Methods of self‐assembly listed by invoked secondary interactions [17].
\r\n\tHowever, many questions concerning the shape and stability properties of lattice solitons remain open. For instance, do other types of lattice solitons in different geometrical structures exist as well? How does the lattice shape effect the solitons’ shape and soliton stability?
\r\n\tIn this book, we aim to present the recent developments in optical lattice soliton theory and applications.
\r\n\tTopics that will be included, but are not limited to:
\r\n\tOne-dimensional and two-dimensional lattice solitons in Kerr and saturable media
\r\n\tSolitons in Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC’s)
\r\n\tLinear, nonlinear and mixed linear-nonlinear optical lattice solitons
\r\n\tNonlocal nonlinear lattices
\r\n\tLattices with defects
\r\n\tSolitons in lattices with quadratic nonlinearities
\r\n\tSolitons in photonic-crystals and photonic-crystal fibers
\r\n\tSimilariton generation in optical lattices
\r\n\tPulse shaping in mode-locked lasers
\r\n\tLattice soliton interactions
Supramolecular self‐assembly, which makes use of molecules instead of atomic units, offers a bottom‐up approach to the construction of new materials on multiple length scales without complex organic synthesis [1–10]. The driving forces for supramolecular chemistry are noncovalent interaction ranging from host‐guest interaction [11], hydrogen bonding [12], van der Waals interaction [13], π─π stacking [14], electrostatic interactions [15] and hydrophobic effect [16]. Table 1 summarizes most of this noncovalent interaction, as well as of its structure‐determining properties [17]. Among them, the theme of ionic self‐assembly (ISA) on the basis of electrostatic interactions was first described by Faul and Antonietti [17]. Different with the simple coulombic binding of salts, the ISA is usually accompanied by a cooperative binding (π─π stacking, hydrophobic effect, and van der Waals interaction) which propagates toward the final self‐assembly structures [17]. The ISA strategy is very easily available, reliable, and flexible and is much broader in application than multiple hydrogen bonding or stable metal coordination.
Type of interaction | Strength [kJ mol−1] | Range | Character |
---|---|---|---|
Van der Waals H‐bonding Coordination binding “Fit interaction” “Amphiphilic” Ionic Covalent | 51 5–65 50–200 10–100 5–50 50–250a 350 | Short Short Short Short Short Long Short | Non‐selective, non‐directional Selective, directional Directional Very selective Non‐selective Non‐selective Irreversible |
Methods of self‐assembly listed by invoked secondary interactions [17].
Dependent on solvent and ion solution; data are for organic media.
In this chapter, we provide an overview of work that contributed to establishing functional soft materials on the basis of ISA strategy and advancing the useness in the several areas such as soft matter template, luminescent materials, and inorganic‐organic hybrid materials.
Dye molecules are almost the ideal building blocks for supramolecular chemistry, because they are easily available and have multiple functional groups, which possess a defined and regular shape (extended π system) and can facilitate mutual interactions, inducing them to have photoelectric functions and can form more complex structures, such as soft gels, liquid crystals, as well as plate‐like and needle‐like single crystals [18, 19]. Besides, the surfactant molecule plays a special role in surface chemistry. Especially, surface active ionic liquids (SAILs) such as imidazolium‐, pyrrole‐based ionic liquids have attracted widespread interest for their outstanding performance in biomaterials, photoelectricity, and environmentally friendly trades, since they possess good biocompatibility, low critical micellar concentrations, wide liquid range, and high thermal stability [20, 21]. Thus, the introduction of charged dye molecules or surfactants as ISA components will generate novel properties and structures of the systems and enrich the ranges and contents of ISA.
However, structures of supramolecular materials constructed by dye‐surfactant have been limited to 1D and 2D structures, such as fiber and flake morphologies, and mostly have no fluorescent property, which greatly restricts the application of the material [22, 23]. For example, highly ordered fibers constructed by dyes and surfactants have been reported by Faul [24]. Zheng et al. also prepared highly ordered supramolecular microfibers through ISA strategy from complexes of the SAIL N‐tetradecyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bromide (C14MPB) and anionic dye methyl orange (MO) with the aiding of patent blue VF sodium salt (PB) (Figure 1a–g) [23]. The crystal structure of microfibers can be indexed as a typical hexagonal columnar mesophase by XRD (Figure 1h). The driving force for the formation of microfiber is hydrogen‐bonding interactions, π─π stacking interactions, especially, the role of PB whose big disc‐like structure favors the formation of a one‐dimensional supramolecular material.
(a) Structures of the three components: (1) C14MPB, (2) MO, and (3) PB. (b, c, f, g) SEM images (d) OM image and (e) POM image of the supramolecular microfibers. (h) XRD pattern of microfibers [23].
