Body mass control at adaptation time.
\r\n\tIn this book the amperometry principles, instrumentation, cells (including flow cells), and functional materials used in amperometric sensors are presented together with the numerous applications of the amperometric (bio)sensors and the amperometric titrations in the environmental, food, and clinical analysis.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"502756538d952207e98c5b53b0f8c6ed",bookSignature:"Dr. Margarita Stoytcheva and Dr. Roumen Zlatev",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8638.jpg",keywords:"Voltammetry, Direct Amperometry, Pulse Amperometry, Amperometric Sensors, Functional Materials, Amperometric Biosensors, Electrode Modification, Cells, Flow Cells, Amperometric titration, Amperometric Detection, Application",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 16th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 6th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 5th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 24th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 25th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170080/images/system/170080.jpg",biography:"Prof. Margarita Stoytcheva has graduated from the University of Chemical Technologies and Metallurgy of Sofia, Bulgaria with titles of Chemical Engineer and Master of Electrochemical technologies. She obtained PhD and DSc degrees in Chemistry and Technical Sciences. She has participated in research and teaching in several universities in Bulgaria, Algeria, and France. From 2006 to the present, she has participated in activities of scientific research, technological development, and teaching at the Autonomous University of Baja California (Mexicali, Mexico) as a full-time researcher. Since 2008, she has been a member of the National System of Researches of Mexico, and since 2011 she has been a regular member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences. Her interests and area of research are analytical electrochemistry and biotechnology.",institutionString:"Autonomous University of Baja California",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"128534",title:"Dr.",name:"Roumen",middleName:null,surname:"Zlatev",slug:"roumen-zlatev",fullName:"Roumen Zlatev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128534/images/system/128534.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Roumen Zlatev is a full-time researcher at the Engineering Institute of the Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC) (Mexicali, Mexico). He obtained his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy of Sofia, Bulgaria, and his Ph.D. degree from the National Polytechnic University of Grenoble, France. He was a fulltime researcher in the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and a part-time professor at Sofia University before accepting the position of full-time senior researcher in UABC in 2005. Dr. Zlatev is a member of the Mexican National System of Researchers and a regular member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences. He participates in research projects in France, Germany, and Mexico. He is the author of more than 170 publications, book chapters and reports in scientific congresses, and holds 14 patents in the field of the electrochemical and spectroscopic methods of analysis, corrosion, and materials, electrochemical and analytical instrumentation.",institutionString:"Autonomous University of Baja California",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"220811",firstName:"Anita",lastName:"Condic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220811/images/6068_n.jpg",email:"anita.c@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5725",title:"Applications of the Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"36586695f01005ffab50415baba4de15",slug:"applications-of-the-voltammetry",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen Zlatev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5182",title:"Lab-on-a-Chip Fabrication and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4c8e226ea2612f5ecceb7e6311581d4",slug:"lab-on-a-chip-fabrication-and-application",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen Zlatev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5182.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6690",title:"Arsenic",subtitle:"Analytical and Toxicological Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d829bc54fef4d7062ab1d4c403a0895",slug:"arsenic-analytical-and-toxicological-studies",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen Zlatev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6690.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9012",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8412775aad56ba7350a6201282feb1ec",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen Zlatev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9012.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"95",title:"Grid Technologies for Intelligent Autonomous Robot Swarms",doi:"10.5772/4731",slug:"grid_technologies_for_intelligent_autonomous_robot_swarms",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/95.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/95",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/95",totalDownloads:2510,totalViews:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 1st 2006",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/95",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/95",book:{slug:"mobile_robotics_moving_intelligence"},signatures:"Fabio P. Bonsignorio",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"6105",title:"Mobile Robotics, Moving Intelligence",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Mobile Robotics, Moving Intelligence",slug:"mobile_robotics_moving_intelligence",publishedDate:"December 1st 2006",bookSignature:"Jonas Buchli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6105.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144262",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonas",middleName:null,surname:"Buchli",slug:"jonas-buchli",fullName:"Jonas Buchli"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"76",title:"Supervisory Control for Turnover Prevention of a Teleoperated Mobile Agent with a Terrain-Prediction Sensor Module",slug:"supervisory_control_for_turnover_prevention_of_a_teleoperated_mobile_agent_with_a_terrain-prediction",totalDownloads:2814,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jae Byung Park and Beom Hee Lee",authors:[null]},{id:"77",title:"Dynamics and Control for Nonholonomic Mobile Modular Manipulators",slug:"dynamics_and_control_for_nonholonomic_mobile_modular_manipulators",totalDownloads:1859,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yangmin Li and Yugang Liu",authors:[null]},{id:"78",title:"Combined Torque and Velocity Control of a Redundant Robot System",slug:"combined_torque_and_velocity_control_of_a_redundant_robot_system",totalDownloads:2979,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Damir Omrcen, Leon Zlajpah and Bojan Nemec",authors:[null]},{id:"79",title:"EMOBOT: A Robot Control Architecture Based on Emotion-Like Internal Values",slug:"emobot__a_robot_control_architecture_based_on_emotion-like_internal_values",totalDownloads:2474,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Nils Goerke",authors:[null]},{id:"80",title:"Mobile Robotics, Moving Intelligence",slug:"mobile_robotics__moving_intelligence",totalDownloads:5983,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Souma Alhaj Ali, Masoud Ghaffari, Xiaoqun Liao and Ernest Hall",authors:[null]},{id:"81",title:"Decentralized Robust Tracking Control for Uncertain Robots",slug:"decentralized_robust_tracking_control_for_uncertain_robots",totalDownloads:1907,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zongying Shi, Yisheng Zhong and Wenli Xu",authors:[null]},{id:"82",title:"Gauging Intelligence of Mobile Robots",slug:"gauging_intelligence_of_mobile_robots",totalDownloads:3145,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ka C. Cheok",authors:[null]},{id:"83",title:"A Reusable UART IP Design and its Application in Mobile