Urbanization of low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"404",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book addresses topics related to various laser systems intended for the applications in science and various industries. Some of them are very recent achievements in laser physics (e.g. laser pulse cleaning), while others face their renaissance in industrial applications (e.g. CO2 lasers). This book has been divided into four different sections: (1) Laser and terahertz sources, (2) Laser beam manipulation, (3) Intense pulse propagation phenomena, and (4) Metrology. The book addresses such topics like: Q-switching, mode-locking, various laser systems, terahertz source driven by lasers, micro-lasers, fiber lasers, pulse and beam shaping techniques, pulse contrast metrology, and improvement techniques. This book is a great starting point for newcomers to laser physics.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-429-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4914-9",doi:"10.5772/903",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",numberOfPages:320,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"30e2424f616225ce656d9b3ea8330043",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Jakubczak",publishedDate:"December 14th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/404.jpg",numberOfDownloads:30481,numberOfWosCitations:54,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitations:34,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:105,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 22nd 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 28th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 28th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 27th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"13731",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Jakubczak",slug:"krzysztof-jakubczak",fullName:"Krzysztof Jakubczak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13731/images/1858_n.jpg",biography:"Krzysztof Jakubczak is a graduate from Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland. He achieved his education in the fields of laser physics, optics, infrared technology, and light modulation and detection. He earned his MSc degree for research on laser-plasma source for lithography and micro- and nano-structures production with the lobster-eye optics assembly. He continued his education at Czech Technical University in Prague. He earned his PhD for construction, examination and applications of high-order harmonics source using titanium-sapphire femtosecond laser system and noble gases. Amongst others he expanded his professional skills to such areas like vacuum technology, spectroscopy, plasma physics, ultrafast laser systems, and optics. He started his professional career as R&D Engineer with the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Then he got involved in HiLASE Project, as Deputy Project Manager, and led the R&D team Research Program Leader working on development of thin-disk lasers. Finally, he decided to pursue an industrial career in medical devices (intraocular lenses). He worked as Head of Engineering Department with Croma Polska Ltd (now Valeant Pharmaceuticals), Warsaw, Poland. Currently he is an advisor to investors and Polish State on commercialization of innovations in life sciences. He also runs his own optoelectronics company, Perspectiva Solutions. Krzysztof Jakubczak is a member of Photonics Society of Poland.",institutionString:null,position:"CEO",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1219",title:"Modern Physics",slug:"modern-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"24807",title:"Q-Switching with Single Crystal Photo-Elastic Modulators",doi:"10.5772/25096",slug:"q-switching-with-single-crystal-photo-elastic-modulators",totalDownloads:2092,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"F. Bammer, T. Schumi, J. R. Carballido Souto, J. Bachmair, D. Feitl, I. Gerschenson, M. Paul and A. Nessmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24807",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24807",authors:[{id:"61780",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferdinand",surname:"Bammer",slug:"ferdinand-bammer",fullName:"Ferdinand Bammer"}],corrections:null},{id:"24808",title:"Acousto-Optically Q-Switched CO2 Laser",doi:"10.5772/25273",slug:"acousto-optically-q-switched-co2-laser",totalDownloads:2116,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Jijiang Xie and Qikun Pan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24808",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24808",authors:[{id:"62807",title:"Prof.",name:"Jijiang",surname:"Xie",slug:"jijiang-xie",fullName:"Jijiang Xie"},{id:"62844",title:"Dr.",name:"Qikun",surname:"Pan",slug:"qikun-pan",fullName:"Qikun Pan"}],corrections:null},{id:"24809",title:"Mode-Locked Fibre Lasers with High-Energy Pulses",doi:"10.5772/24360",slug:"mode-locked-fibre-lasers-with-high-energy-pulses",totalDownloads:1758,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,signatures:"S.V.Smirnov, S.M. Kobtsev, S.V.Kukarin and S.K.Turitsyn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24809",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24809",authors:[{id:"56859",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Kobtsev",slug:"sergey-kobtsev",fullName:"Sergey Kobtsev"},{id:"100017",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Smirnov",slug:"sergey-smirnov",fullName:"Sergey Smirnov"},{id:"100018",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Kukarin",slug:"sergey-kukarin",fullName:"Sergey Kukarin"},{id:"100019",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Turitsyn",slug:"sergey-turitsyn",fullName:"Sergey Turitsyn"}],corrections:null},{id:"24810",title:"All-Poly-Crystalline Ceramics Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG Monolithic Micro-Lasers with Multiple-Beam Output",doi:"10.5772/24071",slug:"all-poly-crystalline-ceramics-nd-yag-cr4-yag-monolithic-micro-lasers-with-multiple-beam-output",totalDownloads:3093,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Nicolaie Pavel, Masaki Tsunekane and Takunori Taira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24810",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24810",authors:[{id:"4574",title:"Ph.D",name:"Masaki",surname:"Tsunekane",slug:"masaki-tsunekane",fullName:"Masaki Tsunekane"},{id:"52752",title:"Prof.",name:"Takunori",surname:"Taira",slug:"takunori-taira",fullName:"Takunori Taira"},{id:"55356",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolaie",surname:"Pavel",slug:"nicolaie-pavel",fullName:"Nicolaie Pavel"}],corrections:null},{id:"24811",title:"Laser Pulses for Compton Scattering Light Sources",doi:"10.5772/24874",slug:"laser-pulses-for-compton-scattering-light-sources",totalDownloads:2009,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sheldon S. Q. Wu, Miroslav Y. Shverdin, Felicie Albert and Frederic V. Hartemann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24811",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24811",authors:[{id:"14313",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",surname:"Hartemann",slug:"fred-hartemann",fullName:"Fred Hartemann"},{id:"62074",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheldon",surname:"Wu",slug:"sheldon-wu",fullName:"Sheldon Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"24812",title:"Frequency-Tunable Coherent THz-Wave Pulse Generation Using Two Cr:Forsterite Lasers with One Nd:YAG Laser Pumping and Applications for Non-Destructive THz Inspection",doi:"10.5772/23468",slug:"frequency-tunable-coherent-thz-wave-pulse-generation-using-two-cr-forsterite-lasers-with-one-nd-yag-",totalDownloads:1985,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Tadao Tanabe and Yutaka Oyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24812",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24812",authors:[{id:"52146",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadao",surname:"Tanabe",slug:"tadao-tanabe",fullName:"Tadao Tanabe"},{id:"62603",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutaka",surname:"Oyama",slug:"yutaka-oyama",fullName:"Yutaka Oyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"24813",title:"Laser Pulse Contrast Ratio Cleaning in 100 TW Scale Ti: Sapphire Laser Systems",doi:"10.5772/24038",slug:"laser-pulse-contrast-ratio-cleaning-in-100-tw-scale-ti-sapphire-laser-systems",totalDownloads:2631,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Sylvain Fourmaux, Stéphane Payeur, Philippe Lassonde, Jean-Claude Kieffer and François Martin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24813",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24813",authors:[{id:"55124",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",surname:"Fourmaux",slug:"sylvain-fourmaux",fullName:"Sylvain Fourmaux"},{id:"62627",title:"Prof.",name:"Stéphane",surname:"Payeur",slug:"stephane-payeur",fullName:"Stéphane Payeur"},{id:"62628",title:"Prof.",name:"Fran�ois",surname:"Martin",slug:"franois-martin",fullName:"Fran�ois Martin"},{id:"107918",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Claude",surname:"Kieffer",slug:"jean-claude-kieffer",fullName:"Jean-Claude Kieffer"},{id:"107919",title:"MSc.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Lassonde",slug:"philippe-lassonde",fullName:"Philippe Lassonde"}],corrections:null},{id:"24814",title:"Controlling the Carrier-Envelope Phase of Few-Cycle Laser Beams in Dispersive Media",doi:"10.5772/23329",slug:"controlling-the-carrier-envelope-phase-of-few-cycle-laser-beams-in-dispersive-media",totalDownloads:1904,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Carlos J. Zapata-Rodríguez and Juan J. Miret",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24814",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24814",authors:[{id:"51580",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Javier",surname:"Zapata-Rodríguez",slug:"carlos-javier-zapata-rodriguez",fullName:"Carlos Javier Zapata-Rodríguez"},{id:"61207",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan José",surname:"Miret",slug:"juan-jose-miret",fullName:"Juan José Miret"}],corrections:null},{id:"24815",title:"Laser Beam Shaping by Interference: Desirable Pattern",doi:"10.5772/24021",slug:"laser-beam-shaping-by-interference-desirable-pattern",totalDownloads:2803,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Liubov Kreminska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24815",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24815",authors:[{id:"54969",title:"Prof.",name:"Liubov",surname:"Kreminska",slug:"liubov-kreminska",fullName:"Liubov Kreminska"}],corrections:null},{id:"24816",title:"Nonlinear Pulse Reshaping in Optical Fibers",doi:"10.5772/24456",slug:"nonlinear-pulse-reshaping-in-optical-fibers",totalDownloads:2089,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"S. O. Iakushev, I. A. Sukhoivanov, O. V. Shulika, J. A. Andrade-Lucio and A.G. Perez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24816",authors:[{id:"57504",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergii",surname:"Iakushev",slug:"sergii-iakushev",fullName:"Sergii Iakushev"}],corrections:null},{id:"24817",title:"Linear and Nonlinear Femtosecond Optics in Isotropic Media - Ionization-Free Filamentation",doi:"10.5772/23213",slug:"linear-and-nonlinear-femtosecond-optics-in-isotropic-media-ionization-free-filamentation",totalDownloads:1663,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Kamen Kovachev and Lubomir M. Kovachev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24817",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24817",authors:[{id:"51109",title:"Prof.",name:"Lyubomir",surname:"Kovachev",slug:"lyubomir-kovachev",fullName:"Lyubomir Kovachev"},{id:"94200",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamen",surname:"Kovachev",slug:"kamen-kovachev",fullName:"Kamen Kovachev"}],corrections:null},{id:"24818",title:"Dispersion of a Laser Pulse at Propagation Through an Image Acquisition System",doi:"10.5772/24146",slug:"dispersion-of-a-laser-pulse-at-propagation-through-an-image-acquisition-system",totalDownloads:1668,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Toadere