Densities of storage insects and damaged maize grains according to study communities.
\r\n\tWe dedicated a chapter to the principles of chest drainage which may be of cross-specialty interest from A&E to post-surgical procedures.
\r\n\r\n\tThe broad spectrum of the diseases of the pleura, which are to be considered heterogeneous by definition, may affect patients of different ages, require different treatment strategies, and have different outcomes (e.g. pneumothorax, mesothelioma).
\r\n\r\n\tIn this book, we will discuss most of the pleural diseases but we opted to analyze them from the surgical point of view because of the complexity of diagnosis, treatment, and care of such patients, which may be challenging but critically important.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-693-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-692-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-694-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"679c752debe8c1edd8a489cc9731485e",bookSignature:"Dr. Alberto Sandri",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg",keywords:"Pleural Ultrasonography, Pleural CT-scan, Chest Tubes, Small-bore Catheters, Pneumothorax, Air-leak, Empyema, Pleural Surgery, VATS, Pleurectomy, Bronchopleural Fistula, Pneumonectomy",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 12th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 8th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 27th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 26th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Alberto Sandri is qualified in Medicine from the University of Torino. During his fourth year of specialty, Dr. Sandri completed a fellowship in minimally invasive thoracic surgery at St. James's University Teaching Hospital in Leeds, the UK with a significant focus on minimally invasive thoracic surgery. In the years following his specialty, Dr. Sandri worked at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) in Milan and at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"50811",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Sandri",slug:"alberto-sandri",fullName:"Alberto Sandri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/50811/images/system/50811.jpg",biography:"Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Torino, Italy\nDr. Alberto Sandri is a Thoracic Surgeon at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy since 2018 where he is in charge of Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery (uVATS).\nHe qualified in Medicine from the University of Torino in 2010. He completed his speciality in thoracic surgery at the AUO Città della Scienza e della Salute in Torino in 2016 with first class honours. During his fourth year of speciality Dr. Sandri completed a fellowship in minimally invasive thoracic surgery at St. James's University Teaching Hospital in Leeds, UK with a significant focus in minimally invasive thoracic surgery. In the years following his speciality, Dr. Sandri worked at the European Instituite of Oncology (IEO) in Milan and at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.\nSince September 2018 Dr. Sandri is a consultant thoracic surgeon at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital in Orbassano Torino, His main fields of interests are Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery; Uniportal VATS Lobectomy and Segmentectomy; Thoracic Oncology; Mediastinal tumours and VATS thymectomy for Myasthenia Gravis.\nHe has published more than 50 scientific articles, is author and co-author in 10+ book chapters and made many national and international presentations.\n\nhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-2270",institutionString:"Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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These strategies are named as “mini invasive aesthetic metholodologies” because provide for good results with little incisions and few complications
Today there are many different mini-invasive surgical techniques available, using different kinds of surgical suspension threads. All of these are due to four main authors: Guilleman, Sulamanidze, Serdev and Ruff.
This is the basic technique known and published under the name of “
It is the simplest and most intelligent method to lift the relaxed tissues with simple and everyday used surgical threads, absorbable or not.
The initial idea of the Curl Lift
This method uses a particular surgical thread with barbs, like opposing ears of wheat, thanks to which the threads support themselves in the tissue.
The criticism that can be made about this technique is the fact that the calibre of the needle-cannula used to introduce the thread into the tissue is greater than the thread itself, which can cause some difficulties in hooking the barbs and easy bruising. Finally, this method may be sometime as no long-lasting as the others. It can be very useful in some mini-invasive corrections of the face, such as of the eyebrows or neck.
Mini invasive treatment of the neck with original Russian APTOS threads in a subject with heart disease taking Acenocumarol (
Starting from French surgeons Galland and Clavier, the Bulgarian cosmetic surgeon Nikolay Serdev uses special semi-elastic threads with long-term absorption, along with special needles of his direct invention and preparation that are used to fix the tissues to solid or fixed structures.
In our experience this method has had almost always good results in various aesthetic pathologies, especially for outlining ill-defined cheekbones and the chin line, thanks to the possibility of creating tobacco-pouch sutures that allow us to define the outlines.