Robots",slug:"a_reusable_uart_ip_design_and_its_application_in_mobile_robots",totalDownloads:4999,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ching-Chang Wong and Yu-Han Lin",authors:[null]},{id:"84",title:"Intelligent Pose Control of Mobile Robots Using an Uncalibrated Eye-in-Hand Vision System",slug:"intelligent_pose_control_of_mobile_robots_using_an_uncalibrated_eye-in-hand_vision_system",totalDownloads:2129,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"T. I. James Tsay and Y. F. Lai",authors:[null]},{id:"85",title:"A Fuzzy Logic Controller for Autonomous Wheeled Vehicles",slug:"a_fuzzy_logic_controller_for_autonomous_wheeled_vehicles",totalDownloads:3948,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohamed B. Trabia, Linda Z. Shi and Neil E. Hodge",authors:[null]},{id:"86",title:"Real-Time Optimization Approach for Mobile Robot",slug:"real-time_optimization_approach_for_mobile_robot",totalDownloads:2665,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiroki Takeuchi",authors:[null]},{id:"87",title:"Design and Control of an Omnidirectional Mobile Robot with Steerable Omnidirectional Wheels",slug:"design_and_control_of_an_omnidirectional_mobile_robot_with_steerable_omnidirectional_wheels",totalDownloads:8337,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Jae-Bok Song and Kyung-Seok Byun",authors:[null]},{id:"88",title:"Dynamic Model, Control and Simulation of Cooperative Robots: A Case Study",slug:"dynamic_model__control_and_simulation_of_cooperative_robots__a_case_study",totalDownloads:3629,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Jorge Gudino-Lau and Marco A. Arteaga",authors:[null]},{id:"89",title:"Biologically-Plausible Reactive Control of Mobile Robots",slug:"biologically-plausible_reactive_control_of_mobile_robots",totalDownloads:2220,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zapata Rene and Lepinay Pascal",authors:[null]},{id:"90",title:"Transputer Neuro-Fuzzy Controlled Behaviour-Based Mobile Robotics System",slug:"transputer_neuro-fuzzy_controlled_behaviour-based_mobile_robotics_system",totalDownloads:3152,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"E. Al Gallaf",authors:[null]},{id:"91",title:"Mechanism and Control of Anthropomorphic Biped Robots",slug:"mechanism_and_control_of_anthropomorphic_biped_robots",totalDownloads:3311,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Hun-ok Lim and Atsuo Takanishi",authors:[null]},{id:"92",title:"Bio-Mimetic Finger: Human Like Morphology, Control & Motion Planning for Intelligent Robot & Prosthesis",slug:"bio-mimetic_finger__human_like_morphology__control__amp__motion_planning_for_intelligent_robot__amp_",totalDownloads:3503,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Emanuele Lindo Secco and Giovanni Magenes",authors:[null]},{id:"93",title:"Vision Based Control of Model Helicopters",slug:"vision_based_control_of_model_helicopters",totalDownloads:3378,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Erdinc Altug, James P. Ostrowski and Camillo J. Taylor",authors:[null]},{id:"94",title:"Multi-Agent System Concepts Theory and Application Phases",slug:"multi-agent_system_concepts_theory_and_application_phases",totalDownloads:8500,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adel Al-Jumaily and Mohamed Al-Jaafreh",authors:[null]},{id:"95",title:"Grid Technologies for Intelligent Autonomous Robot Swarms",slug:"grid_technologies_for_intelligent_autonomous_robot_swarms",totalDownloads:2510,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fabio P. Bonsignorio",authors:[null]},{id:"96",title:"Acromovi Architecture: A Framework for the Development of Multirobot Applications",slug:"acromovi_architecture__a_framework_for_the_development_of_multirobot_applications",totalDownloads:2201,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Patricio Nebot and Enric Cervera",authors:[null]},{id:"97",title:"Multi-Robot Systems and Distributed Intelligence: The ETHNOS Approach to Heterogeneity",slug:"multi-robot_systems_and_distributed_intelligence__the_ethnos_approach_to_heterogeneity",totalDownloads:2410,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Antonio Sgorbissa",authors:[null]},{id:"98",title:"Force Sensing for Multi-Legged Walking Robots: Theory and Experiments Part 1: Overview and Force Sensing",slug:"force_sensing_for_multi-legged_walking_robots__theory_and_experiments_part_1__overview_and_force_sen",totalDownloads:6662,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"A. Schneider and U. Schmucker",authors:[null]},{id:"99",title:"Force Sensing for Multi-Legged Walking Robots: Theory and Experiments Part 2: Force Control of Legged Vehicles",slug:"force_sensing_for_multi-legged_walking_robots__theory_and_experiments__part_2__force_control_of_legg",totalDownloads:2944,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"A. Schneider and U. Schmucker",authors:[null]},{id:"100",title:"Force Sensors in Hexapod Locomotion",slug:"force_sensors_in_hexapod_locomotion",totalDownloads:3045,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sathya Kaliyamoorthy, Sasha N. Zill and Roger D. Quinn",authors:[null]},{id:"101",title:"Novel Robotic Applications using Adaptable Compliant Actuation. An Implementation Towards Reduction of Energy Consumption for Legged Robots",slug:"novel_robotic_applications_using_adaptable_compliant_actuation__an_implementation_towards_reduction_",totalDownloads:2919,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Bjorn Verrelst and Bram Vanderborght",authors:[null]},{id:"102",title:"Acquisition of Obstacle Avoidance Actions with Free-Gait for Quadruped Robots",slug:"acquisition_of_obstacle_avoidance_actions_with_free-gait_for_quadruped_robots",totalDownloads:1910,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tomohiro Yamaguchi, Keigo Watanabe and Kiyotaka Izumi",authors:[null]},{id:"103",title:"Fault-Tolerant Gait Planning of Multi-Legged Robots",slug:"fault-tolerant_gait_planning_of_multi-legged_robots",totalDownloads:2477,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jung-Min Yang, Yong-Kuk Park and Jin-Gon Kim",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"857",title:"Recent Advances in Mobile Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0d60714b266e84fd76fd0f18ebeebae",slug:"recent-advances-in-mobile-robotics",bookSignature:"Andon Venelinov Topalov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/857.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"24914",title:"3D Visual Information for Dynamic Objects Detection and Tracking During Mobile Robot Navigation",slug:"3d-visual-information-for-dynamic-objects-detection-and-tracking-during-mobile-robot-navigation",signatures:"D.-L. Almanza-Ojeda and M.-A. Ibarra-Manzano",authors:[{id:"25479",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario-Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ibarra-Manzano",fullName:"Mario-Alberto Ibarra-Manzano",slug:"mario-alberto-ibarra-manzano"},{id:"41081",title:"Dr.",name:"Dora-Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Almanza-Ojeda",fullName:"Dora-Luz Almanza-Ojeda",slug:"dora-luz-almanza-ojeda"}]},{id:"24915",title:"Development of an Autonomous Visual Perception System for Robots Using Object-Based Visual Attention",slug:"development-of-an-autonomous-visual-perception-system-for-robots-using-object-based-visual-attention",signatures:"Yuanlong Yu, George K. I. Mann and Raymond G. Gosine",authors:[{id:"64353",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanlong",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Yuanlong Yu",slug:"yuanlong-yu"},{id:"71211",title:"Dr.",name:"George K. I.",middleName:null,surname:"Mann",fullName:"George K. I. Mann",slug:"george-k.-i.-mann"},{id:"71212",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond G.",middleName:null,surname:"Gosine",fullName:"Raymond G. Gosine",slug:"raymond-g.