\r\n\tThe contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.
",isbn:"978-1-78985-096-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-095-6",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"372053f50e624aa8f1e2269abb0a246d",bookSignature:"Prof. Andrew J Manning",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7746.jpg",keywords:"Sediment types, Deposition / erosion, Lagoon types, Defining characteristics, Hydrodynamics / turbulence, Tidal effects, Species diversity, Sustainability , Socio-economic effects, Sustainable waterway management, Lagoon responses, Case study examples",numberOfDownloads:536,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 5th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 26th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 27th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 14th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",middleName:"J",surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-manning",fullName:"Andrew Manning",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23008/images/system/23008.jpeg",biography:"Professor Andrew J. Manning is a Principal Scientist (Rank Grade 9) in the Coasts & Oceans Group at HR Wallingford (UK) and has over 23 years of scientific research experience (in both industry and academia) examining natural turbulent flow dynamics, fine-grained sediment transport processes, and assessing how these interact, (including both field studies and controlled laboratory flume simulations). Andrew also lectures in Coastal & Shelf Physical Oceanography at the University of Plymouth (UK). Internationally, Andrew has been appointed Visiting Professor at four Universities (Hull, UK; Delaware, USA; Florida, USA; Stanford, USA), and is a highly published and world-renowned scientist in the field of depositional sedimentary flocculation processes. Andrew has contributed to more than 90 peer-reviewed publications in marine science, of which more than 50 have been published in international scientific journals, plus over 140 articles in refereed international conference proceedings, and currently has an H-index of 23. He supervises graduates, postgraduates and doctoral students focusing on a range of research topics in marine science. Andrew has led numerous research projects investigating sediment dynamics in aquatic environments around the world with locations including: estuaries, tidal lagoons, river deltas, salt marshes, intertidal, coastal waters, and shelf seas.",institutionString:"HR Wallingford",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"HR Wallingford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"67398",title:"Pollution Issues in Coastal Lagoons in the Gulf of Mexico",slug:"pollution-issues-in-coastal-lagoons-in-the-gulf-of-mexico",totalDownloads:115,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"68934",title:"Environmental Monitoring of Water Quality as a Planning and Management Tool: A Case Study of the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",slug:"environmental-monitoring-of-water-quality-as-a-planning-and-management-tool-a-case-study-of-the-rodr",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"67761",title:"A GIS-Based Approach for Determining Potential Runoff Coefficient and Runoff Depth for the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA",slug:"a-gis-based-approach-for-determining-potential-runoff-coefficient-and-runoff-depth-for-the-indian-ri",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"68510",title:"Hypersaline Lagoons from Chile, the Southern Edge of the World",slug:"hypersaline-lagoons-from-chile-the-southern-edge-of-the-world",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"69785",title:"Process-Based Statistical Models Predict Dynamic Estuarine Salinity",slug:"process-based-statistical-models-predict-dynamic-estuarine-salinity",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"68885",title:"Lagoons Reefs of Alacranes Reef and Chinchorro Bank: Ocean Reef of Mexican Atlantic",slug:"lagoons-reefs-of-alacranes-reef-and-chinchorro-bank-ocean-reef-of-mexican-atlantic",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"68286",title:"Subtropical Coastal Lagoon from Southern Brazil: Environmental Conditions and Phytobenthic Community Structure",slug:"subtropical-coastal-lagoon-from-southern-brazil-environmental-conditions-and-phytobenthic-community-",totalDownloads:76,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"286446",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Bacvarova",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/286446/images/8491_n.jpg",email:"sara.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"304",title:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0eb11af1d03ad494253c41e1d3c998e9",slug:"sediment-transport-in-aquatic-environments",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/304.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-manning",fullName:"Andrew Manning"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3100",title:"Sediment Transport",subtitle:"Processes and Their Modelling Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1aae9d236b0fa1150b6bc2a98fd0ce0",slug:"sediment-transport-processes-and-their-modelling-applications",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3100.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-manning",fullName:"Andrew Manning"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5219",title:"Greenhouse Gases",subtitle:"Selected Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"edf0ad164729f5ce157c34f9978fcc61",slug:"greenhouse-gases-selected-case-studies",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Manning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5219.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23008",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Manning",slug:"andrew-manning",fullName:"Andrew Manning"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"29654",title:"Generation of Patient Specific Stem Cells: A Human Model System",doi:"10.5772/35918",slug:"generation-of-patient-specific-stem-cells-a-human-model-system",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/29654.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29654",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29654",totalDownloads:1905,totalViews:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 17th 2011",dateReviewed:"October 11th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/29654",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/29654",book:{slug:"new-advances-in-stem-cell-transplantation"},signatures:"Stina Simonsson, Cecilia Borestrom and Julia Asp",authors:[{id:"106347",title:"Dr.",name:"Stina",middleName:null,surname:"Simonsson",fullName:"Stina Simonsson",slug:"stina-simonsson",email:"stina.simonsson@gu.se",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Gothenburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"813",title:"New Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"new-advances-in-stem-cell-transplantation",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Taner Demirer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/813.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29654",title:"Generation of Patient Specific Stem Cells: A Human Model System",slug:"generation-of-patient-specific-stem-cells-a-human-model-system",totalDownloads:1905,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stina Simonsson, Cecilia Borestrom and Julia Asp",authors:[{id:"106347",title:"Dr.",name:"Stina",middleName:null,surname:"Simonsson",fullName:"Stina Simonsson",slug:"stina-simonsson"}]},{id:"29655",title:"Importance of Non-HLA Gene Polymorphisms in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"importance-of-non-hla-gene-polymorphisms-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation-",totalDownloads:1734,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jeane Visentainer and Ana Sell",authors:[{id:"63282",title:"PhD.",name:"Jeane",middleName:"Eliete Laguila",surname:"Visentainer",fullName:"Jeane Visentainer",slug:"jeane-visentainer"},{id:"64275",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Sell",fullName:"Ana Sell",slug:"ana-sell"}]},{id:"29656",title:"Relevance of HLA Expression Variants in Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"relevance-of-hla-expression-variants-in-stem-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:1906,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Britta Eiz-Vesper and Rainer Blasczyk",authors:[{id:"67742",title:"Dr.",name:"Britta",middleName:null,surname:"Eiz-Vesper",fullName:"Britta Eiz-Vesper",slug:"britta-eiz-vesper"},{id:"72037",title:"Prof.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Blasczyk",fullName:"Rainer Blasczyk",slug:"rainer-blasczyk"}]},{id:"29657",title:"The T-Cells’ Role in Antileukemic Reactions - Perspectives for Future Therapies’",slug:"the-t-cells-role-in-anti-leukaemic-reactions-perspectives-for-future-therapies-",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Helga Maria Schmetzer and Christoph Schmid",authors:[{id:"64883",title:"Prof.",name:"Helga",middleName:null,surname:"Schmetzer",fullName:"Helga Schmetzer",slug:"helga-schmetzer"},{id:"125644",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",fullName:"Christoph Schmid",slug:"christoph-schmid"}]},{id:"29658",title:"Determination of Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokines in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"determination-of-th1-th2-th17-cytokines-in-patients-undergoing-an-allogeneic-hematopoietic-stem-cell",totalDownloads:1238,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Adriana Gutiérrez-Hoya, Rubén López-Santiago, Jorge Vela-Ojeda, Laura Montiel-Cervantes, Octavio Rodríguez-Cortes and Martha Moreno-Lafont",authors:[{id:"65309",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha C.",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Lafont",fullName:"Martha C. Moreno-Lafont",slug:"martha-c.