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The Mediterranean basin is one of the most geologically, biologically, and culturally complex region and the only case of a large sea surrounded by three continents. The chapter is focused on a diversity of Mediterranean amphibians and reptiles, discussing major threats to the species and its conservation status. There are 117 amphibians, of which 80 (68%) are endemic and 398 reptiles, of which 216 (54%) are endemic distributed throughout the Basin. While the species diversity increases in the north and west for amphibians, the reptile diversity increases from north to south and from west to east direction. Amphibians are almost twice as threatened (29%) as reptiles (14%). Habitat loss and degradation, pollution, invasive/alien species, unsustainable use, and persecution are major threats to the species. The important conservation actions should be directed to sustainable management measures and legal protection of endangered species and their habitats, all for the future of Mediterranean biodiversity.
Zoology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Oğzukan Cumhuriyet
Zoology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
*Address all correspondence to: kerim.cicek@ege.edu.tr
1. Introduction
The Mediterranean basin is one of the most geologically, biologically, and culturally complex region and the only case of a large sea surrounded by Europe, Asia and Africa. The Basin was shaped by the collision of the northward-moving African-Arabian continental plate with the Eurasian continental plate which occurred on a wide range of scales and time in the course of the past 250 mya [1].
The Basin stretches approx. 3800 km east to west from the tip of Portugal to the shores of Lebanon and 1000 km north to south from Italy to Morocco and Libya (Figure 1) [1, 2]. It covers the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, and includes partly or entirely 30 countries which are spread across 3 continents. It also includes 11,879 islands and islets [3].
Figure 1.
The amphibian richness of Mediterranean basin.
The Mediterranean region is considered to be 1 of 34 biodiversity hotspots due to its high level of floristic endemism [4] as well as the largest of the world’s 5 Mediterranean-climate regions. The region flora includes more than 25,000 vascular plants while half of them are endemic [1, 2]—in other words, they are found nowhere else in the world.
The geographic structure of the Basin is an important factor in understanding its biodiversity. While coastal areas are extensive due to the presence of numerous archipelagos and islands, much of the area consists of mountainous terrain with many areas above 2000 m elevation and peaks as high as 4500 m [2, 3, 5]. The Mediterranean region consists of various landscapes such as high mountains, rocky shores, impenetrable scrub, semi-arid steppes, coastal wetlands, sandy beaches, and myriad islands of various shapes and sizes [1, 2].
The status and distribution of Mediterranean herptiles has been evaluated by Cox et al. [5] 9 years ago. The purpose of this chapter is to re-evaluate amphibian and reptile diversity and to discuss the major threats and conservation status of Mediterranean herptiles. The Amphibia Web [6] and The Reptile Database [7] were used for determining Mediterranean herptile list. Major threats and conservation status of species for the IUCN Red List of threatened species [8] are also addressed.
Amphibians (Amphibia) and reptiles (Reptilia) are two fascinating but poorly understood group of vertebrates, distributed around the world. For the time being, there are 7655 amphibian [6] and 10,450 reptilian [7] species recorded. Unfortunately, many amphibian and reptile species are threatened and declining all-around the world. Habitat loss and degradation, introduced invasive species, environmental pollution, disease and parasitism, unsustainable use, and global climate change are major threats on species [6, 7]. There are 117 amphibian species and 398 reptile species, and most of them are endemic distributed throughout the Basin (Table 1).
2.1. Amphibian diversity
The amphibian fauna of the Mediterranean basin represents two orders: salamanders (Caudata) and anurans (Anura). A total of 117 amphibian species are found and 80 (68%) of them are endemic in the Basin (Table 2, Figure 1).