-gosine"}]},{id:"24916",title:"Three-Dimensional Environment Modeling Based on Structure from Motion with Point and Line Features by Using Omnidirectional Camera",slug:"three-dimensional-environment-modeling-based-on-structure-from-motion-with-point-and-line-features-b",signatures:"Ryosuke Kawanishi, Atsushi Yamashita and Toru Kaneko",authors:[{id:"2556",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",fullName:"Atsushi Yamashita",slug:"atsushi-yamashita"},{id:"64426",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryosuke",middleName:null,surname:"Kawanishi",fullName:"Ryosuke Kawanishi",slug:"ryosuke-kawanishi"},{id:"64431",title:"Prof.",name:"Toru",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",fullName:"Toru Kaneko",slug:"toru-kaneko"}]},{id:"24917",title:"Mobile Robot Position Determination",slug:"mobile-robot-position-determination",signatures:"Farouk Azizi and Nasser Houshangi",authors:[{id:"67941",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:null,surname:"Houshangi",fullName:"Nasser Houshangi",slug:"nasser-houshangi"},{id:"121196",title:"Dr.",name:"Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Azizi",fullName:"Farouk Azizi",slug:"farouk-azizi"}]},{id:"24918",title:"Vision Based Obstacle Avoidance Techniques",slug:"vision-based-obstacle-avoidance-techniques",signatures:"Mehmet Serdar Guzel and Robert Bicker",authors:[{id:"63630",title:"Mr.",name:"Mehmet Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Guzel",fullName:"Mehmet Serdar Guzel",slug:"mehmet-serdar-guzel"},{id:"70331",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Bicker",fullName:"Robert Bicker",slug:"robert-bicker"}]},{id:"24919",title:"Non-Rigid Obstacle Avoidance for Mobile Robots",slug:"non-rigid-obstacle-avoidance-for-mobile-robots",signatures:"Junghee Park and Jeong S. Choi",authors:[{id:"63569",title:"MSc.",name:"Junghee",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Junghee Park",slug:"junghee-park"},{id:"71976",title:"PhD.",name:"Jeong S.",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Jeong S. Choi",slug:"jeong-s.-choi"}]},{id:"24920",title:"Path Planning of Mobile Robot in Relative Velocity Coordinates",slug:"path-planning-of-mobile-robot-in-relative-velocity-coordinates",signatures:"Yang Chen, Jianda Han and Liying Yang",authors:[{id:"9921",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianda",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Jianda Han",slug:"jianda-han"},{id:"67301",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yang Chen",slug:"yang-chen"},{id:"71619",title:"Dr.",name:"Liying",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Liying Yang",slug:"liying-yang"}]},{id:"24921",title:"Reachable Sets for Simple Models of Car Motion",slug:"reachable-sets-for-simple-models-of-car-motion",signatures:"Andrey Fedotov, Valerii Patsko and Varvara Turova",authors:[{id:"66090",title:"Dr.",name:"Varvara",middleName:null,surname:"Turova",fullName:"Varvara Turova",slug:"varvara-turova"},{id:"68923",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerii",middleName:null,surname:"Patsko",fullName:"Valerii Patsko",slug:"valerii-patsko"},{id:"69947",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Fedotov",fullName:"Andrey Fedotov",slug:"andrey-fedotov"}]},{id:"24922",title:"Neural Networks Based Path Planning and Navigation of Mobile Robots",slug:"neural-networks-based-path-planning-and-navigation-of-mobile-robots",signatures:"Valeri Kroumov and Jianli Yu",authors:[{id:"68141",title:"Prof.",name:"Valeri",middleName:null,surname:"Kroumov",fullName:"Valeri Kroumov",slug:"valeri-kroumov"},{id:"119164",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianli",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Jianli Yu",slug:"jianli-yu"}]},{id:"24923",title:"Path Searching Algorithms of Multiple Robot System Applying in Chinese Chess Game",slug:"path-searching-algorithms-of-multiple-robot-system-applying-in-chinese-chess-game",signatures:"Jr-Hung Guo, Kuo-Lan Su and Sheng-Ven Shiau",authors:[{id:"1574",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuo-Lan",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Kuo-Lan Su",slug:"kuo-lan-su"}]},{id:"24924",title:"Motion Planning for Mobile Robots Via Sampling-Based Model Predictive Optimization",slug:"motion-planning-for-mobile-robots-via-sampling-based-model-predictive-optimization",signatures:"Damion D. Dunlap, Charmane V. Caldwell, Emmanuel G. Collins, Jr. and Oscar Chuy",authors:[{id:"29474",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Collins",fullName:"Emmanuel Collins",slug:"emmanuel-collins"},{id:"39955",title:"Dr.",name:"Damion",middleName:null,surname:"Dunlap",fullName:"Damion Dunlap",slug:"damion-dunlap"},{id:"39956",title:"Dr.",name:"Charmane",middleName:null,surname:"Caldwell",fullName:"Charmane Caldwell",slug:"charmane-caldwell"},{id:"39957",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Chuy",fullName:"Oscar Chuy",slug:"oscar-chuy"}]},{id:"24925",title:"Fictitious Fuzzy-Magnet Concept in Solving Mobile–Robot Target Navigation, Obstacle Avoidance and Garaging Problems",slug:"fictitious-fuzzy-magnet-concept-in-solving-mobile-robot-target-navigation-obstacle-avoidance-and-gar",signatures:"Srđan T. Mitrović and Željko M. Ðurović",authors:[{id:"63513",title:"Dr.",name:"Srđan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Mitrović",fullName:"Srđan Mitrović",slug:"srdjan-mitrovic"},{id:"71214",title:"Prof.",name:"Željko",middleName:null,surname:"Đurović",fullName:"Željko Đurović",slug:"zeljko-djurovic"}]},{id:"25020",title:"Reliable Long-Term Navigation in Indoor Environments",slug:"reliable-long-term-navigation-in-indoor-environments",signatures:"Mattias Wahde, David Sandberg and Krister Wolff",authors:[{id:"68780",title:"Prof.",name:"Mattias",middleName:null,surname:"Wahde",fullName:"Mattias Wahde",slug:"mattias-wahde"},{id:"71078",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Sandberg",fullName:"David Sandberg",slug:"david-sandberg"}]},{id:"24926",title:"Fuzzy Logic Based Navigation of Mobile Robots",slug:"fuzzy-logic-based-navigation-of-mobile-robots",signatures:"Amur S. Al Yahmedi and Muhammed A. Fatmi",authors:[{id:"63929",title:"Prof.",name:"Amur",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Yahmedi",fullName:"Amur Al-Yahmedi",slug:"amur-al-yahmedi"}]},{id:"24927",title:"Navigation of Quantum-Controlled Mobile Robots",slug:"navigation-of-quantum-controlled-mobile-robots",signatures:"Eugene Kagan and Irad Ben-Gal",authors:[{id:"65048",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Kagan",fullName:"Eugene Kagan",slug:"eugene-kagan"},{id:"113330",title:"Prof.",name:"Irad",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Gal",fullName:"Irad Ben-Gal",slug:"irad-ben-gal"}]},{id:"24928",title:"Tracking Control for Reliable Outdoor Navigation Using Curb Detection",slug:"tracking-control-for-reliable-outdoor-navigation-using-curb-detection",signatures:"Seung-Hun Kim",authors:[{id:"63534",title:"Mr.",name:"Seung-Hun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Seung-Hun Kim",slug:"seung-hun-kim"}]},{id:"24929",title:"Statistical Video Based Control of Mobile Robots",slug:"statistical-video-based-control-of-mobile-robots",signatures:"Krzysztof Okarma and Piotr Lech",authors:[{id:"65314",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Okarma",fullName:"Krzysztof Okarma",slug:"krzysztof-okarma"},{id:"65319",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Lech",fullName:"Piotr Lech",slug:"piotr-lech"}]},{id:"24930",title:"An Embedded Type-2 Fuzzy Controller for a Mobile Robot Application",slug:"an-embedded-type-2-fuzzy-controller-for-a-mobile-robot-application",signatures:"Leonardo Leottau and Miguel Melgarejo",authors:[{id:"63777",title:"BSc",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Leottau Forero",fullName:"Leonardo Leottau Forero",slug:"leonardo-leottau-forero"},{id:"63779",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Melgarejo",fullName:"Miguel Melgarejo",slug:"miguel-melgarejo"}]},{id:"24931",title:"LQR Control Methods for Trajectory Execution in Omnidirectional Mobile Robots",slug:"lqr-control-methods-for-trajectory-execution-in-omnidirectional-mobile-robots",signatures:"Luis F. Lupián and Josué R. Rabadán-Martin",authors:[{id:"65004",title:"MSc.",name:"Luis F",middleName:null,surname:"Lupián",fullName:"Luis F Lupián",slug:"luis-f-lupian"},{id:"120453",title:"MSc.",name:"Josué R.",middleName:null,surname:"Rabadán-Martin",fullName:"Josué R. Rabadán-Martin",slug:"josue-r.