Florin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24818",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24818",authors:[{id:"55736",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin",surname:"Toadere",slug:"florin-toadere",fullName:"Florin Toadere"}],corrections:null},{id:"24819",title:"Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities of Novel Phthalocyanines and Related Compounds",doi:"10.5772/24685",slug:"third-order-optical-nonlinearities-of-novel-phthalocyanines-and-related-compounds",totalDownloads:2065,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Zhongyu Li, Zihui Chen, Song Xu, Xinyu Zhou and Fushi Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24819",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24819",authors:[{id:"58912",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhongyu",surname:"Li",slug:"zhongyu-li",fullName:"Zhongyu Li"},{id:"61176",title:"Dr.",name:"Zihui",surname:"Chen",slug:"zihui-chen",fullName:"Zihui Chen"},{id:"61177",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinyu",surname:"Zhou",slug:"xinyu-zhou",fullName:"Xinyu Zhou"},{id:"61178",title:"Prof.",name:"Fushi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"fushi-zhang",fullName:"Fushi Zhang"},{id:"83149",title:"MSc.",name:"Song",surname:"Xu",slug:"song-xu",fullName:"Song Xu"}],corrections:null},{id:"24820",title:"Broadband Instability of Electromagnetic Waves in Nonlinear Media",doi:"10.5772/24636",slug:"broadband-instability-of-electromagnetic-waves-in-nonlinear-media",totalDownloads:1398,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sergey Vlasov, Elena Koposova and Alexey Babin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24820",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24820",authors:[{id:"58650",title:"MSc",name:"Vlasov",surname:"Sergey",slug:"vlasov-sergey",fullName:"Vlasov Sergey"}],corrections:null},{id:"24821",title:"Quantification of Laser Polarization by Position Dependent Refractive Indices",doi:"10.5772/23266",slug:"quantification-of-laser-polarization-by-position-dependent-refractive-indices",totalDownloads:1209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Yong Woon Parc and In Soo Ko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24821",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24821",authors:[{id:"51330",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong Woon",surname:"Parc",slug:"yong-woon-parc",fullName:"Yong Woon Parc"},{id:"51958",title:"Prof.",name:"In Soo",surname:"Ko",slug:"in-soo-ko",fullName:"In Soo Ko"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1356",title:"Lasers",subtitle:"Applications in Science and Industry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"71521c09ad4508038619e4e9b58bbae0",slug:"lasers-applications-in-science-and-industry",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Jakubczak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13731",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Jakubczak",slug:"krzysztof-jakubczak",fullName:"Krzysztof Jakubczak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74026",slug:"corrigendum-to-calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",title:"Corrigendum to: Calf-Sex Influence in Bovine Milk Production",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74026.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74026",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74026",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74026",chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"73504",slug:"calf-sex-influence-in-bovine-milk-production",signatures:"Miguel Quaresma and R. Payan-Carreira",dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2020",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 8th 2020",datePublished:"January 20th 2021",book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",email:"rtpayan@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",email:"miguelq@utad.pt",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},book:{id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9108",leadTitle:null,title:"Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Use in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is focused on clarifying the anticancer effects (i.e., apoptotic, antiproliferative, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic) and mechanisms of most of the medicinal plants found in the world against solid and/or hematological cancers.",isbn:"978-1-78985-888-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-887-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-312-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83104",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"medicinal-plants-use-in-prevention-and-treatment-of-diseases",numberOfPages:192,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d0c52af195da3322be63610d6567019",bookSignature:"Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9108.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5676,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 29th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 17th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 16th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"155124",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassam",middleName:"Abdul Rasool",surname:"Hassan",slug:"bassam-hassan",fullName:"Bassam Hassan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/155124/images/system/155124.jpeg",biography:"Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan, Ph.D., is a Senior Lecturer at Department of Pharmacy, Alrafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq.\r\nHis areas of expertise include: Clinical Pharmacy, Genomics, Chemotherapy and Cancer Treatment, and Supportive and Palliative Care in Cancer Patients.",institutionString:"Alrafidain University College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Alrafidain University College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"991",title:"Herbalism",slug:"herbalism"}],chapters:[{id:"70896",title:"Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ghanaian Medicinal Plants",slug:"analgesic-and-anti-inflammatory-effect-of-ghanaian-medicinal-plants",totalDownloads:391,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"303360",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyn",surname:"Asante-Kwatia",slug:"evelyn-asante-kwatia",fullName:"Evelyn Asante-Kwatia"},{id:"309974",title:"Prof.",name:"Abraham Yeboah",surname:"Mensah",slug:"abraham-yeboah-mensah",fullName:"Abraham Yeboah Mensah"},{id:"309975",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael Frimpong",surname:"Baidoo",slug:"michael-frimpong-baidoo",fullName:"Michael Frimpong Baidoo"}]},{id:"65205",title:"Antimicrobial Potential of Genes from Garlic (Allium sativum L.)",slug:"antimicrobial-potential-of-genes-from-garlic-em-allium-sativum-em-l-",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"282622",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Hafiz",surname:"Abbas",slug:"hafiz-abbas",fullName:"Hafiz Abbas"},{id:"282977",title:"Prof.",name:"Wubei",surname:"Dong",slug:"wubei-dong",fullName:"Wubei Dong"},{id:"288307",title:"Ms.",name:"Xi",surname:"Kong",slug:"xi-kong",fullName:"Xi Kong"},{id:"288326",title:"Ms.",name:"Jia",surname:"Wu",slug:"jia-wu",fullName:"Jia Wu"},{id:"288327",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohsin",surname:"Ali",slug:"mohsin-ali",fullName:"Mohsin Ali"}]},{id:"69941",title:"Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Prevalent Diseases in Northern Pakistan of Western Himalayas",slug:"medicinal-plants-used-for-treatment-of-prevalent-diseases-in-northern-pakistan-of-western-himalayas",totalDownloads:306,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"58916",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Mushtaq",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"dr.-mushtaq-ahmad",fullName:"Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad"},{id:"172202",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Zafar",slug:"muhammad-zafar",fullName:"Muhammad Zafar"},{id:"172203",title:"Dr.",name:"Shazia",surname:"Sultana",slug:"shazia-sultana",fullName:"Shazia Sultana"},{id:"309152",title:"Dr.",name:"Khafsa",surname:"Maliq",slug:"khafsa-maliq",fullName:"Khafsa Maliq"},{id:"309153",title:"Dr.",name:"Neelam",surname:"Rashid",slug:"neelam-rashid",fullName:"Neelam Rashid"}]},{id:"70140",title:"Bioinorganic Chemistry and Computational Study of Herbal Medicine to Treatment of Tuberculosis",slug:"bioinorganic-chemistry-and-computational-study-of-herbal-medicine-to-treatment-of-tuberculosis",totalDownloads:397,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"301111",title:"Dr.",name:"Sutiman",surname:"Sumitro",slug:"sutiman-sumitro",fullName:"Sutiman Sumitro"},{id:"301650",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",surname:"Widyarti",slug:"sri-widyarti",fullName:"Sri Widyarti"},{id:"301651",title:"Dr.",name:"Mudyawati",surname:"Kamaruddin",slug:"mudyawati-kamaruddin",fullName:"Mudyawati Kamaruddin"},{id:"301653",title:"MSc.",name:"Sherry",surname:"Aristyani",slug:"sherry-aristyani",fullName:"Sherry Aristyani"},{id:"301657",title:"Dr.",name:"Meity",surname:"Elvina",slug:"meity-elvina",fullName:"Meity Elvina"},{id:"301681",title:"MSc.",name:"Saraswati",surname:"Subagyo",slug:"saraswati-subagyo",fullName:"Saraswati Subagyo"},{id:"301682",title:"MSc.",name:"Tintrim",surname:"Rahayu",slug:"tintrim-rahayu",fullName:"Tintrim Rahayu"}]},{id:"66448",title:"Black Garlic and Its Therapeutic Benefits",slug:"black-garlic-and-its-therapeutic-benefits",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"282896",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gia-Buu",surname:"Tran",slug:"gia-buu-tran",fullName:"Gia-Buu Tran"},{id:"291361",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan-Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"tan-viet-pham",fullName:"Tan-Viet Pham"},{id:"291363",title:"Dr.",name:"Ngoc-Nam",surname:"Trinh",slug:"ngoc-nam-trinh",fullName:"Ngoc-Nam Trinh"}]},{id:"70638",title:"Medicinal Plants Having Antifungal Properties",slug:"medicinal-plants-having-antifungal-properties",totalDownloads:532,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",surname:"Sahu",slug:"anil-sahu",fullName:"Anil Sahu"},{id:"211230",title:"Mr.",name:"Pankaj",surname:"Kashyap",slug:"pankaj-kashyap",fullName:"Pankaj Kashyap"},{id:"221419",title:"Mr.",name:"Koushlesh",surname:"Mishra",slug:"koushlesh-mishra",fullName:"Koushlesh Mishra"},{id:"221420",title:"Mr.",name:"Sarawati Prasad",surname:"Mishra",slug:"sarawati-prasad-mishra",fullName:"Sarawati Prasad Mishra"},{id:"270359",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanchal Deep",surname:"Kaur",slug:"chanchal-deep-kaur",fullName:"Chanchal Deep Kaur"},{id:"314683",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajnikant",surname:"Panik",slug:"rajnikant-panik",fullName:"Rajnikant Panik"},{id:"314684",title:"Ms.",name:"Shweta",surname:"Dutta",slug:"shweta-dutta",fullName:"Shweta Dutta"}]},{id:"68812",title:"The Utilization of Traditional Herbal Medicine for Treatment in Traditional Korean Medicine Clinics",slug:"the-utilization-of-traditional-herbal-medicine-for-treatment-in-traditional-korean-medicine-clinics",totalDownloads:309,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"252495",title:"Dr.",name:"Soo Hyun",surname:"Sung",slug:"soo-hyun-sung",fullName:"Soo Hyun Sung"},{id:"307288",title:"Ms.",name:"Ji Yeon",surname:"Ryu",slug:"ji-yeon-ryu",fullName:"Ji Yeon Ryu"},{id:"307289",title:"Prof.",name:"Jung Youn",surname:"Park",slug:"jung-youn-park",fullName:"Jung Youn Park"},{id:"307290",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongmin Angela",surname:"Sung",slug:"dongmin-angela-sung",fullName:"Dongmin Angela Sung"}]},{id:"69213",title:"Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemicals of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep) R.M.Sm",slug:"pharmacological-activities-and-phytochemicals-of-em-etlingera-pavieana-em-pierre-ex-gagnep-r-m-sm",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"288342",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Klaokwan",surname:"Srisook",slug:"klaokwan-srisook",fullName:"Klaokwan Srisook"},{id:"309965",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaruth",surname:"Srisook",slug:"ekaruth-srisook",fullName:"Ekaruth Srisook"}]},{id:"70522",title:"Plants and Cancer Treatment",slug:"plants-and-cancer-treatment",totalDownloads:496,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"155124",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassam",surname:"Hassan",slug:"bassam-hassan",fullName:"Bassam Hassan"}]},{id:"70593",title:"Herbal Remedies for Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment",slug:"herbal-remedies-for-breast-cancer-prevention-and-treatment",totalDownloads:624,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"304193",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yahyea",surname:"Laskar",slug:"yahyea-laskar",fullName:"Yahyea Laskar"},{id:"309357",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranab Behari",surname:"Mazumder",slug:"pranab-behari-mazumder",fullName:"Pranab Behari Mazumder"}]},{id:"70094",title:"Chinese Herbal Medicine and Its Application for Female Cancer",slug:"chinese-herbal-medicine-and-its-application-for-female-cancer",totalDownloads:260,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"301490",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu",surname:"Li",slug:"lu-li",fullName:"Lu Li"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"297737",firstName:"Mateo",lastName:"Pulko",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297737/images/8492_n.png",email:"mateo.