-moreno-lafont"}]},{id:"29659",title:"Licensed to Kill: Towards Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy",slug:"licensed-to-kill-towards-natural-killer-cell-therapy",totalDownloads:1750,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Diana N. Eissens, Arnold van der Meer and Irma Joosten",authors:[{id:"70311",title:"Prof.",name:"Irma",middleName:null,surname:"Joosten",fullName:"Irma Joosten",slug:"irma-joosten"},{id:"119873",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",middleName:"N.",surname:"Eissens",fullName:"Diana Eissens",slug:"diana-eissens"},{id:"119874",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Meer",fullName:"Arnold Van Der Meer",slug:"arnold-van-der-meer"}]},{id:"29660",title:"Dendritic Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"dendritic-cells-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:1568,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yannick Willemen, Khadija Guerti, Herman Goossens, Zwi Berneman, Viggo Van Tendeloo and Evelien Smits",authors:[{id:"64957",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelien",middleName:null,surname:"Smits",fullName:"Evelien Smits",slug:"evelien-smits"},{id:"71494",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadija",middleName:null,surname:"Guerti",fullName:"Khadija Guerti",slug:"khadija-guerti"},{id:"71495",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannick",middleName:null,surname:"Willemen",fullName:"Yannick Willemen",slug:"yannick-willemen"},{id:"78017",title:"Prof.",name:"Zwi",middleName:null,surname:"Berneman",fullName:"Zwi Berneman",slug:"zwi-berneman"},{id:"118891",title:"Prof.",name:"Viggo",middleName:null,surname:"Van Tendeloo",fullName:"Viggo Van Tendeloo",slug:"viggo-van-tendeloo"},{id:"118892",title:"Prof.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Goossens",fullName:"Herman Goossens",slug:"herman-goossens"}]},{id:"29661",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Immunomodulators in Transplantation",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-as-immunomodulators-in-transplantation",totalDownloads:2176,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nadia Zghoul, Mahmoud Aljurf and Said Dermime",authors:[{id:"70914",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Aljurf",fullName:"Mahmoud Aljurf",slug:"mahmoud-aljurf"},{id:"83887",title:"Dr.",name:"Said",middleName:null,surname:"Dermime",fullName:"Said Dermime",slug:"said-dermime"},{id:"83903",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Zghoul",fullName:"Nadia Zghoul",slug:"nadia-zghoul"}]},{id:"29662",title:"Endovascular Methods for Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"endovascular-methods-for-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Johan Lundberg and Staffan Holmin",authors:[{id:"66141",title:"Prof.",name:"Staffan",middleName:null,surname:"Holmin",fullName:"Staffan Holmin",slug:"staffan-holmin"},{id:"119151",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Lundberg",fullName:"Johan Lundberg",slug:"johan-lundberg"}]},{id:"29663",title:"Dynamic Relationships of Collagen Extracellular Matrices on Cardiac Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells",slug:"dynamic-relationships-of-extracellular-matrices-on-cardiac-differentiation-of-human-mesenchymal-stem",totalDownloads:1504,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pearly Yong, Ling Qian, YingYing Chung and Winston Shim",authors:[{id:"69052",title:"Dr.",name:"Winston",middleName:null,surname:"Shim",fullName:"Winston Shim",slug:"winston-shim"}]},{id:"29664",title:"Sources of Hematopoietic Stem Cells",slug:"sources-of-hematopoietic-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1892,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Piotr Rzepecki, Sylwia Oborska and Krzysztof Gawroński",authors:[{id:"63469",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylwia",middleName:null,surname:"Oborska",fullName:"Sylwia Oborska",slug:"sylwia-oborska"},{id:"70988",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Rzepecki",fullName:"Piotr Rzepecki",slug:"piotr-rzepecki"},{id:"70990",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Gawronski",fullName:"Krzysztof Gawronski",slug:"krzysztof-gawronski"}]},{id:"29665",title:"Cryopreservation of Hematopoietic and Non-Hematopoietic Stem Cells – A Review for the Clinician",slug:"cryopreservation-of-hematopoietic-and-non-hematopoietic-stem-cells-a-review-for-the-clinician",totalDownloads:5195,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"David Berz and Gerald Colvin",authors:[{id:"66651",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Berz",fullName:"David Berz",slug:"david-berz"}]},{id:"29666",title:"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia",slug:"hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation-for-adult-acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia",totalDownloads:2107,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Stefania Paolini, Francesca Bonifazi, Giuseppe Bandini, Giuseppe Visani and Sebastian Giebel",authors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga"},{id:"79487",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Visani",fullName:"Giuseppe Visani",slug:"giuseppe-visani"},{id:"119687",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Paolini",fullName:"Stefania Paolini",slug:"stefania-paolini"},{id:"119688",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Bandini",fullName:"Giuseppe Bandini",slug:"giuseppe-bandini"},{id:"119689",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Bonifazi",fullName:"Francesca Bonifazi",slug:"francesca-bonifazi"},{id:"119691",title:"Prof.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Giebel",fullName:"Sebastian Giebel",slug:"sebastian-giebel"}]},{id:"29667",title:"Treatment Options in Myelodysplastic Syndromes",slug:"treatment-options-in-myelodysplastic-syndromes",totalDownloads:1506,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Klara Gadó and Gyula Domján",authors:[{id:"69128",title:"Dr.",name:"Klara",middleName:null,surname:"Gadó",fullName:"Klara Gadó",slug:"klara-gado"}]},{id:"29668",title:"Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Decision Making for Transplant",slug:"mantle-cell-lymphoma-decision-making-for-transplant",totalDownloads:1745,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yener Koc and Taner Demirer",authors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer"}]},{id:"29669",title:"Autologous Peripheral Blood Purified Stem Cells Transplantation for Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus",slug:"autologous-peripheral-blood-purified-stem-cells-transplantation-for-treatment-of-systemic-lupus-eryt",totalDownloads:1691,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ledong Sun and Bing Wang",authors:[{id:"63291",title:"Prof.",name:"Ledong",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Ledong Sun",slug:"ledong-sun"},{id:"119829",title:"Dr.",name:"Bing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Bing Wang",slug:"bing-wang"}]},{id:"29670",title:"Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria",slug:"allogeneic-hematopoietic-cell-transplantation-for-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria",totalDownloads:1710,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Markiewicz Miroslaw, Koclega Anna, Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka Malgorzata, Dzierzak-Mietla Monika, Zielinska Patrycja, Frankiewicz Andrzej, Bialas Krzysztof and Kyrcz-Krzemien Slawomira",authors:[{id:"65460",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Markiewicz",fullName:"Miroslaw Markiewicz",slug:"miroslaw-markiewicz"},{id:"71260",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka",fullName:"Malgorzata Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka",slug:"malgorzata-sobczyk-kruszelnicka"},{id:"71262",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Dzierzak-Mietla",fullName:"Monika Dzierzak-Mietla",slug:"monika-dzierzak-mietla"},{id:"71263",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrycja",middleName:null,surname:"Zielinska",fullName:"Patrycja Zielinska",slug:"patrycja-zielinska"},{id:"71264",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Koclega",fullName:"Anna Koclega",slug:"anna-koclega"},{id:"71265",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:"Leslaw",surname:"Frankiewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Frankiewicz",slug:"andrzej-frankiewicz"},{id:"71266",title:"Prof.",name:"Slawomira",middleName:null,surname:"Kyrcz-Krzemien",fullName:"Slawomira Kyrcz-Krzemien",slug:"slawomira-kyrcz-krzemien"},{id:"118332",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Bialas",fullName:"Krzysztof Bialas",slug:"krzysztof-bialas"},{id:"119766",title:"Dr.",name:"Agata",middleName:null,surname:"Wieczorkiewicz-Kabut",fullName:"Agata Wieczorkiewicz-Kabut",slug:"agata-wieczorkiewicz-kabut"}]},{id:"29671",title:"Intensified