-rabadan-martin"}]},{id:"24932",title:"Feedback Equivalence and Control of Mobile Robots Through a Scalable FPGA Architecture",slug:"feedback-equivalence-and-control-of-mobile-robots-through-a-scalable-fpga-architecture",signatures:"G.P. Moustris, K.M. Deliparaschos and S.G. Tzafestas",authors:[{id:"67849",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"P.",surname:"Moustris",fullName:"George Moustris",slug:"george-moustris"},{id:"81032",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyriakos",middleName:"M",surname:"Deliparaschos",fullName:"Kyriakos Deliparaschos",slug:"kyriakos-deliparaschos"},{id:"81034",title:"Prof.",name:"Spyros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzafestas",fullName:"Spyros Tzafestas",slug:"spyros-tzafestas"}]},{id:"24933",title:"Control Architecture Design and Localization for a Gas Cutting Robot",slug:"control-architecture-design-and-localization-for-a-gas-cutting-robot",signatures:"KiSung You, HwangRyol Ryu and Chintae Choi",authors:[{id:"67568",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Sung",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Ki Sung You",slug:"ki-sung-you"},{id:"71874",title:"Dr.",name:"Chintae",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Chintae Choi",slug:"chintae-choi"},{id:"71875",title:"Mr.",name:"HwangRyol",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",fullName:"HwangRyol Ryu",slug:"hwangryol-ryu"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73117",title:"The Influence of Electromagnetic Fields on the Behavior of Mice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93320",slug:"the-influence-of-electromagnetic-fields-on-the-behavior-of-mice",body:'At the end of the twentieth century, humanity had great scientific advances, one of the main ones being the development of telecommunications. Today they have become particularly important since these technologies have allowed globalization and thereby improve both life in general and business life. Year after year, telecommunications technology evolves and with it, different applications have been created, which spread rapidly in all regions of the planet. Together with this communication phenomenon, electromagnetic signals, which have a certain influence on the environment, have increased due to the power of electromagnetic irradiation. This is how the electromagnetic spectrum for its irradiation depends on its wavelength and its frequency, concentrating a certain amount of propagated energy in the form of packages called quanta, postulated by Max Planck (1858–1947).
where h is the Planck’s constant (6.626 × 10–34 J × s−1) and ν is the wave frequency (Hz).
In consideration of this Planck’s postulate, the propagation of the energy of the irradiation of the electromagnetic field has an influence of interaction with matter; in addition, the living organisms of the planet are considered to be biochemical and bioelectric, which adapt to different conditions of the environment where it is evident that today pollution has increased compared to previous times. For this reason, the propagation analysis of electromagnetic waves must be based on the optical properties of interaction with matter that, depending on the distance to the source and the time of exposure, more electromagnetic energy can be concentrated.
Consequently, it is important to consider that the electromagnetic force is composed of electric and magnetic fields, which are intrinsic properties of matter and can be presented statically and/or dynamically, where the emission of these variables is known as “electromagnetic radiation.” The moving electric charges produce electric currents of different intensity, giving rise to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the medium. Figure 1 shows the schematic distribution of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Schematic presentation of electromagnetic spectrum (source:
Box 1 | Box 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mouse ID | Initial mass (g) | Final mass at the end of adaptation time (g) | Mouse ID | Initial mass (g) | Final mass at the end of adaptation time (g) |
1 | 11.54 | 19.45 | 1 | 10.45 | 20.71 |
2 | 13.45 | 20.45 | 2 | 9.25 | — |
3 | 11.23 | 23.81 | 3 | 10.33 | 24.56 |
4 | 10.45 | — | 4 | 12.31 | 24.67 |
5 | 12.25 | 29.83 | 5 | 11.37 | 20.12 |
6 | 12.64 | 29.68 | 6 | 12.15 | 31.84 |
7 | 11.34 | — | 7 | 11.57 | 22.64 |
8 | 10.57 | — | 8 | 10.28 | — |
9 | 12.52 | 24.67 | 9 | 9.92 | 27.37 |
10 | 9.89 | 23.58 | 10 | 9.72 | — |
11 | 10.29 | — | 11 | 10.84 | 25.36 |
12 | 11.64 | 23.37 | 12 | 11.71 | 23.37 |
Body mass control at adaptation time.
Source: U.A. “T.F.”—FAUTAPO—Physic Department, Investigation Roberto Vera.
It is important to note that electromagnetic waves are transverse, between the intensities of the magnetic field E and the magnetic field H, generating an irradiation called the Poynting S vector, in honor of John Henry Poynting [1].
Electromagnetic radiation does not need a medium to propagate; however, air is known as a propagation medium which has certain conduction impedance, defined by the following equation:
where Z is the air impedance, μ0 is the magnetic permeability, ε0 is the electric permittivity, and K is the dielectric constant. According to Milford et al., K is 1.00059 [2].
The air impedance must be quasi-constant. Additionally, the interaction of electromagnetic fields with matter must be considered, where different behaviors are expected, which is due to the different electromagnetic optical properties. According to Kraus and Fleisch, other properties of electromagnetic radiation emission are attenuation, which consists of the interaction of the electromagnetic field with some material, which has the property of exponentially decreasing its initial value and is given by the following equation:
where ∝ is the attenuation constant (Np × m−1), μ is the permeability of the medium (H × m−1), σ is the conductivity of the medium (Ω−1 × m−1), and ω is the frequency (rad × s−1).
The wave penetration consists of a damping of the incident waves, since it is inversely proportional to the thickness of the material, which dissipates its energy as it travels. This energy is transformed into heat, which occurs by incidence of the wave that when crossing causes the molecules to vibrate causing molecular movements [3]. It is given by the following equation:
where δ is the penetration constant (m), μ is the permeability of the medium (H × m−1), σ is the conductivity of the medium (Ω−1 × m−1), and π is number pi.
It is noted that these forms of communication have reached the general public, thanks to the constant innovations in systems and infrastructures introduced by mobile phone companies. Despite the fact that a large part of the current terminals belong to the second generation of mobile telephony, the current and future new developments are focused on the evolution of the third and even the fourth generation (3.5G, 3.75G, and 4G) [4]. However, we must consider in the last 2 years, there has been a great technological advance in 5G technology. Although it is still under development and testing, it will be implemented very soon (Figure 2).
Cell phone evolution timeline (source:
Given this description, it clarifies that information and communication technology (ICT) is applied today, which facilitate new roles to work efficiently. For this reason, the work carried out by Ruiz-Palmeros and his collaborators in this technology concludes with the following context: “The first factor, excessive or inappropriate use of the mobile phone, included the difficulty in controlling behavior and impulses. The second factor was abstinence and the grouped elements in which concern was expressed about the possibility of not having a telephone. The third factor, by elements, referred to the difficulty of stopping the use of the telephone and family problems. The fourth factor explains the increase in data consumption” [5]. This situation leads to raise a critical and reflective aspect of the gravity or influence that communication technology has on biological bodies; so, the interest of this work focuses on observing the behavior of the direct and indirect influence of the emission of electromagnetic fields with a thorough analysis of experimentation in laboratory organisms, such as mice.