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"542",title:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a805c1d2d8449dcecd52eb7a48d2e6b1",slug:"a-compendium-of-essays-on-alternative-therapy",bookSignature:"Arup Bhattacharya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66982",title:"Dr.",name:"Arup",surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"arup-bhattacharya",fullName:"Arup Bhattacharya"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"631",title:"Quality Control of Herbal Medicines and Related Areas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ced81d454b4a5ded2a0aa02e0d7621d",slug:"quality-control-of-herbal-medicines-and-related-areas",bookSignature:"Yukihiro Shoyama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/631.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35812",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukihiro",surname:"Shoyama",slug:"yukihiro-shoyama",fullName:"Yukihiro Shoyama"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"643",title:"Recent Advances in Theories and Practice of Chinese Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"499a7fabf489d2502de4616a4c7f3da0",slug:"recent-advances-in-theories-and-practice-of-chinese-medicine",bookSignature:"Haixue Kuang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/643.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"44740",title:"Prof.",name:"Haixue",surname:"Kuang",slug:"haixue-kuang",fullName:"Haixue Kuang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2975",title:"Complementary Therapies for the Contemporary Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"604c4ba43197c3ba1506c55c763d4ca7",slug:"complementary-therapies-for-the-contemporary-healthcare",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad and Roberta de Medeiros",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccf7987200bfc541e2e56bb138de86f3",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6302",title:"Herbal Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b70a98c6748d0449a6288de73da7b8d9",slug:"herbal-medicine",bookSignature:"Philip F. Builders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182744",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Builders",slug:"philip-builders",fullName:"Philip Builders"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5494",title:"Chinese Medical Therapies for Diabetes, Infertility, Silicosis and the Theoretical Basis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b3b6a2700d7fd0511770bf77290a422",slug:"chinese-medical-therapies-for-diabetes-infertility-silicosis-and-the-theoretical-basis",bookSignature:"Xing-Tai Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73821",title:"Dr.",name:"Xing-Tai",surname:"Li",slug:"xing-tai-li",fullName:"Xing-Tai Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6994",title:"Tea",subtitle:"Chemistry and Pharmacology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6241cd52834161ac64d4a7b2a812796",slug:"tea-chemistry-and-pharmacology",bookSignature:"Gonçalo Justino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6994.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76687",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonçalo",surname:"Justino",slug:"goncalo-justino",fullName:"Gonçalo Justino"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"35034",title:"Ionic Channels in the Therapy of Malignant Glioma",doi:"10.5772/24833",slug:"implications-of-ionic-channels-in-the-therapy-of-malignant-glioma",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/35034.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35034",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35034",totalDownloads:2011,totalViews:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 14th 2010",dateReviewed:"August 27th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 4th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/35034",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/35034",book:{slug:"novel-therapeutic-concepts-in-targeting-glioma"},signatures:"Xia Ding, Hua He, Yicheng Lu and Yizheng Wang",authors:[{id:"59857",title:"Prof.",name:"Yizheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yizheng Wang",slug:"yizheng-wang",email:"yzwang@ion.ac.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"61214",title:"Dr.",name:"Xia",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"Xia Ding",slug:"xia-ding",email:"dingxia@ion.ac.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"61215",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Hua He",slug:"hua-he",email:"panda1979hh@sina.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"61216",title:"Prof.",name:"Yicheng",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Yicheng Lu",slug:"yicheng-lu",email:"lyc305@126.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1296",title:"Novel Therapeutic Concepts in Targeting Glioma",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Therapeutic Concepts in Targeting Glioma",slug:"novel-therapeutic-concepts-in-targeting-glioma",publishedDate:"April 4th 2012",bookSignature:"Faris Farassati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1296.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57313",title:"Prof.",name:"Faris",middleName:null,surname:"Farassati",slug:"faris-farassati",fullName:"Faris Farassati"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"35022",title:"Innovative Surgical Management of Glioma",slug:"innovative-surgical-management-of-glioma",totalDownloads:1549,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dave Seecharan, Ania Pollack and Faris Farassati",authors:[{id:"57313",title:"Prof.",name:"Faris",middleName:null,surname:"Farassati",fullName:"Faris Farassati",slug:"faris-farassati"}]},{id:"35023",title:"Advances in the Development of EGFR Targeted Therapies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma",slug:"advances-in-the-development-of-egfr-targeted-therapies-for-the-treatment-of-glioblastoma",totalDownloads:1287,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Terrance Johns",authors:[{id:"43936",title:"Prof.",name:"Terrance",middleName:"Grant",surname:"Johns",fullName:"Terrance Johns",slug:"terrance-johns"}]},{id:"35024",title:"Future Perspectives of Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in Malignant Gliomas",slug:"fkbp14-and-rac1-are-candidate-genes-for-conferring-resistance-to-the-antiproliferative-effect-of-egf",totalDownloads:1125,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Georg Karpel-Massler and Marc-Eric Halatsch",authors:[{id:"35183",title:"Dr.",name:"Georg",middleName:null,surname:"Karpel-Massler",fullName:"Georg Karpel-Massler",slug:"georg-karpel-massler"},{id:"48440",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc-Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Halatsch",fullName:"Marc-Eric Halatsch",slug:"marc-eric-halatsch"}]},{id:"35025",title:"MicroRNA and Glial Tumors: Tiny Relation with Great Potential",slug:"microrna-and-glial-tumors-tiny-relation-with-great-potential",totalDownloads:1128,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jiri Sana, Marian Hajduch and Ondrej Slaby",authors:[{id:"49880",title:"Dr.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Slaby",fullName:"Ondrej Slaby",slug:"ondrej-slaby"},{id:"62714",title:"MSc",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Sana",fullName:"Jiri Sana",slug:"jiri-sana"},{id:"67649",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Hajduch",fullName:"Marian Hajduch",slug:"marian-hajduch"}]},{id:"35026",title:"The Role of microRNAs in Gliomas and Their Potential Applications for Diagnosis and Treatment",slug:"micrornas-in-gliomas-",totalDownloads:1248,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Iris Lavon",authors:[{id:"61023",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Lavon",fullName:"Iris Lavon",slug:"iris-lavon"}]},{id:"35027",title:"Molecular Targets: Inhibition of Tumor Cell Invasion",slug:"molecular-targets-inhibition-of-tumor-cell-invasion",totalDownloads:1590,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Raquel Brandão Haga and Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler",authors:[{id:"51841",title:"Ms.",name:"Raquel",middleName:"Brandão",surname:"Haga",fullName:"Raquel Haga",slug:"raquel-haga"},{id:"58587",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvya",middleName:null,surname:"Stuchi Maria-Engler",fullName:"Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler",slug:"silvya-stuchi-maria-engler"}]},{id:"35028",title:"Blood-Brain Barrier and Effectiveness of Therapy Against Brain Tumors",slug:"blood-brain-barrier-and-effectiveness-of-therapy-against-brain-tumors",totalDownloads:2567,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yadollah Omidi and Jaleh Barar",authors:[{id:"33200",title:"Dr.",name:"Yadollah",middleName:null,surname:"Omidi",fullName:"Yadollah Omidi",slug:"yadollah-omidi"},{id:"65675",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaleh",middleName:null,surname:"Barar",fullName:"Jaleh Barar",slug:"jaleh-barar"}]},{id:"35029",title:"Glioma-Parvovirus Interactions: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Potential",slug:"glioma-parvovirus-interactions-molecular-insights-and-therapeutic-potential",totalDownloads:1532,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jon Gil-Ranedo, Marina Mendiburu-Eliçabe, Marta Izquierdo and José M. Almendral",authors:[{id:"50306",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose M.",middleName:null,surname:"Almendral",fullName:"Jose M. Almendral",slug:"jose-m.-almendral"},{id:"59518",title:"Dr.",name:"Jon",middleName:null,surname:"Gil-Ranedo",fullName:"Jon Gil-Ranedo",slug:"jon-gil-ranedo"},{id:"59519",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Mendiburu-Eliçalde",fullName:"Marina Mendiburu-Eliçalde",slug:"marina-mendiburu-elicalde"},{id:"59521",title:"Prof.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Izquierdo",fullName:"Marta Izquierdo",slug:"marta-izquierdo"}]},{id:"35030",title:"The Potential and Challenges of siRNA-Based Targeted Therapy for Treatment of Patients with Glioblastoma",slug:"the-potential-and-challenges-of-sirna-based-targeted-therapy-for-treatment-of-patients-with-glioblas",totalDownloads:1622,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. Verreault, S. Yip, B. Toyota and M.B. Bally",authors:[{id:"50270",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite",middleName:null,surname:"Verreault",fullName:"Maite Verreault",slug:"maite-verreault"},{id:"58782",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Yip",fullName:"Stephen Yip",slug:"stephen-yip"},{id:"58783",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Toyota",fullName:"Brian Toyota",slug:"brian-toyota"},{id:"58784",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"B. Bally",fullName:"Marcel B. Bally",slug:"marcel-b.