Chemotherapy with Stem Cell Support for Solid Tumors in Adults: 30 Years of Investigations Can Provide Some Clear Answers?",slug:"intensified-chemotherapy-with-stem-cell-support-for-solid-tumor-30-years-of-investigations-can-provi",totalDownloads:983,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paolo Pedrazzoli, Giovanni Rosti, Simona Secondino, Marco Bregni and Taner Demirer",authors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer"}]},{id:"29672",title:"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Malignant Solid Tumors in Children",slug:"hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation-for-malignant-solid-tumors-in-children",totalDownloads:2583,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Toshihisa Tsuruta",authors:[{id:"64743",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuruta",fullName:"Toshihisa Tsuruta",slug:"toshihisa-tsuruta"}]},{id:"29673",title:"Stem Cells in Ophthalmology",slug:"stems-cells-in-ophtamology",totalDownloads:5456,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sara T. Wester and Jeffrey Goldberg",authors:[{id:"65383",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Wester",fullName:"Sara Wester",slug:"sara-wester"},{id:"71250",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:"L",surname:"Goldberg",fullName:"Jeffrey Goldberg",slug:"jeffrey-goldberg"}]},{id:"29674",title:"Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation and Corneal Neovascularization",slug:"limbal-stem-cell-deficiency-and-corneal-neovascularization",totalDownloads:4251,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Kishore Reddy Katikireddy and Jurkunas V. Ula",authors:[{id:"68078",title:"Dr.",name:"Kishore Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"Katikireddy",fullName:"Kishore Reddy Katikireddy",slug:"kishore-reddy-katikireddy"},{id:"68079",title:"Prof.",name:"Ula",middleName:null,surname:"Jurkunas",fullName:"Ula Jurkunas",slug:"ula-jurkunas"}]},{id:"29675",title:"Bone Marrow Stromal Cells for Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord",slug:"bone-marrow-stromal-cells-for-repair-of-the-injured-spinal-cord",totalDownloads:1592,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"D. S. Nandoe Tewarie Rishi, Oudega Martin and J. Ritfeld Gaby",authors:[{id:"73437",title:"Dr.",name:"Rishi",middleName:null,surname:"Nandoe Tewarie",fullName:"Rishi Nandoe Tewarie",slug:"rishi-nandoe-tewarie"},{id:"120205",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Oudega",fullName:"Martin Oudega",slug:"martin-oudega"},{id:"120206",title:"MSc.",name:"Gaby",middleName:null,surname:"Ritfeld",fullName:"Gaby Ritfeld",slug:"gaby-ritfeld"}]},{id:"29676",title:"What Do We Know About the Detailed Mechanism on How Stem Cells Generate Their Mode of Action",slug:"stem-cell-transplantation-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Peter Riess and Marek Molcanyi",authors:[{id:"64818",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Riess",fullName:"Peter Riess",slug:"peter-riess"}]},{id:"29677",title:"Autologous Stem Cell Infusion for Treatment of Pulmonary Disease",slug:"five-cases-of-autologous-stem-cell-infusion-for-treatment-of-pulmonary-disease",totalDownloads:3198,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Neal M. Patel and Charles D. Burger",authors:[{id:"71318",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Burger",fullName:"Charles Burger",slug:"charles-burger"}]},{id:"29678",title:"Neurologic Sequealae of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)",slug:"neurologic-sequelae-of-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:1610,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ami J. Shah, Tena Rosser and Fariba Goodarzian",authors:[{id:"65784",title:"Dr.",name:"Ami",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Ami Shah",slug:"ami-shah"},{id:"73936",title:"Dr.",name:"Fariba",middleName:null,surname:"Goodarzian",fullName:"Fariba Goodarzian",slug:"fariba-goodarzian"},{id:"73937",title:"Dr.",name:"Tena",middleName:null,surname:"Rosser",fullName:"Tena Rosser",slug:"tena-rosser"}]},{id:"29679",title:"Adenoviral Infection – Common Complication Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"adenoviral-infection-common-complication-following-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation-",totalDownloads:1941,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Iwona Bil-Lula, Marek Ussowicz and Mieczysław Woźniak",authors:[{id:"64803",title:"Dr.",name:"Iwona",middleName:null,surname:"Bil-Lula",fullName:"Iwona Bil-Lula",slug:"iwona-bil-lula"},{id:"70971",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Ussowicz",fullName:"Marek Ussowicz",slug:"marek-ussowicz"},{id:"70972",title:"Prof.",name:"Mieczysław",middleName:null,surname:"Woźniak",fullName:"Mieczysław Woźniak",slug:"mieczyslaw-wozniak"}]},{id:"29680",title:"A Systematic Review of Nonpharmacological Exercise-Based Rehabilitative Interventions in Adults Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"exercise-based-rehabilitative-interventions-in-adults-with-haematological-disease-undergoing-allogen",totalDownloads:1726,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. Jarden",authors:[{id:"71242",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary",middleName:null,surname:"Jarden",fullName:"Mary Jarden",slug:"mary-jarden"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4609",title:"Progress in Stem Cell Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"abbff25d9b960e013b0623b89cdf7367",slug:"progress-in-stem-cell-transplantation",bookSignature:"Taner Demirer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4609.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67350",title:"Prof.",name:"Taner",surname:"Demirer",slug:"taner-demirer",fullName:"Taner Demirer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"48956",title:"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Source and Storage",slug:"hematopoietic-stem-cell-source-and-storage",signatures:"Sinem Civriz Bozdag and Osman İlhan",authors:[{id:"160957",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem Civriz",middleName:null,surname:"Bozdag",fullName:"Sinem Civriz Bozdag",slug:"sinem-civriz-bozdag"},{id:"173675",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Ilhan",fullName:"Osman Ilhan",slug:"osman-ilhan"}]},{id:"48779",title:"Progress in Cryopreservation of Stem Cells and Immune Cells for Cytotherapy",slug:"progress-in-cryopreservation-of-stem-cells-and-immune-cells-for-cytotherapy",signatures:"Zhiquan Shu, Shelly Heimfeld, Zhongping Huang, Carolyn Liu and\nDayong Gao",authors:[{id:"100298",title:"Prof.",name:"Dayong",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Dayong Gao",slug:"dayong-gao"},{id:"173780",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiquan",middleName:null,surname:"Shu",fullName:"Zhiquan Shu",slug:"zhiquan-shu"},{id:"175497",title:"Dr.",name:"Shelly",middleName:null,surname:"Heimfeld",fullName:"Shelly Heimfeld",slug:"shelly-heimfeld"},{id:"175498",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongping",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Zhongping Huang",slug:"zhongping-huang"}]},{id:"49596",title:"Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Conditioning Regimen in Transplantation",slug:"use-of-monoclonal-antibodies-in-conditioning-regimen-in-transplantation",signatures:"Pervin Topcuoglu, Sinem Civriz Bozdag and Taner Demirer",authors:[{id:"160954",title:"Prof.",name:"Pervin",middleName:null,surname:"Topcuoglu",fullName:"Pervin Topcuoglu",slug:"pervin-topcuoglu"}]},{id:"49639",title:"Progress in Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",slug:"progress-in-haploidentical-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation",signatures:"Stefan O. Ciurea and Ulas D. Bayraktar",authors:[{id:"176456",title:"Dr.",name:"Darda",middleName:null,surname:"Bayraktar",fullName:"Darda Bayraktar",slug:"darda-bayraktar"}]},{id:"48754",title:"Cell Therapy in Huntington’s Disease",slug:"cell-therapy-in-huntington-s-disease",signatures:"Hyun Sook Kim and Jihwan Song",authors:[{id:"160503",title:"Prof.",name:"Jihwan",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Jihwan Song",slug:"jihwan-song"},{id:"174011",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyun Sook",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Hyun Sook Kim",slug:"hyun-sook-kim"}]},{id:"48749",title:"Antiaging — Effect of Stem Cells on Aging and Stem Cell Aging",slug:"antiaging-effect-of-stem-cells-on-aging-and-stem-cell-aging",signatures:"Jisook Moon and Sang-Hun Bae",authors:[{id:"173648",title:"Prof.",name:"Jisook",middleName:null,surname:"Moon",fullName:"Jisook Moon",slug:"jisook-moon"},{id:"175638",title:"MSc.",name:"Snag-Hun",middleName:null,surname:"Bae",fullName:"Snag-Hun Bae",slug:"snag-hun-bae"}]},{id:"49156",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Manufacturing for Clinical Use",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cell-manufacturing-for-clinical-use",signatures:"Franca Fagioli and Ivana Ferrero",authors:[{id:"173434",title:"Dr.",name:"Franca",middleName:null,surname:"Fagioli",fullName:"Franca Fagioli",slug:"franca-fagioli"}]},{id:"49004",title:"Trends in Mesenchymal Stem Cells' Applications for Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration",slug:"trends-in-mesenchymal-stem-cells-applications-for-skeletal-muscle-repair-and-regeneration",signatures:"A.R. Caseiro, T. Pereira, P.J. Bártolo, J.D. Santos, A.L. Luís and A. C.