Mice are one of the most fertile and numerous groups of mammals on Earth due to the extraordinary ability of their populations to reproduce. They have large numbers of offspring, which is one of the primary reasons they make up the largest group of mammals; the second is that they have a short gestation (pregnancy) period. They are grouped in the Rodentia order and are characterized by very sharp and curved teeth like a chisel that is used to gnaw hard objects.
Rodents are the order with the most species within the group of mammals; there are more than 400 genera and some 2000 species. Among the best known species are mice, rats, chinchillas, and squirrels. Rodents that are closely related to humans (commensal rodents) such as the brown, Norwegian, or water rat (
Given these described aspects, the interest of this document focuses on verifying in a qualitative and quantitative way the real behavior of the exposure of mice to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. Additionally, it is important to take the main biological aspects of mice according to the laboratory animal management guide. These groups mark their vital areas with urine, forming a network of odors that then allows them to overcome narrow bridges in total darkness. Dominant males and reproductive females create 3-cm-high olfactory stalagmites that announce the presence of their territories to animals nearby. In addition, it is important to take note of the sensory characteristics that they have, which are as follows:
Smell: used to guide their movements around vital areas where feces, urine, and genital secretions contribute to leaving traces of odor. Traces are detected and can be followed or avoided by other individuals.
Touch: their main action is the whiskers; this is because the mice and rats have the ability to control their position; they are in constant movement during the exploration, contacting the ground, walls, and any nearby object; in addition, they are the ones that announce the changes of the climate in the environment.
Hearing: they have a keen sense of hearing, in addition to listening in the range audible to humans, they can capture ultrasonic sounds including those emitted by themselves in that range (between 22 kHz and 90 kHz), and these are used for social communications between them.
Sight: they are specialized for night vision; they have high sensitivity to light, but poor visual acuity. Rodents have good depth perception and are able to correctly assess the effort required to perform any type of jump; apparently they do not detect colors, capturing them as gray variants; yellow and green are probably the most attractive colors being perceived as light gray.
Taste: the sense of taste is highly developed; they have a great ability to detect minimum amounts of bitter, acidic, toxic, or unpleasant substances, which complicates control with toxic baits.
It is also important to consider the predominant physical abilities: digging, climbing, jumping, and mainly gnawing, where their upper and lower incisors constantly grow, being worn away by this action [6]. This is how these conditions set the characteristics for experimentation and development of executed work.
Based on the statements described above, it is important to consider the main behavioral characteristics that developed when mice exposed to electromagnetic fields. For this situation, it is important to reflect on the geographical place where it was made, the city of Potosí, with an average altitude of 3950 m above sea level, with temperatures ranging from 18°C in spring and summer to less than 5°C in the autumn and winter seasons.
The procedure carried out in this quasi-experimental evaluation starts from an exhaustive analysis in the control and observation of mice before and after irradiation to electromagnetic fields generated by mobile phones and signals that exist in the environment. For this reason, the evaluation is carried out in stages or phases, the selection of samples in an organized and equitable manner in each glass box. The first phase consisting of the time of adaptation and acclimatization to the environmental conditions of the region; in this, the metabolic data that the mouse undergoes and its behavior within its habit are registered before being affected by electromagnetic fields, learn about the different abilities particular of mice. Also, at this stage, it is important to record the levels of non-ionizing radiations, for its analysis and to subsequently observe the increase that is made with mobile sources such as cellular sources. In the second phase, it analyzes the characteristics of the cell phones, where the irradiation power must not exceed the permissible limits established in the ICNIRP. Subsequently, the phones are introduced gradually, observing and recording the behavior of the mice within their habit, applying the Likert scale method to demonstrate the level of behavior that each mouse has and thus, demonstrate the influence caused by the fields electromagnetic on mice.
Thus, the mice are housed in glass boxes with appropriate dimensions which are designed to facilitate their behavior since they:
have adequate, safe space and protect them from external threats;
provide adequate ventilation;
provide ease of cleaning and are resistant to frequent disinfection and sterilization;
allow the observation of the animal;
facilitate the access or extraction of animals to verify their increase or decrease in body mass;
there are no sharp edges or projections that can cause injury to the animal; and
a running wheel is incorporated for their development.
In consideration of these aspects, it is also important to consider the instruments for analyzing the irradiation of electromagnetic fields. For this, three radiofrequency spectrum analyzers were used to observe the level of concentration of concentrated electromagnetic energy in the environment where the rats are located. These instruments are Spectran NF5030, HF2025E, and HF6040, from the German industry, with calibration certification; they analyze electromagnetic pollution with a margin of error of 0.7%, at 2.5% based on the standards established by the ICNIRP [8]. These regulations allow us to establish the real situation in a quasi-experimental environment, where the interest is focused on observing the behavior of animals exposed to these electromagnetic fields that are not noticeable.
With all these aspects, a rodent laboratory (bioterium) was implemented, considering the main aspects of hygiene, safety, and size control in the intrinsic metabolism of each mouse. It is also important to mention that the biosecurity elements are particularly important, where they can ensure control against any pest and/or disease that may be emitted while cleaning or controlling the dwellings where the experimental mice are located (Figure 3).
Implementation of the Mice Lab at the Physics Department, “Tomás Frías Autonomous University.”
Once the environment is adequate, we proceed with the applied research methodological principles [9], seeking to generate knowledge on the topic developed. Therefore, this is fundamentally based on the findings that the use of wireless communication technology used in our environment implies addressing the issue of the current situation of settlement and/or proliferation of telecommunication antennas. For this reason, the study of this work concentrates on an explanatory methodology; it is used in order to try to determine the causes and consequences of the aforementioned phenomenon, giving the survey of why in some regions of the planet, there is so much problem of settlement or exposure to electromagnetic fields that are generated by the antennas of telecommunication and/or by the latest generation cell phones based on a coherent state of the question and without manipulation of information. We use of the logical tools of research centered on the inductive method this is focused on the observation and analysis of the situation, allowing conclusions to be drawn from the events that occurred in mice exposed to electromagnetic fields, considering that this is quasi-experimental, in the fact that it is intended to manipulate some specific variables, such as the density of mobile phones, which emit a certain amount of electromagnetic radiation, taking into account that there is no full control over all variables. Finally, longitudinal monitoring is assumed, which characterized the monitoring of the behavior of mice exposed to electromagnetic fields considering a specific observation period (Figure 4).
Laboratory instrumentation (bioterium), Physic Department, “Tomás Frías Autonomous University.”
Based on the established methodologies, we start with the climatic variables of the laboratory such as temperature and relative humidity (RH) in the environment. For this cold weather situation, the mice gradually adapt according to their habit of developing in glass cages, where they present concerns for their immunological and psychological development. Initially, the mouse has a social characteristic and is kept in groups without any problem; these groups form quickly once they are introduced to the glass cage. However, the males of both strains (boxes) begin to show their aggressiveness on the 15th day, even though these groups have not fully established themselves in their habitat. Low temperatures in the laboratory cause a death of 15% of the samples, which causes a controlled heat system to be introduced at certain hours of the night, in order to avoid the loss of the samples. Once these environmental conditions of temperature and humidity were established, the mice showed greater social activity among themselves. At the time of providing the corresponding food, there should have been a procedure for an adequate food balance, such as composition, meeting growth needs, and coat maintenance, the latter being a main aspect of observation, which thanks to this I show some allergies and/or poor digestion in gnawing some cereals.