Order
Family
No. of species
No. of endemic species
Amphibians
Caudata (newts and salamanders)
Plethodontidae
8
8 (100%)
Caudata
Proteidae
1
1 (100%)
Caudata
Salamandridae
40
23 (58%)
Total—Newts and salamanders
49
32 (65%)
Anura (frogs and toads)
Alytidae
12
11 (92%)
Anura
Bombinatoridae
3
1 (33%)
Anura
Bufonidae
12
7 (59%)
Anura
Dicroglossidae
1
0 (0%)
Anura
Hylidae
8
5 (63%)
Anura
Pelobatidae
3
2 (50%)
Anura
Pelodytidae
2
2 (100%)
Anura
Ranidae
27
20 (74%)
Total—Frogs and Toads
68
48 (70%)
Total—Amphibians
117
80 (68%)
Reptiles
Testudines (turtles and tortoises)
Cheloniidae
3
0 (0%)
Testudines
Dermochelyidae
1
0 (0%)
Testudines
Emydidae
3
0 (0%)
Testudines
Geoemydidae
3
2 (66%)
Testudines
Testudinidae
4
3 (75%)
Testudines
Trionychidae
2
0 (0%)
Total—Turtles and Tortoises
16
5 (31%)
Sauria (lizards)
Agamidae
23
10 (43%)
Sauria
Anguidae
5
4 (80%)
Sauria
Blanidae
3
2 (66%)
Sauria
Chamaeleonidae
2
0 (0%)
Sauria
Eublepharidae
1
0 (0%)
Sauria
Gekkonidae
51
26 (51%)
Sauria
Lacertidae
132
86 (65%)
Sauria
Phyllodactylidae
7
3 (42%)
Sauria
Scincidae
36
25 (70%)
Sauria
Varanidae
2
0 (0%)
Total—Lizards
262
160 (60%)
Ophidia (snakes)
Atractaspididae
3
2 (66%)
Ophidia
Boidae
2
0 (0%)
Ophidia
Colubridae
65
27 (42%)
Ophidia
Elapidae
5
0 (0%)
Ophidia
Lamprophiidae
1
0 (0%)
Ophidia
Leptotyphlopidae
3
0 (0%)
Ophidia
Natricidae
3
1 (33%)
Ophidia
Typhlopidae
3
2 (66%)
Ophidia
Viperidae
29
15 (52%)
Total—Snakes
114
47 (41%)
Amphisbaenia (amphisbaenians)
Amphisbaenidae
4
3 (75%)
Amphisbaenia
Trogonophiidae
1
1 (100%)
Total—Amphisbaenians
5
4 (80%)
Crocodylia (crocodilians)
Crocodylidae
1
0 (0%)
Total—Crocodilians
1
0 (0%)
Total—Reptiles
398
216 (54%)
Table 1.
The amphibian and reptile diversity and endemism of Mediterranean basin.
Number of amphibians
Number of reptiles
Urodela
Anura
Total
Endemics
Amphisbaenia
Crocodilia
Testudines
Sauria
Serpentes
Total
Endemics
Albania
5
10
15
5
0
0
6
13
17
36
11
Algeria
9
4
13
12
1
0
4
70
32
107
50
Andorra
2
2
4
3
0
0
0
8
0
8
4
Bosnia and Herzegovina
8
8
16
2
0
0
3
6
8
17
5
Bulgaria
6
12
17
1
0
0
5
11
19
35
7
Canary Islands
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
16
1
17
15
Croatia
7
9
16
3
0
0
6
15
17
38
11
Cyprus
0
3
3
1
0
0
5
12
12
29
7
Egypt
0
8
8
1
0
1
7
65
37
110
23
France
13
26
39
20
0
0
9
19
14
42
22
Greece
7
17
24
8
1
0
9
33
24
67
29
Israel/Palestine
2
8
10
5
1
0
9
43
46
99
29
Italy
15
28
43
27
0
0
9
26
23
58
29
Jordan
1
3
4
2
0
0
7
61
44
112
27
Lebanon
2
4
6
2
2
0
5
26
26
59
19
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
0
2
2
2
0
0
4
47
25
76
19
Macedonia
4
6
10
1
0
0
5
12
16
33
7
Malta
0
2
2
2
0
0
1
5
4
10
5
Monaco
1
1
2
2
0
0
2
1
0
3
0
Montenegro
4
11
15
3
0
0
4
10
6
20
8
Morocco
2
11
13
12
4
0
4
70
30
108
58
Portugal
7
13
20
14
2
0
7
17
12
38
26
Serbia
7
12
19
1
0
0
4
6
8
18
4
Slovenia
4
12
16
2
0
0
3
4
14
21
5
Spain
8
28
36
23
2
0
6
45
14
67
45
Switzerland
5
12
17
1
0
0
2
6
8
16
4
Syrian Arab Republic
2
3
5
2
2
0
7
46
40
95
22
Tunisia
1
4
5
4
1
0
4
44
24
73
34
Turkey (except for NE Anatolia)
15
13
28
12
3
0
11
56
49
119
39
Western Sahara
0
2
2
1
0
0
4
39
20
63
16
Table 2.