\nMaurício",authors:[{id:"40796",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Bártolo",fullName:"Paulo Bártolo",slug:"paulo-bartolo"},{id:"56285",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Maurício",fullName:"Ana Colette Maurício",slug:"ana-colette-mauricio"},{id:"56292",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Lúcia",middleName:null,surname:"Luís",fullName:"Ana Lúcia Luís",slug:"ana-lucia-luis"},{id:"161695",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Domingos",fullName:"José Domingos",slug:"jose-domingos"},{id:"174264",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ana Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Caseiro",fullName:"Ana Rita Caseiro",slug:"ana-rita-caseiro"},{id:"174267",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Tiago Pereira",slug:"tiago-pereira"}]},{id:"48953",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cells — Their Antimicrobial Effects and Their Promising Future Role as Novel Therapies of Infectious Complications in High Risk Patients",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cells-their-antimicrobial-effects-and-their-promising-future-role-as-novel-therapie",signatures:"K.A. Al-Anazi and A.M. Al-Jasser",authors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Anazi",fullName:"Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-ahmed-al-anazi"},{id:"158060",title:"Dr.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Jasser",fullName:"Asma Al-Jasser",slug:"asma-al-jasser"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"65947",title:"Autism in the Classroom: Educational Issues across the Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84790",slug:"autism-in-the-classroom-educational-issues-across-the-lifespan",body:'While much has been learned about how to educate children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and program successes are widely touted, children and youth with ASD are nonetheless at heightened risk for poor academic outcomes, including conflictual relationships with general education teachers [1] and more restrictive classroom placement [2]. Such outcomes are likely due to the presence of substantial social difficulties that are inherent to the ASD diagnosis [3], as well as behavioral difficulties that children with ASD often display [2, 4]. Indeed, it has been documented that individuals with ASD have significantly higher behavior problems than those with intellectual disability and those with typical development [5]. These heightened externalizing and internalizing problems evident in ASD, as well as poorer social skills, may also place these young students at risk for poor long-term school adjustment [1, 6].
As almost half (44%) of students with ASD fall in the typical range or above on cognitive ability [7], it is not uncommon for these students to be placed into general education classrooms [8]. Indeed, placement in general education has been shown to be beneficial for many students with ASD [9] and is often preferred by parents, yet, general education teachers receive little specialized training on how to effectively manage students with ASD in the classroom. Moreover, many school districts are unprepared to accommodate such students, as evidenced by the number of legal disputes with families of students with ASD [10]. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss selected recent advances in research on autism in the classroom and educational issues in the context of ASD in the twenty-first century.
Issued in 2004, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) mandated that educational programs for children with disabilities be delivered in the least restrictive environment (LRE). Inherent to the definition of LRE is the notion that a child with special needs should be educated in an environment containing same-aged typically developing peers. Many school districts have implemented a full-inclusion policy for young children with disabilities, including those receiving services for ASD [2], in order to comply with this mandate. These policies are not without challenges. Indeed, students with ASD have been documented to have the highest number of contested individualized education plans (IEPs) and educational rights litigation [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Nonetheless, some investigators have reported that the only disability group making progress towards spending more time in general education was students with ASD [15].
Students with ASD who are educated in a general education setting often experience greater success than students who are placed in special education classrooms [9]. Parents of children with ASD are generally in favor of inclusion. Leyser and Kirk [16] surveyed 437 parents of children with disabilities, including autism, and found that the following were related to a more positive parental disposition towards inclusion: (1) children with more mild disabilities, (2) parents with younger elementary school children, (3) parents with a college education, and (4) parents who did not know their child’s educational placement. Moreover, White and colleagues [17] found that once the decision about placement had been determined, it rarely changed; students usually remained in that setting throughout their years of education. This further underscores the importance of helping schools and families make appropriate placement decisions in early school years; however, that decision can legally be revisited [18].
Research suggests that placement decisions for students with ASD may not necessarily be a function of student need. In order to examine the effects of school placement, Kurth and Mastergeorge [19] studied 15 students with ASD (12–15 years of age) who were enrolled in either an inclusive general education (n = 7) or special day class (n = 8). Although students enrolled in general education had a higher overall mean score in cognitive and adaptive functioning, this difference was not statistically significant, likely due to the small sample size.
Determinants of placement may also include beliefs and attitudes of school personnel [20, 21]. For example, in 2008, Horrocks and colleagues surveyed 571 principals in the Pennsylvania public schools. From a list of eleven principal characteristics (e.g., years in district, formal training, school level), there were two significant factors in predicting placement in regular education classrooms: the principals’ experience working with students with autism and their beliefs that children with ASD could be included in general education. Praisner [21] also found that school principals often based their placement decisions on their experiences and beliefs. Specifically, students with ASD and those with emotional disturbance were least likely to be recommended for placement in an inclusion classroom.
Other studies indicate that placement may be determined by certain child characteristics. For example, Lauderdale-Littin, Howell, and Blacher [22] investigated differences between the characteristics of 56 children with ASD placed in public and non-public school settings. Logistic regression analyses indicated that child age, family income, and social skills were predictive of educational placement, such that older children from higher income households and who have lower levels of social skills were more likely to be placed in non-public, more restrictive school settings. The more obvious predictor of school placement is likely IQ or cognitive functioning; Harris and Handleman [23] reported that higher IQ and younger age at intake to an early intervention program were predictive of regular class placement upon the transition to school.
An understanding of family impact is a crucial foundation for general and special education teachers of children with ASD to build a strong partnership. Such alliances between parents and teachers are beneficial to children with ASD [24]. The quality of parent-teacher relationships appears to be an important force in the early school experiences of children with ASD [25, 26] and in later academic skill acquisition [27]. For example, in a study of 121 parents of young children with ASD [26], parents who had positive relationships with teachers had formed more positive expectations for the school year. However, it is important to note that when child behavior problems were entered into analyses, they uniquely predicted parent expectations. Moreover, parents with strong relationships with their child’s teacher and who perceived the teacher to be warm and positive towards their child were less likely to end up in litigation [14, 28].
Disagreements regarding Individualized Education Plan (IEP) outcomes often contribute to the strain between parents and teachers. In a study of 142 parents of young children (ages 4–8 years) with ASD, a meaningful proportion of parents reported dissatisfaction with the IEP process [29]. Specifically, 41% of parents reported only some, or no, agreement between the IEP document and the services received. Parents’ relationship with the teacher and school involvement, as reported by both parents and teachers, were positively associated with IEP satisfaction. Notably, family income and financial resources were also significantly related to IEP satisfaction, such that more resourced families tended to be more satisfied. Nevertheless, these findings highlight the importance of working with parents to increase consistency across the home and school context [30, 31].