Definition of the cheekbones with Serdev threads (
Definition of the cheekbones with Serdev threads (
This is the ideal methodology for increasing volume and projecting the tissues without prostheses, for cheekbones, chin, breasts or buttocks, of course, in selected cases.
This strategy has certainly represented a new era in cosmetic surgery as it is the first methodology officially approved by the FDA for rejuvenation of the face and neck using unidirectional barbed threads.
It is an effective mini-invasive strategy offer us good results. It uses barbed not-adsorbable one-directional threads introduced by special needles and a method that offers the concrete possibility of creating a true anchor point for the thread, thus becoming similar to a track upon which the skin slides and is anchored, thanks to the unidirectional barbs that are arranged in a spiral shape, guaranteeing its strong hold on the tissues.
Typical spiral arrangement of the unidirectional barbs. (
Typical characteristic of these barbed surgical threads is the possibility to lift-up all part of the tissue, particurarly midface, neck and eyebrown, or the cutaneous layer that the adipose –muscular deep wraps.
To conclude, we have today four basical mini invasive strategy by threads, according to Guilleman, Sulamanidze, Serdev and Ruff, we can use different strategies, in integrate methodology too, on respect to different indications.
In 2001 we began our first experiences with the integration of two methods, suspension threads and surgical soft lift.
We started with unidirectional, barbed absorbable surgical threads we made by hand in the operating room using a simple method with a monofilament. Our experience then developed particularly while observing their capacity to form a temporary tissue fibrosis along the thread’s path in 8-12 weeks’ time.
This is how we started the mini-invasive method we call “
Basically, this strategy consists of two mini-invasive surgical sessions done with local anaesthesia.
-
Bacci’s instrument for introducing threads – (
Depending on need or the skin to be eliminated, an incision can also be made (as small as possible) along the classical lines in front of or behind the ear, in the frontotemporal area, then the smallest dissection necessary is done to traction the SMAS, doubling it or creating a small flap.
Then a typical vertical mini-lift is done, but using the traction of the threads, therefore avoiding tissue dissection and complications.
Suspension threads and mini-face lift (
In patients requesting or needing greater traction or greater excision of skin tissue we can also associate a more ample lift, lifting both the temporal region and the midface and neck, thus reconstructing a better triangle of youth, and still limiting dissection thanks to the use of unidirectional barbed threads or of Serdev’s circular method.
Suspension threads and superior blepharoplasty using Serdev Methodology (
Normally, in this first session lipofilling is associated with the suspension threads, allowing the tissue metabolism to activate thanks to the hormonal impulse given by the autologous fat tissue inserted into the tissue.
The suspension thread and fatty tissue association (
Sometimes we also perform a superior blepharoplasty in this first session in order to increase eye brightness.
Method
Usually, four or six non-absorbable unidirectional barbed threads are applied for side. They allow traction of the tissues, thus limiting dissection. Then a semi-circular or “S” incision is done, separating the layer as little as possible and locating the threads in place we traction on them and work the SMAS which is duplicated with suture, when it’s necessary.
After a little local anaesthesia we traction the tissue and SMAS pulling the threads that hook onto the tissue, and then we suture. (
After a little local anaesthesia we traction the tissue and SMAS pulling the threads that hook onto the tissue, and then we suture. (
After this phase the excess skin is cut and then sutured, following the same traction path of the threads if possible and doubling the tissue for better harmony of the neck, within the same amount of operating time.
Skin excision and traction on the tissues of the neck. (
We then move on to reshaping the outlines and volumes of the face in the naso-labial, zygomatic areas, of the cheeks and chin with “rice grain” lipofilling, after taking fatty tissue from the abdomen and periumbilical area, where it guarantees greater resistance to possible initial deficits in vascularization. Usually this fatty tissue is reinserted directly without altering it or traumatizing it.
Our micro-cannulae for mini-liposculpture and for extracting fatty tissue, which can also be done with a simple needle, even if more traumatic. (
Fill - traction
Today, we have more than twenty years of experience with Sulamanidze and Serdev’s methods, and we have ten years of experience with unidirectional absorbable or not-absorbable barbed threads, which are used to have a new position of the tissues and to activate processes of bio-stimulation, in particular with surgical threads absorbables by hydrolytic way, such as polydioxanone (PDO).
