Total amount of municipal waste divided into actual values in Turkey and Eastern Anatolian Region in 2012.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"752",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Optical Coherence Tomography",title:"Selected Topics in Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book includes different exciting topics in the OCT fields, written by experts from all over the world. Technological developments, as well as clinical and industrial applications are covered. Some interesting topics like the ultrahigh resolution OCT, the functional extension of OCT and the full field OCT are reviewed, and the applications of OCT in ophthalmology, cardiology and dentistry are also addressed. I believe that a broad range of readers, such as students, researchers and physicians will benefit from this book.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0034-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6116-5",doi:"10.5772/1259",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"selected-topics-in-optical-coherence-tomography",numberOfPages:294,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"01a6abef9602d84a85302cbeb0c3105a",bookSignature:"Gangjun Liu",publishedDate:"February 8th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/752.jpg",numberOfDownloads:51150,numberOfWosCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:59,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 7th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 4th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 9th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 8th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 6th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"109749",title:"Dr.",name:"Gangjun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"gangjun-liu",fullName:"Gangjun Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109749/images/system/109749.jpg",biography:"Gangjun Liu received a BS degree in Electrical Engineering from the Xi’an Jiao Tong University in 1998, and a PhD degree in Optics from the Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2003. \nHe worked as an Engineer at STMicroelectronics, Singapore, from 2004 until 2007, when he joined the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, where he is currently an assistant specialist. He has authored or co-authored more than 50 papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals and conference proceedings. His research interests are in the area of biophotonics.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of California, Irvine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"695",title:"Imageology",slug:"imageology"}],chapters:[{id:"27870",title:"Full-Field Optical Coherence Microscopy",doi:"10.5772/29673",slug:"full-field-optical-coherence-microscopy",totalDownloads:3722,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Arnaud Dubois",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27870",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27870",authors:[{id:"78862",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnaud",surname:"Dubois",slug:"arnaud-dubois",fullName:"Arnaud Dubois"}],corrections:null},{id:"27871",title:"Doppler OCT and OCT Angiography for In Vivo Imaging of Vascular Physiology",doi:"10.5772/29378",slug:"doppler-oct-and-oct-angiography-for-in-vivo-imaging-of-vascular-physiology",totalDownloads:2226,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Vivek J. Srinivasan, Aaron C. Chan and Edmund Y. Lam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27871",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27871",authors:[{id:"77556",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivek",surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"vivek-srinivasan",fullName:"Vivek Srinivasan"},{id:"135872",title:"MSc.",name:"Aaron",surname:"Chan",slug:"aaron-chan",fullName:"Aaron Chan"},{id:"135873",title:"Prof.",name:"Edmund",surname:"Lam",slug:"edmund-lam",fullName:"Edmund Lam"}],corrections:null},{id:"27872",title:"Phase-Resolved Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography",doi:"10.5772/29359",slug:"phase-resolved-doppler-optical-coherence-tomography",totalDownloads:3008,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Gangjun Liu and Zhongping Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27872",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27872",authors:[{id:"29649",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhongping",surname:"Chen",slug:"zhongping-chen",fullName:"Zhongping Chen"},{id:"77447",title:"Dr.",name:"Gangjun",surname:"Liu",slug:"gangjun-liu",fullName:"Gangjun Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"27873",title:"3-D Ultrahigh Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography with Adaptive Optics for Ophthalmic Imaging",doi:"10.5772/30053",slug:"3-d-ultrahigh-resolution-optical-coherence-tomography-with-adaptive-optics-for-ophthalmic-imaging",totalDownloads:1977,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Guohua Shi, Jing Lu, Xiqi Li and Yudong Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27873",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27873",authors:[{id:"80582",title:"Dr.",name:"Guohua",surname:"Shi",slug:"guohua-shi",fullName:"Guohua Shi"},{id:"85659",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",surname:"Lu",slug:"jing-lu",fullName:"Jing Lu"},{id:"88584",title:"Prof.",name:"Yudong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yudong-zhang",fullName:"Yudong Zhang"},{id:"126449",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiqi",surname:"Li",slug:"xiqi-li",fullName:"Xiqi Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"27874",title:"Quasi–Nondiffractive Beams for OCT–Visualization: Theoretical and Experimental Investigations",doi:"10.5772/31162",slug:"quasi-nondiffractive-beams-for-oct-visualization-theoretical-and-experimental-investigations",totalDownloads:1608,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Larisa Kramoreva, Elena Petrova and Julia Razhko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27874",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27874",authors:[{id:"85862",title:"Dr.",name:"Larisa",surname:"Kramoreva",slug:"larisa-kramoreva",fullName:"Larisa Kramoreva"},{id:"87281",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Petrova",slug:"elena-petrova",fullName:"Elena Petrova"},{id:"87290",title:"Mrs.",name:"Julia",surname:"Razhko",slug:"julia-razhko",fullName:"Julia Razhko"}],corrections:null},{id:"27875",title:"Neoatherosclerosis Within the Implanted Stent",doi:"10.5772/30448",slug:"neoatherosclerosis-within-the-implanted-stent",totalDownloads:2108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hironori Kitabata and Takashi Akasaka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27875",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27875",authors:[{id:"43594",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Akasaka",slug:"takashi-akasaka",fullName:"Takashi Akasaka"},{id:"82602",title:"Dr.",name:"Hironori",surname:"Kitabata",slug:"hironori-kitabata",fullName:"Hironori Kitabata"}],corrections:null},{id:"27876",title:"Cellular Level Imaging of the Retina Using Optical Coherence Tomography",doi:"10.5772/31391",slug:"cellular-level-imaging-of-the-retina-using-optical-coherence-tomography",totalDownloads:1640,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Cherry Greiner and Stacey S. Choi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27876",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27876",authors:[{id:"86906",title:"Dr.",name:"Stacey",surname:"Choi",slug:"stacey-choi",fullName:"Stacey Choi"},{id:"118306",title:"Dr.",name:"Cherry",surname:"Greiner",slug:"cherry-greiner",fullName:"Cherry Greiner"}],corrections:null},{id:"27877",title:"Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Hereditary Retinal Dystrophies",doi:"10.5772/31781",slug:"spectral-domain-optical-coherence-tomography-in-hereditary-retinal-dystrophies",totalDownloads:3983,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Isabelle Meunier, Carl Arndt, Xavier Zanlonghi, Sabine Defoort-Dhellemmes, Isabelle Drumare, Martine Mauget-Faysse, Benjamin Wolff, Aude Affortit, Christian Hamel and Bernard Puech",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27877",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27877",authors:[{id:"88657",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle Anne",surname:"Meunier",slug:"isabelle-anne-meunier",fullName:"Isabelle Anne Meunier"},{id:"89014",title:"Prof.",name:"Carl",surname:"Arndt",slug:"carl-arndt",fullName:"Carl Arndt"},{id:"89015",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard",surname:"Puech",slug:"bernard-puech",fullName:"Bernard Puech"},{id:"89018",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",surname:"Zanlonghi",slug:"xavier-zanlonghi",fullName:"Xavier Zanlonghi"},{id:"89021",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Defoort-Dhellemmes",slug:"sabine-defoort-dhellemmes",fullName:"Sabine Defoort-Dhellemmes"},{id:"89022",title:"Dr.",name:"Aude",surname:"Affortit",slug:"aude-affortit",fullName:"Aude Affortit"},{id:"89023",title:"Dr",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Wolff",slug:"benjamin-wolff",fullName:"Benjamin Wolff"},{id:"127884",title:"Prof.",name:"Christian",surname:"Hamel",slug:"christian-hamel",fullName:"Christian Hamel"},{id:"127885",title:"Dr.",name:"Martine",surname:"Mauget-Faysse",slug:"martine-mauget-faysse",fullName:"Martine Mauget-Faysse"}],corrections:null},{id:"27878",title:"Study of the Effects of Aging, Refraction and Intraocular Pressure Levels on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness of Normal Healthy Eyes",doi:"10.5772/30057",slug:"study-of-the-effects-of-aging-refraction-and-intraocular-pressure-levels-on-retinal-nerve-fiber-laye",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Maki Katai and Hiroshi Ohguro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27878",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27878",authors:[{id:"80601",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Ohguro",slug:"hiroshi-ohguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ohguro"},{id:"88339",title:"PhD.",name:"Maki",surname:"Katai",slug:"maki-katai",fullName:"Maki Katai"}],corrections:null},{id:"27879",title:"Morphological Changes of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy",doi:"10.5772/30438",slug:"morphological-changes-of-retinal-pigment-epithelial-detachment-in-central-serous-chorioretinopathy",totalDownloads:5160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Ari Shinojima and Mitsuko Yuzawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27879",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27879",authors:[{id:"82566",title:"Dr.",name:"Ari",surname:"Shinojima",slug:"ari-shinojima",fullName:"Ari Shinojima"}],corrections:null},{id:"27880",title:"Clinical Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography in Ophthalmology",doi:"10.5772/30773",slug:"clinical-applications-of-optical-coherence-tomography-in-ophthalmology",totalDownloads:18189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Upender K. Wali and Nadia Al Kharousi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27880",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27880",authors:[{id:"84174",title:"Dr.",name:"Upender",surname:"Wali",slug:"upender-wali",fullName:"Upender Wali"},{id:"130480",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadiya",surname:"Al Kharousi",slug:"nadiya-al-kharousi",fullName:"Nadiya Al Kharousi"}],corrections:null},{id:"27881",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography in Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/33281",slug:"optical-coherence-tomography-in-dentistry",totalDownloads:4130,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Yueli L. Chen, Quan Zhang and Quing Zhu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27881",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27881",authors:[{id:"94725",title:"Dr.",name:"Yueli",surname:"Chen",slug:"yueli-chen",fullName:"Yueli Chen"},{id:"94760",title:"Dr.",name:"Quan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"quan-zhang",fullName:"Quan Zhang"},{id:"94761",title:"Dr.",name:"Quing",surname:"Zhu",slug:"quing-zhu",fullName:"Quing Zhu"}],corrections:null},{id:"27882",title:"Using Optical Coherence Tomography to Characterize the Crack Morphology of Ceramic Glaze and Jade",doi:"10.5772/31213",slug:"using-optical-coherence-tomography-to-characterize-the-crack-morphology-of-ceramic-glaze-and-jade",totalDownloads:1970,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"M.-L. Yang, A.M. Winkler, J. Klein, A. Wall and J.K. Barton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27882",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27882",authors:[{id:"86070",title:"Prof.",name:"Meili",surname:"Yang",slug:"meili-yang",fullName:"Meili Yang"},{id:"124580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jennifer K.",surname:"Barton",slug:"jennifer-k.-barton",fullName:"Jennifer K. Barton"},{id:"124585",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Wall",slug:"andrew-wall",fullName:"Andrew Wall"},{id:"124587",title:"Mr.",name:"Justin",surname:"Klein",slug:"justin-klein",fullName:"Justin Klein"},{id:"124588",title:"Dr.",name:"Amy",surname:"Winkler",slug:"amy-winkler",fullName:"Amy Winkler"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3773",title:"Biomedical Imaging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccf54f76e2356eeefc9231648096858f",slug:"biomedical-imaging",bookSignature:"Youxin Mao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3773.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3894",title:"Dr.",name:"Youxin",surname:"Mao",slug:"youxin-mao",fullName:"Youxin Mao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3127",title:"Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02d776ea278860db9643193c5259320f",slug:"imaging-and-radioanalytical-techniques-in-interdisciplinary-research-fundamentals-and-cutting-edge-applications",bookSignature:"Faycal Kharfi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3127.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95154",title:"Dr.",name:"Faycal",surname:"Kharfi",slug:"faycal-kharfi",fullName:"Faycal Kharfi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"73639",slug:"corrigendum-to-single-photon-emission-computed-tomography-spect-radiopharmaceuticals",title:"Corrigendum to: Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Radiopharmaceuticals",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73639.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73639",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73639",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73639",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73639",chapter:{id:"73033",slug:"single-photon-emission-computed-tomography-spect-radiopharmaceuticals",signatures:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imran",dateSubmitted:"May 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"July 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"August 21st 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes",slug:"medical-isotopes",publishedDate:"January 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",email:"drarnaqvi@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"302793",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Babar",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",fullName:"Muhammad Babar Imran",slug:"muhammad-babar-imran",email:"muhammadbabarimran@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"73033",slug:"single-photon-emission-computed-tomography-spect-radiopharmaceuticals",signatures:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imran",dateSubmitted:"May 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"July 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"August 21st 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes",slug:"medical-isotopes",publishedDate:"January 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",email:"drarnaqvi@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"302793",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Babar",middleName:null,surname:"Imran",fullName:"Muhammad Babar Imran",slug:"muhammad-babar-imran",email:"muhammadbabarimran@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes",slug:"medical-isotopes",publishedDate:"January 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"1761",leadTitle:null,title:"Contemporary Pediatrics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Book Contemporary Pediatrics with its 17 chapters will help get us and patients enlightened with the new developments on the contemporary pediatric issues. In this book volume, beyond classical themes, a different approach was made to current pediatric issues and topics. This volume, as understood from its title, describes nutritional infant health and some interesting topics from pediatric subspecialties such as cardiology, hemato-oncology and infectious diseases.