The transition to early schooling is a crucial milestone for all children, one that can be particularly challenging for young children with ASD. The quality of the student-teacher relationship (STR) is seen as crucial to successful academic outcomes [32, 33] and a strong predictor of long-term behaviors [34, 35, 36]. For example, close, supportive relationships with teachers are associated with stronger social skills [37] and higher peer acceptance [38] in typically developing young children. However, on average, children with ASD experience poor relationships with their teachers as evidence by low closeness and high conflict [35, 39].
In order to examine the relations among social impairments, behavior problems, and STRs, Blacher and colleagues [1] conducted a comparison study of children (M age of 8 years) with ASD (n = 36), intellectual disability (ID; n = 38), and typical development (TD; n = 91). The measure used to assess STRs (Student-Teacher Relationship Scale; [40]) included domains of closeness, conflict, and dependency. Results revealed that students with ASD scored significantly lower on closeness and significantly higher on conflict than the ID or TD groups. Scores of dependency were statistically similar for both the ASD and ID groups but higher than that for the TD group. Moreover, closeness was accounted for mainly by social skills, while conflict was accounted for by behavior problems.
Currently, there are approximately 1,308,100 paraprofessionals or teacher aides employed; this number is expected to grow at the average rate of 8% by 2026 [41, 42]. The projected increase in paraprofessionals can be attributed to the demand of inclusive education, which may perpetuate an overreliance on their role in the school system [43]. Therefore, there is an immense need to support paraprofessionals in the instruction and behavior management of students with disabilities in inclusive environments [41]. Moreover, a heavy reliance on paraprofessionals creates fewer opportunities for teachers to develop close and supportive relationships with these students.
Peer relationships seem to be the most salient issue for many middle and high school students with ASD. The lack of social skills that persists throughout adolescence has a negative impact on friendships and peer interactions [44]. In clinical populations, improvements in the social skills of children and adolescents with ASD are modest over time. Constantino and colleagues [45] examined the development of social skills at child ages 3 and 18 in a sample of 95 males without ASD and 85 males with pervasive developmental disorder. Results revealed that for the sample with clinical diagnoses, parent and teacher reports on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS; [46]) were correlated at both time points. While improvements were seen on the total SRS scores over time, these only reached significance in parent reports, leading the authors to conclude that social improvements over time were subtle or perhaps not obviously manifested in the school setting.
Enduring social difficulties have been found to lead to teasing and bullying by peers, more so for youth with ASD than their typically developing peers [47, 48]. Through interviews with early adolescents (age 13) with ASD, Zeedyk and colleagues [48] found that youth with ASD were victimized more frequently than youth with ID or TD. Above and beyond disability status, higher internalizing behavior problems and peer conflict were significant predictors of victimization. In 2018, Tipton-Fisler and colleagues did a follow-up study with the same youth at age 15 to explore how experiences of bullying and victimization changed for children with TD, ID, and ASD over time [47]. Consistent with Zeedyk et al., [48], they found that adolescents with ASD were bullied more frequently than those with ID or TD. Further, higher levels of internalizing behavior problems at age 13 related to higher levels of bullying at age 15.
These findings are consistent with previous research on internalizing behaviors in youth with ASD and victimization. Cappadocia and colleagues [49] found that internalizing behavior problems predicted victimization in a sample of youth with ASD. Whitehouse and colleagues [50] found that friendship conflicts were a significant predictor of depression in adolescents with ASD. Taken together, this body of research suggests a relationship between internalizing problems (e.g. depression, anxiety) and victimization and/or peer conflicts in youth with ASD. This work also underscores the importance of empirically supported interventions for youth with ASD who display internalizing behaviors. Such interventions could help youth make and keep friends, and provide information about how to deal with bullying. One example of such an intervention is the UCLA PEERS Program, which has a manualized curriculum designed to help youth with ASD make and keep friends, handle conflicts with friends, and bullying [51].
It is interesting that by middle or high school, students with ASD spend most of their time in a classroom with typically developing students, but interacting with other students with disabilities or with a paraprofessional, leaving few opportunities for socialization. Feldman and colleagues [52] demonstrated this in a study of high school youth. When they calculated the percent of time that students with ASD were present in the classroom, they found that, on average, that students with ASD were present for about 81% of a class period. When in class, students were in proximity to their peers in general education classrooms only for about a third (38%) of a class period.
Unfortunately, difficulties for youth with ASD continue into young adulthood. According to a 2012 study, nearly 80% of young adults with ASD lived at home, 40% did not have contact with friends, and more than half (52%) did not have employment or postsecondary training 1–2 years after high school [53]. One possible reason for these dismal outcomes is the significant “service cliff” which occurs once young adults transition to independence. This is particularly notable after public school services end, for many as late as age 22 [18]. Thus, families of youth with ASD should prepare for the transition to postsecondary environments as early as possible. Geller and Greenberg [54] suggest that by age 14, planning should begin, and focus on areas of independence, including self-determination, functional skills, and social-communication skills needed for postsecondary life, especially for those young adults who have concomitant intellectual disability.
Approximately half of students with ASD are cognitively high functioning, with IQs in the typically developing range [7]; for them, attending college is a realistic goal. Predictors of college participation for young adults with ASD include student, family, and transition planning factors, such as attendance in a regular high school; strong academic performance in high school higher household income; parental expectations for attending college; post-secondary goals identified through transition planning; and student participation in transition planning [55].
Youth with ASD have at least two pathways to post-secondary education: [1] attending a 2-year school (community or junior college, depending on the state), or [2] attending a 4-year college or institution. In their review, Zeedyk, Tipton, and Blacher [56] highlighted some of the main benefits of 2- and 4-year institutions specifically for students with ASD. Two-year schools may provide more individualized supports, offer vocational programs, be more likely to be populated by familiar peers from high school, and provide weekly homework assignments similar to high school. On the other hand, 4-year schools usually offer more generic support services, a variety of programs, a more diverse curriculum, more majors to choose from, and sometimes a larger campus community.
Using the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2, a nationally representative dataset on young adults across 10 years, Sanford et al. [57] found that more young adults with ASD attended 2-year colleges than 4-year colleges (32 versus 17%). Moreover, the percentages of college attendance were statistically significantly lower for students with ASD than students with other types of disabilities. Lastly, only 39% of students with ASD graduated college, compared to 41% of students with disabilities in general and 52% of students from the typical population.
Given the dismal college attendance and completion rates, researchers have investigated some of the challenges students with ASD face in postsecondary environments that may impede their success in college. These factors include social difficulties which are related to the characteristics of ASD (e.g., [58]) and inhibit academic success. For example, students may have difficulty adapting to changing school schedules, to the complex social environment associated with college life, and to independent living responsibilities. Unfortunately, supports available in the college setting that focus on academic needs do not address the unique needs of young adults with ASD. Rather, they are generic and largely designed for students with learning disabilities. For example, typical academic accommodations in postsecondary settings may include extended test time, distraction free testing, flexible due dates for assignments, breaks during class, the use of technology in the classroom, note takers, and possibly optional group activities [56, 59].
However, the range of needs of young adults with ASD extend beyond academics critical to postsecondary success [60, 61]. Aside from social concerns, mental health issues are commonly found in ASD populations. Among college students, about 70–90% have reported symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. In a recent study by Jackson and colleagues [62], approximately 18% of students expressed wanting to attempt suicide in the future. Other associated difficulties in ASD include a lack of daily living skills, organization and planning, and flexibility [63]. These areas may be more stressful to cope with in the college environment, as students have less structure in their routines and less support from parents after high school. Some students with ASD also struggle with inappropriate classroom behavior in college (e.g., frequently raising one’s hand, refusing to work in groups with classmates, calling out inappropriately).