Based on the literature work, Xin and coworkers constructed giant vesicles (1–10 μm) via a facile ISA strategy using an anionic dye Acid Orange II (AO) and an oppositely charged ionic‐liquid‐type cationic surfactant 1‐tetradecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide (C14mimBr) (Figure 2a–c) [25]. It is concluded that the electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic effect, and π─π stacking interaction play key roles in this self‐assembly process. Importantly, the giant vesicles can act as a smart microcarrier to load and release carbon quantum dots (CQDs) under control (Figure 2d, e). Besides, the giant vesicles could also be applied as a microrector to synthesize monodispersed Ag nanoparticles with diameter of about 5–10 nm which exhibited the ability to catalyze reduction of 4‐nitroaniline (Figure 2f, g). Therefore, it is indicated that the AO/C14mimBr assemblies hold promising applications in the areas of microencapsulation, catalyst support, and light weight composites owing to their huge sizes, and large microcavities.
(a) Schematic demonstration of formation of giant vesicle and its applications for smart microcarrier and microreactor. (b) SEM and (c) CLSM images of giant vesicles formed by 0.5 mmol L−1 AO/0.5 mmol L−1C14mimBr. (d) Releasing of CQDs with the addition of NaBH4. (e) TEM image of CQDs. (f) TEM image of Ag nanoparticle. (g) UV‐vis spectra of 4‐nitroaniline before and after reduction [25].
Moreover, giant vesicle could also be prepared by anionic dye MO and an oppositely charged SAILs C14mimBr (Figure 3a–d) [26]. The giant vesicle performs fluorescence property owing to the break of π─π stacking of MO molecules (Figure 3c), and the formation of giant vesicle was confirmed by the fusion of small vesicle with the trace of TEM and DLS (Figure 3d, i). The MO/C14mimBr system also shows an interesting pH chromism phenomenon. Consequently, the MO/C14mimBr system displays abundant aggregate morphologies with the changing of pH that complex fluorescent structures formed at pH > 4 and simple nonfluorescent structures formed at pH < 4 (Figure 3e–h). This is attributed to that MO moieties take a more conjugated coplanar state bridged by N=N under alkaline conditions, whereas MO takes a quinoid structure crossed by N–N resulting the break of conjugated configuration with the decreasing of pH (Figure 3j, k) [27]. Thus, the fluorescence behavior can be predicted with the color change directly visible to the naked eye by changing the pH. It is expected that the facile and innovative design of supramolecular material by the ISA strategy could be used as pH detection probes and microreactors.
(a) Schematic demonstration of formation of fluorescent giant vesicle and its pH responsivity. (b) SEM and (c) CLSM image of giant vesicles. (d) TEM images of 0.5 mmol L−1 MO/C14mimBr after 2 days. SEM images of 0.5 mmol L−1 MO/C14mimBr at (e) pH = 2, (f) pH = 4, (g) pH = 11, (h) pH = 14. (i) Time‐dependant DLS result of 0.5 mmol L−1 MO/C14mimBr. (j) Fluorescence intensity at different pH. (k) pH‐dependent mechanism of the MO molecule [26].
Recently, one kind of biomolecule, bile salts, has been developed as building blocks for various functional nanomaterials [28, 29]. All of the bile salts possess a rigid, nearly planar hydrophobic steroid backbone and have polar hydroxyl groups on the concave α‐face and methyl groups on the convex β‐face [30, 31]. The ionic head with a carboxyl group is linked to the steroid ring through a short alkyl chain. Sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) is a bile salt and also an important biological surfactant which widely exists in the body of vertebrate [32]. The interesting structure of NaDC leads to novel and abundant self‐assembly behavior in solution. For example, Xin and coworkers chose NaDC and a cationic dye (RhB) to construct soft materials [33]. In this system, different morphologies with high hierarchies can be reversibly controlled by varying the ratio of the two components (NaDC and RhB) and that the morphologies can switch between porous microspheres and urchin‐like structures (Figure 4a–c). The robust hierarchical nanostructure performs superhydrophobicity (water contact angle reach to 137.1° for porous microspheres and 134.2° for urchin‐like structures) (Figure 4a, c), which can be used to fabricate an anti‐wetting surface. More interestingly, the interaction between NaDC and RhB can restrict the intramolecular motion and intramolecular charge transfer state of RhB, minimize aggregation‐caused quenching (Figure 4d, e), enhance the luminescent efficiency of the dye, and improve the luminescence performance, which open up a new way to build soft materials. Besides, the emitting color of system can also be adjusted by changing the molar ratio of NaDC and RhB (Figure 4f, g) and the, lifetimes of the precipitates increase greatly with an increase in cNaDC (Figure 4h). Moreover, they also used another bile salt sodium cholate (SC) and a cationic dye (MB) to obtain bundles of ultra long nanobelts through ISA approach, and the shape and length of the bundles of SC/MB nanobelts could be easily controlled by changing the SC concentration and the aging temperature. Besides, the bundles of ultra long SC/MB nanobelts exhibited efficient electrocatalytic activity toward ascorbic acid (AA) oxidation in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.0). This work provides an alternative way to design and fabricate the ultra long belt‐like structures with tunable sizes which may also open up a way for the design and development of optical and electronic devices in the potential bioapplications.