-bally"}]},{id:"35031",title:"Hypoxia Responsive Vectors Targeting Astrocytes in Glioma",slug:"hypoxia-responsive-vector-targeting-astrocytes-in-glioma",totalDownloads:1533,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Manas R. Biswal, Howard M. Prentice and Janet C. Blanks",authors:[{id:"59025",title:"Prof.",name:"Janet",middleName:null,surname:"Blanks",fullName:"Janet Blanks",slug:"janet-blanks"},{id:"59769",title:"Mr",name:"Manas",middleName:"R",surname:"Biswal",fullName:"Manas Biswal",slug:"manas-biswal"},{id:"59770",title:"Prof.",name:"Howard",middleName:null,surname:"Prentice",fullName:"Howard Prentice",slug:"howard-prentice"}]},{id:"35032",title:"The Tumor Suppressor Function of LGI1",slug:"the-tumor-suppressor-function-of-lgi1",totalDownloads:1503,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nadia Gabellini",authors:[{id:"44940",title:"Prof.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Gabellini",fullName:"Nadia Gabellini",slug:"nadia-gabellini"}]},{id:"35033",title:"Antioxidant Adaptive Response of Malignant Glioma Related to Resistance to Antitumor Treatment",slug:"antioxidant-adaptive-response-of-malignant-glioma-related-to-resistance-to-antitumor-treatment",totalDownloads:1521,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tomohiro Sawa and Takaaki Akaike",authors:[{id:"52010",title:"Prof.",name:"Takaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Akaike",fullName:"Takaaki Akaike",slug:"takaaki-akaike"},{id:"59427",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sawa",fullName:"Tomohiro Sawa",slug:"tomohiro-sawa"}]},{id:"35034",title:"Ionic Channels in the Therapy of Malignant Glioma",slug:"implications-of-ionic-channels-in-the-therapy-of-malignant-glioma",totalDownloads:2011,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xia Ding, Hua He, Yicheng Lu and Yizheng Wang",authors:[{id:"59857",title:"Prof.",name:"Yizheng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yizheng Wang",slug:"yizheng-wang"},{id:"61214",title:"Dr.",name:"Xia",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"Xia Ding",slug:"xia-ding"},{id:"61215",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Hua He",slug:"hua-he"},{id:"61216",title:"Prof.",name:"Yicheng",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Yicheng Lu",slug:"yicheng-lu"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"536",title:"Molecular Targets of CNS Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9397c8a0230158cb461c2ffbe6f9857d",slug:"molecular-targets-of-cns-tumors",bookSignature:"Miklos Garami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34821",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklos",surname:"Garami",slug:"miklos-garami",fullName:"Miklos Garami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"19926",title:"Genetic and Immunology of Brain Tumors",slug:"genetic-and-immunology-of-brain-tumors",signatures:"Sahika Liva Cengiz and Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi",authors:[{id:"49957",title:"Prof.",name:"SahikaLiva",middleName:"Liva",surname:"Cengiz",fullName:"SahikaLiva Cengiz",slug:"sahikaliva-cengiz"},{id:"105745",title:"Prof.",name:"Aynur Emine",middleName:null,surname:"Cicekcibasi",fullName:"Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi",slug:"aynur-emine-cicekcibasi"}]},{id:"19927",title:"Genetic Instability in Paediatric and Adult Brain Tumours",slug:"genetic-instability-in-paediatric-and-adult-brain-tumours",signatures:"Marta Viana-Pereira, Chris Jones and Rui M. Reis",authors:[{id:"35397",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Reis",fullName:"Rui Reis",slug:"rui-reis"},{id:"55163",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Viana-Pereira",fullName:"Marta Viana-Pereira",slug:"marta-viana-pereira"},{id:"55164",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",fullName:"Chris Jones",slug:"chris-jones"}]},{id:"19928",title:"Brain Tumor Exosomes and Microvesicles: Pleiotropic Effects from Tiny Cellular Surrogates",slug:"brain-tumor-exosomes-and-microvesicles-pleiotropic-effects-from-tiny-cellular-surrogates",signatures:"Michael W Graner",authors:[{id:"43247",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Graner",fullName:"Michael Graner",slug:"michael-graner"}]},{id:"19929",title:"Recurrent Malignant Primary Brain Tumor: the Pathophysiology and Management",slug:"recurrent-malignant-primary-brain-tumor-the-pathophysiology-and-management",signatures:"Victor Tse and Harish Babu",authors:[{id:"46133",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Tse",fullName:"Victor Tse",slug:"victor-tse"},{id:"136314",title:"Dr.",name:"Harish",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",fullName:"Harish Babu",slug:"harish-babu"}]},{id:"19930",title:"The Role of Sox Transcription Factors in Brain Tumourigenesis",slug:"the-role-of-sox-transcription-factors-in-brain-tumourigenesis",signatures:"Maria Ferletta",authors:[{id:"52808",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ferletta",fullName:"Maria Ferletta",slug:"maria-ferletta"}]},{id:"19931",title:"Angiogenesis of Primary Brain Tumors: The Role of Endoglin (CD105)",slug:"angiogenesis-of-primary-brain-tumors-the-role-of-endoglin-cd105-",signatures:"Yasuo Sugita",authors:[{id:"54465",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuo",middleName:null,surname:"Sugita",fullName:"Yasuo Sugita",slug:"yasuo-sugita"}]},{id:"19932",title:"The Role of Aquaporines in Brain Tumors",slug:"the-role-of-aquaporines-in-brain-tumors",signatures:"Tatsuo Sawada",authors:[{id:"35472",title:"Prof.",name:"SAWADA",middleName:null,surname:"TATSUO",fullName:"SAWADA TATSUO",slug:"sawada-tatsuo"}]},{id:"19933",title:"Glioma Stem Cells",slug:"glioma-stem-cell",signatures:"Kouichi Tabu, Tetsuya Taga and Shinya Tanaka",authors:[{id:"41442",title:"Dr.",name:"Kouichi",middleName:null,surname:"Tabu",fullName:"Kouichi Tabu",slug:"kouichi-tabu"},{id:"49655",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinya",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Shinya Tanaka",slug:"shinya-tanaka"},{id:"53538",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Taga",fullName:"Tetsuya Taga",slug:"tetsuya-taga"}]},{id:"19934",title:"Molecular Hallmarks of Gliomas",slug:"molecular-hallmarks-of-gliomas",signatures:"Marta Pojo and Bruno Marques Costa",authors:[{id:"42804",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",fullName:"Bruno Costa",slug:"bruno-costa"},{id:"63016",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Pojo",fullName:"Marta Pojo",slug:"marta-pojo"}]},{id:"19935",title:"Integrated Network Analysis of Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in Glioblastoma Multiform",slug:"integrated-network-analysis-of-genetic-and-epigenetic-factors-in-glioblastoma-multiform",signatures:"Hua Dong and MomiaoXiong",authors:[{id:"39157",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Hua Dong",slug:"hua-dong"},{id:"53029",title:"Prof.",name:"Momiao",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",fullName:"Momiao Xiong",slug:"momiao-xiong"}]},{id:"19936",title:"The Neural Extracellular Matrix, Cell Adhesion Molecules and Proteolysis in Glioma Invasion and Tumorigenicity",slug:"the-neural-extracellular-matrix-cell-adhesion-molecules-and-proteolysis-in-glioma-invasion-and-tumor",signatures:"Chrissa A. Dwyer and Russell T. Matthews",authors:[{id:"44404",title:"Dr.",name:"Russell",middleName:null,surname:"Matthews",fullName:"Russell Matthews",slug:"russell-matthews"},{id:"55269",title:"Ms",name:"Chrissa",middleName:null,surname:"Dwyer",fullName:"Chrissa Dwyer",slug:"chrissa-dwyer"}]},{id:"19937",title:"Portrait of Transcriptional Expression Profiles Displayed by Different Glioblastoma Cell Lines",slug:"portrait-of-transcriptional-expression-profiles-displayed-by-different-glioblastoma-cell-lines",signatures:"Paulo R. D. V. Godoy, Stephano S. Mello, Daniele A. Magalhães, Flavia S. Donaires, Ana P. Lima-Montaldi, Patricia Nicolucci, Eduardo A. Donadi, Geraldo A. S. Passos and Elza T. Sakamoto-Hojo",authors:[{id:"47245",title:"Dr.",name:"Elza",middleName:"Tiemi",surname:"Sakamoto-Hojo",fullName:"Elza Sakamoto-Hojo",slug:"elza-sakamoto-hojo"},{id:"53465",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Paulo Roberto",middleName:"D´Auria Vieira",surname:"Godoy",fullName:"Paulo Roberto Godoy",slug:"paulo-roberto-godoy"},{id:"53468",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephano",middleName:"Spano",surname:"Mello",fullName:"Stephano Mello",slug:"stephano-mello"},{id:"53471",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Magalhaes",fullName:"Daniele Magalhaes",slug:"daniele-magalhaes"},{id:"53472",title:"BSc",name:"Flavia",middleName:null,surname:"Donaires",fullName:"Flavia Donaires",slug:"flavia-donaires"},{id:"53475",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Montaldi",fullName:"Ana Paula Montaldi",slug:"ana-paula-montaldi"},{id:"53482",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Donadi",fullName:"Eduardo Donadi",slug:"eduardo-donadi"},{id:"53483",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraldo",middleName:null,surname:"Passos",fullName:"Geraldo Passos",slug:"geraldo-passos"},{id:"53490",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Nicolucci",fullName:"Patricia Nicolucci",slug:"patricia-nicolucci"}]},{id:"19938",title:"Genetics and Biology of Glioblastoma Multiforme",slug:"genetics-and-biology-of-glioblastoma-multiforme",signatures:"Anália Carmo, Inês Crespo and Maria Celeste Lopes",authors:[{id:"52168",title:"Prof.",name:"Analia",middleName:null,surname:"Carmo",fullName:"Analia Carmo",slug:"analia-carmo"},{id:"53565",title:"Dr.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Crespo",fullName:"Inês Crespo",slug:"ines-crespo"},{id:"53566",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Celeste",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",fullName:"Maria Celeste Lopes",slug:"maria-celeste-lopes"}]},{id:"19939",title:"Chemokines in Glioma Progression",slug:"chemokines-in-glioma-progression",signatures:"Marco Locatelli and Alberto Mantovani",authors:[{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani"},{id:"55813",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Locatelli",fullName:"Marco Locatelli",slug:"marco-locatelli"}]},{id:"19940",title:"Biomarkers of Glioma",slug:"biomarkers-of-glioma",signatures:"Shufang Liang and Guobo Shen",authors:[{id:"37881",title:"Prof.",name:"Shufang",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Shufang Liang",slug:"shufang-liang"},{id:"55827",title:"Prof.",name:"Guobo",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Guobo Shen",slug:"guobo-shen"}]},{id:"19941",title:"MicroRNA (miRNA) Regulation in Glioma: Implications in Development, Progression, Grading, Prognosis and Therapy",slug:"microrna-mirna-regulation-in-glioma-implications-in-development-progression-grading-prognosis-and-th",signatures:"Kumaravel Somasundaram, Soumya Alige Mahabala Rao and Zahid Nawaz",authors:[{id:"54550",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumaravel",middleName:null,surname:"Somasundaram",fullName:"Kumaravel Somasundaram",slug:"kumaravel-somasundaram"},{id:"54851",title:"Ms.",name:"Alige",middleName:null,surname:"Soumya",fullName:"Alige Soumya",slug:"alige-soumya"},{id:"54852",title:"Mr.",name:"Zahid",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",fullName:"Zahid Nawaz",slug:"zahid-nawaz"}]},{id:"19942",title:"MicroRNA in Human Gliomas",slug:"microrna-in-human-gliomas",signatures:"Alfredo Conti, Lucia Merlo, Domenico La Torre and M’Hammed Aguennouz",authors:[{id:"37677",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Conti",fullName:"Alfredo Conti",slug:"alfredo-conti"},{id:"54947",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Merlo",fullName:"Lucia Merlo",slug:"lucia-merlo"},{id:"54948",title:"Dr.",name:"Domenico",middleName:null,surname:"La Torre",fullName:"Domenico La Torre",slug:"domenico-la-torre"},{id:"54949",title:"Dr.",name:"M'Hammed",middleName:null,surname:"Aguennouz",fullName:"M'Hammed Aguennouz",slug:"m'hammed-aguennouz"}]},{id:"19943",title:"Gliomas: Role of Wnt/β-Catenin/Tcf Signaling