Many of the challenges noted above are similar to other “invisible disorders,” primarily attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; [60, 64, 65]). For this reason, Bolourian and colleagues [60] conducted a qualitative study of 13 young adults with ASD and 18 students with ADHD in 4-year universities located in Southern California, to determine if young adults with ASD had challenges specific to their disorder. From coded in-depth interviews, nine themes emerged, highlighting the similar deficits between the two disorders. The authors also calculated passage frequencies to determine and compare how often these themes were discussed by members of each groups. While most themes did not statistically significantly differ, the theme of Negative Peer Interactions was unique to students with ASD, indicating that university staff need to do more to expand services for college students with ASD. In particular, supports and services to foster more positive social interactions on campus would be helpful, whether in the form of social skills groups conducted on campus, peer volunteers, or even group counseling sessions offered by disabilities services on campus.
Student-faculty relationships may also be impaired for college students with ASD. While student-teacher relationships are more frequently examined in early school years, poor relationship quality has been reported through secondary school for students without disabilities, particularly in relation to academic motivation [66, 67]. Thus, it is plausible that the quality of these relationships, even for youth with ASD, can endure into postsecondary environments.
Not surprisingly, many young adults on the spectrum enter postsecondary education with a passion for a particular subject area, which may inspire the selection of their major. Faculty awareness of these special areas of interest may help them to work this interest into course projects or requirements, thereby increasing student interest or focus. Of course, more interest can lead to better student performance, leading to higher grades, the likelihood of college graduation, and future employment. Thus, there is a rationale for faculty to be aware of their students with ASD and to foster the same type of academic relationship with them that they have with their other students.
There are many things faculty need to know in order to appropriately and comfortably teach and interact with students on the autism spectrum. In a survey of 132 faculty [68], a little over half of professors did not include a statement about disability services in their syllabus (55%), nor did they make a statement about services at the start of the quarter (60%). In terms of their beliefs about students with autism, 47% expected students to interact with peers in the classroom and 78% agreed that they would consider allowing students to work in their lab or on their research team. With regard to student disability services, 12% did not understand the role of disability service offices on campus, and 46% agreed that students with ASD should disclose their disability to disability services. These findings emphasize the importance of educating university faculty on ASD and providing resources on how to support students with ASD in their classrooms.
There are a number of resources available to teachers of children with ASD, particularly those at the early childhood or elementary levels. Many of these focus on intervention methods, and although classroom teachers may not be responsible for their implementation, understanding the evidence-base is useful as the greatest gains are made during the early school year [69]. Behavioral therapy continues to be supported in the literature as an effective intervention for individuals with ASD (e.g., [70, 71]).
In 2014, the National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders (NPDC) and the Institute of Education Sciences funded a project to identify evidence-based practices (EBP) for individuals with ASD, from birth to 22 years [72]. This rigorous review yielded 27 practices, many of which are based on behavioral techniques, including reinforcement, naturalistic approaches, and self-management. While an update of this review is in progress, the NPDC created a free online curriculum that describes the key components of each identified EBP and provides a step-by-step approach to implementing these practices (i.e., Autism Focused Intervention Resources and Modules [AFIRM]; retrievable from
From the Ohio Center for Autism and Low-Incidence Disabilities, the Autism Internet Modules (AIM) is another free online training program (retrievable from
As research on the transition to postsecondary settings receives increasing attention, interventions aimed at supporting youth during these periods are being examined for their efficacy. For example, Lei and colleagues [73] implemented a 3-day, overnight summer school program in the UK for youth with ASD, ages 16 or older, who are preparing for university life. The curriculum included lessons on ‘work’ (i.e., experiencing a typical lecture, appropriate socialization between students and faculty/staff, and disclosure of diagnosis), ‘rest’ (i.e., stress reduction, management of anxiety, and the importance of physical wellbeing), and ‘play’ (i.e., on-campus clubs and societies, social outings, and informal social experiences). The program was facilitated by staff from the university’s psychology department, disability office, and career services office; one session was facilitated by a current or recently graduated student with ASD. The program also offered the support of a ‘student ambassador’ or current typically-developing university student trained to provide broader support in inclusion activities. Findings from a satisfaction survey of 125 participating students revealed promising results. For example, pre- and post-program data showed significant changes on endorsed concerns associated with the transition to university, including in the areas of socialization, independence, and academic functioning. Moreover, on average, participants rated the program to be very enjoyable and helpful, and viewed going to university somewhat positively. With regard to the program components, students found psychoeducation (14.6%) and information on clubs and societies (11.5%) to be most helpful. With regard to their future at the university, students were most enthusiastic in their response about looking forward to new social opportunities (55.7%).
Mentoring has also been examined in the context of social-emotional supports for students with ASD in postsecondary environments. Lucas and James [74] tested the effect of a mentoring program for three undergraduate students with ASD and two with mental health conditions. After the first term, mentees with ASD expressed that mentors had been helpful for exam support, maintenance and development of social relationships, and promotion of positive well-being, while mentees with mental health issues did not find mentors as helpful in these areas. Other identified suggestions for social-emotional support include disability support groups, access to counseling, and private living spaces. However, isolation in private living spaces may also contribute to mental health issues. Thus, individualizing these supports is highly recommended and may consist of coupling accommodations (e.g., private living space and participation in mentorship program; [75]).
Existing preparation programs for school administrators provide little knowledge considered necessary to understand the behaviors of students with ASD and implement inclusion programs [20, 76]. Teachers at the K-12 levels show wide variability in their ASD-specific knowledge and self-efficacy, with large numbers reporting a lack of training or readiness to teach students with ASD [72, 77]. However, the high incidence of ASD indicates that educators across the nation will inevitably encounter a student with ASD [78], underscoring the need to prepare special educators in evidence-based approaches that enhance the academic and social learning opportunities for these children [79]. With regard to the professional development of university faculty on ASD, research is still limited as to how to best help support faculty in accommodating students with ASD in their classrooms. It is clear that the development of a faculty training may be beneficial, as the volume of information available for how to best support these students may be overwhelming for professors to sift through themselves.
This paper was based on the activities of the Smooth Sailing Study, supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, Grant number R324A110086. We also appreciate the support from the SEARCH Family Autism Resource Center at UC Riverside and the UCR Vice Chancellor for Research.
Yasamin Bolourian, Katherine Stavropoulos, and Jan Blacher declare that they have no conflict of interest.
