Example of word analysis.
\r\n\r\n
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A customer relationship management (CRM) system is a business management software [1]. CRM software solutions usually include relevant modules for managing and executing business processes in a company such as operational CRM processes (marketing processes, sales processes, or service processes), analytical CRM processes (target group analysis, cross-selling analysis, or customer risk analysis), comprehensive processes (customer value analysis, customer segmentation, or customer characterization), or strategic processes (strategic analysis, strategic conception, or strategic controlling) [2]. A CRM system helps various parts of sales and marketing departments of an organization to organize and share data and knowledge, reduce costs, and improve the management of their business processes [3].
\nVarious architectures of CRM systems exist on the market: proprietary CRM systems, modules as a part of ERP systems, and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) systems in enterprise system landscapes. CRM vendors and implementation partners offer similar bundles of functionalities in their software-products: a set of application modules that fit together. Each module includes a variety of functions [3].
\nThere are different approaches for evaluating and implementing a CRM system. Thus, software evaluation is not a simple technical activity; it is a decision process including subjectivity and uncertainty with no possibility of arbitrary reduction [4]. As listed in the Appendix, several authors developed evaluation models with different methods between 1998 and 2017. These models are structured in different phase sequences and are used as a base for this paper.
\nThe methodology approach is structured in two phases:
Literature analysis
Qualitative content analysis (word analysis)
In the first phase (literature analysis), different models in evaluating CRM systems are identified and used as a basis to develop a new CRM evaluation model. Twenty-one different CRM evaluation models have been identified (see Appendix: Table 16).
\nIn the second phase, all identified papers are processed via a qualitative content analysis (word analysis). In this analysis, sources, levels, phases, activities, and tasks are qualitatively coded. Identical or similar phrases are combined and derived [5] as shown in Table 1.
\nSource | \nLevel | \nPhase | \nOriginal wording | \nActivity | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Q029E01001 | \nE01 | \nRequirements | \nDefining requirements: first requirements and then software | \nDefine requirements | \n
Q253E01002 | \nE01 | \nRequirements | \nDefinition of requirement | \nDefine requirements | \n
Q139E02012 | \nE01 | \nRequirements | \nDevelop CRM request matrix | \nDefine requirements | \n
Example of word analysis.
Within the word analysis, terms are summarized as shown in the following examples [6]:
“analyze” (analyze, check, identify, verify, …)
“define” (appoint, define, form, setup, organize, …)
Based on the word analysis, the sequences of phases and activities are determined. Three different calculation types are used to determine the sequences:
The phases or activities were normalized in each evaluation model, and an average value was calculated.
Average value is given by the sum of the multiplication of nominations per phase/activity number, and the frequency of the mentions in this phase/activity is divided by the amount of nominations per phase/activities.
The mean is determined from the occurrence of the identified first and last phase or activities of the analyzed models.
Phase/activity | \nNomination in phase/activity | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
∑: number of entries in the 21 papers.
\nA: average of phase/activity numbers (phases including nominations).
\nB: sum of (amount of nominations per phase * phase number)/amount of nominations per phase/activity.
\nC: normalized phase/activity (see normalization formula in the appendix: Table 17).
\nD: ranking (column C).
\nThe number of phases within the different CRM evaluation models varies between two and eight phases. In this analysis, only phases which are listed in minimum three of the 21 papers mentioned before were considered. On average 4,48 phases are present. Table 2 shows the considered phases.
\n\nThe following terms are mentioned in the papers on the one hand as an activity in a selection phase and on the other hand as a phase: definition of requirements, longlist, market information, presentation, negotiation and contract, and decision.
\nEach phase is structured with different activities. In this analysis, only activities which are listed at least two times in the phases mentioned before are considered. In the 21 papers, these activities are called sub-phases or detail descriptions. Further identified and analyzed activities will be added after each phase.
\nThe main activity in the first phase is clarification and definition of the strategy. This concerns the corporate strategy as well as the IT strategy and CRM strategy (Table 3).