Pathway",slug:"gliomas-role-of-wnt-catenin-tcf-signaling-pathway",signatures:"Gangadhara Reddy Sareddy and Phanithi Prakash Babu",authors:[{id:"47201",title:"Dr.",name:"Phanithi Prakash",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",fullName:"Phanithi Prakash Babu",slug:"phanithi-prakash-babu"},{id:"55041",title:"Dr",name:"Gangadhara",middleName:"Reddy",surname:"Sareddy",fullName:"Gangadhara Sareddy",slug:"gangadhara-sareddy"}]},{id:"19944",title:"Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2: A Possible Regulator of Invasive Growth in Glioblastoma",slug:"insulin-like-growth-factor-binding-protein-2-a-possible-regulator-of-invasive-growth-in-glioblastoma",signatures:"Tsuyoshi Fukushima and Hiroaki Kataoka",authors:[{id:"47812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",fullName:"Hiroaki Kataoka",slug:"hiroaki-kataoka"},{id:"53671",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukushima",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Fukushima",slug:"tsuyoshi-fukushima"}]},{id:"19945",title:"The Role of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Glioma Brain Tumors",slug:"the-role-of-isocitrate-dehydrogenase-mutations-in-glioma-brain-tumors",signatures:"Chi-Ming Chang, Kaiming Xu and Hui-Kuo G. Shu",authors:[{id:"51242",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui-Kuo",middleName:null,surname:"Shu",fullName:"Hui-Kuo Shu",slug:"hui-kuo-shu"},{id:"57486",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Chi-Ming Chang",slug:"chi-ming-chang"},{id:"57487",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaiming",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Kaiming Xu",slug:"kaiming-xu"}]},{id:"19946",title:"The Expression of BORIS Protein in a Newly Established Primary Glioma Cell Culture Line",slug:"the-expression-of-boris-protein-in-a-newly-established-primary-glioma-cell-culture-line",signatures:"Siti Zawani Mohd Ramli, Shaharum Shamsuddin, Nik Norliza Hassan, Azmi Alias, Mohd Saffari Mohd Haspani and Jafri Abdullah",authors:[{id:"42580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafri",middleName:"Malin",surname:"Abdullah",fullName:"Jafri Abdullah",slug:"jafri-abdullah"},{id:"53613",title:"Mrs",name:"Siti Zawani",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Ramli",fullName:"Siti Zawani Mohd Ramli",slug:"siti-zawani-mohd-ramli"},{id:"53614",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaharum",middleName:null,surname:"Shamsuddin",fullName:"Shaharum Shamsuddin",slug:"shaharum-shamsuddin"},{id:"53616",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed Yusoff",fullName:"Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff",slug:"abdul-aziz-mohamed-yusoff"},{id:"53618",title:"Dr.",name:"Azmi",middleName:null,surname:"Alias",fullName:"Azmi Alias",slug:"azmi-alias"},{id:"53619",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Saffari",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Haspani",fullName:"Mohd Saffari Mohd Haspani",slug:"mohd-saffari-mohd-haspani"},{id:"53620",title:"Dr.",name:"Nik Norliza",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Nik Norliza Hassan",slug:"nik-norliza-hassan"}]},{id:"19947",title:"MiR-221/222 Promote the Growth of Malignant Glioma Cells by Regulating Its Target Genes",slug:"mir-221-222-promote-the-growth-of-malignant-glioma-cells-by-regulating-its-target-genes",signatures:"Zhang Chunzhi, Jiang Tao, Wang Jinhuan, Cheng Jinquan, Pu Peiyu and Kang Chunsheng",authors:[{id:"32217",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Chunsheng Kang",slug:"chunsheng-kang"},{id:"46409",title:"Prof.",name:"Peiyu",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",fullName:"Peiyu Pu",slug:"peiyu-pu"},{id:"54052",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Chunzhi Zhang",slug:"chunzhi-zhang"},{id:"57288",title:"Prof.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Tao Jiang",slug:"tao-jiang"},{id:"57289",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinhuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jinhuan Wang",slug:"jinhuan-wang"},{id:"57290",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinquan",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Jinquan Cheng",slug:"jinquan-cheng"}]},{id:"19948",title:"Primary Glioblastoma with Different Patterns of EGFR Amplification and the Relationship with Gene Expression Profile",slug:"primary-glioblastoma-with-different-patterns-of-egfr-amplification-and-the-relationship-with-gene-ex",signatures:"Concha Lopez-Gines, Rosario Gil-Benso, Daniel Monleon, Jose Gonzalez-Darder and Miguel Cerda-Nicolas",authors:[{id:"44338",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Cerda-Nicolas",fullName:"Miguel Cerda-Nicolas",slug:"miguel-cerda-nicolas"},{id:"54197",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Gil-Benso",fullName:"Rosario Gil-Benso",slug:"rosario-gil-benso"},{id:"54198",title:"Prof.",name:"Concha",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Gines",fullName:"Concha Lopez-Gines",slug:"concha-lopez-gines"},{id:"88532",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monleon",fullName:"Daniel Monleon",slug:"daniel-monleon"},{id:"89256",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Darder",fullName:"Jose Gonzalez-Darder",slug:"jose-gonzalez-darder"}]},{id:"19949",title:"Nuclear Signaling of EGFR and EGFRvIII in Glioblastoma",slug:"nuclear-signaling-of-egfr-and-egfrviii-in-glioblastoma",signatures:"Anupama E. Gururaj, Oliver Bögler and Khatri Latha",authors:[{id:"53393",title:"Prof.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Bogler",fullName:"Oliver Bogler",slug:"oliver-bogler"},{id:"53411",title:"Dr",name:"Anupama",middleName:"Edward",surname:"Gururaj",fullName:"Anupama Gururaj",slug:"anupama-gururaj"},{id:"53412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khatri",middleName:null,surname:"Latha",fullName:"Khatri Latha",slug:"khatri-latha"}]},{id:"19950",title:"Ap 1 in Glioblastomas",slug:"ap-1-in-glioblastomas",signatures:"Densie Smith and Bruce Bejcek",authors:[{id:"44191",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruce",middleName:"Evan",surname:"Bejcek",fullName:"Bruce Bejcek",slug:"bruce-bejcek"},{id:"54188",title:"Dr.",name:"Denise",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"Denise Smith",slug:"denise-smith"}]},{id:"19951",title:"The Musashi1 RNA-Binding Protein: A Critical Regulator in Glioblastoma",slug:"the-musashi1-rna-binding-protein-a-critical-regulator-in-glioblastoma",signatures:"Dat T. Vo, Devraj Sandhu, Jonathan A. Gelfond and Luiz O. Penalva",authors:[{id:"34864",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Penalva",fullName:"Luiz Penalva",slug:"luiz-penalva"},{id:"53567",title:"Mr.",name:"Dat",middleName:null,surname:"Vo",fullName:"Dat Vo",slug:"dat-vo"},{id:"102099",title:"Mr.",name:"Devraj",middleName:null,surname:"Sandhu",fullName:"Devraj Sandhu",slug:"devraj-sandhu"},{id:"102100",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelfond",fullName:"Jonathan Gelfond",slug:"jonathan-gelfond"}]},{id:"19952",title:"The Pivotal Roles of GSK3β in Glioma Biology",slug:"the-pivotal-roles-of-gsk3-in-glioma-biology",signatures:"Mitsutoshi Nakada, Toshinari Minamoto, Ilya V. Pyko, Yutaka Hayashi and Jun-ichiro Hamada",authors:[{id:"43162",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakada",fullName:"Mitsutoshi Nakada",slug:"mitsutoshi-nakada"},{id:"43163",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshinari",middleName:null,surname:"Minamoto",fullName:"Toshinari Minamoto",slug:"toshinari-minamoto"},{id:"58666",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",fullName:"Yutaka Hayashi",slug:"yutaka-hayashi"},{id:"58667",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun-Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Hamada",fullName:"Jun-Ichiro Hamada",slug:"jun-ichiro-hamada"},{id:"90986",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilya",middleName:null,surname:"Pyko",fullName:"Ilya Pyko",slug:"ilya-pyko"}]},{id:"19953",title:"The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases a nd Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in the Progression of Astrocytomas",slug:"the-role-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-a-nd-tissue-inhibitors-of-metalloproteinases-in-the-progressio",signatures:"Fábio Motta, Renata Canalle, France Yoshioka, Giovanny Pinto, Lúcia Harada, Carlotti Jurnior, Elvis Valera, Carlos Scrideli and Luiz Tone",authors:[{id:"42816",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábio",middleName:null,surname:"Motta",fullName:"Fábio Motta",slug:"fandatildeandiexclbio-motta"},{id:"49611",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanny",middleName:"Rebouças",surname:"Pinto",fullName:"Giovanny Pinto",slug:"giovanny-pinto"},{id:"55395",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvis",middleName:null,surname:"Valera",fullName:"Elvis Valera",slug:"elvis-valera"},{id:"55396",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Scrideli",fullName:"Carlos Scrideli",slug:"carlos-scrideli"},{id:"55397",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz",middleName:"Gonazaga",surname:"Tone",fullName:"Luiz Tone",slug:"luiz-tone"},{id:"57022",title:"Dr.",name:"France",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshioka",fullName:"France Yoshioka",slug:"france-yoshioka"},{id:"57315",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Canalle",fullName:"Renata Canalle",slug:"renata-canalle"},{id:"99854",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Harada",fullName:"Lucia Harada",slug:"lucia-harada"},{id:"99855",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlotti",middleName:null,surname:"Junior",fullName:"Carlotti Junior",slug:"carlotti-junior"}]},{id:"19954",title:"Medulloblastoma – Genetic Alterations",slug:"medulloblastoma-genetic-alterations",signatures:"Esther Manor and Lipa Bodner",authors:[{id:"37606",title:"Prof.",name:"Esther",middleName:"-",surname:"Manor",fullName:"Esther Manor",slug:"esther-manor"},{id:"52792",title:"Prof.",name:"Lipa",middleName:null,surname:"Bodner",fullName:"Lipa Bodner",slug:"lipa-bodner"}]},{id:"19955",title:"The Role of HGF/c-Met Pathway Signaling in Human Medulloblastoma",slug:"the-role-of-hgf-c-met-pathway-signaling-in-human-medulloblastoma",signatures:"Claudia Faria, Christian Smith and James Rutka",authors:[{id:"51475",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Rutka",fullName:"James Rutka",slug:"james-rutka"}]},{id:"19956",title:"The Impact of Redox Balance in Brain Tumors",slug:"the-impact-of-redox-balance-in-brain-tumors",signatures:"Pinar Atukeren",authors:[{id:"54960",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Atukeren",fullName:"Pınar Atukeren",slug:"pinar-atukeren"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69370",title:"Non-Communicable Diseases and Urbanization in African Cities: A Narrative Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89507",slug:"non-communicable-diseases-and-urbanization-in-african-cities-a-narrative-review",body:'Over the last few decades, the proportion of the world’s population living in urban areas has grown to 55%, and is expected to increase to 68% by 2050 [1]. Africa’s urban growth is unfolding more rapidly than anywhere in the world, with the share of urban dwellers projected to exceed 50% by 2035 [1]. However this growth has been characterized as “rapid, unplanned and unmanaged” because 62% of the urban population in Africa lives in informal settlements characterized by conditions of squalor, overcrowding, and small make-shift structures mostly made of sub-standard housing materials such as mud and scraps of wood or corrugated metal [2]. Unplanned settlement in cities is associated with increased inequality, urban poverty, social deprivation and lifestyle changes that could lead to an increased burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [3]. Thus, changes in physical and social environment in the urban space favor the adoption of behaviors that promote unhealthy lifestyles such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, tobacco consumption and harmful alcohol consumption that predispose individuals living in the slums to NCDs [4, 5]. Even so, there is generally lack of consensus as to whether there exists any NCDs health advantages in urban area.