The morphologies of the precipitates of the NaDC/RhB systems when the concentration of RhB was fixed at 10 mmol L−1, while the concentration of NaDC was changed from (a) 10 mmol L−1, (b) 20 mmol L−1, (c) 50 mmol L−1. The inset images of (a) and (c) are the contact angle on the films formed by the sample, respectively. Images of the fluorescence changes in (d): the upper solutions for samples of (1) 10 mmol L−1 RhB, (2) 10 mmol L−1NaDC/10 mmol L−1 RhB, (3) 20 mmol L−1NaDC/10 mmol L−1 RhB and (4) 50 mmol L−1NaDC/10 mmol L−1 RhB (excitation at 365 nm), and (e) the powders of the precipitates (upper: under visible light; lower: under UV light, excitation at 365 nm). Changes in the fluorescence spectra of (f) the upper solution and (g) the precipitates obtained for the NaDC/RhB complex samples. (h) Time‐resolved fluorescence of the above precipitate samples [33].
Different from conventional planar dyes that always undergo π─π stacking which results innotorious aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ), a new class of dyes with propeller‐shaped structure displays aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) [34]. However, the drawback of the propeller‐shaped topology is that it disfavors self‐assembly, so that fluorescent nanostructures based on AIE molecules are still very rarely up to date [35]. In Huang\'s group, propeller‐shaped dye TPE‐BPA and surfactant CTAB were chosen to build AIE system [36]. The fluorescence performs the maximum emission at the molar ratio at 1:8 confirming that the optimal interaction between TPE‐BPA and CTAB is 1:8 (Figure 5a). And in Cryo‐TEM observation, it can be found the formation of vesicles with an average size of 145 nm (Figure 5b). The hydrophilic heads of TPE‐BPA molecules are capable of coordinating with metal ions and with the addition of Zn2+ to the TPE‐BPA@8CTAB system. It can be found that the fluorescence intensity decreases with the addition of Zn2+ and research the plateau at a Zn2+/TPE‐BPA ratio of 2 ( Figure 5d, e), implying that every two coordinating heads share one Zn2+ to satisfy the space of an octahedral field. Cryo‐TEM reveals the retain of the vesicular structure with smaller size, which was formed by the fission of lager vesicles (Figure 5c). The membranes of cancer cells are highly charged compared to the normal ones, the present results indicate that the high electrical charge may accelerate the cell fission and generate a looser molecular packing and increases the releasing rates of hydrophilic drug DOX (Figure 5f). The report of this research may help to reveal the mystery behind the easy metastasis of the cancer cells and inspire a novel strategy for cancer therapy.
(a) Cryo‐TEM image of TPE‐BPA@8CTAB vesicle. (b) Fluorescence intensity at different molar ratio of TPE‐BPA/CTAB. (c) TEM images of TPE‐BPA@8CTAB vesicle triggered by Zn2+. (d) Illustration of self‐assembly of TPE‐BPA/CTAB vesicles and electrical charge triggered fission of the TPE‐BPA/CTAB vesicle. (e) Fluorescence intensity of system with the addition of Zn2+ to the TPE‐BPA@8CTAB vesicular system. (f) Comparison of the DOX releasing rate in the native TPEBPA@8CTAB vesicle and the charged vesicle of the TPE‐BPA@12CTAB, 2Zn2+@vesicle [35].
Polyoxometalates (POMs), a large group of metal oxide clusters, represent some of the largest inorganic molecules known so far and have broad applications as catalysts, photoelectronic/magnetic materials, and biologically active materials [37–39]. The POMs are formed by linking metal oxide polyhedra with each other through corner‐, edge‐, or face‐sharing manner, which enable chemists to build POMs with different topologies and sizes. Due to the excess of oxo ligands over metal ions, POMs are usually highly negatively charged, which could interact with positively charged materials by electrostatic interaction. Biomolecule, such as amino acid and polypeptide, is essential for our body [40, 41]. Thus, the self‐assembly behavior of POM/biomolecule has potential application in biological field as novel compartments, artificial cell membranes, drug and gene delivery agents [42, 43].
Wu et al. constructed multivalent peptide nanofibers by using short peptides with the synergistic effect of POM clusters [44]. The short peptide L1 adopts a random‐coil conformation in aqueous solution, while with the addition of H4SiW12O40 (HSiW), the conformation transition from a random‐coil to a β‐sheet state (Figure 6a, e). In TEM, one‐dimensional (1D) nanofibers were observed after the mixing of L1 with HSiW in water (Figure 6b, c). The multivalent L1/HSiW nanofibers exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial efficacy, while the inhibitory ability of L1 or HSiW alone was poor (Figure 6d). The ensembly nature of POMs enables the enhancement of the antimicrobial efficacy and biological stability of short peptides in situ.