The number of amphibians and reptiles in the Mediterranean countries.
A total of 49 salamander species are present in this Region and 65% of them are endemic. The Salamandridae is the most diverse family. A total of 18 species with 7 genera (Calotriton, Chioglossa, Euproctus, Ichthyosaura, Lyciasalamandra, Pleurodeles and Salamandrina) are endemic to the Basin (Table 2). The only single member of Proteidae, Proteus anguinus, is present in the Balkan Peninsula and is endemic to the Basin. The other six members of the family are found in eastern North America.
The anurans have 68 species and 70% of them are endemic to the Region. The families Alytidae, Bufonidae and Ranidae consist of 75% of the group. A fascinating species of midwife toads (Alytes) have five species which are found across western Europe, northern Africa and Majorca.
The amphibian diversity is highest in Europe, especially in areas of higher rainfall, notably in northern Italy, France, western and northern Spain, Portugal, Slovenia and Croatia (Figure 1, Table 3) [5]. On the contrary, the diversity is much lower in the eastern and southern parts of the Basin where there are large arid and semiarid habitats. The higher amphibian diversity is observed in European countries of the western Mediterranean, especially in Italy, France and Spain [5]. The amphibian richness increases from south to north and from east to west of the Basin [1]. The reason lies in larger areas of humid habitats in the north and west of the Basin, which are an ideal habitat for amphibians.
Country
EX
CR
EN
VU
NT
LC
DD
NE
Albania
0
0
1
1
0
12
0
1
Algeria
0
0
1
2
2
9
0
0
Andorra
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0
0
0
1
1
14
0
0
Bulgaria
0
0
0
0
1
16
0
1
Canary Islands
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
Croatia
0
0
0
2
1
13
0
0
Cyprus
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
Egypt
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
1
France
0
0
1
2
4
32
0
3
Greece
0
1
1
3
0
18
1
0
Israel/Palestine
0
3
0
0
1
5
1
1
Italy
0
0
3
6
4
30
0
5
Jordan
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
Lebanon
0
0
0
0
1
4
1
1
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
Macedonia
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
1
Malta
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
Monaco
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
Montenegro
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
2
Morocco
0
0
1
1
3
8
0
1
Portugal
0
0
0
1
5
13
0
2
Serbia
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
3
Slovenia
0
0
0
2
0
14
0
1
Spain
0
1
1
3
7
22
0
4
Switzerland
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
3
Syrian Arab Republic
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
2
Tunisia
0
0
0
1
0
4
0
0
Turkey (except for NE Anatolia)
0
2
5
2
2
12
1
5
Western Sahara
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
Table 3.
The conservation status of amphibians in Mediterranean countries.
2.2. Reptile diversity
The reptiles of the region represent five orders: Crocodylia (crocodilians), Testudines (turtles and tortoises), Amphisbaenia (amphisbaenians), Sauria (lizards) and Ophidia (snakes). The great majority of the species are lizards (262 species, 66%) and snakes (114 species, 29%) (Figure 2, Table 4). About 54% of the reptiles are endemic to the Basin. The most diverse families are Lacertidae (132 species), Gekkonidae (51 species) and Scincidae (36 species) for lizards; and Colubridae (65 species) and Viperidae (29 species) for snakes.
Figure 2.
The reptile richness in Mediterranean basin.