NCDs represent a leading threat to human health and development [6]. In 2015 alone, four major NCDs-cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases accounted for 72% of all deaths globally; 85% of these were from low and middle income countries (LMICs) [7]. In urban areas of SSA, NCDs are rising faster than anywhere else in the world [8]. The economic consequences of NCDs are enormous across the globe, and are felt at the individual, household, community and health systems levels. Bloom et al. (2011) [9], estimated that economic losses due to NCDs could amount to approximately 75% of the global GDP. While there is wider recognition of the increasing burden of NCDs across Africa [5], scanty literature exists on the link between urban environments and NCD risks in Africa, as well as the associated health and social consequences, and access to health services. Considering that future population growth will take place predominantly in African cities, there is need for a deeper understanding of urban health and the context of NCDs in African cities to identify tailored interventions to curb the epidemic. Urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa provides a unique opportunity to explore the mechanisms by which urban environment influences NCD epidemiology.
This chapter describes both the health determinants and outcomes in African cities with special attention to low-income urban areas. It further highlights the burden, impact and possible interventions for NCDs in African cities. The chapter draws on insights from relevant peer-reviewed and gray literature on NCDs, and the authors’ own experiences on the subject in Africa.
While the African continent remains largely rural, it is one of the fastest urbanizing regions in the world [1]. Africa’s transition into the ‘urban age’ is seen in the prolific growth of megacities as well as smaller towns [10]. The urban population increased from 14 to 32% between 1950 and 1990 and is projected to rise to 54.1% by the year 2025 [11]. In absolute terms, the urban population will rise from 395 million in 2010 to 1.339 billion in 2050 [12]. Currently, the continent has seven megacities (cities with populations over 10 million): Cairo, Kinshasa, Lagos, Accra, Johannesburg, –Pretoria and Khartoum with cities such as Lagos having an average annual growth rate of 5.8% (Table 1).
Urban population as a percentage of total population* | Urban population average annual growth rate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1991 | 2000 | 1970–1980 | 1980–1990 | 1991–2000 | |
Low-income countries | 28 | 39 (3127) | −3686 | 3.7 | 5 | 2.4 |
Kenya | 10 | 24 (25) | 32 (34) | 8.5 | 7.8 | 7 |
Zimbabwe | 17 | 28 (10) | 35 (12) | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.4 |
Nigeria | 20 | 36 (99) | 43 (128) | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.4 |
Urbanization of low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Figures in parenthesis are estimates of total population in millions.
Other big cities expected to join the megacity list include Nairobi, Luanda, Dar es Salaam and Addis Ababa [13]. Urbanization trends in most of African countries are mainly demographically driven without commensurate socioeconomic development [14]. With no massive social, economic and infrastructural transformations in place, growing cities and towns in Africa experience high rates of poverty, unemployment, low wages and inequality [15, 16]. Urbanization in African is rather chaotic and is dogged with complex urban health crises arising from inadequate safe water supply, squalor and shanty settlements (Figure 1), poor sanitation, poor solid waste and toxins disposal that contaminates food and water [3]. These living conditions drive a high incidence of infectious diseases [17].
Korogocho slums in Nairobi. Credit: APHRC.
Injuries are also common because of inefficient, congested, and risky transport system [18]. It is estimated that up to 62 percent of SSA’s urban population live in informal settlements characterized by pervasive poverty and overcrowding [19]. While the poor in the cities continue to suffer marginalization and experience excess social and economic vulnerability from unstable employment, external shocks such as natural disasters, the affluent section of cities are much more planned and with significant policy attention, and development that ensures healthy living such as presence of walk ways, parks and playing fields (Figure 2) [20, 21]. Therefore, the divide between the rich and poor urban dwellers remains wide in African cities, and the extent of inequality reduces access to healthy living as well as essential and quality health services particularly for the poor. Young people face several challenges when transitioning to adulthood within such settings.
A section of the Nairobi Central Business District (CBD).
There is substantial evidence from studies conducted in Nairobi slums, indicating an increase of smoking along decreasing social economic status (SES) gradient, and within overcrowded settings, thereby elevating the risks of second hand smoking [22]. While urban poverty remains a critical trigger of NCD risks, the existing obesogenic environments and weak health systems in most of urban Africa portend a bleak future for NCD prevention and control. Studies in Kenya, Ghana and South Africa have also shown that living in a city is associated with higher odds of obesity and cardio-metabolic risk factors [23, 24, 25]. Similarly, Peer et al., (2013) [26], in South Africa found that urban environments are associated with an increase in prevalence of the traditional risk factors for NCDs including smoking, harmful alcohol consumption, inadequate physical activity, and inadequate fruit/vegetable consumption. In addition, early life exposure to urban environment has been linked to an increased risk of obesity and impaired fasting glucose in later adulthood [27].
The world health organization (WHO), defines NCDs as any medical condition or disease that is non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. The four main NCDs include cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, and cancers which share a set of four key behavioral risk factors: tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet [28]. These behaviors mediate biological risk factors such as obesity, raised blood pressure, and increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids which ultimately progress to more advanced disease [29]. Other examples of NCDs include mental illnesses, injuries, and chronic kidney diseases. From 1990 to 2015, NCDs related deaths in SSA increased from 25% (1.7 million) to 34% (2.7 million). During the same period, the total NCD burden expressed as disability adjusted life years (DALYs) increased by 45% [7]. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of NCD deaths. In 2013, CVDs caused nearly 1 million deaths in SSA, constituting 38.3% of non-communicable disease deaths and 11.3% of deaths from all causes in the region [30]. Cancers come second causing 12% NCDs deaths with wide variations across regions in SSA. Among males in SSA, leading cancer cases (in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) per 100,000 population) included, prostate cancer (27.9), liver cancer (10.2), Kaposi sarcoma (7.2), oesophageal cancer (6.8) and colorectal cancer (6.4). While among females, cervical cancer (34.8), breast cancer (33.8), liver cancer (5.4), colorectal cancer (5.4), ovarian (4.6) [31], are the most common causes of death. Tragically, survival from cancer is worse than in the rest of the world. For many cancers, the risk of getting cancer and the risk of dying from it are nearly the same in SSA [32]. Chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes are each responsible for about 10% and 5% of total deaths in SSA respectively [7]. The NCD risk factors such as high blood pressure, poor diets, air pollution, high body-mass index, tobacco smoking, alcohol and drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, high total cholesterol, and low physical activity are the top 10 global risk factors for death [7].
Other forms of NCDs such as injuries are responsible for a significant proportion of DALYS. Injuries resulting from road accidents (motor vehicles and motor bikes) have increasingly taken a growing toll on human health [33]. Mental disorders, including depression and anxiety, or severe forms like psychosis, schizophrenia and bipolar, as well as alcohol and substance dependence are common. Over the next decade, it is projected that NCD associated DALYs will surpass that contributed by infectious diseases, perinatal and maternal conditions combined (Figure 3).
Projected burden of disease in SSA, 2008 and 2030. Source of data: Authors from (World Health Organization, 2008). NCDS*: Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases.
Hypertension is a leading risk factor for mortality, and is the prime risk factor for the CVD epidemic in Africa [34]. Hypertension is defined as an average systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or average diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg among adults aged at least 18 years. Data available on hypertension prevalence are from a wide range of studies [35, 36], majority of which are not age-standardized, and this limits the opportunity for reliable comparison between different African countries and cities. Nevertheless, several WHO STEPwise surveys reported a hypertension prevalence of 19.3–39.6% in Africa [35, 37]. Additional data from epidemiological modeling project suggest that 216.8 million people will have hypertension by 2030. Urban settings consistently have a higher prevalence of hypertension compared to rural areas [38, 39] (Figure 4).
Prevalence of hypertension by rural–urban residence in selected African countries. Source of data: World Health Survey (2003).
Of great concern, is the proportion of individuals with hypertension who remain underdiagnosed, lack access to treatment and are prone to severe complications and increased risk of premature deaths [40]. Evidence from a review of hypertension in 23 African countries, shows that less than half of those with hypertension are aware of their diseases and only one third of those who are aware start treatment, and less than 10% of those on treatment have their blood pressure controlled [41]. It is thus crucial to understand the risk factors driving the rise of hypertension in urban areas to inform preventive interventions. Several factors have been cited as responsible for the rise of hypertension among urban populations in Africa.
Early studies by Donnison et al. (1929) in an African rural community established the role of civilization and urbanization on the development of hypertension [42]. Later, Poulter et al. (1990) established social-behavioral origins with sedentary lifestyles and increased consumption of unhealthy diets among rural–urban migrants in Kenya as major factors driving elevated blood pressure [43]. Researchers also observed that mean diastolic blood pressure of migrants (aged 15–34 years) who moved to the cities increased markedly over time, compared to their controls in the rural areas. In addition, migrants’ mean urinary sodium: potassium ratio, weight and pulse rate were higher than for controls [43]. Cooper et al., also hypothesized that environmental and behavioral changes that occur when individuals move from rural to urban settings all coalesce to increase predisposition to hypertension [44].
Urban poverty which is common in African cities, is also known to mediate deleterious risks factors for hypertension among urban residents [45]. In LMICs, poverty exposes people to behavioral risk factors for NCDs and in turn, resulting NCDs become an important driver for poverty. The urban poor experience increased vulnerability to unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. Evans et al., (2010) found that informal settlements within cities in South Africa had unhealthy diets and inadequate physical activity because they lacked access to organized markets for healthy foods, and had inadequate resources for physical activity [46].
Urban living in South Africa, Tanzania and Cameroon was also reported to be associated with increased exposure to tobacco use, excessive alcohol intake, unhealthy diets (high in salt, and sugar and less in fiber) and also physical inactivity [47, 48]. In the next section, we review how urban environment modifies NCD risk factors.
There is evidence alluding to the link between diet and development of overweight, obesity and occurrence of NCDs [49]. However, the understanding of the nexus between urbanization and changes in dietary patterns and nutrient intakes in Africa remains limited. As African cities grow, the rise in urban population’s increases pressure on arable land for farming, and coupled with rural urban migration, this reduces the ratio of food producers to food consumers [16]. This consequently leads to severe disruptions in healthy food availability, distribution, access and affordability [50, 51]. As healthy foods such as fresh vegetables and fruits, cereals and plant proteins diminish in urban settings, populations resort to the readily available which often unhealthy. A survey in major cities of Cape Verde, Ghana and Senegal reported an increased consumption of energy-dense foods such as candies, ice cream and sweetened beverages up to seven times as frequently as fruit and vegetables [50]. This finding affirms previous studies that showed rapid rise in fat intake across low income countries, including in Africa [52]. Proliferation of fast-food outlets, supermarkets, food vendors, and restaurants in cities have facilitated increased access to unhealthy diets, thus transforming urban settlements into highly obesogenic environments. Nevertheless, for individuals of higher socio-economic status, these changes may offer improved access to nutritious foods since they can afford more healthy foods [53]. While for the urban poor, choices for healthy foods are restricted and they easily resort to the most easily available and affordable diets that are largely unhealthy [54]. In the cities, there are aggressive powerful commercial and emotional advertisements and marketing through various media outlets, which greatly influence preferences and choices of fast-foods and sugary drinks, especially among children and young adults [55, 56].