(a) CD spectra of peptide L1 and the L1/HSiW composites at different molar ratios (b, c) TEM image of L1/HSiW at the molar ratio of 3:1. (d) Optical density of E. coli with incubation time in the presence of the individual peptide L1, individual HSiW, and L1/HSiW nanofibers. (e) Illustration of self‐assembly ofL1/HSiW nanofibers [44].
Xin et al. obtained inorganic‐organic hybrid vesicles using POMNa9[EuW10O36]·32H2O (EuW10) and different amino acids (arginine, lysine, histidine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, alanine, and phenylalanine) (Figure 7a, b, g) [45]. The electrostatic interaction between amino acid and EuW10 plays an important role for the formation of vesicle. While the luminescent property is clear distinction among different amino acids that alkaline amino acids (Arg, Lys and His) enhanced the luminescence, acidic amino acids (Glu, Asp) quenched the luminescence and nonpolar amino acids (Leu, Ala, and Phe) have no obviously influence towards luminescence (Figure 7c, d). This is attributed to the strength differences of the electrostatic interactions between amino acids and EuW10 cluster. Meaningfully, the Arg/EuW10 fluorescent vesicles can be used to detect Dopamine selectively with the detection limit of 3.2 μM on the basis of competition mechanism that dopamine could substitute Arg to form an assembly with EuW10 through hydrogen bond interaction between the ammonium group of DA and the oxygen atom of EuW10, leading to fluorescence quenching (Figure 7e, f).
TEM (a) and AFM (b) image of 0.7 mmol L−1 EuW10/1.5 mmol L−1Arg (insets are the pictures showing the Tyndall effect under the irradiation by a light beam and the hydrodynamic radius of vesicles observed by DLS). (c) Variation of the fluorescence spectra of EuW10 (0.7 mmol L−1) upon the titration of Arg. (d) Fluorescence spectra of EuW10 incorporated different amino acids. (e) Variation of the fluorescence spectra of 0.7 mmol L−1 EuW10/1.5 mmol L−1Arg with the addition of DA (0–1000 mmol L−1). (f) Fluorescence response of the EuW10/Arg system to biological molecules all the concentrations of the biological molecules were 500 mmol L−1. (g) Schematic illustration of the vesicles formed by EuW10 and amino acids [45].
Three‐dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanostructures have generated large amounts of interests due to their unique peculiar properties and wide range of potential applications. Among them, nanoflower is a fantastic name of some of the nanomaterials which in microscopic images resemble the flowers. Due to the large surface‐to‐volume ratio compared with that of bulk materials, nanoflowers have many applications in catalysis, magnetism, nanodevices, sensing and biosensing, and medicine [46–51]. In Xin\'s group, inorganic‐organic hybrid hierarchical nanoflowers structures were prepared by EuW10/DA on the basis of ISA strategy with the cooperation of H‐bonding interaction (Figure 8a–c) [52]. The structure of hybrid can be controlled easily by adjusting the ratio of EuW10 and DA, and the formation of EuW10/DA hierarchical nanoflowers was monitored by SEM: The protonated DA interact with EuW10 by H‐bonding and electrostatic interaction, and then, the cores of the flower‐like nanostructures were initially formed (Figure 8d). Subsequently, more building blocks were stacked into the surface of the cores forming a rough surface and the building blocks aggregated to form the resulted nanoflower (Figure 8e). Finally, the hierarchical nanoflowers grew more compact, and the surfaces of the nanopetals became very smooth due to Ostwald ripening in the further growth stage (Figure 8f). POMs have been used as catalysts for the oxidation of a variety of compounds such as alkenes, alcohols, sulfides and dyes [53]. In this work, the author calcinated the EuW10/DA nanoflower at 350°C for 2 h to get a pure EuW10 framework, and the porous EuW10 performs excellent degradation ability for MO with the exist of H2O2, the catalyst exhibits only a little loss of photocatalytic activity after six recycles for the degradation of MO, implying that the calcinated porous EuW10 can be used as an excellent photocatalyst for multiple cycles to catalyze MO and have potential application for sewage treatment (Figure 8g–i). The schematic illustration of the assembly process was shown in Figure 9.
(a, b, c) SEM images of nanoflower formed by 2 mg mL−1 EuW10/2 mg mL−1 DA at different scales. The formation process of EuW10‐DA nanoflowers with different incubation time (d) 1 min, (e) 0.5 h, and (f) 2 h. (g) The UV‐vis curves of the degradation of MO by calcinated nanoflower. (h) MO degradation over time with different substances: (h‐1) calcinated porous EuW10/H2O2, (h‐2) EuW10‐DA hybrid nanoflowers/H2O2,(h‐3) EuW10/H2O2, (h‐4) DA/H2O2, (h‐5) H2O2 and (h‐6) calcinated porous EuW10. (i) The recycling experiment for the degradation of MO using calcinated porous EuW10/H2O2 system [52].