\n\nPhase | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Business)process analysis | \n1, 4 | \n3 | \n2.5000 | \n2.0000 | \n0.1429 | \n3 | \n
Analyze | \n1, 2, 3, 7 | \n9 | \n4.0000 | \n2.4444 | \n0.2974 | \n5 | \n
Conditions | \n1 | \n3 | \n1.0000 | \n1.0000 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n
Decision | \n3, 4, 5, 8 | \n7 | \n5.5000 | \n5.2857 | \n1.0000 | \n13 | \n
Evaluation | \n2, 4 | \n3 | \n3.0000 | \n3.3333 | \n0.6667 | \n8 | \n
Longlist | \n2, 3 | \n4 | \n2.5000 | \n2.5000 | \n0.3571 | \n7 | \n
Market information | \n1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | \n6 | \n3.0000 | \n2.6667 | \n0.3262 | \n6 | \n
Negotiation and contract | \n3, 5, 7 | \n3 | \n5.0000 | \n5.0000 | \n0.9524 | \n12 | \n
Presentation | \n3, 4, 7 | \n10 | \n5.0000 | \n4.2000 | \n0.6888 | \n10 | \n
Project initialization | \n1, 2 | \n5 | \n1.5000 | \n1.2000 | \n0.0286 | \n2 | \n
Requirement definition | \n1, 2, 3 | \n11 | \n2.0000 | \n1.8182 | \n0.2576 | \n4 | \n
Selection | \n1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 | \n22 | \n4.5000 | \n3.3182 | \n0.6683 | \n9 | \n
Shortlist | \n3, 4, 5 | \n4 | \n4.0000 | \n4.0000 | \n0.7667 | \n11 | \n
Considered phases.
Activities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Define strategy | \n1 | \n2 | \n1.0000 | \n1.0000 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n
Activities in the condition phase.
It is important to differentiate the CRM evaluation project from other projects in the company and to focus on the selection and implementation of CRM processes with a new CRM system. Furthermore, basic requirements are clarified.
\nIn Table 4, four activities are identified. At the beginning of the project initiation, a project manager is appointed by the management. The project manager defines the project and elaborates the project assignment in detail. One focus is detailing the goals, which have been defined by the management in the condition phase. Following this, the project will be launched.
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Define a project | \n1, 4 | \n3 | \n2.5000 | \n3.0000 | \n0.4000 | \n4 | \n
Define goals | \n1, 3 | \n2 | \n2.0000 | \n2.0000 | \n0.2000 | \n3 | \n
Define project manager | \n1 | \n2 | \n1.0000 | \n1.0000 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n
Start project | \n1, 2 | \n2 | \n1.5000 | \n1.5000 | \n0.0714 | \n2 | \n
Activities in the project initialization phase.
A project sponsor is set by the management to give the project the necessary importance in the company. The project is justified by the project manager who defines the project team. The detailed project scope is agreed with the project team and the project client. Another activity includes conducting a preliminary study on the feasibility of the CRM project. A kickoff is prepared and carried out. A detailed risk analysis is done and a risk management for the project is established. On the one hand the project budget is defined and on the other hand a exact timetable is defined and formulated.
\nIn the process analysis phase, all necessary business processes are defined. This phase includes identification, documentation, and evaluation of all CRM processes. In further step criteria for the evaluation of CRM systems, CRM providers and CRM business processes are defined (Table 5).
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Develop processes | \n1, 4 | \n2 | \n2.5000 | \n2.5000 | \n0.2143 | \n2 | \n
Set criteria | \n1, 2 | \n2 | \n1.5000 | \n1.5000 | \n0.5000 | \n1 | \n
Activities in the project initialization phase.
In business process analysis, processes can be further developed and modeled.
\nIn the requirement definition phase, the requirements (business and technical view) are determined, analyzed, defined, and prioritized. Specifications are developed for detailed requirements. These requirements affect the CRM processes, CRM systems, and CRM providers. The detailed requirements are listed in a requirement catalog, which is the basis for the specifications (Table 6).
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analyze requirements | \n1 | \n2 | \n1.0000 | \n1.0000 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n
Create requirement catalog | \n1, 2, 5 | \n3 | \n3.0000 | \n2.6667 | \n0.4444 | \n5 | \n
Create specifications | \n4, 5 | \n2 | \n4.5000 | \n4.5000 | \n0.7143 | \n6 | \n
Define requirements | \n1, 2, 3 | \n17 | \n2.0000 | \n1.5294 | \n0.1863 | \n4 | \n
Determine requirements | \n1, 2 | \n4 | \n1.5000 | \n1.2500 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n
Prioritize requirements | \n1 | \n2 | \n1.0000 | \n1.0000 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n
Set criteria | \n3, 4 | \n3 | \n3.5000 | \n3.3333 | \n0.9167 | \n7 | \n
Activities in the requirement definition phase.
Selection criteria are weighted, and the decision criteria are prioritized. CRM processes are developed. Target processes for the processing of CRM activities are defined.