Country
EX
CR
EN
VU
NT
LC
DD
NE
Albania
0
0
0
3
3
27
0
4
Algeria
0
1
4
2
11
75
6
9
Andorra
0
0
1
0
1
5
0
1
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0
0
0
1
2
13
0
2
Bulgaria
0
0
0
1
4
28
0
5
Canary Islands
0
3
0
0
0
14
0
1
Croatia
0
0
1
3
4
29
0
2
Cyprus
0
0
3
1
1
22
0
2
Egypt
0
2
2
3
4
80
3
16
France
0
1
1
4
6
26
0
5
Greece
0
0
2
4
8
48
0
8
Israel/Palestine
0
4
5
4
2
76
1
7
Italy
0
1
1
4
6
40
2
5
Jordan
0
1
4
4
1
88
1
13
Lebanon
0
0
4
2
0
42
1
10
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
0
1
1
2
4
39
1
28
Macedonia
0
0
0
1
3
27
0
3
Malta
0
0
0
1
0
9
0
0
Monaco
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
Montenegro
0
0
0
3
2
13
0
2
Morocco
0
1
3
4
13
74
4
9
Portugal
0
1
2
3
6
21
0
7
Serbia
0
0
0
1
4
13
0
2
Slovenia
0
0
0
2
2
17
0
1
Spain
0
2
5
2
10
40
0
8
Switzerland
0
0
0
0
1
14
0
1
Syrian Arab Republic
0
0
3
2
3
78
1
11
Tunisia
0
0
1
1
8
75
2
14
Turkey (except for NE Anatolia)
0
1
5
2
5
91
3
38
Western Sahara
0
1
1
1
3
49
4
4
Table 4.
The conservation status of reptiles in Mediterranean countries.
The reptile diversity is the highest in the eastern part of the Basin, particularly in southern Turkey, Lebanon, south-western Syria, Israel/Palestine, Jordan and parts of northern Egypt [5]. The species diversity is much higher in North Africa than in western Europe. The reptile diversity of North Africa is the highest in the mountainous area, in semi-arid regions along the northern margins of the Sahara and in the Nile Valley. The Balkans has much higher reptile diversity than elsewhere in Europe. At the other hand, the diversity is very low in northern Europe [5]. In contrast to amphibians, the species diversity of the reptiles increases from north to south and from west to east, along with gradients of the extent to which arid and semi-arid habitats are present [1, 5].
3.1. Conservation status of Mediterranean amphibians
About 29% of Mediterranean amphibians are globally threatened, while 5% are critically endangered, 11% endangered and 13% vulnerable (Figures 3–5). Rest of the species are evaluated as near threatened (15%), least concerned (49%), data deficient (<1%) and 7% is not evaluated. The salamanders and newts have higher share of threatened species (20 species, 17%). Among frogs and toads, 13 species (11%) are globally threatened. One of the endangered species is the Hula painted frog, Latonia nigriventer, from Israel/Palestine that is listed as extinct up to 2004. The species is restricted to an area under 2 km2 due to heavy predation pressure by the waterbird populations [13]. The newts and salamanders have higher number of threatened species than frogs and toads (Table 5) [5].
Figure 3.
Summary of conservation status for Mediterranean amphibians (left) and reptiles (right). EX: extinct, EW: extinct in the wild, CR: critically endangered, EN: endangered, VU: vulnerable, NT: near threatened, LC: least concern, DD: data deficient, NE: not evaluated.
Figure 4.
The species richness of endemic amphibians in the Mediterranean basin.
Figure 5.
The species richness of threatened amphibians in the Mediterranean basin.
IUCN Red List categories
Caudata
Anura
Total
Crocodilia
Testudines
Amphisbaenia
Sauria
Ophidia
Total
Extinct
Critically endangered
2
4
7
0
2
0
11
0
13
Endangered
7
6
13
0
2
0
16
6
26
Vulnerable
11
4
15
0
2
0
11
1
15
Near threatened
9
8
16
0
2
0
28
8
39
Least concern
16
41
57
1
7
5
155
71
242
Data deficient
0
1
1
0
1
0
8
8
18
Not evaluated
4
4
8
0
0
0
33
20
56
Total
49
68
117
1
16
5
262
114
398
Endemic
37 (76%)
48 (71%)
83 (63%)
0(%)
5 (31%)
4 (80%)
158 (60%)
47 (41%)
214 (54%)
Table 5.