Physical activity (PA) has many health-promoting effects and is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, obesity, and some cancers [57]. Insufficient physical activity is a leading risk factor for NCDs and has a negative effect on mental health and quality of life. Levels of physical activity in many African countries vary widely across geographic regions and population subgroups. For instance, country level prevalence of PA ranged from 46.8% in Mali to 96.0% in Mozambique [58]. While current data shows that SSA has the least prevalence of insufficient physical activity compared to the rest of the world [59], trend data shows decreasing levels of physical activity and increasing levels of sedentary lifestyles across all age groups [60]. Country-specific population-based data on physical activity prevalence show lower levels of PA in urban environments attributed to built-up environment leaving no green spaces for physical activity [61]. In addition, congestion in cities, availability of motorized transport and absence of paved walk-ways makes it impractical for physical activity to happen in African cities. In low income informal settlements in African cities, several physical barriers and insecurity limit physical activity [46]. In Kenya for instance, young adults in rural areas were found to be more physically active compared to those in urban areas. A study conducted by Mashili et al. (2018) in Tanzania also found that being employed, higher education and wealth status (mainly among urban residents) were associated with less physically activity [62].
The WHO considers tobacco use as the single leading cause of avoidable death and ill health, contributing to lung cancer, chronic respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease [63]. While the use of cigarette and other tobacco products has declined in high-income countries [64], cigarette use in LMICs including in SSA is rising [65]. Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 16 African countries revealed that cigarette use was highest among urban dwellers, less educated, and lower socioeconomic status individuals [66]. Consistent with previous studies in Africa, urban residents are most at risk for cigarette use [67], and start smoking at a younger age [68]. A study by Williams et al., (2008) in Cape Town concluded that urbanicity was associated with smoking attitudes among women [69]. Notably, increased marketing of tobacco products target women and youths in urban SSA [66]. Young adults in African cities, for example in Nairobi, Kigali and Dar-es-salaam, have taken into trendier smoking habits such as “shisha” (pipe smoking) [70, 71, 72]. In addition, since informal settlements in the cities are overcrowded, there is increased the risk of second hand smoking and indoor pollution from cooking– all linked to cardiovascular and respiratory complications [73].
Comparative literature about alcohol use in urban and rural settings is rare. Some studies have linked urban living to the rise of psychological distress and alcohol-related problems. However, there is paucity of research that investigates the link between urbanization stress and alcoholism in SSA [74]. Similarly, harmful use of alcohol is often associated with injuries, violence, crime, suicide and risky sexual behaviors [75].
The link between obesity, poor health outcomes and all-cause mortality is well established. Obesity is known to increase the likelihood of diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke, certain cancers, obstructive sleep apnoea and osteoarthritis. It also negatively affects reproductive performance [24, 27, 76]. Research evidence now characterizes the rapid rise in obesity levels in urban parts of Africa over the last 25 years as an epidemic. A study in Nairobi informal settlements found three times higher obesity prevalence than that rural areas in Kenya [77]. An analysis of demographic and health survey data from 24 African countries over the past 25 years revealed a consistent increase in obesity levels in all study countries. Obesity more than doubled or tripled in 12 of the 24 countries including Kenya, Benin, Niger, Rwanda, Ivory Coast and Uganda, Zambia, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Malawi, while Tanzania experienced a three-fold increase over the same period [78]. Substantial differences were observed between countries: Egypt and Ghana had the highest prevalence of obesity in the survey estimated at 39 and 22%respectively [79]. Obesity was higher among women aged between 15 and 49 years and those living in urban areas [80]-see Figure 5.
Differences in urban and rural overweight and obesity prevalence in Africa. Source of data: Demographic Health Surveys (DHS).
Several studies have described the role of urbanization in the rising obesity epidemic in the African continent [79, 80, 81]. Urbanization along with socioeconomic transformation lead to increased access to high energy-dense foods and more sedentary lifestyles resulting in a positive energy balance leading to obesity. Access to cheap foods, high in fat and sugar content among the urban poor is easier than in rural communities, thus the higher prevalence of obesity in urban areas [82]. In an analysis of data from seven African countries including Malawi, Senegal, Kenya, Ghana, Tanzania, Niger and Burkina Faso, Ziraba et al., found that the greatest increase in prevalence of overweight and obesity over a ten-year was among the poorest people living in the cities [83].
Many interventions for prevention and control of NCDs exist but because most African countries have limited resources, choices have to be made about which of the interventions are prioritized [84]. WHO proposed several NCD “best-buy” strategies - proven and cost-effective approaches for addressing NCDs- within LMICs through tacking of the modifiable risk factors for NCDs [85]. Examples of the “best buys” include increasing taxes on tobacco and alcohol, legislation to restrict smoking zones, bans on advertising, reducing salt and sugar in food and raising public awareness on dangers of all risk factors for NCD and promoting healthy behaviors. A number of African governments made commitments in domesticating and implementing NCD related international commitments, such as the Global NCD Action Plan 2013–2020 with targets and indicators to accelerate NCD control [86]. Nevertheless, progress has been slow, and in some cases off-track in achieving the NCDs indicators by the set deadlines [87]. Scarcity of resources and several competing priorities in the health sectors across African countries limits the ability of countries to achieve their targets. A recent WHO NCD Progress Monitor report revealed that less than half of WHO Member States have set NCD targets/indicators to track progress of implementing NCD “best buys” [88]. Some of the “best-buys” that have been implemented by African countries include; taxes and legislations to create a protective environment that limits exposure to harmful behaviors especially for the most vulnerable.
Both excise and sales tax on tobacco products in Kenya and South Africa were increased [89]. Similarly, several countries including Botswana, Kenya, The Gambia, Ghana, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe have imposed taxes on alcoholic beverages [90]. While the enforcement of the alcohol and tobacco policies may be lacking the needed regulatory teeth, there is some evidence suggesting higher levels of alcohol and tobacco abstinence in countries implementing these interventions compared to countries without any regulations [90]. Between 1993 and 2009, cigarettes sales declined by 30% in South Africa, and the rate of smoking among adults dropped by 25%, even as government revenues from tobacco taxes increased by 800% [91, 92]. South Africa imposed taxes on sugary drinks in 2017, becoming the first African country to do so, in an attempt to reduce excessive consumption of sugary drinks [93], the effect of this is yet to be seen. South Africa also passed a legislation to enforce salt reductions in the food industry by establishing maximum sodium content limits to be achieved by 2019 [94]. Some countries are now pushing for bans on alcohol advertising. In Gambia, alcohol advertising is banned on national television and radio.
Some African cities have chosen a more positive and interactive approach through health promotion such as raising awareness about NCDs and encouraging disease screening through campaigns (e.g. for hypertension and diabetes). Most of these health promotion approaches are aimed at achieving positive health behaviors at individual and community levels [95]. For example in Kigali, Rwanda physical activity is promoted among city residents by encouraging people to leave work early once in a week to engage in physical activity [96]. Such preventive approaches to NCD control targeting the behavioral risk factors are more cost-effective than treating the NCDs. A more concerted, strategic, and multi-sectorial policy approach is essential to help reverse the negative trends of NCDs in urban Africa.
Several challenges hinder efforts to address the NCD burden in cities. The main challenges include lack of data needed to inform primary prevention, care and treatment, low community awareness on NCDs and risk factors, weak policies and poverty in the informal settlements.
Limited availability of representative data on the burden of NCDs in Africa [97], leads to a gross underestimation of burden, thus the inability to lobby for investment in NCD care service delivery. Some countries have collected national NCD data through the NCD WHO STEPwise surveys. Up to 33 countries in WHO African Region have conducted at least one round of STEPwise survey which draws a nationally representative sample and about 19 countries have conducted the global school-based student health surveys (GSHS) [98]. Routine data captured by health facilities on morbidity and mortality could be a potential sources of data, but these data are limited by non-representativeness due to differential use of health services, inaccuracies from paper-based data capture systems, thus the data are largely regarded as of poor quality [99]. Insurance firms also provide important morbidity data, but these have limited value since a small proportion of the population access health insurance. The Global Burden of Disease study combines several datasets to model national NCD morbidity and mortality estimates, but rarely reports NCD burden by rural versus urban locations. Data challenges such as the variation in methodologies used to capture data, the rigor of instruments, sampled populations, design used as well as the variations in how the indicators are defined continue to hamper the comparability and learning across countries [100]. Planning of NCD services without reliable data is almost impossible.
Lack of knowledge and awareness on risk factors at community level hinders healthy behavior change and uptake of early NCD screening and treatment services [101]. A study in Abuja reported a high prevalence of hypertension among the elderly populations, and majority of whom were unaware about their conditions [102]. Other studies have suggested that low levels of knowledge and awareness of hypertension are associated with undiagnosed, severe or complicated, and uncontrolled hypertension [103], lack of patients’ adherence to lifestyle modifications and to medications [104, 105]. Certainly raising awareness particularly on uptake of screening services for most NCDs could be beneficial at both individual and population-levels. And in the context of urban Africa, such efforts could leverage on wide spread mass-media for health promotion. Low levels of NCD awareness or knowledge levels among health workers is also associated with reduced ability for case-finding, treatment and referrals [106].
Urban populations in Africa tend to be very diverse by education, religion, socioeconomic status and culture [5]. As a result, NCD prevention and control policies and programs need to be tailored to cater for variations at population levels [107]. In a review CVD policies in Kenya Asiki et al. (2018) found no standalone policies for CVD management and care but some aspects of CVD policy were covered in general NCD policy document [108]. NCD policies in most African countries suffer the same deficiencies as they do not reflect the typical realities of urban living –pervasive food marketing and complex urban food environments that may offer diversity as well as greater exposure to unhealthy foods [8]. These policies are also not well integrated with policies in other sectors such as spatial planning, infrastructure and housing, transport planning, education policy, access to energy, and water and sanitation policies and interventions [53]. As such minimum intersectoral and multisectoral engagements in policy formulation lead to standalone NCD policies that are not coherent with other policies [90]. Furthermore, national policies and plans for the prevention and control of NCDs often suffer from underfunding [109], and are thus not implemented. In addition, interference from commercial and economic interests of industry for tobacco, alcohol, and food industries makes it difficult to regulate these NCD risk factors as policy makers and law enforcers are often bribed or threatened not to formulate and or implement such policies [110].