The schematic illustration of the assembly process for EuW10‐DA hybrid nanoflowers [52].
In a conclusion, ISA strategy on the basis of electrostatic interaction is a facile and convenient method to prepared complex and hierarchical materials for a wide range of applications without tangle some covalent functionlization. Although many studies have focused on the design and preparation of advanced materials using ISA strategy in the past few years, the successful translation of these laboratory innovations to tackle specific problems in the real world remains a great challenge. It is anticipated that preparing functional materials through ISA strategy is a promising pathway to design and generate new nanoassemblies with unique properties and will certainly play a significant role in the future of material science.
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (21573130,21173128) and the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University (2016WLJH20).
A plethora of experiments (e.g., [1, 2]) demonstrate that decisions made in an economic and financial setting are influenced by subjective perceptions. The framing effect [3] is a perceptual phenomenon implying that different presentations of the same information may lead to different choices. Chen et al. [4], Del Vecchio et al. [5], Gourville [6], Levin et al. [3], McKechnie et al. [7], Sinha and Smith [8], Tombu and Mandel [9] and Tversky and Kahneman [10] have investigated how the framing effect could influence the decision-making process. DelVecchio [11], DelVecchio et al. [5], Gourville [6], Kahneman [12, 13], McKechnie et al. [7] and Mellers [14] have examined the incoherence of judgement when faced with similar or indifferent situations. Kahneman and Tversky [15], Kühberger [16] and Olsen [17, 18] demonstrate that the framing effect can influence the decision-making process so as to cause a shift from ‘risk-adverse’ to ‘risk-seeking’ and vice versa, the so-called risky-choice framing effect. The framing effect is predicted by Kahneman and Tversky [15] in their prospect theory. According to this theory, individuals’ choices are always made considering the gains and losses compared with an initial starting capital (reference point). Kahneman and Tversky [19] argue that investors decide by mentally referring to their status quo (i.e. the current level of wellbeing). In any situation in which it risks being altered, the decision-making procedure is adjusted [10, 20] in order to preserve it as far as possible [15]. According to Kahneman and Tversky [15, 19], the absolute value perceived of losses appears to be more consistent than that of earnings of the same amount (loss aversion). Kahneman et al. [21] and Tversky and Kahneman [22] demonstrate that the distress experienced on losing a sum of money is almost twice that of the pleasure associated with gaining the same amount. Bearing in mind these conclusions, we believe it is rational to suppose that two people with significantly different amounts of initial capital (reference points) may perceive gains and losses differently. Since the initial level of wealth is the reference point on which a judgement in wealth variation is based, it is logical to forecast that perceived changes in wealth are different for private and retail investors, because as is well known, private investors have a higher level of wealth than their retail counterparts. The former have a large amount of wealth in financial assets (minimum US$ 500000.001), an expensive lifestyle and sophisticated needs in terms of diversification of asset allocation, which include real estate, luxury collectibles, artworks and passion investment; in contrast, retail investors do not have these characteristics. We consider as retail investors those with a maximum of €500000.00 worth of assets under management (AUM) and private investors as those with more than €500000.00 AUM. The aim of this chapter is to test whether private and retail investors perceive gains and losses differently.
\nOur analysis tests the differences in gain and loss satisfaction/dissatisfaction perceived by private and retail investors; moreover we compare the levels of satisfaction/dissatisfaction declared by private and retail investors.
\nThe conclusions of this survey are significant from two different perspectives. First, the paper extends existing literature on the topic of gain and loss perception by comparing private and retail investors, an important distinction in the banking and financial sector. Second, the results obtained should be taken into consideration by banks, financial intermediaries, consultants and asset managers aiming to improve their relationships with clients and to develop the most suitable financial products for different types of clients.