The IUCN red List categories and endemis of amphibians and reptiles in Mediterranean countries.
3.2. Conservation status of Mediterranean reptiles
About 13% of Mediterranean reptiles are globally threatened (51 species), out of which 3% is critically endangered, 6% endangered and 4% vulnerable. A total of 347 species are assessed as near threatened (10%), least concerned (60%), data deficient (4%) and 13% is not evaluated (Figures 3, 6 and 7).
Figure 6.
The species richness of endemic reptiles in the Mediterranean basin.
Figure 7.
The species richness of threatened reptiles in the Mediterranean basin.
Amphisbaenians and crocodilians are not considered threatened species in the Region. At the other side, the chelonians have six threatened species. Among the lizards, there are 38 species considered threatened. Snakes have only seven threatened species (2%). The endemic lizard genus Gallotia occurs only on the Canary Islands and consist of eight species. The genus has evolved there almost 20 mya, ever since the first islands emerged from the sea [11, 12]. They are adapted to eating significant quantities of plants. The overall share of threatened amphibians in the Mediterranean basin is as twice higher (29%) than that for reptiles (14%).
The Mediterranean basin is the second largest biodiversity hotspot in the world. It covers more than 2 million km2 . The Basin stretches west to east from Portugal to Lebanon and north to south from Italy to Morocco and Libya [2]. The Region is home to approx. 455 million people, from a wide variety of countries and cultures for some 8000 years [2, 10] The Gross National Income per capita in the Mediterranean EU countries being 10 times that of the north African ones [10]. The poor countries mostly depend on natural resources and this threatens natural resources at high levels. Besides, economic development increases the pressures on natural resources, the conservation challenges and options of the Basin are driven by these economic inequalities [10]. Species provide us with essential services as not only food, fuel, clothes and medicine, but also purification of water and air, prevention of soil erosion, regulation of climate, pollination of crops by insects and much more [10]. Many threats come up thanks to these entries. The human-induced factors threaten the Mediterranean biodiversity and nature more than any other biological ‘hotspot’ [10].
Fifty-three percent of amphibians and 20% of reptiles are suffering from “residential & commercial developments” (Figure 8). Urbanization, industrial areas, tourism and recreation areas negatively affected the herptile species. Another important factor is “agriculture and aquaculture” activities and almost half of the species (59% for amphibians and 25% for reptiles) are affected by such activities. Along with the increase of human population, the food needs are also increasing day by day. The expansion of agricultural areas, livestock farming, overgrazing, aquaculture and mariculture activities are causing habitat loss and degradation and intervening in the food webs.
Figure 8.
The major threats to Mediterranean amphibians.
One of the biggest contemporary concerns is the growing need for energy as well as the need for nutrients and technological developments. The most basic resource used to meet the growing energy needs is still natural resource. Among natural resources, fossil fuels and mines are used most commonly. Use of renewable energy sources as alternative energy sources are not reached desired level. The “energy production and mining” activities have low effect on Mediterranean herptiles (6% for amphibians and 5% for reptiles).
Another problem brought by urbanization and population increase is in the construction of roads, especially narrow transport corridors cause wildlife mortality. Besides, these corridors create specific stress to biodiversity by fragmentation of the habitats and lead to other threats including farms, invasive species and poachers. The “transportation and service corridors” activities have low effect on amphibians (9%) and reptiles (6%).
Unsustainable harvesting, hunting and fishing activities are directly or indirectly affecting the amphibians and reptiles. Some species are used in traditional medicine, food and pet trade. The threats are driven by destroying or declining natural populations [10]. The amphibians (37%) and reptiles (22%) are densely used as “biological resource use” for many purposes. Almost half of salamanders and snakes are suffering from commercial purpose and persecution. The Mediterranean marine turtle species are severely affected by accidental capture in fishing gear, also called as “bycatch” [10].