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0154-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6850-8",doi:"10.5772/2197",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"contemporary-pediatrics",numberOfPages:436,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc0b6a3e3e254b08f6c00e12abdf3df0",bookSignature:"Öner Özdemir",publishedDate:"March 21st 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1761.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:60795,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfTotalCitations:19,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 6th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 4th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 8th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 8th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 7th 2012",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"62921",title:"Dr.",name:"Öner",middleName:null,surname:"Özdemir",slug:"oner-ozdemir",fullName:"Öner Özdemir",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62921/images/system/62921.jfif",biography:"Prof. Dr. Öner Özdemir was born in Alaplı, Zonguldak, Turkey in 1965. He has graduated from İstanbul Medical School, İstanbul University and become a medical doctor in 1989. Dr. Özdemir did his pediatric residency at Department of Pediatrics in Children’s Hospital, İstanbul Medical School, İstanbul, Turkey. His clinical fellowship training was finished at Pediatric Allergy/Immunology division in Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Centre, New Orleans, LA.\r\nDr. Ozdemir bench research areas are as follows: LAK-cell generation and cell-mediated cytotoxicity; human mast cell development and mast cell-mediated cytotoxicity; and apoptosis related research. \r\nHe was the first place winner of Clemens Von Pirquet Award from ACAAI at ACAAI meeting in 2005 for the best research on allergy/asthma/immunology by a fellow in training. \r\nDr. Ozdemir has more than 100 international plus 40 national publications, as well as 160 international and 140 national presentations, and more than 9 chapters related to my research areas. \r\nCurrently, he works as a chief of pediatrics associated with the division of pediatric allergy/immunology at Sakarya University, Medical School, Teaching and Training Hospital, Adapazarı, Sakarya, Turkey.",institutionString:"Sakarya University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Sakarya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1107",title:"Hemato-Oncology",slug:"pediatrics-hemato-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"31649",title:"Paediatrics, the People and Politicians in Spain – History, Development, Reality and Future",slug:"pediatrics-the-people-and-politicians-in-spain-history-development-reality-and-future",totalDownloads:3368,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94533",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Labay Matías",slug:"miguel-labay-matias",fullName:"Miguel Labay Matías"}]},{id:"31650",title:"Feeding and Fluids in the Premature and Sick Newborn in the Low-Middle Income Countries",slug:"feeding-and-fluids-in-the-premature-and-sick-newborn-in-the-low-middle-income-countries",totalDownloads:5403,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"101984",title:"Dr.",name:"Tina",surname:"Slusher",slug:"tina-slusher",fullName:"Tina Slusher"},{id:"120225",title:"Dr.",name:"Yvonne",surname:"Vaucher",slug:"yvonne-vaucher",fullName:"Yvonne Vaucher"},{id:"128551",title:"Dr.",name:"Tara",surname:"Zamora",slug:"tara-zamora",fullName:"Tara Zamora"},{id:"128553",title:"MSc.",name:"Beverly",surname:"Curtis",slug:"beverly-curtis",fullName:"Beverly Curtis"}]},{id:"31651",title:"The Long-Term Effects of Breastfeeding on Development",slug:"the-long-term-effects-of-breastfeeding-on-development",totalDownloads:4281,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"32420",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Whitehouse",slug:"andrew-whitehouse",fullName:"Andrew Whitehouse"},{id:"100074",title:"Prof.",name:"Wendy",surname:"Oddy",slug:"wendy-oddy",fullName:"Wendy Oddy"},{id:"100078",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianghong",surname:"Li",slug:"jianghong-li",fullName:"Jianghong Li"},{id:"100080",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",surname:"Robinson",slug:"monique-robinson",fullName:"Monique Robinson"}]},{id:"31652",title:"Breastfeeding and Infant Growth",slug:"breastfeeding-and-infant-growth",totalDownloads:2118,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"92379",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz Antonio",surname:"Del Ciampo",slug:"luiz-antonio-del-ciampo",fullName:"Luiz Antonio Del Ciampo"}]},{id:"31653",title:"Nutrition in Healthy Children",slug:"nutrition-in-healthy-children",totalDownloads:1935,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"99669",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Şenay",surname:"Çetinkaya",slug:"senay-cetinkaya",fullName:"Şenay Çetinkaya"}]},{id:"31654",title:"The Growth and Development in Healthy Child",slug:"the-growth-and-develeopment-in-a-healthy-child",totalDownloads:10152,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"99669",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Şenay",surname:"Çetinkaya",slug:"senay-cetinkaya",fullName:"Şenay Çetinkaya"}]},{id:"31655",title:"Probiotics for Autoimmune Diseases: Is There a Benefit?",slug:"probiotics-for-autoimmune-diseases-is-there-a-benefit",totalDownloads:5191,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"62921",title:"Dr.",name:"Öner",surname:"Özdemir",slug:"oner-ozdemir",fullName:"Öner Özdemir"},{id:"138399",title:"Prof.",name:"Azize Yasemin",surname:"Göksu- Erol",slug:"azize-yasemin-goksu-erol",fullName:"Azize Yasemin Göksu- Erol"}]},{id:"31656",title:"Infants Born with Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Renal and Cardiovascular Follow-Up",slug:"cardiovascular-changes-in-fetuses-and-infants-with-intrauterine-growth-restriction",totalDownloads:4257,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"68903",title:"Prof.",name:"Erich",surname:"Cosmi",slug:"erich-cosmi",fullName:"Erich Cosmi"}]},{id:"31657",title:"Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Challenge of Skill and Creativity in Constant Search Results",slug:"pediatric-cardiac-surgery-a-challenge-of-skill-and-creativity-in-constant-search-results",totalDownloads:4106,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"106872",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Maluf",slug:"miguel-maluf",fullName:"Miguel Maluf"}]},{id:"31658",title:"Alpha Thalassemia Disorders",slug:"alpha-thalassemia-disorders",totalDownloads:2673,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"90511",title:"Dr.",name:"Asisst Proff Dr Vefik",surname:"Arica",slug:"asisst-proff-dr-vefik-arica",fullName:"Asisst Proff Dr Vefik Arica"},{id:"99869",title:"Dr.",name:"Seçil",surname:"Arica",slug:"secil-arica",fullName:"Seçil Arica"}]},{id:"31659",title:"Neuroblastoma and Whole Genome Searches",slug:"neuroblastoma-and-whole-genome-searches",totalDownloads:2057,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"100780",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Capasso",slug:"mario-capasso",fullName:"Mario Capasso"}]},{id:"31660",title:"Neuroblastoma – Molecular Basis for Diagnosis and Staging System",slug:"neuroblastoma-molecular-basis-for-diagnosis-and-staging-system",totalDownloads:2003,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"107837",title:"Dr.",name:"Priscila",surname:"Torres Babié",slug:"priscila-torres-babie",fullName:"Priscila Torres Babié"},{id:"137330",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",surname:"de Jesús Ropero Toirac",slug:"ramon-de-jesus-ropero-toirac",fullName:"Ramón de Jesús Ropero Toirac"},{id:"137332",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",surname:"de los Santos Renó",slug:"jesus-de-los-santos-reno",fullName:"Jesus de los Santos Renó"},{id:"137333",title:"Dr.",name:"Samira",surname:"Proveyer Derich",slug:"samira-proveyer-derich",fullName:"Samira Proveyer Derich"}]},{id:"31661",title:"Fertility and Fecundity After Chemotherapy for Childhood Cancer",slug:"fertility-and-fecundity-after-chemotherapy-for-childhood-cancer",totalDownloads:1885,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113894",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",surname:"Berger",slug:"claire-berger",fullName:"Claire Berger"}]},{id:"31662",title:"Fatigue in Pediatric Oncology Patients",slug:"fatigue-in-pediatric-oncology-patients",totalDownloads:2986,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"93894",title:"Dr.",name:"Hatice",surname:"Bal Yılmaz",slug:"hatice-bal-yilmaz",fullName:"Hatice Bal Yılmaz"}]},{id:"31663",title:"Cancer Illness in Children and the Socioeconomic Resources of Parents",slug:"cancer-illness-in-children-and-the-socioeconomic-resources-of-parents",totalDownloads:1947,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"74083",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Syse",slug:"syse",fullName:"Syse"}]},{id:"31664",title:"Fungal Infections in Patients of Paediatric Age",slug:"fungal-infections-in-patients-of-pediatric-age",totalDownloads:3686,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"91199",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppina",surname:"Caggiano",slug:"giuseppina-caggiano",fullName:"Giuseppina Caggiano"},{id:"100664",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",surname:"Montagna",slug:"maria-teresa-montagna",fullName:"Maria Teresa Montagna"}]},{id:"31665",title:"Infantile Chronic Recurrent Parotitis (ICRP): Analysis of Changes in the Expression of Parotid Salivary Proteins Associated with the Disease",slug:"infantile-chronic-recurrent-parotitis-icrp-analysis-of-changes-in-the-expression-of-parotid-salivary",totalDownloads:2759,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"90225",title:"MSc.",name:"Irene",surname:"Morales-Bozo",slug:"irene-morales-bozo",fullName:"Irene Morales-Bozo"},{id:"100239",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca",surname:"Urzúa",slug:"blanca-urzua",fullName:"Blanca Urzúa"},{id:"128809",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirtha",surname:"Landaeta",slug:"mirtha-landaeta",fullName:"Mirtha Landaeta"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"24375",firstName:"Sandra",lastName:"Bakic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"sandra.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at InTech, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Editorial Advisory Board members on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible book editors for each book project. Once a book editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join InTech\\'s Editorial Advisory Board. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2123",title:"Complementary Pediatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a8d394d9989a6dcc3a9a867f0af3a6b",slug:"complementary-pediatrics",bookSignature:"Öner Özdemir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62921",title:"Dr.",name:"Öner",surname:"Özdemir",slug:"oner-ozdemir",fullName:"Öner Özdemir"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4480",title:"Pediatric Nursing, Psychiatric and Surgical Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"350881cf5fc1cdb8a99316e3a98de842",slug:"pediatric-nursing-psychiatric-and-surgical-issues",bookSignature:"Oner Ozdemir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62921",title:"Dr.",name:"Öner",surname:"Özdemir",slug:"oner-ozdemir",fullName:"Öner Özdemir"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7084",title:"Contemporary Pediatric Hematology and Oncology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"21ab490c2debd2992b2a0b45f778b785",slug:"contemporary-pediatric-hematology-and-oncology",bookSignature:"Marwa Zakaria and Tamer Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7084.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187545",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",surname:"Zakaria",slug:"marwa-zakaria",fullName:"Marwa Zakaria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"21838",title:"Modular Multifunctional Protein Vectors for Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/17680",slug:"modular-multifunctional-protein-vectors-for-gene-therapy",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/21838.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21838",totalDownloads:1411,totalViews:58,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 21st 2010",dateReviewed:"May 27th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 7th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/21838",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/21838",book:{slug:"non-viral-gene-therapy"},signatures:"Hugo Peluffo",authors:[{id:"29101",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Peluffo",fullName:"Hugo Peluffo",slug:"hugo-peluffo",email:"hugo.peluffo@pasteur.edu.uy",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"499",title:"Non-Viral Gene Therapy",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Non-Viral Gene Therapy",slug:"non-viral-gene-therapy",publishedDate:"November 7th 2011",bookSignature:"Xu-bo Yuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/499.