Therefore, the feeding that is supplied to the mice must have the necessary amounts in fiber and nutrients; in addition, it must be considered that these animals always seek to gnaw some food; that is why much of the diet is concentrated in cereals such as wheat and corn. However, their diet is also concentrated on green foods and nuts in addition to proportions of potatoes, carrots, and other foods that help in growth. It is evident that balanced food that exists for domestic animals such as cats and dogs are attractive to the mouse, the same that causes the fur of the mouse to increase and be much finer. This leads us to have two affirmations: the first is that the food has enough vitamins and they consume in greater quantity in addition to having the corresponding hardness to gnaw. The second is that the taste sensation in some mice causes the bowel movements to be inconsistent but rather causes foul smelling diarrhea that is not favorable to the mouse. Therefore, the nutrition of the mice had processes through which the biological body transforms and uses the nutrients to obtain enough energy, as well as to maintain and repair the tissues since the organism needs to acquire an external contribution of matter, essential for getting the substances that regulate the metabolic processes of the mouse.
It is important to consider the feeding for cold places should be a maximum of 5.7 to 7.5 g of food per mouse; the above is subject to consideration depending on the climate of the region. It should also be considered that the water supply should never be missing in either of the two sample boxes, in a quantity of 250 ml per day. The adaptation time of the mice in the climatic conditions of the city of Potosí was 33 days; currently, there was the loss of samples due to the climate conditions, where the extreme coldest temperature was −4°C. Despite the fact that the environment is controlled, it is important to consider that carbohydrate feeding increases between 10 and 15% on these cold days, since the body of the mice needs to create a greater amount of fat for their protection from weather conditions. In the laboratory, there is a heat regulator so that the temperature does not drop abruptly in the implemented environment (Table 1).
Once the adaptation of the mice has been achieved, parallel to this and for a time of 70 days, the accumulated average values of the power density of electromagnetic radiation are shown; according to the density of users, these levels of power increase during daylight hours, especially in the periods from 12:00 to 13:00 and approximately 18:30 to 20:00. This action is because many people today use the mobile phone, for immediate communication, which causes the concentration of power in some parts of the city to increase; so it is right where there is a telecommunication antenna, especially mobile telephony, will have a quasi-similar behavior to that of the following graph.
Although the graph in Figure 5 shows high peaks, it must be considered that the irradiation activity was continuous; this means that the levels of electromagnetic radiation increased progressively, making use of commercial mobile phones. Where the power density generated by each of the cell phones does not exceed the value of 5 (mW/cm2), this is based on the ICNIRP international standards, giving certainty of compliance with this.
Temporal behavior of the power density of non-ionizing radiation.
In knowledge of these aspects, it is important to explain the behavior of mice exposed to these electromagnetic fields. It should be considered that the irradiation was progressive, considering that adaptation to the environmental conditions of the city of Potosí, also influence mice, which influences the behavior of hyperactivity, feeding, and growth. For the analysis of the irradiation of electromagnetic fields on the mice, a detailed control was carried out, starting with the division and marking of each mouse, with great care, where it identifies individually the behavior of feeding (appetite), thirst (water consumption), sleep, aggressiveness, hyperactivity, irritability of the eyes, and bedding (mouse nest). Each of these aspects is considered as a variable, the same that is registered in a Likert table; this evaluation allows describing the physiological conditions, that is, the stress level of each mouse in the adaptation period, as well as in the gradual exposure to concentrated electromagnetic field levels in the experimental environment. The Likert levels adopted for this situation were as follows: normal level: 1 to 21; medium or moderate level: 22 to 42; and high or acute level: 43 to 63. Based on these considerations, Figure 6 shows the behavior of the mice in general.
Chart of stress levels without exposure (left) and with exposure (right) to EMF.
These last two graphs show admirable considerations at the level of the behavior of mice, especially on stress, generated by electromagnetic fields. It is interesting to discuss why this exposure to electromagnetic fields influences the behavior of mice, taking the following explanatory points of observation that are evident in experimentation.
In their habitat: a disordering in the path of their health needs, compared to the situation adaptive clutter in your shelter is more evident, foods are scattered everywhere. The presence of mobile phones in operation (without sound, vibration, or light emission) triggers a restless response in mice, where they try to gnaw and tear the object with greater force; in addition, they work on more than two subjects, trying to hide the equipment; for this action, they use the parts and other extremities, carrying small debris to cover said object, even though the mice avoid approaching the point where the mobile terminal is located. This aspect not only occurs with the cell phone but also with other electrical and electronic instruments, such as coils, radios, and current extenders.
In their diet
In the liquid consumption: they present a higher consumption which causes some fights and aggressiveness between them, noticing that we provide more water to avoid fights. Despite dividing the proportions of water into three different containers, the aggressiveness persists. In addition, it is important to mention that one of the water sources is close to the cell phone where the mice avoid going to it, with some of the samples approaching this source.
Within their hyperactivity: a low performance is observed, since there is greater aggressiveness among the mice, which at the time of getting on the spinning wheel, some of them approach and push it, causing the fall of this.
In their physiology: within the last 3 weeks of irradiation with electromagnetic fields, the mice have great irritation in the eyes, which when approaching to the activated source of electromagnetic radiation (mobile phone) avoid being close to it. The mice feel discomfort in the whiskers more frequently when the active electromagnetic signal is increased (when the cell phone is switched on); the frictions that are made in the presence of this physical agent develop irritation in the mouse’s snout.
All these exposed aspects show an explanation of how the influence of electromagnetic fields in prolonged periods influence the behavior of mice both in their stress levels and in their physiology.
The presence of electromagnetic fields within the environmental environment has grown progressively according to the human population density. The direct or indirect influence of these fields generates an uncomfortable presence in the habitat of an animal, especially for those animals that are sensitive to the variation of the intensities of static or dynamic electromagnetic fields, proof of this is the behavior of the mice within this study which are sensitive to the increase in the levels of electromagnetic fields.
Mice, without the influence of electromagnetic fields, present an organization within their habitat, which demonstrate dynamic hyperactivity in their life cycle. On the other hand, if the conditions of their habitat are abiotic due to the influence of electromagnetic fields, the mice present different levels of behavior, raising their stress conditions, for example, in aggressiveness and irritation of the eyes.
In an epilog, it can be concluded that the action of the electromagnetic fields generated by mobile phones directly influences mice on their level of behavior and their habitat. Furthermore, when the presence of this signal exists, the mice avoid proximity by activating intrinsic prevention in each one of them.
The authors are grateful to the FAUTAPO foundation, for making possible the purchase of equipment for the investigation of electromagnetic fields in the non-ionizing spectrum.
