,surname:"Sewraj",slug:"neermalsing-sewraj",fullName:"Neermalsing Sewraj"}]},{id:"58499",title:"Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Hydroxyl (OH) Radical in Cold Atmospheric Discharges",slug:"laser-induced-fluorescence-of-hydroxyl-oh-radical-in-cold-atmospheric-discharges",totalDownloads:983,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"photon-counting-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Photon Counting",fullTitle:"Photon Counting - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Jan Voráč, Pavel Dvořák and Martina Mrkvičková",authors:[{id:"212518",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Voráč",slug:"jan-vorac",fullName:"Jan Voráč"},{id:"212522",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Dvořák",slug:"pavel-dvorak",fullName:"Pavel Dvořák"},{id:"212530",title:"MSc.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Mrkvičková",slug:"martina-mrkvickova",fullName:"Martina Mrkvičková"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"quantum-optics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/optoelectronic-devices-and-properties/optoelectronic-chaotic-circuits",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"optoelectronic-devices-and-properties",chapter:"optoelectronic-chaotic-circuits"},fullPath:"/books/optoelectronic-devices-and-properties/optoelectronic-chaotic-circuits",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()