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59465",title:"Prof.",name:"Xubo",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",slug:"xubo-yuan",fullName:"Xubo Yuan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"21814",title:"Non-Viral Gene Therapy Vectors Carrying Genomic Constructs",slug:"non-viral-gene-therapy-vectors-carrying-genomic-constructs",totalDownloads:1915,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"George Kotzamanis, Hassan Abdulrazzak, Athanassios Kotsinas and Vassilis G. Gorgoulis",authors:[{id:"34121",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Kotzamanis",fullName:"George Kotzamanis",slug:"george-kotzamanis"},{id:"45036",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulrazzak",fullName:"Hassan Abdulrazzak",slug:"hassan-abdulrazzak"},{id:"45037",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanassios",middleName:null,surname:"Kotsinas",fullName:"Athanassios Kotsinas",slug:"athanassios-kotsinas"},{id:"45038",title:"Dr.",name:"Vassilis",middleName:null,surname:"Gorgoulis",fullName:"Vassilis Gorgoulis",slug:"vassilis-gorgoulis"}]},{id:"21815",title:"Non-Viral Delivery Systems in Gene Therapy and Vaccine Development",slug:"non-viral-delivery-systems-in-gene-therapy-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:2881,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Azam Bolhassani and Sima Rafati",authors:[{id:"30132",title:"Prof.",name:"Sima",middleName:null,surname:"Rafati",fullName:"Sima Rafati",slug:"sima-rafati"},{id:"43525",title:"Prof.",name:"Azam",middleName:null,surname:"Bolhassani",fullName:"Azam Bolhassani",slug:"azam-bolhassani"}]},{id:"21816",title:"Gene Delivery Systems: Tailoring Vectors to Reach Specific Tissues",slug:"gene-delivery-systems-tailoring-vectors-to-reach-specific-tissues",totalDownloads:1819,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carlos J. Alméciga-Díaz, Rocio Cuaspa and Luis A. Barrera",authors:[{id:"37334",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Barrera",fullName:"Luis Alejandro Barrera",slug:"luis-alejandro-barrera"},{id:"56843",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Javier",surname:"Almeciga-Diaz",fullName:"Carlos Almeciga-Diaz",slug:"carlos-almeciga-diaz"},{id:"63317",title:"Ms",name:"Rocio",middleName:null,surname:"Cuaspa",fullName:"Rocio Cuaspa",slug:"rocio-cuaspa"}]},{id:"21817",title:"Investigation of Transfection Barriers Involved in Non-Viral Nanoparticulate Gene Delivery in Different Cell Lines",slug:"investigation-of-transfection-barriers-involved-in-non-viral-nanoparticulate-gene-delivery-in-differ",totalDownloads:1557,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stefanie Häfele and Regine Süss",authors:[{id:"41694",title:"Prof.",name:"Regine",middleName:null,surname:"Suess",fullName:"Regine Suess",slug:"regine-suess"},{id:"136398",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Hafele",fullName:"Stefanie Hafele",slug:"stefanie-hafele"}]},{id:"21818",title:"The Mechanical Agitation Method of Gene Transfer for Ex-Vivo Gene Therapy",slug:"the-mechanical-agitation-method-of-gene-transfer-for-ex-vivo-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:2340,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hea-Jong Chung, Hyun-Seo Lee, Hyeon-Jin Kim and Seong-Tshool Hong",authors:[{id:"43244",title:"Prof.",name:"Seong-Tshool",middleName:null,surname:"Hong",fullName:"Seong-Tshool Hong",slug:"seong-tshool-hong"},{id:"136391",title:"Prof.",name:"Hea-Jong",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Hea-Jong Chung",slug:"hea-jong-chung"},{id:"136392",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyun-Seo",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Hyun-Seo Lee",slug:"hyun-seo-lee"},{id:"136395",title:"Prof.",name:"Hye On-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Im",fullName:"Hye On-Jin Im",slug:"hye-on-jin-im"}]},{id:"21819",title:"Gene Therapy of Some Genetic Diseases by Transferring Normal Human Genomic DNA into Somatic Cells and Stem Cells from Patients",slug:"gene-therapy-of-some-genetic-diseases-by-transferring-normal-human-genomic-dna-into-somatic-cells-an",totalDownloads:1904,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Liting Song",authors:[{id:"32830",title:"M.D.",name:"Liting",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Liting Song",slug:"liting-song"}]},{id:"21820",title:"Non Viral Gene Transfer Approaches for Lysosomal Storage Disorders",slug:"non-viral-gene-transfer-approaches-for-lysosomal-storage-disorders",totalDownloads:1822,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ursula Matte, Guilherme Baldo and Roberto Giugliani",authors:[{id:"30414",title:"Dr.",name:"Ursula",middleName:null,surname:"Matte",fullName:"Ursula Matte",slug:"ursula-matte"},{id:"46166",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:null,surname:"Baldo",fullName:"Guilherme Baldo",slug:"guilherme-baldo"},{id:"46167",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Giugliani",fullName:"Roberto Giugliani",slug:"roberto-giugliani"}]},{id:"21821",title:"DNA Vaccination by Electrogene Transfer",slug:"dna-vaccination-by-electrogene-transfer",totalDownloads:1959,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pieranna Chiarella, Vito Michele Fazio and Emanuela Signori",authors:[{id:"29008",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuela",middleName:null,surname:"Signori",fullName:"Emanuela Signori",slug:"emanuela-signori"},{id:"39571",title:"Dr.",name:"Pieranna",middleName:null,surname:"Chiarella",fullName:"Pieranna Chiarella",slug:"pieranna-chiarella"},{id:"39572",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Fazio",fullName:"Vito Michele Fazio",slug:"vito-michele-fazio"}]},{id:"21822",title:"Gene Delivery with Ultrasound and Microbubbles",slug:"gene-delivery-with-ultrasound-and-microbubbles",totalDownloads:1745,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Evan Unger and Terry Matsunaga",authors:[{id:"43546",title:"Prof.",name:"Evan",middleName:null,surname:"Unger",fullName:"Evan Unger",slug:"evan-unger"},{id:"128464",title:"Dr.",name:"Terry",middleName:null,surname:"Matsunaga",fullName:"Terry Matsunaga",slug:"terry-matsunaga"}]},{id:"21823",title:"Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Delivery",slug:"ultrasound-mediated-gene-delivery",totalDownloads:1665,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carol H. Miao and Andrew A. Brayman",authors:[{id:"42178",title:"Prof.",name:"Carol",middleName:"H",surname:"Miao",fullName:"Carol Miao",slug:"carol-miao"},{id:"44593",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Brayman",fullName:"Andrew Brayman",slug:"andrew-brayman"}]},{id:"21824",title:"Polyamine – Lipid Conjugates as Effective Gene Carriers: Chemical Structure, Morphology, and Gene Transfer Activity",slug:"polyamine-lipid-conjugates-as-effective-gene-carriers-chemical-structure-morphology-and-gene-transfe",totalDownloads:1773,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Takehisa Dewa, Tomohiro Asai, Naoto Oku and Mamoru Nango",authors:[{id:"33023",title:"Dr.",name:"Takehisa",middleName:null,surname:"Dewa",fullName:"Takehisa Dewa",slug:"takehisa-dewa"},{id:"50504",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Asai",fullName:"Tomohiro Asai",slug:"tomohiro-asai"},{id:"50505",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoto",middleName:null,surname:"Oku",fullName:"Naoto Oku",slug:"naoto-oku"},{id:"50506",title:"Prof.",name:"Mamoru",middleName:null,surname:"Nango",fullName:"Mamoru Nango",slug:"mamoru-nango"}]},{id:"21825",title:"Technological Aspects of Scalable Processes for the Production of Functional Liposomes for Gene Therapy",slug:"technological-aspects-of-scalable-processes-for-the-production-of-functional-liposomes-for-gene-ther",totalDownloads:2090,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Julia E. Trevisan, Leide P. Cavalcanti, Cristiano L. P. Oliveira, Lucimara G. de La Torre and Maria Helena A. Santana",authors:[{id:"29669",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Santana",fullName:"Maria Helena Santana",slug:"maria-helena-santana"},{id:"29670",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucimara",middleName:null,surname:"De La Torre",fullName:"Lucimara De La Torre",slug:"lucimara-de-la-torre"},{id:"43669",title:"MSc",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Trevisan",fullName:"Julia Trevisan",slug:"julia-trevisan"},{id:"43670",title:"Dr",name:"Leide",middleName:"P.",surname:"Cavalcanti",fullName:"Leide Cavalcanti",slug:"leide-cavalcanti"},{id:"83958",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristiano Luis Pinto",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Cristiano Luis Pinto Oliveira",slug:"cristiano-luis-pinto-oliveira"}]},{id:"21826",title:"Cationic Liposomes in Different Structural Levels for Gene Delivery",slug:"cationic-liposomes-in-different-structural-levels-for-gene-delivery",totalDownloads:2635,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yinan Zhao, Defu Zhi and Shubiao Zhang",authors:[{id:"28533",title:"Prof.",name:"Shubiao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Shubiao Zhang",slug:"shubiao-zhang"},{id:"44799",title:"Ms.",name:"Yinan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Yinan Zhao",slug:"yinan-zhao"},{id:"44800",title:"MSc",name:"Defu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhi",fullName:"Defu Zhi",slug:"defu-zhi"}]},{id:"21827",title:"Neutral Liposomes and DNA Transfection",slug:"neutral-liposomes-and-dna-transfection",totalDownloads:2774,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Michela Pisani, Giovanna Mobbili and Paolo Bruni",authors:[{id:"42565",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Bruni",fullName:"Paolo Bruni",slug:"paolo-bruni"},{id:"42575",title:"Prof.",name:"Michela",middleName:null,surname:"Pisani",fullName:"Michela Pisani",slug:"michela-pisani"},{id:"42578",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Mobbili",fullName:"Giovanna Mobbili",slug:"giovanna-mobbili"}]},{id:"21828",title:"Non-Viral Gene Delivery Systems Based on Cholesterol Cationic Lipids: Structure-Activity Relationships",slug:"non-viral-gene-delivery-systems-based-on-cholesterol-cationic-lipids-structure-activity-relationship",totalDownloads:2172,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michael A. Maslov and Marina A. Zenkova",authors:[{id:"41835",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Zenkova",fullName:"Marina Zenkova",slug:"marina-zenkova"},{id:"45152",title:"Dr.",name:"Michail",middleName:"A.",surname:"Maslov",fullName:"Michail Maslov",slug:"michail-maslov"}]},{id:"21829",title:"Polycation-Mediated Gene Delivery: The Physicochemical Aspects Governing the Process",slug:"polycation-mediated-gene-delivery-the-physicochemical-aspects-governing-the-process",totalDownloads:2052,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Manuel Alatorre-Meda, Eustolia Rodríguez-Velázquez and Julio R. Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"19989",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio R.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Julio R. Rodriguez",slug:"julio-r.-rodriguez"},{id:"40903",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Alatorre-Meda",fullName:"Manuel Alatorre-Meda",slug:"manuel-alatorre-meda"},{id:"91047",title:"BSc.",name:"Eustolia",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Velázquez",fullName:"Eustolia Rodríguez-Velázquez",slug:"eustolia-rodriguez-velazquez"}]},{id:"21830",title:"Medical Polymer-Based Gene Therapy",slug:"medical-polymer-based-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:2123,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hu-Lin Jiang, You-Kyoung Kim, Chong-Su Cho and Myung-Haing Cho",authors:[{id:"37901",title:"Prof.",name:"Myung-Haing",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",fullName:"Myung-Haing Cho",slug:"myung-haing-cho"},{id:"120437",title:"Prof.",name:"Hu-Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Hu-Lin Jiang",slug:"hu-lin-jiang"},{id:"122680",title:"Dr.",name:"You-Kyoung",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"You-Kyoung Kim",slug:"you-kyoung-kim"},{id:"122681",title:"Dr.",name:"Chong-Su",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",fullName:"Chong-Su Cho",slug:"chong-su-cho"}]},{id:"21831",title:"Chitosan and Its Modifications: Are They Possible Vehicles for Gene Therapy?",slug:"chitosan-and-its-modifications-are-they-possible-vehicles-for-gene-therapy-",totalDownloads:2732,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ureporn Kedjarune-Leggat and Peter A. Leggat",authors:[{id:"32723",title:"Prof.",name:"Ureporn",middleName:null,surname:"Kedjarune-Leggat",fullName:"Ureporn Kedjarune-Leggat",slug:"ureporn-kedjarune-leggat"},{id:"43643",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:"A",surname:"Leggat",fullName:"Peter Leggat",slug:"peter-leggat"}]},{id:"21832",title:"Chitosan-DNA/siRNA Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy",slug:"chitosan-dna-sirna-nanoparticles-for-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4265,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Qin Shi, Marcio J. Tiera, Xiaoling Zhang, Kerong Dai, Mohamed Benderdour and Julio C. Fernandes",authors:[{id:"45316",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",fullName:"Julio Fernandes",slug:"julio-fernandes"},{id:"46353",title:"Dr.",name:"Qin",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",fullName:"Qin Shi",slug:"qin-shi"},{id:"46354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcio J",middleName:null,surname:"Tiera",fullName:"Marcio J Tiera",slug:"marcio-j-tiera"},{id:"46355",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoling",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xiaoling Zhang",slug:"xiaoling-zhang"},{id:"46357",title:"Dr.",name:"Kerong",middleName:null,surname:"Dai",fullName:"Kerong Dai",slug:"kerong-dai"},{id:"46358",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Benderdour",fullName:"Mohamed Benderdour",slug:"mohamed-benderdour"}]},{id:"21833",title:"Toxicity of Polymeric-Based Non-Viral Vector Systems for Pulmonary siRNA Application",slug:"toxicity-of-polymeric-based-non-viral-vector-systems-for-pulmonary-sirna-application",totalDownloads:1755,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Andrea Beyerle, Thomas Kissel and Tobias Stoeger",authors:[{id:"41430",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Stoeger",fullName:"Tobias Stoeger",slug:"tobias-stoeger"},{id:"46341",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Beyerle",fullName:"Andrea Beyerle",slug:"andrea-beyerle"},{id:"46342",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Kissel",fullName:"Thomas Kissel",slug:"thomas-kissel"}]},{id:"21834",title:"PAMAM Dendrimer as Potential Delivery System for Combined Chemotherapeutic and MicroRNA-21 Gene Therapy",slug:"pamam-dendrimer-as-potential-delivery-system-for-combined-chemotherapeutic-and-microrna-21-gene-ther",totalDownloads:2675,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xuan Zhou, Yu Ren, Xubo Yuan, Peiyu Pu and Chunsheng Kang",authors:[{id:"32217",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Chunsheng Kang",slug:"chunsheng-kang"},{id:"46181",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Xuan Zhou",slug:"xuan-zhou"},{id:"46182",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Ren",fullName:"Yu Ren",slug:"yu-ren"},{id:"46404",title:"Mr",name:"Xubo",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",fullName:"Xubo Yuan",slug:"xubo-yuan"},{id:"46409",title:"Prof.",name:"Peiyu",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",fullName:"Peiyu Pu",slug:"peiyu-pu"}]},{id:"21835",title:"Nanomedicine Based Approaches to Cancer Diagonsis and Therapy",slug:"nanomedicine-based-approaches-to-cancer-diagonsis-and-therapy",totalDownloads:2400,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Roderick A. Slavcev, Shawn Wettig and Tranum Kaur",authors:[{id:"31044",title:"Dr.",name:"Roderick",middleName:"A.",surname:"Slavcev",fullName:"Roderick Slavcev",slug:"roderick-slavcev"},{id:"31046",title:"Dr.",name:"Tranum",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Tranum Kaur",slug:"tranum-kaur"},{id:"46646",title:"Dr.",name:"Shawn",middleName:null,surname:"Wettig",fullName:"Shawn Wettig",slug:"shawn-wettig"}]},{id:"21836",title:"Toxicogenomics of Nonviral Cationic Gene Delivery Nanosystems",slug:"toxicogenomics-of-nonviral-cationic-gene-delivery-nanosystems",totalDownloads:1532,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yadollah Omidi, Vala Kafil and Jaleh Barar",authors:[{id:"33200",title:"Dr.",name:"Yadollah",middleName:null,surname:"Omidi",fullName:"Yadollah Omidi",slug:"yadollah-omidi"},{id:"33354",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaleh",middleName:null,surname:"Barar",fullName:"Jaleh Barar",slug:"jaleh-barar"},{id:"136385",title:"Prof.",name:"Vala",middleName:null,surname:"Kafil",fullName:"Vala Kafil",slug:"vala-kafil"}]},{id:"21837",title:"Nano-Particulate Calcium Phosphate as a Gene Delivery System",slug:"nano-particulate-calcium-phosphate-as-a-gene-delivery-system",totalDownloads:3177,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Babak Mostaghaci, Arash Hanifi, Brigitta Loretz and Claus-Michael Lehr",authors:[{id:"33083",title:"MSc",name:"Arash",middleName:null,surname:"Hanifi",fullName:"Arash Hanifi",slug:"arash-hanifi"},{id:"37084",title:"Dr.",name:"Babak",middleName:null,surname:"Mostaghaci",fullName:"Babak Mostaghaci",slug:"babak-mostaghaci"},{id:"67893",title:"Prof.",name:"Claus-Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Lehr",fullName:"Claus-Michael Lehr",slug:"claus-michael-lehr"},{id:"67896",title:"Dr.",name:"Brigitta",middleName:null,surname:"Loretz",fullName:"Brigitta Loretz",slug:"brigitta-loretz"}]},{id:"21838",title:"Modular Multifunctional Protein Vectors for Gene Therapy",slug:"modular-multifunctional-protein-vectors-for-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:1411,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hugo Peluffo",authors:[{id:"29101",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Peluffo",fullName:"Hugo Peluffo",slug:"hugo-peluffo"}]},{id:"21839",title:"Peptides as Promising Non-Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy",slug:"peptides-as-promising-non-viral-vectors-for-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:1658,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wei Yang Seow and Andrew JT George",authors:[{id:"32077",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew J. T.",middleName:null,surname:"George",fullName:"Andrew J. T. George",slug:"andrew-j.