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5817},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5282},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1755},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15915}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119159},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10672",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cfe87b713a8bee22c19361b86b03d506",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Boris I. Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10674",title:"Topics on Quantum Information Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d7481712cff0157cd8f849cba865727d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sergio Curilef and Dr. Angel Ricardo Plastino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"125424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Curilef",slug:"sergio-curilef",fullName:"Sergio Curilef"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10852",title:"Electromagnetic Compatibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5d2cce3a2adbd5d108d3301ee97025b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Kishk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10852.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"150146",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Kishk",slug:"ahmed-kishk",fullName:"Ahmed Kishk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10921",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c45670ef4b081fd9eebaf911b2b4627b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Aamir Shahzad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10921.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10956",title:"Pulsed Lasers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"88bd906b149fc3d1c5d6fdbd9916826c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10956.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:46},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5314},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"34",title:"Ecology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-ecology",parent:{title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:21,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:637,numberOfWosCitations:431,numberOfCrossrefCitations:221,numberOfDimensionsCitations:588,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-ecology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10248",title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1218c819f575bd951d5de0e85f3ea006",slug:"ecosystem-and-biodiversity-of-amazonia",bookSignature:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10248.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9727",title:"Silviculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22ee60f177a2963821d834c66c466115",slug:"silviculture",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9698",title:"Invasive Species",subtitle:"Introduction Pathways, Economic Impact, and Possible Management Options",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"132b23bdec7eff6ba300d67cc44d2d91",slug:"invasive-species-introduction-pathways-economic-impact-and-possible-management-options",bookSignature:"Hamadttu El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9698.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9720",title:"Advances in Forest Management under Global Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df888eab42f96e1bd89b300edfaec25a",slug:"advances-in-forest-management-under-global-change",bookSignature:"Ling Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219350",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"ling-zhang",fullName:"Ling Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8833",title:"Habitats of the World",subtitle:"Biodiversity and Threats",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b7673e0edb8a67093ee8f925f1c1614",slug:"habitats-of-the-world-biodiversity-and-threats",bookSignature:"Carmelo Maria Musarella, Ana Cano Ortiz and Ricardo Quinto Canas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276295",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Musarella",slug:"carmelo-maria-musarella",fullName:"Carmelo Maria Musarella"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9351",title:"Silvicultures",subtitle:"Management and Conservation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f15a0f8b37429d28751d44f084e0ca69",slug:"silvicultures-management-and-conservation",bookSignature:"Fernando Allende Álvarez, Gillian Gomez-Mediavilla and Nieves López-Estébanez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9351.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139581",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Allende Álvarez",slug:"fernando-allende-alvarez",fullName:"Fernando Allende Álvarez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"6264",title:"Forest Biomass and Carbon",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"964f96c9209ff2a3eaf3c5c6a54d81c3",slug:"forest-biomass-and-carbon",bookSignature:"Gopal Shukla and Sumit Chakravarty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6264.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6304",title:"Forest Fire",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d379ad4bcbaa4c9b702c13254a45f76",slug:"forest-fire",bookSignature:"Janusz Szmyt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6304.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180608",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Szmyt",slug:"janusz-szmyt",fullName:"Janusz Szmyt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6162",title:"New Perspectives in Forest Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514f8da8e59157028c3707db0deec202",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forest-science",bookSignature:"Helder Filipe dos Santos Viana and Francisco Antonio García Morote",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6162.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37172",title:"Prof.",name:"Helder",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",slug:"helder-viana",fullName:"Helder Viana"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6171",title:"Climate Resilient Agriculture",subtitle:"Strategies and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e2bc4a305c45c415bf556037d355377",slug:"climate-resilient-agriculture-strategies-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ch Srinivasa Rao, Arun K. Shanker and Chitra Shanker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6171.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5877",title:"Plant Ecology",subtitle:"Traditional Approaches to Recent Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"788a981ecedf0d9c0205869788524a80",slug:"plant-ecology-traditional-approaches-to-recent-trends",bookSignature:"Zubaida Yousaf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5877.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196003",title:"Dr.",name:"Zubaida",middleName:null,surname:"Yousaf",slug:"zubaida-yousaf",fullName:"Zubaida Yousaf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5988",title:"New Insights into Morphometry Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c8701d62860a9cdfb6d09d9ffb32493",slug:"new-insights-into-morphometry-studies",bookSignature:"Pere M. Pares-Casanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199463",title:"Dr.",name:"Pere M.",middleName:null,surname:"Pares-Casanova",slug:"pere-m.-pares-casanova",fullName:"Pere M. Pares-Casanova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:21,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"36125",doi:"10.5772/33342",title:"Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies",slug:"deforestation-causes-effects-and-control-strategies",totalDownloads:157200,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:70,book:{slug:"global-perspectives-on-sustainable-forest-management",title:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management",fullTitle:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management"},signatures:"Sumit Chakravarty, S. K. Ghosh, C. P. Suresh, A. N. Dey and Gopal Shukla",authors:[{id:"94999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumit",middleName:null,surname:"Chakravarty",slug:"sumit-chakravarty",fullName:"Sumit Chakravarty"},{id:"101102",title:"Prof.",name:"Swapan Kr.",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"swapan-kr.-ghosh",fullName:"Swapan Kr. Ghosh"},{id:"101103",title:"Dr.",name:"C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Suresh",slug:"c.-p.-suresh",fullName:"C. P. Suresh"},{id:"101104",title:"Dr.",name:"A N",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",slug:"a-n-dey",fullName:"A N Dey"},{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}]},{id:"30816",doi:"10.5772/30596",title:"Entomopathogenic Fungi as an Important Natural Regulator of Insect Outbreaks in Forests (Review)",slug:"entomopathogenic-fungi-as-an-important-natural-regulator-of-insect-outbreaks-in-forests-review-",totalDownloads:6118,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:27,book:{slug:"forest-ecosystems-more-than-just-trees",title:"Forest Ecosystems",fullTitle:"Forest Ecosystems - More than Just Trees"},signatures:"Anna Augustyniuk-Kram and Karol J. Kram",authors:[{id:"83229",title:"Dr.",name:"Karol",middleName:"J.",surname:"Kram",slug:"karol-kram",fullName:"Karol Kram"},{id:"87728",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Augustyniuk-Kram",slug:"anna-augustyniuk-kram",fullName:"Anna Augustyniuk-Kram"}]},{id:"48718",doi:"10.5772/60841",title:"Possibilities and Perspectives of Agroforestry in Chhattisgarh",slug:"possibilities-and-perspectives-of-agroforestry-in-chhattisgarh",totalDownloads:2220,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"precious-forests-precious-earth",title:"Precious Forests",fullTitle:"Precious Forests - Precious Earth"},signatures:"M.K. Jhariya, S.S. Bargali and Abhishek Raj",authors:[{id:"175133",title:"Dr.",name:"S. S.",middleName:null,surname:"Bargali",slug:"s.