\nAn actual analysis of all relevant CRM business processes must be carried and worked out. This includes all needs for functions and processes of the CRM systems. Furthermore, the future (CRM) processes will be developed, and the selection criteria will be evaluated (Table 7).
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis needs | \n2 | \n2 | \n2.0000 | \n2.0000 | \n0.2500 | \n2 | \n
Evaluate criteria | \n2, 3 | \n4 | \n2.5000 | \n2.2500 | \n0.4167 | \n4 | \n
Capture software | \n2 | \n2 | \n2.0000 | \n2.0000 | \n0.3330 | \n3 | \n
Develop processes | \n2, 3 | \n2 | \n2.5000 | \n2.5000 | \n0.4167 | \n4 | \n
Perform an actual analysis | \n1, 2, 3 | \n4 | \n2.0000 | \n1.7500 | \n0.1214 | \n1 | \n
Perform analysis | \n2, 7 | \n2 | \n4.0000 | \n4.5000 | \n0.6786 | \n6 | \n
Activities in the analysis phase.
The following points are defined:
All necessary (CRM) processes evaluation criteria
Quantity structure such as number of offers, customers, etc.
IT infrastructure
CRM improvement potentials
Within the market information phase, not only CRM systems but also CRM vendors and CRM implementation partners are determined and structured in an adequate market overview (Table 8).
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conduct market research | \n3, 4, 5 | \n3 | \n4.0000 | \n4.0000 | \n0.4857 | \n3 | \n
Market overview | \n1, 2 | \n2 | \n1.5000 | \n1.5000 | \n0.2500 | \n2 | \n
Search providers | \n1 | \n2 | \n1.0000 | \n1.0000 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n
Activities in the market information phase.
In P6, a first longlist is created. This is done based on the evaluation of the market data. Detailed information is collected from the providers in the form of a specification.
\nA longlist of CRM systems and CRM provider (vendor and implementation partner) is created (Table 9). All possible CRM systems and CRM providers are listed. Based on the defined criteria, the CRM systems and CRM providers are evaluated.
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Create longlist | \n2, 3 | \n3 | \n2.5000 | \n2.3333 | \n0.3810 | \n1 | \n
Activities in the longlist phase.
In addition to the (CRM) business processes (Table 10), the IT infrastructure is also evaluated.
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evaluate criteria | \n2, 4 | \n2 | \n3.0000 | \n3.0000 | \n0.6250 | \n1 | \n
Activities in the evaluation phase.
The selection can be done over 1-n stages (basic selection or preselection, fine selection, and final selection). Depending on size and/or complexity of the evaluation, all three or even two sub-phases can be necessary (Figure 1).
\nSelection phases.
The proposals from the selection phase are compared and evaluated according to predefined criteria. Presentations and workshops will be held for the decision-making of CRM software and CRM providers. An implementation plan is created (Table 11).
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compare offers | \n3, 4, 5 | \n4 | \n4.0000 | \n3.0000 | \n0.5333 | \n6 | \n
Create implementation plan | \n4, 5 | \n2 | \n4.5000 | \n4.5000 | \n1.0000 | \n12 | \n
Evaluate criteria | \n1, 2, 4 | \n5 | \n2.5000 | \n1.8000 | \n0.5000 | \n5 | \n
Make decision | \n3, 5, 7 | \n4 | \n5.0000 | \n5.5000 | \n0.9643 | \n11 | \n
Make rough selection | \n1, 4, 5 | \n3 | \n3.0000 | \n3.3333 | \n0.4095 | \n4 | \n
Make selection | \n1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 | \n10 | \n4.5000 | \n3.4000 | \n0.8167 | \n10 | \n
Perform fine selection | \n2, 4, 6 | \n4 | \n4.0000 | \n3.5000 | \n0.7381 | \n8 | \n
Perform preselection | \n1, 2, 5, 6 | \n9 | \n3.5000 | \n2.5556 | \n0.2170 | \n3 | \n
Perform presentations | \n2, 4 | \n3 | \n3.0000 | \n2.0000 | \n0.1667 | \n2 | \n
Perform workshops | \n3, 6 | \n2 | \n4.5000 | \n4.5000 | \n0.6500 | \n7 | \n
Select software | \n2, 3, 4 | \n3 | \n3.0000 | \n3.0000 | \n0.8056 | \n9 | \n
Tender | \n1, 3, 6 | \n3 | \n3.5000 | \n3.3333 | \n0.1000 | \n1 | \n
Perform final selection | \n6, 8 | \n2 | \n7.0000 | \n7.0000 | \n1.0000 | \n12 | \n
Activities in the selection phase.