\nA plethora of experiments (e.g., [1, 2]) demonstrate that decisions made in an economic and financial setting are influenced by subjective perceptions. The framing effect [3] is a perceptual phenomenon implying that different presentations of the same information may lead to different choices. Chen et al. [4], Del Vecchio et al. [5], Gourville [6], Levin et al. [3], McKechnie et al. [7], Sinha and Smith [8], Tombu and Mandel [9] and Tversky and Kahneman [10] have investigated how the framing effect could influence the decision-making process. DelVecchio [11], DelVecchio et al. [5], Gourville [6], Kahneman [12, 13], McKechnie et al. [7] and Mellers [14] have examined the incoherence of judgement when faced with similar or indifferent situations. Kahneman and Tversky [15], Kühberger [16] and Olsen [17, 18] demonstrate that the framing effect can influence the decision-making process so as to cause a shift from ‘risk-adverse’ to ‘risk-seeking’ and vice versa, the so-called risky-choice framing effect. The framing effect is predicted by Kahneman and Tversky [15] in their prospect theory. According to this theory, individuals’ choices are always made considering the gains and losses compared with an initial starting capital (reference point). Kahneman and Tversky [19] argue that investors decide by mentally referring to their status quo (i.e., the current level of wellbeing). In any situation in which it risks being altered, the decision-making procedure is adjusted [10, 20] in order to preserve it as far as possible [15]. According to Kahneman and Tversky [15, 19], the absolute value perceived of losses appears to be more consistent than that of earnings of the same amount (loss aversion). Kahneman et al. [21] and Tversky and Kahneman [22] demonstrate that the distress experienced on losing a sum of money is almost twice that of the pleasure associated with gaining the same amount. Bearing in mind these conclusions, we believe it is rational to suppose that two people with significantly different amounts of initial capital may perceive gains and losses differently.
\nDuring the 2015, we contacted approximately 100 financial advisers and asked if they were willing to forward the questionnaires we had prepared to some of their private and retail clients (see Appendices A and B). We asked each financial adviser to contact at least two private and two retail investors so as to obtain a minimum of 400 completed questionnaires. The questionnaire, delivered to investors in a closed envelope, was anonymous; only age, sex, geographical provenance and the amount of asset under management were the required fields; it was very simple, comprising only two pages of multiple-choice questions. We decided to let the investors answer alone in their own homes so as to receive uninfluenced answers [23] and gave them 3 days to return the questionnaire either to their financial advisers or directly to us, recommending in both cases the use of a sealed envelope. We rejected those without any indication of quantity of assets under management. The others were used to identify two groups of sample investors, as shown in Table 1.
\n\n | Private | \nRetail | \n
---|---|---|
Average AUM (euros) | \n3002000.00 | \n315198.00 | \n
AUM standard deviation (euros) | \n1260349.48 | \n179908.00 | \n
Average age | \n61.68 | \n55.66 | \n
Age standard deviation | \n6.94 | \n6.28 | \n
% male | \n86 | \n85 | \n
% living in northern/central Italy | \n80 | \n80 | \n
Number of observations | \n100 | \n100 | \n
Description of sample groups.
The questions in the questionnaires were designed taking inspiration from the examples and experiments discussed in the literature [5, 11, 15, 19, 21, 24]. In particular, we focused our investigation on the level of perception of gains and losses starting from an initial amount of wealth. In order to ask questions consistent with the goals of this paper, we asked advisers to give a prior indication of the average assets under management of their private and retail clients. The information obtained allowed us to design questions for a hypothetical private investor with €3000000.00 average assets under management and his/her hypothetical retail counterpart with about €300000.00 average assets under management. Thus, we designed two questionnaires: one for private investors (see Appendix A) and one designed for retail investors (see Appendix B). When formulating the questions, we bore in mind the fact that semantic cues [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30] can influence or alter answers. For this reason, when possible we used neutral semantic cues and scenario questions that do not present any probability, so as to avoid ‘one-stage’ or ‘two-stage’ problems [31]. In this way each question follows a linear programme model [32], with the aim of not creating any gambling element in the investors’ minds.
\nThis analysis is based on the answers obtained for questions 1–4 in the questionnaires (see Appendices A and B). The private sample was asked to express a degree of ‘satisfaction’ or ‘dissatisfaction’ concerning an achieved performance, first in terms of percentage (+3%) and then in terms of absolute value (+ €90000.00)2. We did not express any start value parameter in the questions, so investors could express their real degree of satisfaction/dissatisfaction bearing in mind their wealth. The same questions were then presented first in the case of a loss in absolute value (− €90000.00) and then as a loss quantified as −3%. The same situation was presented to the retail sample, first considering a + 3% performance and a €9000.003 gain and then in the case of a loss in absolute value (− €9000.00) and a loss quantified as −3%; in this case too, we did not express any start value parameter for the above reason. The results are shown in Figure 1.
\nSatisfaction/dissatisfaction as perceived by private and retail investors in terms of gains (upside) and losses (downside).
Figure 1 seems to show different perceptions of gains and losses depending on whether these are expressed in terms of absolute value or as a percentage, even if these represent the same amount, both among investors belonging to the same sample and when comparing private and retail investors. In fact, in the case of a positive scenario (Figure 1, upside), the gain expressed in absolute value seems to be perceived by both samples with more satisfaction than the same amount expressed as a percentage. More specifically, it seems that retail investors perceive more dissatisfaction than private investors when faced with gains expressed as percentages. Figure 1 in a negative scenario (downside) confirms that losses expressed in absolute values and as percentages, even if of the same amount, are perceived differently both by private and by retail investors. However, in this case, Figure 1 shows that the loss expressed in euros is perceived with more dissatisfaction by retail investors than by private investors. With the aim of testing the evidence in the graph, Table 2 presents the statistical analysis of the perceptions of the two samples examined in the case of a positive (upside) or a negative (downside) situation.