-t.-george"},{id:"47728",title:"Mr",name:"Wei Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Seow",fullName:"Wei Yang Seow",slug:"wei-yang-seow"}]},{id:"21840",title:"Binding of Protein-Functionalized Entities onto Synthetic Vesicles",slug:"binding-of-protein-functionalized-entities-onto-synthetic-vesicles",totalDownloads:1404,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Federica De Persiis, Ramon Pons, Carlotta Pucci, Franco Tardani and Camillo La Mesa",authors:[{id:"34533",title:"Prof.",name:"Camillo",middleName:null,surname:"La Mesa",fullName:"Camillo La Mesa",slug:"camillo-la-mesa"},{id:"34588",title:"Dr.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Tardani",fullName:"Franco Tardani",slug:"franco-tardani"},{id:"34591",title:"BSc",name:"Carlotta",middleName:null,surname:"Pucci",fullName:"Carlotta Pucci",slug:"carlotta-pucci"},{id:"77774",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Pons",fullName:"Ramon Pons",slug:"ramon-pons"},{id:"77775",title:"Prof.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"De Persiis",fullName:"Federica De Persiis",slug:"federica-de-persiis"}]},{id:"21841",title:"Targeting TRAIL Receptors with Genetically- Engineered CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells",slug:"targeting-trail-receptors-with-genetically-engineered-cd34-hematopoietic-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1230,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carmelo Carlo-Stella, Arianna Giacomini, Silvia L. Locatelli, Cristiana Lavazza and Alessandro M. Gianni",authors:[{id:"36165",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:null,surname:"Carlo-Stella",fullName:"Carmelo Carlo-Stella",slug:"carmelo-carlo-stella"},{id:"36185",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:"M",surname:"Gianni",fullName:"Alessandro Gianni",slug:"alessandro-gianni"},{id:"83938",title:"Dr.",name:"Arianna",middleName:null,surname:"Giacomini",fullName:"Arianna Giacomini",slug:"arianna-giacomini"},{id:"90437",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia L.",middleName:null,surname:"Locatelli",fullName:"Silvia L. Locatelli",slug:"silvia-l.-locatelli"},{id:"90441",title:"Dr",name:"Cristiana",middleName:null,surname:"Lavazza",fullName:"Cristiana Lavazza",slug:"cristiana-lavazza"}]},{id:"21842",title:"Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamides for Gene Therapy: Bioanalytical Methods and Pharmacokinetics",slug:"pyrrole-imidazole-polyamides-for-gene-therapy-bioanalytical-methods-and-pharmacokinetics",totalDownloads:2223,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tomonori Kamei, Takahiko Aoyama, Takahiro Ueno, Noboru Fukuda, Hiroki Nagase and Yoshiaki Matsumoto",authors:[{id:"43695",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumoto",fullName:"Yoshiaki Matsumoto",slug:"yoshiaki-matsumoto"},{id:"43717",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomonori",middleName:null,surname:"Kamei",fullName:"Tomonori Kamei",slug:"tomonori-kamei"},{id:"43718",title:"MSc",name:"Takahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Aoyama",fullName:"Takahiko Aoyama",slug:"takahiko-aoyama"},{id:"43719",title:"Dr.",name:"Takahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ueno",fullName:"Takahiro Ueno",slug:"takahiro-ueno"},{id:"43720",title:"Prof.",name:"Noboru",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",fullName:"Noboru Fukuda",slug:"noboru-fukuda"},{id:"43721",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroki",middleName:null,surname:"Nagase",fullName:"Hiroki Nagase",slug:"hiroki-nagase"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1280",title:"Selected Topics in DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bffa19c9b25bf5aaf029cc9e528916f4",slug:"selected-topics-in-dna-repair",bookSignature:"Clark C. Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62462",title:"Prof.",name:"Clark",surname:"Chen",slug:"clark-chen",fullName:"Clark Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"22707",title:"The DNA-Damage Response to Ionizing Radiation in Human Lymphocytes",slug:"the-dna-damage-response-to-ionizing-radiation-in-human-lymphocytes",signatures:"Maddalena Mognato, Mauro Grifalconi, Sabrina Canova, Cristina Girardi and Lucia Celotti",authors:[{id:"41691",title:"Dr.",name:"Maddalena",middleName:null,surname:"Mognato",fullName:"Maddalena Mognato",slug:"maddalena-mognato"},{id:"42660",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Celotti",fullName:"Lucia Celotti",slug:"lucia-celotti"},{id:"99511",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Grifalconi",fullName:"Mauro Grifalconi",slug:"mauro-grifalconi"},{id:"99513",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Girardi",fullName:"Cristina Girardi",slug:"cristina-girardi"},{id:"99516",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Canova",fullName:"Sabrina Canova",slug:"sabrina-canova"}]},{id:"22708",title:"Interactions by Carcinogenic Metal Compounds with DNA Repair Processes",slug:"interactions-by-carcinogenic-metal-compounds-with-dna-repair-processes",signatures:"Simona Catalani and Pietro Apostoli",authors:[{id:"52026",title:"Prof.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Apostoli",fullName:"Pietro Apostoli",slug:"pietro-apostoli"},{id:"52033",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Catalani",fullName:"Simona Catalani",slug:"simona-catalani"}]},{id:"22709",title:"Effect of Oxidative Stress on DNA Repairing Genes",slug:"effect-of-oxidative-stress-on-dna-repairing-genes",signatures:"Bedia Cakmakoglu, Zeynep Birsu Cincin and Makbule Aydin",authors:[{id:"41618",title:"Prof.",name:"Bedia",middleName:null,surname:"Cakmakoglu",fullName:"Bedia Cakmakoglu",slug:"bedia-cakmakoglu"},{id:"57423",title:"MSc",name:"Zeynep Birsu",middleName:null,surname:"Cincin",fullName:"Zeynep Birsu Cincin",slug:"zeynep-birsu-cincin"},{id:"111568",title:"Prof.",name:"Makbule",middleName:null,surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Makbule Aydin",slug:"makbule-aydin"}]},{id:"22710",title:"UV Damaged DNA Repair & Tolerance in Plants",slug:"uv-damaged-dna-repair-tolerance-in-plants",signatures:"Ashwin L. Ganpudi and Dana F. Schroeder",authors:[{id:"46453",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeder",fullName:"Dana Schroeder",slug:"dana-schroeder"},{id:"57994",title:"Mr",name:"Ashwin",middleName:null,surname:"Ganpudi",fullName:"Ashwin Ganpudi",slug:"ashwin-ganpudi"}]},{id:"22711",title:"DNA Helix Destabilization by Alkylating Agents: From Covalent Bonding to DNA Repair",slug:"dna-helix-destabilization-by-alkylating-agents-from-covalent-bonding-to-dna-repair",signatures:"Gaëlle Lenglet, Sabine Depauw, Denise Mendy-Belaiche and Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier",authors:[{id:"43845",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie-Hélène",middleName:null,surname:"David-Cordonnier",fullName:"Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier",slug:"marie-helene-david-cordonnier"},{id:"57034",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaëlle",middleName:null,surname:"Lenglet",fullName:"Gaëlle Lenglet",slug:"gaelle-lenglet"},{id:"57035",title:"Ms.",name:"Sabine",middleName:null,surname:"Depauw",fullName:"Sabine Depauw",slug:"sabine-depauw"},{id:"57036",title:"Dr.",name:"Denise",middleName:null,surname:"Mendy-Belaiche",fullName:"Denise Mendy-Belaiche",slug:"denise-mendy-belaiche"}]},{id:"22712",title:"DNA Damage Caused by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms and Markers",slug:"dna-damage-caused-by-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-mechanisms-and-markers",signatures:"Balam Muñoz and Arnulfo Albores",authors:[{id:"48058",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnulfo",middleName:null,surname:"Albores",fullName:"Arnulfo Albores",slug:"arnulfo-albores"},{id:"52340",title:"Dr.",name:"Balam",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",fullName:"Balam Muñoz",slug:"balam-munoz"}]},{id:"22713",title:"DNA Repair: Lessons from the Evolution of Ionizing- Radiation-Resistant Prokaryotes – Fact and Theory",slug:"dna-repair-lessons-from-the-evolution-of-ionizing-radiation-resistant-prokaryotes-fact-and-theory",signatures:"Haïtham Sghaier",authors:[{id:"47210",title:"Dr.",name:"Haitham",middleName:null,surname:"Sghaier",fullName:"Haitham Sghaier",slug:"haitham-sghaier"}]},{id:"22714",title:"Involvement of Non-Homologous End-Joining in Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability",slug:"involvement-of-non-homologous-end-joining-in-radiation-induced-genomic-instability",signatures:"Keiji Suzuki, Motohiro Yamauchi, Masatoshi Suzuki, Yasuyoshi Oka and Shunichi Yamashita",authors:[{id:"48708",title:"Prof.",name:"Keiji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Keiji Suzuki",slug:"keiji-suzuki"},{id:"48714",title:"Dr.",name:"Motohiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamauchi",fullName:"Motohiro Yamauchi",slug:"motohiro-yamauchi"},{id:"48715",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Masatoshi Suzuki",slug:"masatoshi-suzuki"},{id:"48716",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Oka",fullName:"Yasuyoshi Oka",slug:"yasuyoshi-oka"},{id:"110807",title:"Prof.",name:"Shunichi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",fullName:"Shunichi Yamashita",slug:"shunichi-yamashita"}]},{id:"22715",title:"Role of RPA Proteins in Radiation Repair and Recovery",slug:"role-of-rpa-proteins-in-radiation-repair-and-recovery",signatures:"Patrick E. Gygli, J. Scott Lockhart and Linda C. DeVeaux",authors:[{id:"42827",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"DeVeaux",fullName:"Linda DeVeaux",slug:"linda-deveaux"},{id:"57407",title:"Mr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Gygli",fullName:"Patrick Gygli",slug:"patrick-gygli"},{id:"58052",title:"Mr",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Lockhart",fullName:"James Lockhart",slug:"james-lockhart"}]},{id:"22716",title:"Recognition and Repair Pathways of Damaged DNA in Higher Plants",slug:"recognition-and-repair-pathways-of-damaged-dna-in-higher-plants",signatures:"Sascha Biedermann, Sutton Mooney and Hanjo Hellmann",authors:[{id:"42896",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanjo",middleName:null,surname:"Hellmann",fullName:"Hanjo Hellmann",slug:"hanjo-hellmann"},{id:"56085",title:"Dr.",name:"Sutton",middleName:null,surname:"Mooney",fullName:"Sutton Mooney",slug:"sutton-mooney"},{id:"92881",title:"Mr",name:"Sascha",middleName:null,surname:"Biedermann",fullName:"Sascha Biedermann",slug:"sascha-biedermann"}]},{id:"22717",title:"DNA Damage Protection and Induction of Repair by Dietary Phytochemicals and Cancer Prevention: What Do We Know?",slug:"dna-damage-protection-and-induction-of-repair-by-dietary-phytochemicals-and-cancer-prevention-what-d",signatures:"Alice A. Ramos, Cristóvão F. Lima and Cristina Pereira-Wilson",authors:[{id:"46395",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira-Wilson",fullName:"Cristina Pereira-Wilson",slug:"cristina-pereira-wilson"},{id:"58005",title:"MSc",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",fullName:"Alice Ramos",slug:"alice-ramos"},{id:"58006",title:"Mr.",name:"Cristóvăo",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Cristóvăo Lima",slug:"cristovao-lima"},{id:"101964",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristovao",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Cristovao Lima",slug:"cristovao-lima"}]},{id:"22718",title:"The Nuclear Compartmentation of Glutathione: Effect on Cell Cycle Progression",slug:"the-nuclear-compartmentation-of-glutathione-effect-on-cell-cycle-progression",signatures:"Jelena Markovic, Nancy Mora, Amparo Gimeno, Consuelo Burguete, José Luis García-Gimenez and Federico V. Pallardó",authors:[{id:"48308",title:"Prof.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Pallardó",fullName:"Federico Pallardó",slug:"federico-pallardo"},{id:"57501",title:"Prof.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Markovic",fullName:"Jelena Markovic",slug:"jelena-markovic"},{id:"57502",title:"Dr.",name:"Amparo",middleName:null,surname:"Gimeno",fullName:"Amparo Gimeno",slug:"amparo-gimeno"},{id:"57503",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Giménez",fullName:"Jose Luis Garcia-Giménez",slug:"jose-luis-garcia-gimenez"},{id:"65088",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:"Consuelo",surname:"Burguete",fullName:"María Burguete",slug:"maria-burguete"}]},{id:"22719",title:"Role for PKCδ on Apoptosis in the DNA Damage Response",slug:"role-for-pkc-on-apoptosis-in-the-dna-damage-response",signatures:"Kiyotsugu Yoshida",authors:[{id:"57025",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiyotsugu",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Kiyotsugu Yoshida",slug:"kiyotsugu-yoshida"}]},{id:"22720",title:"New Players in Recognition of Intact and Cleaved AP Sites: Implication in DNA Repair in Mammalian Cells",slug:"new-players-in-recognition-of-intact-and-cleaved-ap-sites-implication-in-dna-repair-in-mammalian-cel",signatures:"Svetlana Khodyreva and Olga Lavrik",authors:[{id:"58303",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Lavrik",fullName:"Olga Lavrik",slug:"olga-lavrik"},{id:"58304",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Khodyreva",fullName:"Svetlana Khodyreva",slug:"svetlana-khodyreva"}]},{id:"22721",title:"SiDNA and Other Tools for the Indirect Induction of DNA Damage Responses",slug:"sidna-and-other-tools-for-the-indirect-induction-of-dna-damage-responses",signatures:"Maria Quanz, Amélie Croset and Marie Dutreix",authors:[{id:"46480",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Dutreix",fullName:"Marie Dutreix",slug:"marie-dutreix"},{id:"57915",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Quanz",fullName:"Maria Quanz",slug:"maria-quanz"},{id:"57919",title:"MSc",name:"Amélie",middleName:null,surname:"Croset",fullName:"Amélie Croset",slug:"amelie-croset"}]},{id:"22722",title:"DNA Repair in Pathogenic Eukaryotic Cells: Insights from Comparative Genomics of Parasitic Protozoan",slug:"dna-repair-in-pathogenic-eukaryotic-cells-insights-from-comparative-genomics-of-parasitic-protozoan",signatures:"Laurence A. Marchat, Mavil López-Casamichana, Esther Orozco and César López-Camarillo",authors:[{id:"35092",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco",fullName:"Esther Orozco",slug:"esther-orozco"},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo"},{id:"48366",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurence A.",middleName:null,surname:"Marchat",fullName:"Laurence A. Marchat",slug:"laurence-a.