In the selection phase, it may be necessary to carry out market research again. Possible first tests of CRM systems are completed. Visits to reference customers of the CRM providers are prepared and carried out. For this, questions are prepared, and potential participants are determined. CRM business cases are defined. Possible CRM providers are contacted and the answered specifications pre-evaluated. Contract negotiation contracts are drafted, and initial negotiations are carried out. Detailed requirements are determined, the essential selection criteria are defined, and, if necessary, the criteria are weighted.
\nDuring P10 phase, 1-n presentations will be held. This can also be considered as a proof of concept (Table 12).
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perform presentations | \n3, 4, 7 | \n8 | \n4.2500 | \n8 | \n0.6824 | \n1 | \n
Proof of concept | \n4 | \n2 | \n4.0000 | \n2 | \n0.7143 | \n2 | \n
Activities in the presentation phase.
An agenda must be created for vendor presentations. The vendor presentations should be moderated. A documentation (e.g., minutes) of each vendor presentation is created. Each vendor presentation is rated by a defined Team via defined questionnaire. For the vendor presentations, data for the prototype is provided. The activities for the vendor presentations are also valid for the proof of concept.
\nA shortlist of CRM systems and CRM providers (vendors and implementation partners) must be created (Table 13). All CRM systems and CRM providers from the reduced longlist are collected in the list. Based on previous defined detailed criteria, the CRM systems and CRM providers are evaluated and reduced to a shortlist.
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Create shortlist | \n3, 4, 5 | \n4 | \n4.0000 | \n4.0000 | \n0.7667 | \n1 | \n
Activities in the shortlist phase.
The focus in this phase is to design the contracts (project contract, software contract, maintenance contract) and conduct contract negotiations (Table 14).
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carry out negotiations | \n3, 7 | \n2 | \n5.0000 | \n5.0000 | \n0.9286 | \n1 | \n
Activities in the project initialization phase.
The negotiation strategy is defined, and the following important contract elements are identified:
Costs for licenses, consulting, development
Terms of payment
Travel expenses
Liability
Warranty
Delay
Approval conditions
Service-Level-Agreements (SLA)
etc.
In the decision phase, all decisions are collected, and a management summary is given. Final tests provide information and form the final basis for a definite decision (Table 15).
\nActivities | \nNomination in phase | \n∑ | \nA | \nB | \nC | \nD | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Final testing | \n1, 2 | \n2 | \n1.5000 | \n1.5000 | \n0.1250 | \n2 | \n
Make decision | \n3, 4, 5, 6, 8 | \n8 | \n5.5000 | \n5.2500 | \n1.0000 | \n3 | \n
Summarize criteria | \n1 | \n2 | \n1.0000 | \n1.0000 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n
Activities in the decision phase.
Possible reference customers (clients) of the final vendor are identified, contacted, and visited. During reference visits, the implementation project, the industry experience of the consultants, and the ongoing support will be discussed. The final contract negotiations are carried out. In the final phase, the most suitable system and the vendor or implementation partner are selected.
\nThe study is interesting since viewpoints from a literature perspective as well as from a business side have been considered. The results of the qualitative content analysis (Figure 2) offer the possibility of the individual design of a procedure model for the selection of CRM systems.
\nThirteen-stage selection model.
The selection model can be changed or adjusted if necessary. This applies to the analyzed phases as well as to the respective activities within the phases.
\nIn the qualitative analysis of CRM evaluation models, 13 phases including specific activities were identified. Based on this literature review, it is planned to conduct expert interviews. On the basis of these expert interviews, a new CRM evaluation model will be defined an afterwards tested via a quantitative analysis to confirm the results. Based on this new model, it is planned to develop guidelines how the model can be used.