\n\n\n | Mean retail | \nMean private | \nDiff. | \n
---|---|---|---|
In the case of a gain (positive scenario) | \n|||
Declaration of satisfaction faced with a gain situation expressed as a percentage | \n0.37 | \n0.47 | \n−0.10* | \n
Declaration of satisfaction faced with a gain situation expressed in terms of absolute value | \n0.78 | \n0.74 | \n0.04 | \n
In the case of a loss (negative scenario) | \n|||
Declaration of dissatisfaction faced with a loss situation expressed as a percentage | \n0.63 | \n0.58 | \n0.05 | \n
Declaration of dissatisfaction faced with a loss situation expressed in terms of absolute value | \n0.20 | \n0.29 | \n−0.09* | \n
Gain and loss perception comparing private and retail investors.
Statistically significant at 10%.
Table 2 confirms the existence of some statistically significant differences between the two analysed samples. The satisfaction perceived when faced with a gain expressed as a percentage is different between private and retail investors (p = 0.0767), while in the case of a negative scenario, the dissatisfaction perceived when faced with a loss expressed in terms of absolute value differs between private and retail investors (p = 0.0702). As previously demonstrated in many studies [5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14], our results also reveal a clear inconsistency in judgement, similar for and common to both samples. This situation can be explained by the way the assessment parameters were presented and by the investors’ internal reference points [4, 8, 33].
\nThis analysis is based on the answers obtained from questions 5 and 6 in the questionnaires (see Appendices A and B). We would like to test our survey samples’ perception of loss and gain by asking them to identify the degree of ‘satisfaction’/‘dissatisfaction’ experienced, on a scale from 0 to 10, when faced with a positive/negative variation of wealth in terms of absolute value (± €90,000 per private investor and ±€9000 per retail investor). The results are shown in Figure 2.
\nSatisfaction and dissatisfaction perceived by private investors (on the left) and retail investors (on the right) in the case of gain (upside) and loss (downside).
A horizontal reading of Figure 2 shows that the level of satisfaction declared by retail and private investors faced with a gain is almost the same, while there is an obvious difference in the case of a loss, when retail investors appear more dissatisfied than private investors. Table 3 presents the statistical analysis of this difference and confirms our impression: the level of difference in dissatisfaction declared by private and retail investors is statistically significant (p = 0.000).
\n\n | Mean retail | \nMean private | \nDiff. | \n
---|---|---|---|
Level of satisfaction on a scale from 0 to 10 when faced with a gain situation | \n4.44 | \n4.47 | \n−0.03 | \n
Level of dissatisfaction on a scale from 0 to 10 when faced with a loss situation | \n9.41 | \n6.14 | \n3.27*** | \n
Gains and losses: the level of satisfaction/dissatisfaction declared by private investors and retail investors.
Statistically significant at 1%.
Figure 2 is read vertically, that is to say the level of satisfaction/dissatisfaction declared by private investors and by retail investors in the case of gains/losses offers an important point of analysis. With reference to the retail investor sample, the empirical thesis [21, 22], according to which the disappointment experienced on losing a sum of money appears to be about twice that of the pleasure associated with gaining the same amount, seems to be valid. In fact, the weighted average degree of satisfaction on gaining is 4.44, while dissatisfaction on losing the same amount is on average 9.41. Instead, with reference to the private sample, the dissatisfaction a private client experiences on losing a sum of money does not appear to be twice that of the pleasure associated with gaining the same amount (gain satisfaction weighted average = 4.47 vs. loss dissatisfaction weighted average = 6.14). Thus, the Kahneman and Tversky [15] value function, which is steeper for losses than for gains, seems to be valid for the retail sample but not for the private one. This conclusion must take into account the initial ‘anchor’ level of wealth [4, 8, 15, 19, 33], which is high for the private investors interviewed and by which economic changes are evaluated. The results therefore lead us to consider the possibility that very wealthy people could show a limited degree of indifference towards gains and losses [34].
\nThe results presented in this chapter demonstrate that private and retail investors evaluate financial performance (gains and losses) differently. In particular, the results presented in this chapter show that investors, whether retail or private, perceive gain and loss expressed in terms of absolute value and as a percentage differently, even if the gain/loss is of the same amount. However, we demonstrate that loss expressed in euros is perceived with more dissatisfaction by retail investors than private investors.