-s.-bargali",fullName:"S. S. Bargali"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55309",title:"Plant-Microbe Ecology: Interactions of Plants and Symbiotic Microbial Communities",slug:"plant-microbe-ecology-interactions-of-plants-and-symbiotic-microbial-communities",totalDownloads:3796,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"plant-ecology-traditional-approaches-to-recent-trends",title:"Plant Ecology",fullTitle:"Plant Ecology - Traditional Approaches to Recent Trends"},signatures:"Ying-Ning Ho, Dony Chacko Mathew and Chieh-Chen Huang",authors:[{id:"198872",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying-Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",slug:"ying-ning-ho",fullName:"Ying-Ning Ho"},{id:"199676",title:"Prof.",name:"Chieh-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"chieh-chen-huang",fullName:"Chieh-Chen Huang"},{id:"201133",title:"Dr.",name:"Dony",middleName:"Chacko",surname:"Mathew",slug:"dony-mathew",fullName:"Dony Mathew"}]},{id:"48637",title:"Forestry Entrepreneurs — Research on High Performance Business Model",slug:"forestry-entrepreneurs-research-on-high-performance-business-model",totalDownloads:4153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"precious-forests-precious-earth",title:"Precious Forests",fullTitle:"Precious Forests - Precious Earth"},signatures:"Étienne St-Jean and Luc LeBel",authors:[{id:"104667",title:"Prof.",name:"Etienne",middleName:null,surname:"St-Jean",slug:"etienne-st-jean",fullName:"Etienne St-Jean"},{id:"104671",title:"Prof.",name:"Luc",middleName:null,surname:"LeBel",slug:"luc-lebel",fullName:"Luc LeBel"}]},{id:"52823",title:"Community Forestry Management and its Role in Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal",slug:"community-forestry-management-and-its-role-in-biodiversity-conservation-in-nepal",totalDownloads:2414,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"global-exposition-of-wildlife-management",title:"Global Exposition of Wildlife Management",fullTitle:"Global Exposition of Wildlife Management"},signatures:"Anup K.C.",authors:[{id:"178579",title:"Mr.",name:"Anup",middleName:null,surname:"K.C.",slug:"anup-k.c.",fullName:"Anup K.C."}]},{id:"65961",title:"The Disturbed Habitat and Its Effects on the Animal Population",slug:"the-disturbed-habitat-and-its-effects-on-the-animal-population",totalDownloads:753,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"habitats-of-the-world-biodiversity-and-threats",title:"Habitats of the World",fullTitle:"Habitats of the World - Biodiversity and Threats"},signatures:"Maria Teresa Capucchio, Elena Colombino, Martina Tarantola, Davide Biagini, Loris Giovanni Alborali, Antonio Marco Maisano, Federico Scali, Federica Raspa, Emanuela Valle, Ilaria Biasato, Achille Schiavone, Cristian Salogni, Valentina Bar, Claudia Gili and Franco Guarda",authors:[{id:"57235",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Capucchio",slug:"maria-teresa-capucchio",fullName:"Maria Teresa Capucchio"},{id:"291161",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Colombino",slug:"elena-colombino",fullName:"Elena Colombino"},{id:"291162",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Tarantola",slug:"martina-tarantola",fullName:"Martina Tarantola"},{id:"291163",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Biagini",slug:"davide-biagini",fullName:"Davide Biagini"},{id:"291164",title:"Dr.",name:"Loris Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Alborali",slug:"loris-giovanni-alborali",fullName:"Loris Giovanni Alborali"},{id:"291165",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Maisano",slug:"antonio-marco-maisano",fullName:"Antonio Marco Maisano"},{id:"291166",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Scali",slug:"federico-scali",fullName:"Federico Scali"},{id:"291167",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Raspa",slug:"federica-raspa",fullName:"Federica Raspa"},{id:"291168",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuela",middleName:null,surname:"Valle",slug:"emanuela-valle",fullName:"Emanuela Valle"},{id:"291169",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",middleName:null,surname:"Biasato",slug:"ilaria-biasato",fullName:"Ilaria Biasato"},{id:"291170",title:"Prof.",name:"Achille",middleName:null,surname:"Schiavone",slug:"achille-schiavone",fullName:"Achille Schiavone"},{id:"291171",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Salogni",slug:"cristian-salogni",fullName:"Cristian Salogni"},{id:"291172",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Bar",slug:"valentina-bar",fullName:"Valentina Bar"},{id:"291173",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Gili",slug:"claudia-gili",fullName:"Claudia Gili"},{id:"291174",title:"Prof.",name:"Franco",middleName:null,surname:"Guarda",slug:"franco-guarda",fullName:"Franco Guarda"}]},{id:"48904",title:"Realities on Deforestation in Tanzania — Trends, Drivers, Implications and the Way Forward",slug:"realities-on-deforestation-in-tanzania-trends-drivers-implications-and-the-way-forward",totalDownloads:2891,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"precious-forests-precious-earth",title:"Precious Forests",fullTitle:"Precious Forests - Precious Earth"},signatures:"Jafari R. Kideghesho",authors:[{id:"106119",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafari",middleName:"Ramadhani",surname:"Kideghesho",slug:"jafari-kideghesho",fullName:"Jafari Kideghesho"}]},{id:"75222",title:"Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation",slug:"basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"silviculture",title:"Silviculture",fullTitle:"Silviculture"},signatures:"Jie Duan and Dilnur Abduwali",authors:[{id:"327334",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Duan",slug:"jie-duan",fullName:"Jie Duan"},{id:"340243",title:"MSc.",name:"Dilnur",middleName:null,surname:"Abduwali",slug:"dilnur-abduwali",fullName:"Dilnur Abduwali"}]},{id:"48718",title:"Possibilities and Perspectives of Agroforestry in Chhattisgarh",slug:"possibilities-and-perspectives-of-agroforestry-in-chhattisgarh",totalDownloads:2222,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"precious-forests-precious-earth",title:"Precious Forests",fullTitle:"Precious Forests - Precious Earth"},signatures:"M.K. Jhariya, S.S. Bargali and Abhishek Raj",authors:[{id:"175133",title:"Dr.",name:"S. S.",middleName:null,surname:"Bargali",slug:"s.-s.-bargali",fullName:"S. S. Bargali"}]},{id:"74831",title:"Ecology of the Seed Bank in the Amazon Rainforest",slug:"ecology-of-the-seed-bank-in-the-amazon-rainforest",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"ecosystem-and-biodiversity-of-amazonia",title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",fullTitle:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia"},signatures:"Natali Gomes Bordon, Niwton Leal Filho and Tony Vizcarra Bentos",authors:[{id:"325517",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Natali Gomes",middleName:null,surname:"Bordon",slug:"natali-gomes-bordon",fullName:"Natali Gomes Bordon"},{id:"326791",title:"Prof.",name:"Niwton",middleName:null,surname:"Leal Filho",slug:"niwton-leal-filho",fullName:"Niwton Leal Filho"},{id:"326793",title:"Dr.",name:"Tony Vizcarra",middleName:null,surname:"Bentos",slug:"tony-vizcarra-bentos",fullName:"Tony Vizcarra Bentos"}]},{id:"30811",title:"Using Remotely Sensed Imagery for Forest Resource Assessment and Inventory",slug:"using-remotely-sensed-imagery-for-forest-resource-assessment-and-inventory",totalDownloads:3585,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"forest-ecosystems-more-than-just-trees",title:"Forest Ecosystems",fullTitle:"Forest Ecosystems - More than Just Trees"},signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez Morales",authors:[{id:"81058",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez Morales",slug:"rodolfo-martinez-morales",fullName:"Rodolfo Martinez Morales"}]},{id:"60764",title:"Forest Fire Occurrence and Modeling in Southeastern Australia",slug:"forest-fire-occurrence-and-modeling-in-southeastern-australia",totalDownloads:772,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"forest-fire",title:"Forest Fire",fullTitle:"Forest Fire"},signatures:"Shahriar Rahman, Hsing-Chung Chang, Christina Magill, Kerrie\nTomkins and Warwick Hehir",authors:[{id:"217820",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"shahriar-rahman",fullName:"Shahriar Rahman"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-ecology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/mobile_robotics_moving_intelligence/grid_technologies_for_intelligent_autonomous_robot_swarms",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"mobile_robotics_moving_intelligence",chapter:"grid_technologies_for_intelligent_autonomous_robot_swarms"},fullPath:"/books/mobile_robotics_moving_intelligence/grid_technologies_for_intelligent_autonomous_robot_swarms",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()