Currently, thanks to the changing demands of patients seeking rejuvenation of the face even before the age of 40, methodologies are greatly reduced and they are absolutely minimally invasive.
We have reduced the incisions with small lines between the tragus or hidden in the hair or behind the ear. Were reduced detachments of the skin, as results have been virtually eliminated hematoma and major complications.
The words "Fill-Traction" means a mini-invasive strategy that uses in the same session a Prolene 2/0 not-absorbable unidirectional barbed threads for side, both in the temporal region that in the midface.
In the same session we can apply unidirectional absorbable barbed threads to maintain the position of the skin and improve the contours in the same time.
T3 –soft face lift (
Mini invasive strategy using suspension barbed threads and skin stimulation using absorbable PDO minithreads. (
Mini invasive strategy using suspension barbed threads and skin stimulation using absorbable PDO minithreads. (
Also in the same session, we can use botulinum toxin or lipofiling when it is necessary.
Currently, to stimulate the tissues, we use less frequently fillers with hyaluronic acid, in fact today we can also use small threads in PDO - polydioxanone - according to the korean technique that allows us an interesting skin stimulation, in particular in the neck and in midface.This small absorbable suture may be repeated after 6-8 months, demonstrating that we have good results with fast recovery and few complications using an integration of minimally invasive methodologies.
Interesting results using Fill-Traction. (
Interesting results using Fill-Traction. (
Certainly, today suspension surgery, as mini invasive aesthetic surgery by threads, is an official surgical strategy, but the best results are always lie to the precise diagnosis and in the rapport between doctor and patient, without never to have miracles or eternal results.
Maize is the basic food in most of developing countries [1]. Maize is also important for commercial transactions [2]. To increase agricultural income, have good quality of seeds and ensure permanent availability of maize in the market over a long period, farmers use different post-harvest storage systems to conserve the maize. In Eastern Senegal, the storage of maize grains is done in bags, racks, granaries, barrels, shops and others [3]. In Tanzania, in polyethylene bags, granaries, cans and other plastic containers are also used for storing maize [4]. In Benin, maize is stored in traditional granaries built from straw, bamboo, branches or reeds used to store spathed or despathed ears; in earth granaries for maize grain storage; in artisanal cribs; in stores for large maize farmers (often in 100 kg bags). [5] had to distinguish two forms of granary: the traditional granaries (the type “Ago” and the type “Ava”) and improved granaries made in plant materials and earth closed.
\nMajority of these storage systems have enough post-harvest losses often recorded in stored maize. More than 30% of grain crop harvests including maize are lost during storage in sub-Saharan Africa [6]. Maize post-harvest losses in tropics in general [7] and especially in Benin [8] can reach 40% after five months of storage. These losses are mainly due to the pests attack associated with the variation of temperature in the granaries. The most common storage insects are
Defective storage structures with uncontrolled climatic conditions increase the abundance of storage insects and their damage in stored products. Many traditional granaries are not well ventilated and maintained in optimal temperature for the development of storage insects. Keeping maize grains in storage structures with low temperature and humidity helps to reduce the damage caused by storage insects [17]. Few studies emphasized on the temperature and humidity at which the grains of maize must be stored in storage structures to reduce the damage of storage insects.
\nTherefore, this study was conducted in Alibori region to identify the endogenous storage systems used by farmers for maize conservation and to evaluate the losses caused by these storage structures in various climatic conditions. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of maize storage systems with different temperature on maize post-harvest losses in Alibori Region. Specifically, the present study aims to: (i) Assess the effect of yellow, white and mixed color of yellow and white maize varieties on post-harvest losses to determine which maize varieties cultivated in the study area are more resistant to insects attack; and (ii) Determine the influence of internal temperature inside storage structures on maize post-harvest losses to suggest to farmers the best post-harvest structures adapted to the better maize conservation.