-marchat"},{id:"59012",title:"Dr.",name:"Mavil",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez Casamichana",fullName:"Mavil Lopez Casamichana",slug:"mavil-lopez-casamichana"}]},{id:"22723",title:"Mechanisms of Mutagenic DNA Nucleobase Damages and Their Chemical and Enzymatic Repairs Investigated by Quantum Chemical Methods",slug:"mechanisms-of-mutagenic-dna-nucleobase-damages-and-their-chemical-and-enzymatic-repairs-investigated",signatures:"Eric A. C. Bushnell, Jorge Llano, Leif A. Eriksson and James W. Gauld",authors:[{id:"46910",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:"W.",surname:"Gauld",fullName:"James Gauld",slug:"james-gauld"},{id:"58413",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Llano",fullName:"Jorge Llano",slug:"jorge-llano"},{id:"58414",title:"Dr.",name:"Leif",middleName:null,surname:"Eriksson",fullName:"Leif Eriksson",slug:"leif-eriksson"},{id:"72304",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:"Andrew Charles",surname:"Bushnell",fullName:"Eric Bushnell",slug:"eric-bushnell"}]},{id:"22724",title:"DNA Radiosensitization: The Search for Repair Refractive Lesions Including Double Strand Breaks and Interstrand Crosslinks",slug:"dna-radiosensitization-the-search-for-repair-refractive-lesions-including-double-strand-breaks-and-i",signatures:"Tsvetan G. Gantchev, Marie-Eve Dextraze and Darel J. Hunting",authors:[{id:"54287",title:"Prof.",name:"Darel",middleName:null,surname:"Hunting",fullName:"Darel Hunting",slug:"darel-hunting"},{id:"58047",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsvetan",middleName:null,surname:"Gantchev",fullName:"Tsvetan Gantchev",slug:"tsvetan-gantchev"}]},{id:"22725",title:"The Influence of Individual Genome Sensitivity in DNA Damage Repair Assessment in Chronic Professional Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation",slug:"the-influence-of-individual-genome-sensitivity-in-dna-damage-repair-assessment-in-chronic-profession",signatures:"Mirta Milić, Ružica Rozgaj, Vilena Kašuba, Ana Marija Jazbec, Patrizia Hrelia and Sabrina Angelini",authors:[{id:"40591",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirta",middleName:null,surname:"Milić",fullName:"Mirta Milić",slug:"mirta-milic"},{id:"57808",title:"Dr.",name:"Ružica",middleName:null,surname:"Rozgaj",fullName:"Ružica Rozgaj",slug:"ruzica-rozgaj"},{id:"57809",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilena",middleName:null,surname:"Kasuba",fullName:"Vilena Kasuba",slug:"vilena-kasuba"},{id:"57810",title:"Prof.",name:"Anamarija",middleName:null,surname:"Jazbec",fullName:"Anamarija Jazbec",slug:"anamarija-jazbec"},{id:"57811",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Angelini",fullName:"Sabrina Angelini",slug:"sabrina-angelini"},{id:"57812",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrizia",middleName:null,surname:"Hrelia",fullName:"Patrizia Hrelia",slug:"patrizia-hrelia"}]},{id:"22726",title:"Application of Host Cell Reactivation in Evaluating the Effects of Anticancer Drugs and Environmental Toxicants on Cellular DNA Repair Activity in Head and Neck Cancer",slug:"application-of-host-cell-reactivation-in-evaluating-the-effects-of-anticancer-drugs-and-environmenta",signatures:"Yi-Shan Tsai, Jau-Ling Huang and Chang-Shen Lin",authors:[{id:"57600",title:"Dr.",name:"Chang Shen",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Chang Shen Lin",slug:"chang-shen-lin"},{id:"57606",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Tsai",fullName:"Yi-Shan Tsai",slug:"yi-shan-tsai"},{id:"57607",title:"Dr.",name:"Jau-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jau-Ling Huang",slug:"jau-ling-huang"}]},{id:"22727",title:"Role of Radioprotectors in the Inhibition of DNA Damage and Modulation of DNA Repair After Exposure to Gamma-Radiation",slug:"role-of-radioprotectors-in-the-inhibition-of-dna-damage-and-modulation-of-dna-repair-after-exposure-",signatures:"Dharmendra Kumar Maurya and Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam",authors:[{id:"56167",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas Paul Asir",middleName:null,surname:"Devasagayam",fullName:"Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam",slug:"thomas-paul-asir-devasagayam"},{id:"56170",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharmedra K",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",fullName:"Dharmedra K Maurya",slug:"dharmedra-k-maurya"}]},{id:"22728",title:"DNA-Binding Radioprotectors",slug:"dna-binding-radioprotectors",signatures:"Pavel Lobachevsky, Alesia Ivashkevich, Olga A. Martin and Roger F. Martin",authors:[{id:"50843",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:"A.",surname:"Martin",fullName:"Olga Martin",slug:"olga-martin"},{id:"58135",title:"Dr",name:"Pavel",middleName:"N.",surname:"Lobachevsky",fullName:"Pavel Lobachevsky",slug:"pavel-lobachevsky"},{id:"58136",title:"Dr.",name:"Alesia",middleName:null,surname:"Ivashkevich",fullName:"Alesia Ivashkevich",slug:"alesia-ivashkevich"},{id:"58137",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger F.",middleName:null,surname:"Martin",fullName:"Roger F. Martin",slug:"roger-f.-martin"}]},{id:"22729",title:"DNA Damage Response and Repair: Insights into Strategies for Radiation Sensitization",slug:"dna-damage-response-and-repair-insights-into-strategies-for-radiation-sensitization",signatures:"Joshua D. Lawson, Kristopher T. Kahle, Kimberly Ng, Bob Carter, Santosh Kesari and Clark C. Chen",authors:[{id:"62462",title:"Prof.",name:"Clark",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Clark Chen",slug:"clark-chen"},{id:"85623",title:"Prof.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Kimberly Ng",slug:"kimberly-ng"},{id:"86785",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Lawson",fullName:"Joshua Lawson",slug:"joshua-lawson"},{id:"86788",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",middleName:null,surname:"Kesari",fullName:"Santosh Kesari",slug:"santosh-kesari"},{id:"86789",title:"Dr.",name:"Bob",middleName:null,surname:"Carter",fullName:"Bob Carter",slug:"bob-carter"},{id:"86790",title:"Dr.",name:"Kirstopher",middleName:null,surname:"Kahle",fullName:"Kirstopher Kahle",slug:"kirstopher-kahle"}]},{id:"22730",title:"The Botanical Extract Feverfew PFE Reduces DNA Damage and Induces DNA Repair Processes",slug:"the-botanical-extract-feverfew-pfe-reduces-dna-damage-and-induces-dna-repair-processes",signatures:"Michael D. Southall, Simarna Kaur and Khalid Mahmood",authors:[{id:"42297",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Southall",fullName:"Michael Southall",slug:"michael-southall"},{id:"54272",title:"Dr.",name:"Simarna",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Simarna Kaur",slug:"simarna-kaur"},{id:"54559",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",fullName:"Khalid Mahmood",slug:"khalid-mahmood"}]},{id:"22731",title:"Food Factors and Oxidative DNA Damage / DNA Repair Systems",slug:"food-factors-and-oxidative-dna-damage-dna-repair-systems",signatures:"Takeshi Hirano and Kazuyoshi Tamae",authors:[{id:"41165",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hirano",fullName:"Takeshi Hirano",slug:"takeshi-hirano"},{id:"41284",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tamae",fullName:"Kazuyoshi Tamae",slug:"kazuyoshi-tamae"}]},{id:"22732",title:"Enhancing DNA Repair by Combining only Dietary Supplement Ingredients that do not Metabolically Compete in Order to Achieve Synergism",slug:"enhancing-dna-repair-by-combining-only-dietary-supplement-ingredients-that-do-not-metabolically-comp",signatures:"Ronald W. Pero",authors:[{id:"56402",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Pero",fullName:"Ronald Pero",slug:"ronald-pero"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72673",title:"Gypsum/Desulfurization Fly Ash/Activated Shale Char/Claystone of Şırnak with Popped Biochar Composite Granules as Fire Inhibitor for Fire Hazard Risk in Forest Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92592",slug:"gypsum-desulfurization-fly-ash-activated-shale-char-claystone-of-rnak-with-popped-biochar-composite-",body:'In order to protect the environment with rich bioresources for life, the nature needs to take real precautions and humans should reduce the source of greenhouse gases. The wild bushes, forests, and nature are highly needed for human life with increasing population. The energy consumption needs alternative clean and renewable energy sources. The bushes and forest fires have become important research topics in order to take precautions on time in this century. This mobile production of the fire inhibitor unit project was critical in forest soil mixture of biomass-based waste and garbage and clean, renewable, and sustainable alternative inhibitor source.
The consumption of natural resources in inhibitor production is increasing parallel to the construction materials for inhibiting fire at house needs today. The production of low-thermal-value waste bio carbon resources is limited in terms of quantities. It enables the evaluation of biotechnological byproducts related to waste management over food processing technology with advanced technological incineration systems. Environmental norms allow the production of the necessary waste fuels such as waste oil as fuel, that is, compatible with biogas production, biopyrolysis or gasification became the high-cost benefaction. In Turkey, the forest fire and the filler production form bioresources rather attracted so critical significance on even less intensive areas of Eastern Anatolia and Southeastern Anatolia region, especially in the low populated steep mountains and high plateaus such as the provinces of Şırnak, Hakkari, and the surrounding steep mountains forest areas, the production of bio resources for production forest fire inhibitor soils and humus soils from waste bio resources for cleaner nature and renewable bio energy production by means of mobile units using incineration or pyrolysis method will provide the development of the South-East Anatolian region and also the industrial development and diversification will increase [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
Flexible and regional targets for a mobile solid waste incineration from an environmental and economic perspective are:
The 3 ton/hour mobile plant where the waste sorting process is performed for inhibitor soil, and material production resources were processed to acquire secondary materials to be evaluated.
Biological treatment or carbonization units of biomass and conversion to compost, which are a market value or energy production by producing inhibitors by mixing and treatment.
Reduction of the amount of waste to be sent to regular storage by thermal treatment systems, making it inert and obtaining energy.
Reduction of landfill and use of forest fills for inhibiting reclamation and at least the reduction of forest fire as given in Table 1 [5], and Figure 2 shows the forest management methods in the elimination of forest fires in the country.
Waste type | Waste statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|
Heat value, kJ/kg | Country, actual million ton/year | Eastern Anatolian region, actual 1000 tons/year | |
Textile, rubber, plastics | 18,200 | 0.6 | 2.1 |
Wood, cardboard, paper | 17,600 | 2.4 | 1.6 |
Organic municipal waste | 13,500 | 2.2 | 29 |
Animal waste | 13,500 | 1.9 | 21 |
Forestry and agricultural biomass | 18,500 | 2.8 | 63 |
Total | 18,000 | 9.9 | 116.7 |
Total amount of municipal waste divided into actual values in Turkey and Eastern Anatolian Region in 2012.
The rainforests in Amazon still burned many years at a record rate: Brazil experienced more than 76,000 fires in 2019, whereas the total was about 40,000 in 2018. About 10,000 of this year’s fires shown in Figure 1 resulted in catastrophic devastation of fire smoke caused by harsh weather conditions. Figure 1 shows every fire that unwillingly flamed in central South America since August 2019.
Part of the Amazon jungle burning near the city of Novo Progresso, Brazil, on 23 August. Nacho Doce/Reuters.
In Amazon, most of the fires were started by farmers and loggers and caused by human facts for industrial or agricultural purposes. However, forest fire caused harsh climate change, which increased flaming and widening fire devastation.
There were more than 76,000 fires in Brazil so far this year, but the issue has not changed any human urbanization, and other parts of South America were burning too.
Global Forest Watch, an organization sponsored by the World Resources Institute, monitors forests and tracks fires using satellite data. The group reported more than 109,000 fire alerts in Brazil between August 13, 2019, but the map of current blazes shows fires in many other regions as well, as shown in Figure 1. So far this year, Brazil’s neighbor, Bolivia, has experienced more than 17,400 fires. Paraguay, to the south, has had just fewer than 10,000, and Colombia, to the north, 14,000. Venezuela had experienced the second-highest number of fires of 26,500 in 2019: that was one-third of Brazil’s forest fire totally.
Australia had one of the most fires on earth, and bushfires form part of the natural cycle of its landscapes. However, the dry weather and high summer temperature factors such as high climate risk trends, weather patterns, and vegetation management by humans may not contribute to the intensity of hard seasons as seen in Figure 2, and the most destructive fires in Australian history preceded by extreme high temperatures, low relative humidity, and strong winds on last November 2019, which combine to create ideal conditions for the rapid spread of fire. Forest experts and land management accepted that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, is the primary cause of the 2019 Australian bushfire. The devastating flames were likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather over the Australian land mass. Nonetheless, the political nature of many of the crisis and its associated issues has also resulted in the circulation of large amounts of disinformation regarding the causes of the fire activity, to the neglect of credible scientific research, expert opinion, and previous government inquiries, as shown in Figures 3–5. The precautious methods were prepared regarding forest land urban interface mapping, showing fire fuel risk and temperature risk on mapping as in Figure 5.
Maximum temperature deciles.
Rainfall deciles, from January to November 2019.
Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI), Spring 2019.
Forest fires on the Amazon region in Global Forest Watch map.
The spatial distribution of tree and bush was considered in the fire management models. The forest plantation characteristics such as land, thermal, physical, and chemical properties of tree elements were constructed. Fuel data of forest were a powerful source of knowledge used for software enabling representation of any vegetation community in the landscape, simultaneously integrating the required attributes for running complex fire simulation in the background.
GPS and phone to phone was always provided safe control on internet connection, a touch-screen, and a camera remote control improved extinguishing period following the stages shown in Figure 6.
Fire fight commander and team over the fire reports and weather conditions.
Fire fight commander and team led by the fire extinguishing method following discussion with expert field operators reported a major concern about the visibility on the screen of such weather tools emergency station stage for an observation cam device and available in a field operating car.
The data entailing simulation of vegetation growth with and without fire was also shown from risk factors, and the assessment of the wild-land fire risk was calculated on map. It is organized on five step risk parameters as shown in Figure 7:
The organized fire team work that included the extinguishing plan and method is followed by team on risk mapping and data logging.
The fire management software made a map over fuel risk and extinguishing system and put the information related to weather and climate conditions together. The forest fire showed risk parameters made available outstanding feedback from forest fire managers within the fire as shown in Figures 8 and 9.
Forest Fire Flame Danger Index, 2019.
Forest Fire Urbanization Wind Danger Index, 2019.
The forest plantation and dry matter characteristics regarding wet land, thermal, and climate risks, physical and chemical properties of tree elements covered the reporting previously in order to eliminate the fuel potential risks. The reported high risk areas contained the parameters such as fire ecology and wet land; fire risk distribution; forest ecology of local plant species; fire land management risk; monitoring and assessment of fire areas; fire weather conditions; wind; and extinguishing plan.
The methods were practiced at the following stages:
Fire ignition patterns for control flame of forest fire.
Case studies: detailed assessments on selected management risks.
Prescribed burning practice (extensive training): at least 5 days of burning.
The flame of fire on sites could be inhibited by foaming agent mixed water pouring or muddy water pouring by plane carriers that used effectively on extinguishing work and fire management in urban interface or forest urbanization intercontact area, mainly found in various regions all over the world. In Şırnak, the lightweight materials may be evaluated and investigated for fire flame inhibitor in this study such as: Altered Limestone (Şırnak Center), Marly Limestone (Şırnak Center), Marl (Şırnak Center), Cizre White Porous Limestone (Şırnak Cizre), Porous Limestone (Cizre Stream), Volcanic Cinder, Midyat Limestone, and Şırnak Coal Mine Waste Marly Shale.