Health systems in SSA are characteristically weak and overburdened by the rapidly increasing double burden of communicable diseases and NCDs [17]. With more focus and investment on infectious diseases such as malaria, TB and HIV, very little attention is given to the rising NCD burden in cities [111]. As a consequence, several gaps and missed opportunities exist to offer services for patients and many miss diagnosis, and treatment to when they present to hospitals with other diseases [112]. Inadequate staff and as well as capacity of health staff in most countries, negatively affects NCD prevention and treatment at facilities. For instance, nurses at primary healthcare facilities should have skills to use simple point-of-care equipment such as glucometers for early screening, treatment and referral of individuals with abnormal blood glucose [113]. Frequent stock-outs of medicines and supplies remains a critical barrier to prompt treatment and adherence to these treatments. In Nairobi, Kenya medicines for NCDs are hardly available in public hospitals, and there is lack of integration of NCD services with other chronic diseases such as HIV or TB services [114]. Knowing that interventions targeted against one of the disease burdens will impact the other, it is critical that interventions are conducted jointly instead of competing for limited resources. A study in Malawi reported that the full cost of NCD care is often borne directly by patients through out-of-pocket (OOP) payments individuals [115]. Similarly, a study by Mwai and Muriithi (2016) in Kenya reported that NCDs reduce household income by almost 30%, compared to other general ailments that reduce household income by 13.6%. As a consequence, many people suffering from NCDs in Africa face risks of experiencing catastrophic health expenditures, impoverishment and may be deterred from seeking the care they need [116].
Poverty is common among urban residents in Africa and this plays a fundamental role in the onset, progress and mortality of NCD patients [117]. Studies have suggested that the groups most at risk of NCDs in the next decade will be the urban poor [118]. While NCD epidemiology in high income countries is largely driven by explosion of traditional risk factors in Rwanda, increasing evidence points to a greater contribution of malnutrition, infections, and toxic environments - all exacerbated by poverty [119]. Poverty also limits access to quality NCD care. Majority of the urban poor lack access to health insurance and therefore resort to out-of-pocket payments, consequently leading to catastrophic spending [120]. Research on social and economic implications of NCDs remain scarce in most SSA countries yet such information is important for prioritization of NCDs by all relevant sectors [121].
The rapid urbanization in Africa continues to drive the NCD epidemic, increasing vulnerability of individuals, threatening development and sustainability of African cities. To mitigate this rising threat - effective evidence-informed multi-sectoral policies are needed to address prevention and control of NCD focusing on the major NCD risk factors. While several countries have developed national strategies for NCD prevention following the global WHO NCD prevention strategies, implementation of these policies is still inadequate. Thus there is need for governments to put more effort in strengthening implementation of these policies including allocation of financial and other resources to support implementation. NCD policies need to be integrated into urban planning to address air pollution as well as physical inactivity by designing and developing parks and recreational facilities including pedestrian and cycling tracks, zoning walk-ways where motorized vehicles are not allowed and providing incentives for the non-use of motorized vehicles. Fiscal policies and regulatory measures to restrict unhealthy food environment in urban areas of Africa are also needed to curtail the ever growing food marketing by a burgeoning food industry.
There is need to strengthen health care systems to make them more responsive to NCD prevention and control. This include building capacity of health workforce on prevention and control of NCDs, strengthening infrastructure, providing essential commodities and supplies and strengthen surveillance systems to be able to plan, monitor, and assess the effects of NCDs on population health and monitor the performance of interventions. A good balance of investment is required for the delivery and coordination of both curative and preventive and promotive services to avert the NCD disease burden. Countries need to explore various models of partnership with private sector partners aimed at scaling up their contributions to addressing NCDs directly or indirectly through various multi-sectoral strategies.
There is need to strengthen primary prevention interventions at community-levels. These interventions include early detection, active screening, case finding, referral and treatment and working with at-risk individuals to reduce high risk behavior. Expanding opportunities for early detection at the community and in primary health facilities could yield positive outcomes, especially through deliberate implementation of task shifting and task sharing models, involving community health workers (CHWs), while consistently mentoring and evaluating performance of such a model. Further community interventions include health education and promotion focusing on NCD risk factors including importance of reduced alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical activity and decreased consumption of high-calorie foods and highly processed foods while increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables. Some evidence exist on the potential positive results of such small-scale healthy food interventions utilizing platforms such as school feeding programs and workplaces. While documented community interventions addressing alcohol and tobacco consumption are scarce, interventions to enhance awareness and engagement in physical activity in major cities such as in Rwanda and Cameroon have been shown to work. Above all pro-poor primary health care programs targeting vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in African cities are needed to reduce the equity gap in NCD services.
At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\nEven if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nFORMATS
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\n\nFORMATS
\n\nCOST
\n\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5698},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10243},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15647}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117315},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10590",title:"Humic Substance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85786eb36b3e13979aae664a4e046625",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Abdelhadi Makan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10590.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247727",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhadi",surname:"Makan",slug:"abdelhadi-makan",fullName:"Abdelhadi Makan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10765",title:"Environmental Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",slug:null,bookSignature:" John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5141},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"269",title:"Human Mobility",slug:"human-mobility",parent:{title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:23,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"human-mobility",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6102",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",subtitle:"Contexts and Boundaries",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f46c2870a20d93d5c5b913e7370dabd6",slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",bookSignature:"Leszek Butowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114047",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Butowski",slug:"leszek-butowski",fullName:"Leszek Butowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"56647",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70370",title:"Muslim Travel Behavior in Halal Tourism",slug:"muslim-travel-behavior-in-halal-tourism",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Mohamed Battour",authors:[{id:"206480",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Battour",slug:"mohamed-battour",fullName:"Mohamed Battour"}]},{id:"58056",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71459",title:"Cruise Tourism and Sustainability in the Mediterranean. Destination Venice",slug:"cruise-tourism-and-sustainability-in-the-mediterranean-destination-venice",totalDownloads:1220,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Vincenzo Asero and Stefania Skonieczny",authors:[{id:"207224",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Asero",slug:"vincenzo-asero",fullName:"Vincenzo Asero"},{id:"208063",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Skonieczny",slug:"stefania-skonieczny",fullName:"Stefania Skonieczny"}]},{id:"58259",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71597",title:"Air Transport Economic Footprint in Remote Tourist Regions",slug:"air-transport-economic-footprint-in-remote-tourist-regions",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Dimitrios Dimitriou",authors:[{id:"207943",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-dimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Dimitriou"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56647",title:"Muslim Travel Behavior in Halal Tourism",slug:"muslim-travel-behavior-in-halal-tourism",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Mohamed Battour",authors:[{id:"206480",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Battour",slug:"mohamed-battour",fullName:"Mohamed Battour"}]},{id:"58056",title:"Cruise Tourism and Sustainability in the Mediterranean. Destination Venice",slug:"cruise-tourism-and-sustainability-in-the-mediterranean-destination-venice",totalDownloads:1220,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Vincenzo Asero and Stefania Skonieczny",authors:[{id:"207224",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Asero",slug:"vincenzo-asero",fullName:"Vincenzo Asero"},{id:"208063",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Skonieczny",slug:"stefania-skonieczny",fullName:"Stefania Skonieczny"}]},{id:"56679",title:"Determinants of Satisfaction with the Tourist Destination",slug:"determinants-of-satisfaction-with-the-tourist-destination",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Enrique Marinao",authors:[{id:"207589",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Marinao",slug:"enrique-marinao",fullName:"Enrique Marinao"}]},{id:"56695",title:"Analysis of Online Conversations for Giving Sense to Sustainable Tourism in the Adriatic-Ionian Region",slug:"analysis-of-online-conversations-for-giving-sense-to-sustainable-tourism-in-the-adriatic-ionian-regi",totalDownloads:705,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Gian Luigi Corinto and Fabio Curzi",authors:[{id:"207340",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Corinto",slug:"gian-luigi-corinto",fullName:"Gian Luigi Corinto"},{id:"207365",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Curzi",slug:"fabio-curzi",fullName:"Fabio Curzi"}]},{id:"58176",title:"Long-Haul Travel Motivation by International Tourist to Penang",slug:"long-haul-travel-motivation-by-international-tourist-to-penang",totalDownloads:1104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Norkamaliah Shahrin and Azizan Marzuki",authors:[{id:"111261",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Azizan",middleName:null,surname:"Marzuki",slug:"azizan-marzuki",fullName:"Azizan Marzuki"}]},{id:"56583",title:"The International Decision-Making and Travel Behavior of Graduates Participating in Working Holiday",slug:"the-international-decision-making-and-travel-behavior-of-graduates-participating-in-working-holiday",totalDownloads:792,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Chin-cheng Ni, Chien-yu Tsao and Ying-hsiang Wang",authors:[{id:"207813",title:"Prof.",name:"Chin-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Ni",slug:"chin-cheng-ni",fullName:"Chin-Cheng Ni"},{id:"207814",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Tsao",slug:"chien-yu-tsao",fullName:"Chien-Yu Tsao"},{id:"207820",title:"MSc.",name:"Ying-Hsiang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ying-hsiang-wang",fullName:"Ying-Hsiang Wang"}]},{id:"57364",title:"Music Event as a Tourist Product: Specifics, Issues, Challenges",slug:"music-event-as-a-tourist-product-specifics-issues-challenges",totalDownloads:813,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Aleksandra Krajnović and Ivana Paula Gortan-Carlin",authors:[{id:"213765",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Krajnovic",slug:"aleksandra-krajnovic",fullName:"Aleksandra Krajnovic"},{id:"214029",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Gortan-Carlin",slug:"ivana-gortan-carlin",fullName:"Ivana Gortan-Carlin"}]},{id:"56858",title:"A Comprehensive Review of the Quality Approach in Tourism",slug:"a-comprehensive-review-of-the-quality-approach-in-tourism",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Diana Foris, Maria Popescu and Tiberiu Foris",authors:[{id:"206947",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Foris",slug:"diana-foris",fullName:"Diana Foris"},{id:"207967",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"maria-popescu",fullName:"Maria Popescu"},{id:"207968",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiberiu",middleName:null,surname:"Foris",slug:"tiberiu-foris",fullName:"Tiberiu Foris"}]},{id:"58085",title:"Energy-Efficient Architecture and Sustainable Urban Tourism: Context, Challenges and Solution",slug:"energy-efficient-architecture-and-sustainable-urban-tourism-context-challenges-and-solution",totalDownloads:705,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Ksenija (Née Jovović) Štahan",authors:[{id:"207037",title:"Dr.",name:"Ksenija",middleName:null,surname:"Stahan",slug:"ksenija-stahan",fullName:"Ksenija Stahan"}]},{id:"58259",title:"Air Transport Economic Footprint in Remote Tourist Regions",slug:"air-transport-economic-footprint-in-remote-tourist-regions",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"mobilities-tourism-and-travel-behavior-contexts-and-boundaries",title:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior",fullTitle:"Mobilities, Tourism and Travel Behavior - Contexts and Boundaries"},signatures:"Dimitrios Dimitriou",authors:[{id:"207943",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-dimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Dimitriou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"human-mobility",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/novel-therapeutic-concepts-in-targeting-glioma/implications-of-ionic-channels-in-the-therapy-of-malignant-glioma",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"novel-therapeutic-concepts-in-targeting-glioma",chapter:"implications-of-ionic-channels-in-the-therapy-of-malignant-glioma"},fullPath:"/books/novel-therapeutic-concepts-in-targeting-glioma/implications-of-ionic-channels-in-the-therapy-of-malignant-glioma",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()