\nAlibori is one of Northern Benin region. It is located between 11°19′ north latitude and 2°55′ east longitude. It is bordered in the North by the Republic of Niger, in the North-West by the Republic of Burkina Faso, in the East by the Federal Republic of Nigeria, in the West by the Atacora and in the South by the Borgou Region (Figure 1). The daily temperature varies between 22° to 40°C. With an area of 26,242 km2 (23% of the national territory), Alibori is subdivided into six Municipalities which are Malanville, Karimama, Ségbana, Gogounou, Banikoara and Kandi, making up 41 districts and 229 villages. Its population is estimated at 867,463 inhabitants. The climate is of the Sudanian type in its southern part and Sudano-sahelian in its northern part (Karimama and Malanville). There is only one season of rain which lasts between 5 and 6 months with an oscillating rainfall between 700 and 1200 mm. The vegetation is composed of a sparse shrub savannah, dominated by thorny trees, including
Presentation of the study area and geographical position of the surveyed villages.
Data were collected in 18 villages during the months of April to June at the different maize storage sites through the application of participatory research tools and techniques such as direct observation, individual interviews and field visits using a questionnaire [18]. To identify the storage structures in the study area, farmers were asked to give the name of the storage structures or storage used by their household. Subsequently, these storage structures were visited and photographed for better description. Probe Thermometers were introduced at different places in these maize storage structures to note daily the internal ambient temperature. To assess the maize post-harvest losses caused by storage insects in the study during storage, approximately 1 kg of maize grains and maize corns of three varieties (white, yellow and white-yellow) was collected from all storage structures. A total of six samples including three varieties in the form of grains and also three in the form of corns were collected in each structure. The three storage structures such as granaries in banco, granaries in Plant Materials and conservation with Tarpaulin were used in the study. Daily temperature values were recorded in each storage structure during survey periods using metal probe thermometers. In each storage structure, probe thermometer was placed in three different locations such as at the roof, at the base and on side. The daily temperature was obtained by calculating the average value of the three temperature measurements made on each type of granary. All farmers store their products during the same period after the rainy season. Concerning the evaluation of storage losses, the initial and final weight of maize samples, the number and weight of the perforated maize grains were evaluated in the laboratory. Insect densities were calculated per kilogram of maize grains.
\nWe used a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with the family binomial and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the effects of storage structures, and forms of conservation of maize varieties in (i) proportions of pest damage and (ii) densities of
\n
Pests/damages | \nBanikoara | \nGogounou | \nKandi | \nKarimama | \nMalanville | \nSegbana | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \n3.3 ± 0.08 | \n4.12 ± 0.13 | \n6.5 ± 1.99 | \n3.5 ± 0.04 | \n9.5 ± 0.68 | \n5.57 ± 2.13 | \n
\n | \n0.4 ± 0.04 | \n0.25 ± 0.06 | \n0.6 ± 0.01 | \n0.00 ± 0.00 | \n0.00 ± 0.00 | \n0.28 ± 0.08 | \n
\n | \n2.1 ± 0.027 | \n3.5 ± 0.32 | \n1.5 ± 0.76 | \n0.5 ± 0.01 | \n0.5 ± 0.06 | \n11.57 ± 0.018 | \n
\n | \n0.8 ± 0.122 | \n0.125 ± 0.04 | \n0.1 ± 0.01 | \n0.00 ± 0.00 | \n0.00 ± 0.00 | \n2.14 ± 0.47 | \n
Number of damaged maize grains | \n3.4 ± 0.12 | \n4.125 ± 0.27 | \n6.8 ± 0.18 | \n0.50 ± 0.00 | \n4.62 ± 0.13 | \n4.14 ± 2.54 | \n
Weight of damaged maize grains | \n0.77 ± 0.34 | \n0.63 ± 0.07 | \n1.24 ± 0.09 | \n0.17 ± 0.03 | \n1.21 ± 0.17 | \n0.96 ± 0.058 | \n
Densities of storage insects and damaged maize grains according to study communities.
Even, all farmers noted that
Frequency of farmers listing the different types of post-harvest losses by communities. G, Gogounou; S, Ségbana; K, Kandi; Banikoara M, Malanville and K, Karimama.
According to maize varieties, a significant effect was noted in maize weight loss and was positive for the yellow variety showing that post-harvest losses were enormous in this variety. A negative effect was observed for the mixed color of yellow and white maize variety showing that losses were reduced in this variety (Table 2). The boxplot carrying out the relationship between the maize varieties and weight of damaged maize grains by storage insects has shown that the yellow variety was the most attacked, followed by the white variety and finally the mixed color of yellow and white variety was the least attacked (Figure 3). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant effect of the structures and forms of storage on the number of damaged maize grains (Df = 2, P < 0.00001). The test of Tukey HSD showed a significant difference only between the three maize varieties (P < 0.00001) and the three storage structures (P < 0.00001) for the infestation percentages.