The light porous limestone and marl of Şırnak province can be used as concrete aggregates due to lightweight strength. However, this region consisted of brownish-yellow limestone formations, heterogeneous and carbonates containing 30–45% weight decrease and carbon dioxide dissociation at flame temperature of fire at 800°C regarding dissociation kinetics as extinguisher water slurries.
The various local industrial wastes were used as extinguishing work of fly ash materials [1, 2, 3]. Fly ashes of desulfurization units like gypsum are defined as extinguishing slurry materials that inhibiting flaming properties of forest fire but have binding hydrate properties that are finely ground and dissociated chemically with alkali hydrates at flame temperature and providing moisture flame environments [6]. Fly ash provided rain water hydrated soil, low permeability capturing rain water, controlling the lightweight material, dust easily inhibiting dry leafs and woods, and the sulfate effect on soil for humus [5]. It is estimated that there are 600 million tons of fly ash in the world today, but only 10% of it is evaluated in concrete and as filler in road pavement covering technology [7]. Fly ash has a wide range of uses in concrete because of lowering cost of concrete, saving energy, and reducing environmental problems [8]. Use of fly ash in extinguisher fire inhibitor slurry mixtures; decreasing the combustion of wood and light weight flying matters in certain proportions, the use of fly ash instead of granule decreasing the oxygen take up or transfer into high heat flame [9]. The effects of fly ash on the mechanical properties of pavement were studied extensively. In this study, the effects of Silopi fly ash as filler additive on hot combustion chamber for decreasing combustion heat of coal were determined. In this study, the effect of amount of ash replaced to fine gypsum amount, change on flame inhibition ability, oxygen take-up ability, and lightweight slurry density of water mixture at 10–20% weight was determined.
The weight ratio of lightweight limestone, shale, marly shale, and fly ash greatly affected the water content in inhibiting filler material significantly. Bottom aerated combustion of fuel matter in the forest peat and flaming radiated fire development could be inhibited by the stone matters of the fuel flaming styles as shown in Figures 10 and 11.
Forest fire movement with below fired peat with high planted organic soil.
Forest fire movement with below ignited forest fire, peat with high planted organic soil as happening in Amazon and Indonesian Rain Forests.
This fire extinguishing work prepared model risk patterns as shown in Figure 10 by fire hazard maps, on a daily basis, by combining fuel models, forest area topography, soil conditions, and dynamic factors such as wind direction, air wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, and fuel moisture content, as shown in Figures 12 and 13.
Software used in forest fire risk management with dry peat or aggregated banning soil, fuel management, and fire risks.
Forest fire movement with below fired peat with high planted organic soil, fire fuel model.
The parameters regarding fire features improved the control implemented recently as follows:
fuel matter balance dry matter and decayed matters over wet matter forest fuel data (Figure 14);
the dry matter removal and manipulating a vegetation matter;
the fuel source data for fire model simulations; and
the environmental risk mapping and mapping over the base of urbanization and impacts at fire as shown in Figures 10 and 12.
Dry fuel source, forest fire movement risk with below fired peat soil, and visualization of fire risks on dry fuel matters.
There are hydrated layers mainly in clay minerals and lattice layers associated with the inner layer hydrates and the metal oxide with clay lateral surfaces. The water molecules in the spheres surrounding the exchangeable cations are exchange degree of polarization of the alkali metal cation and the surface silanol groups (Si-OH) resulting from the breakage of the Si-O-Si bonds in the tetrahedral layer, in the exchange of the Al3+ and Mg2+ cations in the octahedral layer, and the Si4+ and Al3+ and Fe3+ cations in the tetrahedral layer as shown in Figure 5, associated with metal atoms on the crystal edges. The oxygen planes in the space between the plates act as a pair of electrons [9].
The increasing demand of clay utilization for advanced material technology and the limited reserves of high quality bentonites push the researchers and the operators/producers to evaluate the lower quality calcium and mixed shales for the of hydrates in fire inhibition use. The technological properties of fly ashes, however, can be upgraded by the application of hydrating and activating acids. Mostly, wet concentration methods such as decantation, cycloning, and centrifuging have been applying and water quality and ion type/amount which the water carries becomes more important to control the further activation process since clays carry the releasable and exchangeable cations on interlayers which interact with ions in water. Table 2 comprised the inhibiting values over extinguishing manner of flame.
Inhibitor type | Waste inhibitors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
25-Td heat calcination value, kJ/kg | Td temperature, °C | Hydrate weight, % | Carbonate weight, % | |
Talc | 38,200 | 613 | 10.6 | 2.1 |
Montmorillonite | 27,600 | 456 | 12.4 | 1.6 |
Zeolite | 33,500 | 565 | 12.2 | 2.9 |
Bentonite | 23,500 | 430 | 11.9 | 2.1 |
Fly ash | 18,500 | 425 | 12.8 | 6.3 |
Gypsum | 18,000 | 250 | 19.9 | 0.7 |
Limestone | 59,900 | 815 | 42 | |
Marly shale | 45,400 | 845 | 11 | 22 |
Total inhibiting values in Eastern Anatolian region in Turkey.
In this study, the effect of water quality (ion type and amount in water) was subjected to the concentration and further alkali activation tests with mixed type shale, asphaltite deposits in Şırnak. The water slurries including different salts namely CaCl2.2H2O foaming and AlCl3.6H2O foaming were used as fire inhibition media in concentration by mixing and agitation. The effect of water quality on concentration and alkali activation was declared based on pH, viscosity, solid ratio, and size.
Şırnak shale contained marly carbonates over 45% providing carbonates with the clay minerals of the smectite group, shows colloidal properties when mixed with water, and its properties such as water are due to the three-layered crystal structure (Figure 15) [9].
Shale clay structure, Şırnak resource in Turkey regarding hydrate.
The investigation of water resources and logging in the Şırnak, Mardin, and Batman provinces was effectively carried out, and construction debris is widely distributed in the forest area to protect urbanization from fire near village location. Figure 16 shows the methods used mainly in construction of water pools for both farming and extinguishing of local forest areas. Inhibitor aggregates roads and high amount of fly ash as municipal waste for forest fire management in Turkey. In Eastern Anatolian Region, high amount of inhibitor waste was used for forest fire inhibition over 120,000 tons fine aggregate as gypsum and ash material with Şırnak Asphaltite wastes and construction debris.
Total amount of municipal waste for forest management in Turkey and Eastern Anatolian Region in fly ash use of Şırnak Asphaltite.
The large specific surface area inhibiting fire flame could be water content and evaporation heat of used in industrial foamed water extinguishing purposes as natural materials. Hydrated liquid absorbents and solid adsorbents generally used fly ash matters of desulfurization unit contained mainly gypsum hydrates. It can be classified as waste group is one of fly ash minerals or inhibiting filler for flame and more with foamed matter base with sponged stones and hydrated minerals such as containing 85% montmorillonite, is an aluminum hydrosilicate with a colloidal property. When mixed with water, density of a few solid swelling bentonite is about 2.6 g/cm3.
Shale clay is calcium in many countries clay is a general name of Al Mg silicate hydrates and the main hydrate content of which montmorillonite can change mainly cation and be defined as clay with Ca;. Attapulgite, 2MgSi8O20 (OH2) 4(OH) The palygorskite expressed by the formula 4H2O an aqueous magnesium, aluminum Silicate. Sepiolite is 6 Mg 9 Si 12 O 30 (OH) 4 6H 2 O group is aqueous Mg silicate. In these minerals channel-shaped pores water bound to crystal structure with molecules. The shale clays contained in this group is micropore and channels and large surface area over 11% due to the possession of various substances inhibitors and high adsorbing capacities.
Wood straw and oak wood char composite type fuel was used as combustion flame test. The fly ash used in the experiments was put into 30 cm dish plate half at half wit fuel content obtained from the Şırnak inhibitor lightweight filler at fine size at 0.1 mm and the chemical composition of the fly ash and inhibitors are given in Tables 3 and 4 regarding flaming combustion and adsorption matter [10, 11, 12, 13].
Reaction | log A[log (s)] | E [kJ/mol] | [kJ/kg] |
---|---|---|---|
(1) Hemicellulose | 16.32 | 186 | 0 |
(1) Cellulose | 19.44 | 242 | 0 |
(1) Lignin | 8.98 | 107 | 0 |
(2) Hemicellulose | 11.42 | 145 | −20 |
(3) Hemicellulose | 15.93 | 202.4 | 255 |
(2) Cellulose | 10.11 | 150.5 | −20 |
(3) Cellulose | 14.52 | 196.5 | 255 |
(2) Lignin | 6.89 | 111.4 | −20 |
(3) Lignin | 9.18 | 143.8 | 255 |
Property | Units | Value |
---|---|---|
Thermal conductivity k | W/m K | 0.13 |
Density ρ | kg/m3 | 490 |
Specific heat capacity cp | J/kg K | 2300 |
Surface emissivity ϵ | — | 0.95 |
Thermal conductivity of char kchar | W/m K | 0.08 |
Density of char ρchar | kg/m3 | 330 |
Specific heat capacity of char | J/kg K | 1100 |
A-priori modeling parameters for wood, taken from Ref. [6].
Reaction heat adsorption:
The materials of fly ash as inhibitor and popped carbon as shale of Şırnak asphaltite from waste material of Şırnak evaluated in forest fire control as shown in Table 5.
Components | Şırnak fly ash | Şırnak mid ash |
---|---|---|
SiO2 | 39.71 | 20.71 |
Al2O3 | 10.53 | 10.53 |
Fe2O3 | 6.62 | 4.62 |
S + A + F | 68.6 | 68.6 |
CaO | 16.56 | 26.56 |
MgO | 3.41 | 12.41 |
SO4 | 3.02 | 11.02 |
K2O | 2.44 | 2.44 |
Na2O | 0.55 | 0.55 |
Ignition loss | 5.74 | 14.74 |
Free CaO | 4.13 | 12.13 |
React. SiO2 | 21.12 | 14.12 |
React. CaO | 8.72 | 2.72 |
Seyitömer and Şırnak Silopi fly ash chemical compositions and aggregate compliance with standard values ASTM C616.
In this study, the specific unit weights are given in Table 6. Degree of hydrate or carbonate inhibiting ability rates of the filler was determined by evaluating the 3-ton briquetting compression test results (Table 5). Combustion weight TGA tests showed higher burning inhibition ability for the Şırnak fly ash and gypsum mixture at 30/70 weight rate so that they gave higher advantageous effect on compaction of road pavement.
Inhibitor Type | Size, mm | 25 min | 40 min | 50 min | 60 min | Density | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Şırnak shale | −0.15 | 88 | 87 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−0.5 + 0.15 | 88 | 87 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
−1 + 0.5 | 88 | 87 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Sırnak marly shale | −0.15 | 78 | 77 | 75 | 80 | 1.65 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−0.5 + 0.15 | 78 | 77 | 75 | 70 | 1.65 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
−1 + 0.5 | 78 | 77 | 75 | 70 | 165 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak porous limestone | −0.15 | 75 | 74 | 85 | 70 | 1.45 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−0.5 + 0.15 | 75 | 74 | 72 | 66 | 1.45 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
−1 + 0.5 | 75 | 74 | 72 | 66 | 1.45 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak gypsum | −0.15 | 48 | 47 | 72 | 66 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−0.5 + 0.15 | 48 | 47 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
−1 + 0.5 | 48 | 47 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak shale 50%+ | −0.15 | 58 | 57 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 50% | −0.5 + 0.15 | 58 | 57 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0.5 | 58 | 57 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Sırnak marly shale 50%+ | −0.15 | 68 | 67 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 50% | −0.5 + 0.15 | 68 | 67 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0.5 | 68 | 67 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak porous limestone 50%+ | −0.15 | 68 | 67 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 50% | −0.5 + 0.15 | 68 | 67 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0.5 | 68 | 67 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak shale 30%+ | −0.15 | 59 | 57 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 70% | −0.5 + 0.15 | 59 | 57 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0.5 | 59 | 57 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak shale 70%+ | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 30% | −0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0.5 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak inhibitor material properties and slurries and aggregate time 50% fuel flame weight with standard values ASTM C6167.
In ASTM standards [5], the amount of mixing pine wood and lightweight inhibiting filler rates was taken, however at the amount of wood and porous aggregate content, amounts of mixture components used in forest fire extinguishing mixture covers used for this experimentation are given in Tables 6 and 7.
Inhibitor with fly ash type | Size, mm | 25 min | 40 min | 50 min | 60 min | Density | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Şırnak shale + fly ash | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
−1 + 0.5 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Sırnak marly shale + fly ash | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
−1 + 0.5 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak porous limestone + fly ash | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
−1 + 0.5 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak gypsum + fly ash | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
−1 + 0.5 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak shale 50%+ | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 50% + fly ash | −0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0.5 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Sırnak marly shale 50%+ | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 50% + fly ash | −0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0,5 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 | |
Şırnak porous limestone 50%+ | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 50% | −0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0.5 | 96 | 1 | |||||||
Şırnak shale 30%+ | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 70% + fly ash | −0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0.5 | 94 | 0.2 | |||||||
Şırnak shale 70%+ | −0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
Şırnak gypsum 30% + fly ash | −0.5 + 0.15 | 73 | 74 | 85 | 80 | 1.55 | 36 | 47 | 52 |
−1 + 0.5 | 94 | 0.2 |
Seyitömer and Sirnak Silopi fly ash chemical compositions and aggregate compliance with standard values ASTM C616.
Chemical classification | Hydrous sulfate, CaSO4.2H2O, 98.3% |
---|---|
Color | Clear, colorless, white |
Streak | White |
Luster | Vitreous, sugary |
Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
Cleavage | Perfect |
Mohs hardness | 2 |
Specific gravity | 2.3 |
Diagnostic properties | Cleavage, specific gravity, low hardness |
Chemical composition | Hydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4.2H2O |
Crystal system | Monoclinic |
Uses | Used to manufacture dry wall, plaster, and joint compound. An agricultural soil treatment and fire inhibitor. |
Physical properties of gypsum of Şırnak.
Component | Siirt Limestone | Hasankeyf Limestone | Mardin Limestone | Şırnak Porous Limestone | Marly Shale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 3.53 | 5.42 | 14.14 | 2.12 | 38.53 |
Al2O3 | 2.23 | 5.43 | 4.61 | 1.71 | 14.61 |
Fe2O3 | 1.59 | 2.48 | 334 | 0.58 | 7.59 |
CaO | 41.48 | 34.23 | 39.18 | 45.22 | 19.48 |
MgO | 2.20 | 12.28 | 4.68 | 7.41 | 3.28 |
K2O | 0.1 | 1.83 | 3.12 | 0.40 | 2.51 |
Na2O | 0.3 | 1.24 | 1.71 | 0.21 | 0.35 |
Ignition Loss | 36.19 | 24.11 | 25.43 | 48.04 | 13.09 |
SO3 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.32 |
The chemical analysis of lightweight inhibiting slurry fillers of Şırnak Province, lightweight limestone, marl, and shale.