\nModel name | \nNumber phases | \nModel type | \nProcedure | \nDocument type | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
5 step CRM software selection guide: a pragmatist’s guide to CRM software selection [7] | \n5 | \nSelection | \nGuide | \nProduct folder | \n
CRM Evaluierung [8] | \n3 | \nEvaluation | \n\n | Product folder | \n
CRM implementation method [9] | \n5 | \nSelection | \nProcesses | \nConference paper | \n
Software selection steps [10] | \n3 | \nSelection | \nSteps | \nJournal paper | \n
Überblick über das Referenz-Vorgehensmodell [11] | \n8 | \nSelection | \nReference model | \nDissertation | \n
Phasen der Softwareauswahl [12] | \n8 | \nSelection | \nProcesses | \nBook | \n
Einführung eines SFA-Systems [13] | \n3 | \nImplementation | \nPhases | \nTechnical article | \n
Selektionsprozess CRM-System [14] | \n5 | \nSelection | \nProcesses | \nEssay | \n
Phasen der Softwareauswahl [15] | \n3 | \nSelection | \nPhases | \nTechnical article | \n
CRM-Softwareauswahl [16] | \n6 | \nSelection | \nGuide | \nGuide | \n
CRM-Auswahl in vier Schritten zum richtigen System [17] | \n4 | \nSelection | \nSteps | \nConsultation | \n
CRM Beratung [18] | \n2 | \nImplementation | \nStages | \nConsultation | \n
Übersicht über das CRM-Selektionsmodell [19] | \n3 | \nSelection | \nPhases | \nTechnical article | \n
Auswahlprozess [20] | \n4 | \nSelection | \nPhases | \nConsultation | \n
Ideale Vorgehensweise bei einer Kampagnenmanagement-Auswahl [21] | \n8 | \nSelection | \n\n | Consultation | \n
Methodik und Vorgehen: Best Practice CRM-Entscheidungstrichter [22] | \n4 | \nEvaluation | \nSteps | \nWhite paper | \n
Drei Phasen (und ein Kick-Off) zur Auswahl ihrer CRM-Software [23] | \n4 | \nSelection | \nPhases | \nWhite paper | \n
Auswahl und Einführung von CRM-Systemen [24] | \n6 | \nSelection | \nRoad map | \nStudy | \n
Evaluationsprozess für CRM-Systeme [25] | \n3 | \nEvaluation | \nPhases | \nBachelor thesis | \n
CRM-Projekt [26] | \n2 | \nSelection | \nPhases | \nWhite paper | \n
Vorgehensweie im Überblick [27] | \n5 | \nSelection | \nPhases | \nPresentation slides | \n
Overview of the evaluation models.
# of phases | \nSplit | \n# of phases | \nSplit | \n# of phases | \nSplit | \n# of phases | \nSplit | \n
1 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n0.0000 | \n
2 | \n1.0000 | \n2 | \n0.5000 | \n2 | \n0.3333 | \n2 | \n0.2500 | \n
\n | \n | 3 | \n1.0000 | \n3 | \n0.6667 | \n3 | \n0.5000 | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n | 4 | \n1.0000 | \n4 | \n0.7500 | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 5 | \n1.0000 | \n
# of phases | \nSplit | \n# of phases | \nSplit | \n# of phases | \nSplit | \n# of phases | \nSplit | \n
1 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n0.0000 | \n1 | \n0.0000 | \n
2 | \n0.2000 | \n2 | \n0.1667 | \n2 | \n0.1429 | \n2 | \n0.1250 | \n
3 | \n0.4000 | \n3 | \n0.3333 | \n3 | \n0.2857 | \n3 | \n0.2500 | \n
4 | \n0.6000 | \n4 | \n0.5000 | \n4 | \n0.4286 | \n4 | \n0.3750 | \n
5 | \n0.8000 | \n5 | \n0.6667 | \n5 | \n0.5714 | \n5 | \n0.5000 | \n
6 | \n1.0000 | \n6 | \n0.8333 | \n6 | \n0.7143 | \n6 | \n0.6250 | \n
\n | \n | 7 | \n1.0000 | \n7 | \n0.8571 | \n7 | \n0.7500 | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n | 8 | \n1.0000 | \n8 | \n0.8750 | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 9 | \n1.0000 | \n
Normalization formula.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5684},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5166},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1682},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10211},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:887},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15616}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1689},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"9"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10260",title:"E-Service",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"11dab65781b3c4347022c56477311f46",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kyeong Kang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10260.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2114",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyeong",surname:"Kang",slug:"kyeong-kang",fullName:"Kyeong Kang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9226",title:"Intelligent User Interfaces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2540a73b78f2f13158366ac0ab9d62a1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rüdiger Heimgärtner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9226.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"135236",title:"Dr.",name:"Rüdiger",surname:"Heimgärtner",slug:"rudiger-heimgartner",fullName:"Rüdiger Heimgärtner"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9980",title:"Vision Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc472f04a4214bf13db3f693a2c7c323",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vasanth Iyer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9980.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"301000",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasanth",surname:"Iyer",slug:"vasanth-iyer",fullName:"Vasanth Iyer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10517",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c184136bf5b833b19f7e12ace5531773",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10517.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10576",title:"Factoring Ethics in Technology, Policy Making and Regulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eff20787f4c5417ea12367e8a6d72e92",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ali G. 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