\nDamage | \nMaize varieties | \nDf | \nEstimates | \nz-value | \nPr (>|z|) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of damaged maize grains | \nYellow | \n2 | \n−1.5268 | \n−4.270 | \n<0.00001 | \n
Mixed color (yellow- white) | \n2 | \n−0.0826 | \n−0.090 | \n0.928 ns | \n|
White | \n2 | \n−1.0306 | \n−0.563 | \n0.574 ns | \n|
Weight of damaged maize grains | \nYellow | \n2 | \n1.46634 | \n18.315 | \n<0.00001 | \n
Mixed color (yellow- white) | \n2 | \n−0.77319 | \n−2.771 | \n0.005582 | \n|
White | \n2 | \n0.64388 | \n3.360 | \n0.000778 | \n
Effect of maize varieties on the number and weight of damaged maize grains.
Boxplot showing the level of weight loss according to the maize varieties.
The temperature of different storage structures had a significant and positive effect on damaged maize kernels weight (P < 0.00001, z-value = 6.21). Granaries built in plant materials conserved a low temperature and presented the low damaged maize grains weight while the storage structures made with the tarpaulin protection presented high temperature and infestation (Figures 4 and 5). The test of Tukey HSD showed a significant difference only between the three storage structures (P < 0.00001) for the temperature.
\nSome storage structures of maize built in study areas.
Relationship between temperature of different storage structures and maize post-harvest losses. GB, granaries in banco, GPM, granaries in plant materials; TP, conservation with tarpaulin protection.
The main pests detected in laboratories on maize samples collected in the study area were
Additionally, the results obtained show that during maize storage, farmers have more post-harvest losses in volume than post-harvest losses in weight. This can be explained by the fact that storage structures used in study areas favor the loss of volume more than the weight losses. Statistical analyzes revealed that the form of maize stored has no significant effect in the post-harvest losses. This shows that all the storage systems encountered in the study environment have a storage defect due to their construction.; Only the level of insects attack varies from one structure to another [21]. The result are consistent with those of [3] in Senegal which reported that post-harvest losses of corn are independent of the mode or form of maize stored.
\nFurthermore, statistical analyzes revealed that post-harvest losses evaluated by weight do not depend on the communities. This can be explained by the fact that all the maize samples collected in all the villages of the six Municipalities are sensitive to post-harvest losses evaluated by weight [22]. These recorded weight losses can also be justified by the use of traditional granaries in banco, uncemented storage and bags. The results also showed that the yellow maize variety favors the development of storage insects as the white maize variety. It means that insects attack differs according to the maize varieties. First of all, the yellow variety wasthe most damaged followed by the white maize variety and the mixed color of yellow and white maize variety respectively.
\nThe results showed that in the average temperature of 30–35°C in storage structures, the damage of storage insects on stored maize is high. This shows that these temperatures are optimal for rapid reproduction of storage insects in storage systems in the study area. Storage structures with internal temperatures of 30–35°C may be improved to reduce the damage of storage insects to the stored maize [17]. Other studies have shown that an average temperature of 30°C is optimal for the proliferation of storage insects and that above 35°C the temperature becomes lethal to these insects [12, 17, 23]. The use of tarpaulins and banco storage structures should be discouraged to producers for better conservation of maize. On the other hand, the results showed that at an average temperature of 25°C, maize grains were well preserved in storage structures made with plant materials and has low infestations. Further studies have been conducted to show that low temperature (<15° C) increases mortality and reduces oviposition and fecundity of
The different maize storage systems encountered in the study area have influence on post-harvest losses. Although grain storage is the preferred mode in the study area, it is more attacked by storage insects than corn on the cob. In addition, the 100 kg bags and banco granaries used by corn farmers in the study area were the storage structures that favored the attack of storage insects. The yellow variety was the most attacked followed by the white variety and the yellow-white respectively.
\nWe thank maize farmers in Northern Benin who unconditionally accepted to respond to interviews and make their fields and maize storage structures available for observations.
\nThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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