Gypsum is generally used as construction material: manufacture of wallboard, cement, plaster of Paris, soil conditioning, and a hardening retarder in portland cement. Varieties of gypsum known as “satin spar” and “alabaster” are used for a variety of ornamental purposes; however, their softening and impurity limit their durability (Table 8).
The inhibitor compositions of Şırnak location were determined by means of standard methods. The inhibitor materials were ground by vibration milling to −0.1 mm. Inhibitor samples of the Şırnak aggregate rocks from masonary plants provided in the Mardin, Batman, and Şırnak province in the experiments were given in Table 9. The amount of marly shale and porous silty limestone was efficient in fire inhibition reducing flame.
Prior to the preparation of the bright section, a liquid yellow epoxy resin was impregnated with the samples in a medium vacuum. This resin penetrates into the pores and makes the pores appear easier under the microscope (Figure 17).
(a) Marly shale, (b) Mardin limestone, (c) porous Hasankeyf limestone, and (d) the Siirt limestone.
Mobile solid waste management included incineration of municipal wastes for thermal energy need and following landfill. However, the fire inhibitor soil production technologies from recycling, composting of waste became one method with other feasible mobile units of humus and agro soil production. In this studied case, the classified waste products were tested for inhibitor construction material, and fire inhibitor soil must be able to be developed for forest management and fire control and be aware that the inhibitor materials and composite products to be obtained from them must be processed by the gypsum or fly ash. These plaster sources widely used in construction and markets are also likely to be sensitive to the quality and quantity of the supply. The distribution of fly ash and biomass wastes in Şırnak province is shown in Table 10.
Component% | Şırnak Gypsum | Şırnak fly ash |
---|---|---|
SiO2 | 1.44 | 21.48 |
Al2O3 | 1.12 | 13.10 |
Fe2O3 | 0.51 | 7.52 |
CaO | 34.41 | 18.48 |
MgO | 0.08 | 4.20 |
K2O | 0.10 | 2.61 |
Na2O | 0.05 | 1.95 |
Ignition loss | 21.9 | 1.92 |
SO3 | 26.22 | 0.32 |
Chemical compositions of the studied inhibiting fillers for forest fire extinguishing.
Mobile waste management is flexible in terms of design, compliance, and operation, and it needs to be able to adapt to existing social, economic, and environmental conditions in the best way possible. Mobile/integrated systems including such waste inhibitor production and solid waste management units provide the flexibility to direct waste to other treatment systems as much feasible and waste sources of inhibitor soils provided even humus source of forest soil by protection natural conditions change (Figure 1).
The mobile solid waste inhibitor system should also be planned on a large scale in the regional base. The need for a range of waste disposal options can be envisaged as a reason for the large-scale plan to benefit from the demand and scale economics of recycled materials, compost, or energy at a certain quality and quantity [7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17].
Mobile solid waste incineration can be successfully applied in areas with populations less than 500,000, depending on their work in various applications. The combustion system to be applied in this measure is also the amount of waste that depends on the nature and characteristics. The basic operations are mainly as follows:
The scope of this fire inhibiting material production was filling material based porous solid heat absorption matter, for which the study was aimed metallization Şırnak asphaltite char as soil, fire arrestor source. In order to evaluate Şırnak asphaltite fine and other local limestones and gypsum for fire arrestor instead of construction material. The common burning of matter and metalized resources within the special fire arms is designed and proposed by providing legal and institutional, economic and environmental impact assessment. However, the use of Şırnak asphaltite and biomass source to develop materials against fire and tests of combustion weight change with standard flame and burning tests in laboratory ASTM D1373.
This situation of fire extinguishing matter was considered as metalized char instead of energy sources for better competitive. The fire management materials and safety market was caused additional policy tools needing to emphasize that EU and safety policy and law by environmental concerns drawn from Turkey. According to the potential policy instruments included the country determined the specified safety deviation from the materials fire inhibiting methods and guarantees to domestic targets including sustainable energy sources. The domestic forest potential and fire management regarding gross wood consumption had a certain share on concern to forest fire target (below 10%) should be management on high risk policy and legislation. The fire legislations reported from bio resources in renewable energy production and electric power for heating comprised separate but integrated objectives. These policies and laws only for biomass separate, but can also include an integrated target. All use of renewable sources in the EU target of achieving 12% market share for the biomass should be increased up to 300%. Regarding forest management at high risk fields in Turkey, appropriate potential control instruments and methods included forest fuel control and distribution to public-private sector and fire extinguishing lorry rods, construction ways, observation stations, aggregate road used in easy transport to high fuel risk zones, flexible loans, low interest loans, property first operating subsidies and/or grants and related service for consumers willing to use discounts as well as other financial support mechanisms. A potential wood market instrument of state was not required to support loans on forest management forever.
The fluidized bed combusting of Şırnak asphaltite is producing 415 MW thermal power plant of CİNER in Silopi for electricity in compliance with the addition of limestone at the weight rate of 25% to the fluidized bed boiler on environmental norms to cut SOx of low quality coal with 46% ash and 7% total sulfur combustion. The high ash of low quality types of coals was unfeasible in combustion systems and energy production facilities. The low quality coals are needed in inhibitor construction material production and mortar materials or pavement in road, and material technology provided also enables the production of liquid and gaseous mixing byproducts of fly ash and flue gas as fire inhibitor [15]. However, agricultural waste materials and humus chemical nature of them require a variety of mixing methods for soil amendments. For this purpose, alternative renewable energy resources need to process them to provide the basic information required in the laboratory and on pilot scale. The methods use feasible process in fire inhibitor materials, waste biomass, and metalized derivative shale chars as fly ash in the local area. So, significant design works for Shale char need to obtain as the char derivatives from the wastes as available fire inhibitor resources (Figure 18).
Emission control with ESF, combustion with Şırnak chalk, limestone, and fly ash at weight rate of 25%, in Şırnak thermal station.
In this study, porous limestone and porous anhydrite metalized stone absorbed the bubbled balls with microwave melted recycling anhydrite metalized powders covering the surface to avoid combustion. In this investigation, the recrystallized gypsum and powdered limestone were reroasted in microwave to melt anhydrite with the porous cores and basalt granules and even the bubbling of anhydrite metalized granules. The products finished was used for fire arrestor powder and soil, absorbing heat of fire which were determined as metalized coal carbon rich forest soil were investigated for arrestor on floor test and deterioration of soil and heat sorption were calculated, respectively. For this purpose, heat resistance, heat sorption, and soil combustion experiments were conducted. As defined, the test results were conducted by comparing metal powders with high heat. The production flow sheet and process advantageous parameters using recycling coal shale and anhydrite gypsum microwave processing parameters were defined. To recrystallize anhydrite metalized carbon limestone, the composite balls of marls having the relation between composite rock formation and discontinuity at production have been established.
In the tests, the Şırnak asphaltite sample was used as shown in Figure 19, and the reduction of the coal samples was shown in melt anhydrite fractions. The chemical melt anhydrite temperature was continuously weighed, and the metalized carbonization analysis was carried out in the bath microwave oven. The test results are shown in Figure 3 for biomass pellets and coal sample. As shown in the figure, the effect of addition is determined in combustion experiments, the heat absorption as hydrated/dehydrated gypsum, the reactor temperature was 500°C and metalized anhydrite only 10% metalized coal carbon soil pellet and slaked pores expanded in microwave treatment. The metalized carbonization weight ratio was varied to 750°C, and waste carbon samples were analyzed for heat hold-up by burning.
TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion.
Porous compost production by char was managed in pilot systems using retort combustion systems that are adaptable to flexible and variable fuels in need of low quality fuel. In real applications, char waste fuel qualities were not be fully metalized in a variety of fluid and grate combustion systems. However, environmental effects were reduced due to semi-burning. Burning biowaste or Şırnak asphaltite slime in the fluidized bed manufactured by ALFA Company, combustion and energy production were developed within the scope of char and combustion wastes to char [6, 18, 19]. Char production systems in the integrated solid waste management can provide energetic energy production with biogas plant. The combustion inhibition or flame inhibitor porous char granules occurred on the coarse sized material is shown in Figure 16 and flame model in Figures 20 and 21.
Integrated fluidized bed biogas and solid waste incineration.
Inhibitor flame solid waste incineration model on fire.
Mobile plant carbonization system with the following design produces integrated energy with the biogas plant (Figure 2):
separation of metal waste and pet wastes;
classification of biological wastes and drying and storage in pools;
biogas anaerobic conversion of bio wastes;
mobile combustion; and
energy production.
Integrated solid waste incineration is evaluated as more advantageous in some countries. Mobile systems, however, provide economic benefits in the areas of low population density in our country and in cities. The separation of metals from scrap or recycling from household waste has often been an expensive cost step. However, with the acquisition of biosolid wastes from the domestic source of the waste, the incineration system has been made feasible.
The conductive heat values could be determined by calorimetric studies regarding equations below:
The microwave metalized char led to relatively low heat conductivity of mass heat conduction of 53%. After application of recycling of waste asphaltite slime, the pyrolysis char extraction increased to about 11.7%. The char extraction from the waste samples in the conventional furnace at 600 and 700°C yielded values of 15 and 17% low heat conductive char products, respectively.
Microwave metalized char work could be integrated into such a system in order to make pretreatment faster and more economical. The proposed process that includes even microwave pyrolysis circuit was retorted for conducting heat by microwave oven. The test results in this study were given by TGA burning weight decrease of oak and fire inhibitor addition at half weight rate in the dish pot in TGA are shown in Figures 22 and 23. The granule composting was obtained by briquetting method under microwave radiation as permittivity loss and heat absorbance as temperature change are shown in Figures 24 and 25.
TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion by fly ash, Şırnak shale, limestone and Şırnak gypsum.
TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion by Şırnak shale, porous limestone and Şırnak gypsum.
Time effect of metalized char processing time on briquetted matter by temperature in microwave char metallization.
Porosity effect on temperature in microwave char metalizing.
TGA weight decrease during experimental flame combustion results is shown in Figure 5.
The problems of water collection in dry climates and hard hot conditions of the water storage pools became advantageous for the production of muddy slurry preparations. The inhibiting slime coal matter such as coal ash particles had a property of noncombusting and low-heat conducting rate than fines; thus, temperature control during fire combustion could be avoided. Additionally, there will be fly ash dust that may control during flaming by the high-specific surface area over 12–22 m2/g and low heat conduction for complete combustion by microwave metalizing char. The carbonaceous matter in the gypsum compost adsorbed much flame heat. The most important matter was the metalized char carbon and waste slime carbon. The constituents of the inhibiting source carbon were amorphous metalized inertia.
Such limestones containing limonite and iron hydroxides provided the inhibitor hydrate in flame extinguishing with microwave pretreatment to break down the matrix of the oxides and metal hydrated matters or passivity the carbonaceous matter before calcinations by heat absorption. The methods included hydrating, pressure hydration, metalized char lining, and flame inhibiting gaseous matter output of waste. Microwaves could be utilized as an alternative source of energy for hydrate treatment of composts in some of the unit operations such as porous metalized carbon and metal oxides known to be very good microwave absorbers, and they rapidly and selectively inhibited heated flame matters. In the present study, the microwave pyrolysis of a coal sample with coal pyrite and copper pyrite was investigated. The porous limestone was very responsive to microwave heating, and this resulted in almost semi-reactive porous matter for calcination and in some cases active porous compost of the material as shown in Figure 20.
The changes in the heat absorbing behavior of the limestone were monitored, and the optimum conditions for metalized char pyrolysis rate were established as shown in Figure 24.
Eight hundred powered microwave radiation over the 10 g powder samples reached a temperature of about 500°C in metalized calcination of compost, while the 10 g sample reached temperature long time to about 500°C. Generally, in laboratory scale microwave metalizing, the sample temperature increases with sample mass. In contrast to conventional heating, in microwave systems, the heat is generated internally, and thus, the metalized product porous mass covered heat loss from the sample. There were porosity and density factor that controlled the flame inhibiting weight decrease by fire heating behavior. For samples with a relatively low mass, the high surface area to volume ratio restricted the flame power. The rate of temperature rises, and the maximum attainable temperature could be inhibited by slurry composts. As a result, the conductivity at soil peat values was relatively low, and the soil sample was effectively coupled with inhibition of the fire dish. On the other hand, for the same cross-sectional area of the clay pot, as the sample mass depth was increased, there was a reduction in the surface area to inhibition volume ratio, and this reduced the inhibition matter in fire loss from the bottom, leading to a higher flame and fire temperature. Additionally, as Pot dish depth mass decreased, there was more efficient inhibition on fuel material to reduce interaction with the fire field.
The inhibitor granules and water granule slurries at lightweight matter resulted in successive heat absorption in the flame plasma, and the composite granules of gypsum in the bubble composite form were so effective. The shale hydrated was also effective with metalized carbon content and hydrate content.
The microwave radiation metallization of char showed heat absorption in the flame increasing process time and sample mass in the flame. Due to the heat decrease response of the composite gypsum to carbon, low slurry densities of 1.2 and 1.3 kg/lt were found to be suitable for inhibition flaming as higher densities resulted in bubbling and foaming of the metalized char/anhydrite. The waste metalized char/shale/anhydrite weight rates after radiation route in microwave were over 25%, and the bubbling route was continued in the flaming fire period of wood to those obtained by conventional heating. The main advantages of microwave melting were that both the total flaming heat rates conducted to metalized char gypsum surface equally disseminated pores, and the cooled bubbling over cooling rates was higher, and the specific energy area of solid matters in flame was lower than in fly ash composite granule.
Şırnak porous limestones containing 20% porosity and the high gypsum content discarded as sponge stone from aggregate stocks swept to waste products. Şırnak produces the porous gypsum stones by construction stone product about 50,000 tons per annum for swept to waste broken stone wall matter to dispose, Siirt and Şırnak porous limestone was not also evaluated. Those waste stone products both should mainly be evaluated as fire inhibitor material as sponge isolator stone. Those must be evaluated in terms of high valuable metal contents emitting heat conduction and radiation. In this study, samples were subjected to microwave melting of metalized anhydrite shale tailings, fly ash, and subsequently pelletized and subjected to microwave bubbling briquetting over stone surface blocking to clusters. Porous limestone sand, fine waste of porous limestone were wide advantageous in filer raw material sequence in the region containing disseminated distribution of low and high quality cementing limestones. The porous limestones over 50–70% were produced by filler construction or isolation stones processed at least 100,000 tons waste. Every year about a few million tons of limestones could be used as waste fire inhibitor or extinguishing material. The granule in a particle size of these wastes usually occurs below 10 mm in size, which may be advantageous for the evaluation of shock wave şolator composite stone production. The evaluation of those waste sources in sponge composite iron stone block production was prompted as chemical properties in the microwave process, and feasible production of sponge composite iron stone was managed in this study.