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5313},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:4819},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1468},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:9362},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:837},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:14778}],offset:12,limit:12,total:108153},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"158"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:34},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:33},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:74},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:137},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:521,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Intelligent System",value:535,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Osteology",value:1414,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",slug:"antioxidants",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4392},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7878",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:"Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f95bf990273d08098a00f9a1c2403cbe",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7878.jpg",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7614",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"Century of Digitalization and Increasing Expectations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3501657ae983a3b42fef1f7058ac91",slug:"fourier-transforms-century-of-digitalization-and-increasing-expectations",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikoli? and Dragana Z. Markovi?-Nikoli?",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7614.jpg",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7087",title:"Tendons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"786abac0445c102d1399a1e727a2db7f",slug:"tendons",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7087.jpg",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7610",title:"Renewable and Sustainable Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2de26c3d329c54f093dc3f05417500a",slug:"renewable-and-sustainable-composites",bookSignature:"António B. Pereira and Fábio A. O. Fernandes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7610.jpg",editors:[{id:"211131",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Bastos",surname:"Pereira",slug:"antonio-pereira",fullName:"António Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8463",title:"Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23f39beea4d557b0ae424e2eaf82bf5e",slug:"pediatric-surgery-flowcharts-and-clinical-algorithms",bookSignature:"Sameh Shehata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37518",title:"Prof.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Shehata",slug:"sameh-shehata",fullName:"Sameh Shehata"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7187",title:"Osteosarcoma",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Translational Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89096359b754beb806eca4c6d8aacaba",slug:"osteosarcoma-diagnosis-mechanisms-and-translational-developments",bookSignature:"Matthew Gregory Cable and Robert Lawrence Randall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265693",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Cable",slug:"matthew-gregory-cable",fullName:"Matthew Gregory Cable"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7955",title:"Advances in Hematologic Malignancies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ca1b09447fab4717a93e099f646d28",slug:"advances-in-hematologic-malignancies",bookSignature:"Gamal Abdul Hamid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7955.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36487",title:"Prof.",name:"Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Hamid",slug:"gamal-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Gamal Abdul Hamid"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8256",title:"Distillation",subtitle:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c76af109f83e14d915e5cb3949ae8b80",slug:"distillation-modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7240",title:"Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a76c3ef7718c0b72d0128817cdcbe6e3",slug:"growing-and-handling-of-bacterial-cultures",bookSignature:"Madhusmita Mishra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204267",title:"Dr.",name:"Madhusmita",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"madhusmita-mishra",fullName:"Madhusmita Mishra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8299",title:"Timber Buildings and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bccf2891cec38ed041724131aa34c25a",slug:"timber-buildings-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:"Prof.",name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7837",title:"Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e277d005b23536bcd9f8550046101979",slug:"geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"396",title:"Molecular Genetics",slug:"genomics-molecular-genetics",parent:{title:"Genomics",slug:"genomics"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:200,numberOfWosCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitations:75,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"genomics-molecular-genetics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8029",title:"Transcriptome Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19e7bd55dd90a5187ee806a307ef112d",slug:"transcriptome-analysis",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6987",title:"Antisense Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d60550dc1e3afbb083fe61925b33caa",slug:"antisense-therapy",bookSignature:"Shashwat Sharad and Suman Kapur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6987.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80113",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashwat",middleName:null,surname:"Sharad",slug:"shashwat-sharad",fullName:"Shashwat Sharad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7995",title:"Epigenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33c1f5868ce0c29fbde6eafdc50af702",slug:"epigenetics",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7995.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",middleName:null,surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8605",title:"DNA Repair",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f32305a1299fabc5119b721f69cc97cb",slug:"dna-repair-an-update",bookSignature:"Maddalena Mognato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8605.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41691",title:"Dr.",name:"Maddalena",middleName:null,surname:"Mognato",slug:"maddalena-mognato",fullName:"Maddalena Mognato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8891",title:"Gene Editing",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25f0d7de56709fc0558c0bb8212a0d03",slug:"gene-editing-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Yuan-Chuan Chen and Shiu-Jau Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8891.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7331",title:"Modulating Gene Expression",subtitle:"Abridging the RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"436fdc4857ca5c7f496e439de1034b6b",slug:"modulating-gene-expression-abridging-the-rnai-and-crispr-cas9-technologies",bookSignature:"Aditi Singh and Mohammad W. Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240724",title:"Dr.",name:"Aditi",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"aditi-singh",fullName:"Aditi Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6788",title:"In Vivo and Ex Vivo Gene Therapy for Inherited and Non-Inherited Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cc5d9c7226ec72dfaf15a41133b3d46",slug:"in-vivo-and-ex-vivo-gene-therapy-for-inherited-and-non-inherited-disorders",bookSignature:"Houria Bachtarzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6788.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178430",title:"Dr.",name:"Houria",middleName:null,surname:"Bachtarzi",slug:"houria-bachtarzi",fullName:"Houria Bachtarzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1719",title:"Genetic Manipulation of DNA and Protein",subtitle:"Examples from Current Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"204480b394b0ba9a43580a1e04d53c50",slug:"genetic-manipulation-of-dna-and-protein-examples-from-current-research",bookSignature:"David Figurski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1719.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104812",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Figurski",slug:"david-figurski",fullName:"David Figurski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2748",title:"Functional Genomics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7bc4d180a8c0993b1c3e084aa4c47819",slug:"functional-genomics",bookSignature:"Germana Meroni and Francesca Petrera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2748.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137670",title:"Dr.",name:"Germana",middleName:null,surname:"Meroni",slug:"germana-meroni",fullName:"Germana Meroni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1723",title:"DNA Methylation",subtitle:"From Genomics to Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b3809ec24719b565e1c788038b43870",slug:"dna-methylation-from-genomics-to-technology",bookSignature:"Tatiana Tatarinova and Owain Kerton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1723.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:"Valerievna",surname:"Tatarinova",slug:"tatiana-tatarinova",fullName:"Tatiana Tatarinova"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32799",doi:"10.5772/33525",title:"GC3 Biology in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes",slug:"gc3-biology-in-eukaryotes-and-prokaryotes",totalDownloads:1207,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"dna-methylation-from-genomics-to-technology",title:"DNA Methylation",fullTitle:"DNA Methylation - From Genomics to Technology"},signatures:"Eran Elhaik and Tatiana Tatarinova",authors:[{id:"95992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:"Valerievna",surname:"Tatarinova",slug:"tatiana-tatarinova",fullName:"Tatiana Tatarinova"},{id:"105570",title:"Dr.",name:"Eran",middleName:null,surname:"Elhaik",slug:"eran-elhaik",fullName:"Eran Elhaik"}]},{id:"42536",doi:"10.5772/35029",title:"Studying Cell Signal Transduction with Biomimetic Point Mutations",slug:"studying-cell-signal-transduction-with-biomimetic-point-mutations",totalDownloads:1656,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"genetic-manipulation-of-dna-and-protein-examples-from-current-research",title:"Genetic Manipulation of DNA and Protein",fullTitle:"Genetic Manipulation of DNA and Protein - Examples from Current Research"},signatures:"Nathan A. Sieracki and Yulia A. Komarova",authors:[{id:"102665",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Komarova",slug:"yulia-komarova",fullName:"Yulia Komarova"},{id:"109090",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathan",middleName:"A.",surname:"Sieracki",slug:"nathan-sieracki",fullName:"Nathan Sieracki"}]},{id:"38873",doi:"10.5772/51016",title:"Medicago truncatula Functional Genomics - An Invaluable Resource for Studies on Agriculture Sustainability",slug:"medicago-truncatula-functional-genomics-an-invaluable-resource-for-studies-on-agriculture-sustainabi",totalDownloads:1321,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"functional-genomics",title:"Functional Genomics",fullTitle:"Functional Genomics"},signatures:"Francesco Panara, Ornella Calderini and Andrea