\nThe comparison of results obtained in the analyses conducted shows significant changes in evaluations of gains and losses. However, the quantification of satisfaction/dissatisfaction declared by private and by retail investors in the case of gains/losses demonstrates that the disappointment expressed by retail investors on losing a sum of money appears to be about twice that of the pleasure associated with gaining the same amount. This situation is not confirmed with reference to private investors. This is due to the fact that the two groups start from different initial levels of wealth, which provide the parameter used to determine satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
\nThe results presented in this chapter suggest some considerations we believe should be taken into account by banks, asset managers, private bankers and financial planners in order to improve the range of products offered and their relationships with clients. First, it is fundamental to map an investor’s entire wealth with meticulous accuracy in order to identify the real (or approximate) current status quo. Second, negative change in wealth must be identified, so that immediate action can be taken in order to avoid psychological pressure on the investor. In this context, the creation of financial or insurance products with ‘stop loss’ or guaranteed invested capital could be a very useful support. Finally, we believe it is very important to check the risk level sustainable by each investor (private or retail) and verify whether the portfolio asset allocation is suitable for the investor.
\nDear investor,
\nSatisfied | \n\n |
Not satisfied | \n\n |
Satisfied | \n\n |
Not satisfied | \n\n |
Satisfied | \n\n |
Not satisfied | \n\n |
Satisfied | \n\n |
Not satisfied | \n\n |
0 | \n1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 | \n7 | \n8 | \n9 | \n10 | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
0 | \n1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 | \n7 | \n8 | \n9 | \n10 | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
Satisfied | \n\n |
Not satisfied | \n\n |
Satisfied | \n\n |
Not satisfied | \n\n |
Satisfied | \n\n |
Not satisfied | \n\n |
Satisfied | \n\n |
Not satisfied | \n\n |
0 | \n1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 | \n7 | \n8 | \n9 | \n10 | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
0 | \n1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 | \n7 | \n8 | \n9 | \n10 | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
This questionnaire is a tool used to collect information about the reaction of investors in the face of possible market scenarios, for research purposes. The questionnaire is anonymous, and to ensure it remains so, we suggest you fill it in alone, in your own home, and return it in a sealed envelope either to your financial planner or directly to Andrea Lippi, c/o Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza. Please answer truthfully to avoid falsifying our research results. Thank you in advance for your cooperation.
\n____________________________________________________.
\nAge _________ Sex M □ F □ Geographic Area North/Center □ South □
\nPlease declare your total assets under management (i.e., mutual funds, Sicav, asset management, shares, bonds, financial insurance).
\n€ __________________________
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, in the case of a positive performance equal to +3% per year, would you consider yourself: (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, in the case of a profit equal to €90,000 per year, you would consider yourself: (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, in the case of a negative performance equal to −3% per year, you would consider yourself: (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, in the case of a loss equal to €90,000 per year, you would consider yourself: (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, on a scale from 0 to 10, how satisfied would you feel with a €90,000 gain? (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
No satisfaction, low satisfaction, medium high satisfaction, very high satisfaction
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, on a scale from 0 to 10, how dissatisfied would you feel with a €90,000 loss? (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
No dissatisfaction, low dissatisfaction, medium high dissatisfaction, very high dissatisfaction
\nDear investor,
\nThis questionnaire is a tool used to collect information about the reaction of investors in the face of possible market scenarios, for research purposes. The questionnaire is anonymous, and to ensure it remains so, we suggest you fill it in alone, in your own home, and return it in a sealed envelope either to your financial planner or directly to Andrea Lippi, c/o Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza. Please answer truthfully to avoid falsifying our research results. Thank you in advance for your cooperation.
\n____________________________________________________.
\nAge _________ Sex M □ F □ Geographic area North/Center □ South □
\nPlease declare your total assets under management (i.e. mutual funds, Sicav, asset management, shares, bonds, financial insurance).
\n€ __________________________
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, in the case of a positive performance equal to +3% per year, you would consider yourself: (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, in the case of a profit equal to €9000 per year, you would consider yourself: (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, in the case of a negative performance equal to −3% per year, you would consider yourself: (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, in the case of a loss equal to €9000 per year, you would consider yourself: (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth on a scale from 0 to 10, how satisfied would you feel with a €9000 gain? (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
No satisfaction, low satisfaction, medium high satisfaction, very high satisfaction
Bearing in mind your current level of wealth, on a scale from 0 to 10, how dissatisfied would you feel with a €9000 loss? (Please put an X in the appropriate box)
No dissatisfaction, low dissatisfaction, medium high dissatisfaction, very high dissatisfaction
\nThis is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
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\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
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\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
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\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
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\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
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El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1683},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10542",title:"Molecular Epidemiology Study of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"29279e34f971687dc28de62534335ac4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10542.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10552",title:"Montmorillonite",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c4a279761f0bb046af95ecd32ab09e51",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Faheem Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10552.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10281",title:"Nanopores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"73c465d2d70f8deca04b05d7ecae26c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sadia Ameen, Dr. M. 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