A | pre-exponential factor [s−1] |
cp | specific heat capacity [J/kg K] |
E | activation energy [kJ/mol] |
heat of pyrolysis | [J/kg] |
hc | convective heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 K] |
k | thermal conductivity [W/m K] |
L | depth of the sample [mm] |
heat flux | [kW/m2] |
R | universal gas constant [J/mol K] |
T | temperature [°C] |
t | time [s] |
Y | mass fraction |
z | depth into the sample [m] |
ε | emissivity |
κ | radiative absorption coefficient [m−1] |
reaction rate per unit volume | [kg/m3 s] |
ρ | density [kg/m3] |
σ | Stefan-Boltzmann constant [J/K] |
0 | initial |
e | external |
d | destruction |
g | gas |
i | condensed-phase species index |
ig | at ignition |
r | in-depth radiation |
s | solid |
In line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, below is a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
",metaTitle:"Advertising Policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen partners with third-party companies to serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit our website. These companies may collect non-personally identifiable information (not including your name, address, email address or telephone number) during your visit to IntechOpen's website.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/advertising-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. IntechOpen partners with third-party companies to serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit our website. These companies may collect non-personally identifiable information (not including your name, address, email address or telephone number) during your visit to IntechOpen's website.
\\n\\n2. All advertisements and commercially sponsored publications are independent from editorial decisions and are linked to reader behaviour.
\\n\\n3. IntechOpen does not endorse any product or service marked as an advertisement on IntechOpen website.
\\n\\n4. IntechOpen has blocked all the inappropriate types of advertising.
\\n\\n5. IntechOpen has blocked advertisement of harmful products or services.
\\n\\n6. Advertisements and editorial content are clearly distinguishable.
\\n\\n7. Editorial decisions will not be influenced by current or potential advertisers and will not be influenced by marketing decisions.
\\n\\n8. Advertisers have no control or influence over the results of searches a user may conduct on the website by keyword or search topic.
\\n\\n9. Please send any complaints about advertising to: info@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. IntechOpen partners with third-party companies to serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit our website. These companies may collect non-personally identifiable information (not including your name, address, email address or telephone number) during your visit to IntechOpen's website.
\n\n2. All advertisements and commercially sponsored publications are independent from editorial decisions and are linked to reader behaviour.
\n\n3. IntechOpen does not endorse any product or service marked as an advertisement on IntechOpen website.
\n\n4. IntechOpen has blocked all the inappropriate types of advertising.
\n\n5. IntechOpen has blocked advertisement of harmful products or services.
\n\n6. Advertisements and editorial content are clearly distinguishable.
\n\n7. Editorial decisions will not be influenced by current or potential advertisers and will not be influenced by marketing decisions.
\n\n8. Advertisers have no control or influence over the results of searches a user may conduct on the website by keyword or search topic.
\n\n9. Please send any complaints about advertising to: info@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5703},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5174},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1690},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10246},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:889},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15653}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117316},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10287",title:"Smart Metering Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2029b52e42ce6444e122153824296a6f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Mrs. Inderpreet Kaur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10287.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"94572",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inderpreet",surname:"Kaur",slug:"inderpreet-kaur",fullName:"Inderpreet Kaur"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:55},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5150},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"676",title:"Soil Degradation",slug:"soil-degradation",parent:{title:"Soil Science",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences-soil-science"},numberOfBooks:9,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:322,numberOfWosCitations:474,numberOfCrossrefCitations:226,numberOfDimensionsCitations:677,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"soil-degradation",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"055d0c17144224427913ec894a6aa82a",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5237",title:"Land Degradation and Desertification",subtitle:"a Global Crisis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3b576efe5291dd5165cdc70bbff1cb",slug:"land-degradation-and-desertification-a-global-crisis",bookSignature:"Abiud Kaswamila",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5237.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115390",title:"Prof.",name:"Abiud",middleName:"Lucas",surname:"Kaswamila",slug:"abiud-kaswamila",fullName:"Abiud Kaswamila"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3854",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88e43f7e0affb0c1ba3eccf8675e10f2",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169721",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3224",title:"Soil Processes and Current Trends in Quality Assessment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4f4d65c2941b97a83d651b73aaeb77e",slug:"soil-processes-and-current-trends-in-quality-assessment",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3224.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3101",title:"Research on Soil Erosion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51090e50c44c29c86ddab2f001203205",slug:"research-on-soil-erosion",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone, Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3101.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2112",title:"Soil Health and Land Use Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3065f0ce00f5f86227cc7f2069cdb89a",slug:"soil-health-and-land-use-management",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2112.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1354",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54b680a6a971eb10ae500071207ab86d",slug:"soil-erosion-studies",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"410",title:"Soil Erosion Issues in Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab3ad713d24941e8ce0649ae94643ec3",slug:"soil-erosion-issues-in-agriculture",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/410.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"411",title:"Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02b616b9401d15f1c0e8e4e5ad11a48d",slug:"soil-contamination",bookSignature:"Simone Pascucci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60200",title:"MSc",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Pascucci",slug:"simone-pascucci",fullName:"Simone Pascucci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:9,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46355",doi:"10.5772/57469",title:"Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals and Metalloids at Mining Areas: Potential of Native Flora",slug:"phytoremediation-of-soils-contaminated-with-metals-and-metalloids-at-mining-areas-potential-of-nativ",totalDownloads:7557,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:58,book:{slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Paulo J.C. Favas, João Pratas, Mayank Varun, Rohan D’Souza and\nManoj S. Paul",authors:[{id:"169746",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Favas",slug:"paulo-favas",fullName:"Paulo Favas"},{id:"169747",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:"Stephen",surname:"Paul",slug:"manoj-paul",fullName:"Manoj Paul"},{id:"169952",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Pratas",slug:"joao-pratas",fullName:"Joao Pratas"},{id:"169953",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:null,surname:"Varun",slug:"mayank-varun",fullName:"Mayank Varun"},{id:"169954",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohan",middleName:null,surname:"D'Souza",slug:"rohan-d'souza",fullName:"Rohan D'Souza"}]},{id:"19391",doi:"10.5772/23661",title:"Reflectance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Monitoring Contaminated Soils",slug:"reflectance-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-for-monitoring-contaminated-soils",totalDownloads:3794,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"soil-contamination",title:"Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Guy Schwartz, Gil Eshel and Eyal Ben-Dor",authors:[{id:"53061",title:"Mr.",name:"Guy",middleName:null,surname:"Schwartz",slug:"guy-schwartz",fullName:"Guy Schwartz"},{id:"53064",title:"Prof.",name:"Eyal",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Dor",slug:"eyal-ben-dor",fullName:"Eyal Ben-Dor"},{id:"53065",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:null,surname:"Eshel",slug:"gil-eshel",fullName:"Gil Eshel"}]},{id:"25283",doi:"10.5772/28265",title:"Earthworm Biomarkers as Tools for Soil Pollution Assessment",slug:"earthworm-biomarkers-as-tools-for-soil-pollution-assessment",totalDownloads:5387,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"soil-health-and-land-use-management",title:"Soil Health and Land Use Management",fullTitle:"Soil Health and Land Use Management"},signatures:"Maria Giulia Lionetto, Antonio Calisi and Trifone Schettino",authors:[{id:"95101",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Giulia",middleName:null,surname:"Lionetto",slug:"maria-giulia-lionetto",fullName:"Maria Giulia Lionetto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"46032",title:"Soil Contamination, Risk Assessment and Remediation",slug:"soil-contamination-risk-assessment-and-remediation",totalDownloads:11019,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Mohd. Jamil Maah and Ismail Yusoff",authors:[{id:"25185",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aqeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-aqeel-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf"},{id:"101988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Yusoff",slug:"ismail-yusoff",fullName:"Ismail Yusoff"},{id:"169931",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Jamil",middleName:null,surname:"Maah",slug:"mohd-jamil-maah",fullName:"Mohd Jamil Maah"},{id:"169932",title:"Dr.",name:"Ng Tham",middleName:null,surname:"Fatt",slug:"ng-tham-fatt",fullName:"Ng Tham Fatt"}]},{id:"46254",title:"Treatment Methods for Radioactive Wastes and Its Electrochemical Applications",slug:"treatment-methods-for-radioactive-wastes-and-its-electrochemical-applications",totalDownloads:5435,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"V. Valdovinos, F. Monroy-Guzman and E. Bustos",authors:[{id:"169733",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Bustos",slug:"erika-bustos",fullName:"Erika Bustos"}]},{id:"19394",title:"Biological Remediation of Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil",slug:"biological-remediation-of-hydrocarbon-and-heavy-metals-contaminated-soil",totalDownloads:17726,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"soil-contamination",title:"Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Soil Contamination"},signatures:"O. Peter Abioye",authors:[{id:"60507",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:"Olabisi",surname:"Abioye",slug:"peter-abioye",fullName:"Peter Abioye"}]},{id:"19391",title:"Reflectance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Monitoring Contaminated Soils",slug:"reflectance-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-for-monitoring-contaminated-soils",totalDownloads:3794,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"soil-contamination",title:"Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Guy Schwartz, Gil Eshel and Eyal Ben-Dor",authors:[{id:"53061",title:"Mr.",name:"Guy",middleName:null,surname:"Schwartz",slug:"guy-schwartz",fullName:"Guy Schwartz"},{id:"53064",title:"Prof.",name:"Eyal",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Dor",slug:"eyal-ben-dor",fullName:"Eyal Ben-Dor"},{id:"53065",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:null,surname:"Eshel",slug:"gil-eshel",fullName:"Gil Eshel"}]},{id:"46355",title:"Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals and Metalloids at Mining Areas: Potential of Native Flora",slug:"phytoremediation-of-soils-contaminated-with-metals-and-metalloids-at-mining-areas-potential-of-nativ",totalDownloads:7557,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:58,book:{slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Paulo J.C. Favas, João Pratas, Mayank Varun, Rohan D’Souza and\nManoj S. Paul",authors:[{id:"169746",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Favas",slug:"paulo-favas",fullName:"Paulo Favas"},{id:"169747",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:"Stephen",surname:"Paul",slug:"manoj-paul",fullName:"Manoj Paul"},{id:"169952",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Pratas",slug:"joao-pratas",fullName:"Joao Pratas"},{id:"169953",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:null,surname:"Varun",slug:"mayank-varun",fullName:"Mayank Varun"},{id:"169954",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohan",middleName:null,surname:"D'Souza",slug:"rohan-d'souza",fullName:"Rohan D'Souza"}]},{id:"45991",title:"Copper Accumulation in Vineyard Soils: Distribution, Fractionation and Bioavailability Assessment",slug:"copper-accumulation-in-vineyard-soils-distribution-fractionation-and-bioavailability-assessment",totalDownloads:2507,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Marija Romić, Lana Matijević, Helena Bakić and Davor Romić",authors:[{id:"63363",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Romic",slug:"marija-romic",fullName:"Marija Romic"}]},{id:"46033",title:"Geochemical Speciation and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments",slug:"geochemical-speciation-and-risk-assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-soils-and-sediments",totalDownloads:3762,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:18,book:{slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Santosh Kumar Sarkar, Paulo J.C. Favas, Dibyendu Rakshit and K.K.\nSatpathy",authors:[{id:"169746",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Favas",slug:"paulo-favas",fullName:"Paulo Favas"},{id:"10088",title:"Prof.",name:"Santosh",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Sarkar",slug:"santosh-sarkar",fullName:"Santosh Sarkar"},{id:"169951",title:"Dr.",name:"Dibyendu",middleName:null,surname:"Rakshit",slug:"dibyendu-rakshit",fullName:"Dibyendu Rakshit"}]},{id:"46266",title:"The Effect of Industrial Heavy Metal Pollution on Microbial Abundance and Diversity in Soils — A Review",slug:"the-effect-of-industrial-heavy-metal-pollution-on-microbial-abundance-and-diversity-in-soils-a-revie",totalDownloads:4163,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Anna Lenart-Boroń and Piotr Boroń",authors:[{id:"169734",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Lenart-Boroń",slug:"anna-lenart-boron",fullName:"Anna Lenart-Boroń"},{id:"169933",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Boron",slug:"piotr-boron",fullName:"Piotr Boron"}]},{id:"37913",title:"Gully Erosion in Southeastern Nigeria: Role of Soil Properties and Environmental Factors",slug:"gully-erosion-in-southeastern-nigeria-role-of-soil-properties-and-environmental-factors",totalDownloads:5454,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"research-on-soil-erosion",title:"Research on Soil Erosion",fullTitle:"Research on Soil Erosion"},signatures:"C.A. Igwe",authors:[{id:"59964",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Igwe",slug:"charles-igwe",fullName:"Charles Igwe"}]},{id:"51516",title:"The Assessment of Land Degradation and Desertification in Mexico: Mapping Regional Trend Indicators with Satellite Data",slug:"the-assessment-of-land-degradation-and-desertification-in-mexico-mapping-regional-trend-indicators-w",totalDownloads:1803,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"land-degradation-and-desertification-a-global-crisis",title:"Land Degradation and Desertification",fullTitle:"Land Degradation and Desertification - a Global Crisis"},signatures:"Martin Enrique Romero-Sanchez, Antonio Gonzalez-Hernandez\nand Francisco Moreno-Sanchez",authors:[{id:"181359",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Sanchez",slug:"martin-enrique-romero-sanchez",fullName:"Martin Enrique Romero-Sanchez"},{id:"186124",title:"MSc.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Hernandez",slug:"antonio-gonzalez-hernandez",fullName:"Antonio Gonzalez-Hernandez"},{id:"186125",title:"MSc.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Sanchez",slug:"francisco-moreno-sanchez",fullName:"Francisco Moreno-Sanchez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"soil-degradation",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/non-viral-gene-therapy/modular-multifunctional-protein-vectors-for-gene-therapy",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"non-viral-gene-therapy",chapter:"modular-multifunctional-protein-vectors-for-gene-therapy"},fullPath:"/books/non-viral-gene-therapy/modular-multifunctional-protein-vectors-for-gene-therapy",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()