Porceddu",authors:[{id:"141025",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Porceddu",slug:"andrea-porceddu",fullName:"Andrea Porceddu"},{id:"143942",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Panara",slug:"francesco-panara",fullName:"Francesco Panara"},{id:"143943",title:"Dr.",name:"Ornella",middleName:null,surname:"Calderini",slug:"ornella-calderini",fullName:"Ornella Calderini"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66606",title:"Introductory Chapter: Transcriptome Analysis",slug:"introductory-chapter-transcriptome-analysis",totalDownloads:452,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"transcriptome-analysis",title:"Transcriptome Analysis",fullTitle:"Transcriptome Analysis"},signatures:"Miroslav Blumenberg",authors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}]},{id:"64492",title:"Antisense Oligonucleotides, A Novel Developing Targeting Therapy",slug:"antisense-oligonucleotides-a-novel-developing-targeting-therapy",totalDownloads:1043,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"antisense-therapy",title:"Antisense Therapy",fullTitle:"Antisense Therapy"},signatures:"Sara Karaki, Clément Paris and Palma Rocchi",authors:[{id:"273516",title:"Dr.",name:"Palma",middleName:null,surname:"Rocchi",slug:"palma-rocchi",fullName:"Palma Rocchi"},{id:"275051",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Karaki",slug:"sara-karaki",fullName:"Sara Karaki"},{id:"282578",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:null,surname:"Paris",slug:"clement-paris",fullName:"Clement Paris"}]},{id:"63557",title:"Molecular Identification of Genetically Modified Crops for Biosafety and Legitimacy of Transgenes",slug:"molecular-identification-of-genetically-modified-crops-for-biosafety-and-legitimacy-of-transgenes",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"gene-editing-technologies-and-applications",title:"Gene Editing",fullTitle:"Gene Editing - Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"Shahid Nazir, Muhammad Zaffar Iqbal and Sajid-ur-Rahman",authors:null},{id:"65601",title:"Epigenetic Modifications in Plants under Abiotic Stress",slug:"epigenetic-modifications-in-plants-under-abiotic-stress",totalDownloads:349,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"epigenetics",title:"Epigenetics",fullTitle:"Epigenetics"},signatures:"Garima Singroha and Pradeep Sharma",authors:[{id:"142882",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradeep",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"pradeep-sharma",fullName:"Pradeep Sharma"},{id:"281215",title:"Dr.",name:"Garima",middleName:null,surname:"Singroha",slug:"garima-singroha",fullName:"Garima Singroha"}]},{id:"64396",title:"MiRNA-Based Therapeutics in Oncology, Realities, and Challenges",slug:"mirna-based-therapeutics-in-oncology-realities-and-challenges",totalDownloads:446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"antisense-therapy",title:"Antisense Therapy",fullTitle:"Antisense Therapy"},signatures:"Ovidiu Balacescu, Simona Visan, Oana Baldasici, Loredana Balacescu, Catalin Vlad and Patriciu Achimas-Cadariu",authors:[{id:"195763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ovidiu",middleName:null,surname:"Balacescu",slug:"ovidiu-balacescu",fullName:"Ovidiu Balacescu"},{id:"196758",title:"Dr.",name:"Loreadana",middleName:null,surname:"Balacescu",slug:"loreadana-balacescu",fullName:"Loreadana Balacescu"},{id:"196770",title:"Prof.",name:"Patriciu",middleName:null,surname:"Achimas",slug:"patriciu-achimas",fullName:"Patriciu Achimas"},{id:"269553",title:"MSc.",name:"Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Baldasici",slug:"oana-baldasici",fullName:"Oana Baldasici"},{id:"269554",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Visan",slug:"simona-visan",fullName:"Simona Visan"},{id:"279298",title:"Dr.",name:"Catalin",middleName:null,surname:"Vlad",slug:"catalin-vlad",fullName:"Catalin Vlad"}]},{id:"62988",title:"Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)-Mediated Gene Therapy for Disorders of Inherited and Non-Inherited Origin",slug:"adeno-associated-virus-aav-mediated-gene-therapy-for-disorders-of-inherited-and-non-inherited-origin",totalDownloads:754,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"in-vivo-and-ex-vivo-gene-therapy-for-inherited-and-non-inherited-disorders",title:"In Vivo and Ex Vivo Gene Therapy for Inherited and Non-Inherited Disorders",fullTitle:"In Vivo and Ex Vivo Gene Therapy for Inherited and Non-Inherited Disorders"},signatures:"Indu Rajapaksha, Peter Angus and Chandana Herath",authors:[{id:"245978",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandana",middleName:null,surname:"Herath",slug:"chandana-herath",fullName:"Chandana Herath"},{id:"248869",title:"Dr.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Rajapaksha",slug:"indu-rajapaksha",fullName:"Indu Rajapaksha"},{id:"248870",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Angus",slug:"peter-angus",fullName:"Peter Angus"}]},{id:"63488",title:"Nontransformative Strategies for RNAi in Crop Protection",slug:"nontransformative-strategies-for-rnai-in-crop-protection",totalDownloads:806,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"modulating-gene-expression-abridging-the-rnai-and-crispr-cas9-technologies",title:"Modulating Gene Expression",fullTitle:"Modulating Gene Expression - Abridging the RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 Technologies"},signatures:"Deise Cagliari, Ericmar Avila dos Santos, Naymã Dias, Guy Smagghe\nand Moises Zotti",authors:null},{id:"67086",title:"Application and Development of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Pig Research",slug:"application-and-development-of-crispr-cas9-technology-in-pig-research",totalDownloads:499,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"gene-editing-technologies-and-applications",title:"Gene Editing",fullTitle:"Gene Editing - Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"Huafeng Lin, Qiudi Deng, Lili Li and Lei Shi",authors:null},{id:"64290",title:"Strand Displacement Amplification for Multiplex Detection of Nucleic Acids",slug:"strand-displacement-amplification-for-multiplex-detection-of-nucleic-acids",totalDownloads:823,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"modulating-gene-expression-abridging-the-rnai-and-crispr-cas9-technologies",title:"Modulating Gene Expression",fullTitle:"Modulating Gene Expression - Abridging the RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 Technologies"},signatures:"Lingwen Zeng, Omar Mukama, Xuewen Lu, Shilin Cao and Donghai\nLin",authors:null},{id:"68358",title:"Plant Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Functional Mechanisms and Gene Regulatory Networks Involved in Anther Development and Male Sterility",slug:"plant-comparative-transcriptomics-reveals-functional-mechanisms-and-gene-regulatory-networks-involve",totalDownloads:177,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"transcriptome-analysis",title:"Transcriptome Analysis",fullTitle:"Transcriptome Analysis"},signatures:"Xiangyuan Wan and Ziwen Li",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"genomics-molecular-genetics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"69509",title:"MicroRNAs in the Functional Defects of Skin Aging",slug:"micrornas-in-the-functional-defects-of-skin-aging",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89689",book:{title:"Non-Coding RNAs"},signatures:"Fabien P. Chevalier, Julie Rorteau and Jérôme Lamartine"},{id:"69556",title:"Role of Virus-Encoded microRNAs in Avian Viral Diseases",slug:"role-of-virus-encoded-micrornas-in-avian-viral-diseases",totalDownloads:36,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89688",book:{title:"Non-Coding RNAs"},signatures:"Venugopal Nair and Yongxiu Yao"},{id:"69180",title:"MicroRNA-335-5p and Gastrointestinal Tumors",slug:"microrna-335-5p-and-gastrointestinal-tumors",totalDownloads:244,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88895",book:{title:"Non-Coding RNAs"},signatures:"Pablo M. Santoro, Alejandra Sandoval-Bórquez and Alejandro H. Corvalan"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6837",title:"Lithium-ion Batteries - Thin Film for Energy Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea7789260b319b9a4b472257f57bfeb5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mitsunobu Sato, Dr. Li Lu and Dr. Hiroki Nagai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179615",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Process Industry Automation, Heat and Power Generation and Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis and Prof. Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:"G.",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9428",title:"New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Industry 4.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e089eec484ce8e9eb32198c2d8b34ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Romeral Martinez, Dr. Roque A. Osornio-Rios and Dr. Miguel Delgado Prieto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9428.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"86501",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Romeral Martinez",slug:"luis-romeral-martinez",fullName:"Luis Romeral Martinez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10107",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Oncology Drug Discovery & Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"043c178c3668865ab7d35dcb2ceea794",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. John Cassidy and Dr. Belle Taylor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"244455",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cassidy",slug:"john-cassidy",fullName:"John Cassidy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10080",title:"Vortex Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea97962e99b3e0ebc9b46b48ba5bea14",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zambri Harun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10080.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243152",title:"Dr.",name:"Zambri",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"zambri-harun",fullName:"Zambri Harun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mattia Bartoli and Dr. Marco Frediani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8771",title:"Raman Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1354b3097eaa5b27d9d4bd29d3150b27",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Samir Kumar and Dr. Prabhat Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"296661",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"samir-kumar",fullName:"Samir Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10073",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics-Fundamentals and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aceca7dfc807140870a89d42c5537d7c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mojtaba Kahrizi and Ms. Parsoua Abedini Sohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10073.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"113045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Kahrizi",slug:"mojtaba-kahrizi",fullName:"Mojtaba Kahrizi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:19},humansInSpaceProgram:{},teamHumansInSpaceProgram:{},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/new-advances-in-stem-cell-transplantation/generation-of-patient-specific-stem-cells-a-human-model-system",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"new-advances-in-stem-cell-transplantation",chapter:"generation-of-patient-specific-stem-cells-a-human-model-system"},fullPath:"/books/new-advances-in-stem-cell-transplantation/generation-of-patient-specific-stem-cells-a-human-model-system",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()