Besides, “human intrusions and disturbance” have low pressure on amphibians (4%) and reptiles (4%). While “natural system modifications” severely affect the amphibians (32%), it has low pressure on reptiles (9%). The dam construction, for water management or use, and other ecosystem modifications make significant pressure on natural herptile populations. Forest fires are deliberately excluded to open such areas, especially in the Mediterranean region in Turkey, it is observed that these activities have been carried out in the summer. The endemic Lyciasalamandra species living in this Region are highly affected by forest fires. In addition to the destruction of the area for the construction of the dams, the alteration of the water flow direction of the rivers disturbs the natural habitat areas, especially amphibians are highly affected due to degradation and reducing habitat quality.
Non-indigenous animal species, pathogens and genes are appearing as major threatening factors to biodiversity being the process that is expected to continue in the future. Mediterranean amphibians (34%) are more affected by “invasive and/or problematic species, pathogens, and genes” than reptiles (4%). The American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus or Rana catesbeiana) is one of the invasive species in western Europe. Another invasive species, Trachemys scripta, is popular in the pet trade and has been introduced into the Mediterranean region by people releasing it to the wild.
The amphibians (59%) are more sensitive to “pollution” than reptiles (4%). Many chemical pollutants are increasing sensitivity to illness and mortality rates and reducing the reproductive success [10]. Domestic/industrial waste carries pollution to the sea and rural areas through rivers and sewage systems, in particular. Pollutants that cause water pollution from agricultural, silvicultural and aquaculture systems containing foodstuffs, toxic chemicals and sediments also pollute natural habitats as well as agricultural areas. Apart from these pollutants, trash and soil pollutants and even atmospheric pollutants are serious threat to species.
Today, global “climate change” emerges as a factor that affects the changing nature of natural habitats. Temperature fluctuations (changing in temperature extremes, increasing average summer temperatures and reducing winter/spring temperatures) cause the alteration of habitats, breeding phenology and host-parasite relationship of herptile species. Mediterranean amphibians (18%) are more affected by global climate change than reptiles (3%).
Mediterranean amphibians and reptiles are affected by these major threats (habitat loss and degradation, invasive alien species, harvesting, pollution natural disasters, disease, human disturbance, vehicle collusion and persecution) (Figures 8 and 9) [5]. While the most common threats for amphibians are habitat loss and degradation, pollution and invasive alien species, the most common ones for Mediterranean reptiles are habitat loss and degradation, harvesting and persecution [5]. On the other hand, there is no major threat for about 10% amphibians and 21% reptiles in the Mediterranean.
The major threats to amphibians and reptiles in the Mediterranean are quite different from each other [5]. Therefore, each group needs specific conservation activities. Island species particularly need urgent conservation studies. Although amphibians (especially salamanders) have a high tendency to be threatened, and reptiles much less so, there are many more reptile species on the edge of extinction in the Region than amphibians [5, 9]. Several methods can be applied by scientists in order to protect species. Land/water protection and management, species management, education and raising awareness, and monitoring and research are major actions for Mediterranean herptiles [10, 14].
5.1. Land/water protection and management
The Mediterranean region is densely populated and more than 30% of all international tourists visit its coastal areas [15], thus direct disturbance by humans is an important threat to natural resources [10]. The Region is also considered as the cradle of Europe’s civilization and one of the most important centers of crop plants origin [2]. However, the traditional farming practices have been abandoned in recent years in favor of intensive and industrial-scale farming methods [2].
The area conservation and management are important for endemic and threatened species with high risk status. “Land/water management” include many different types of actions such as conserving or restoring habitats and controlling invasive/problematic species. The tourism, urbanization, deforestation, intensive farming, overgrazing and fires are causing habitat loss for many threatened species. Therefore, site protection and management has crucial importance for sustainability of the threatened amphibians and reptiles.
5.2. Species protection and management
Improvement and enforcement of legal protection for threatened species and their habitats is the most urgent conservation action to be taken at both regional and national levels [5]. Species Action Plans can be an effective means for determining the specific conservation actions that are needed and for promoting coordinated activities. The primary goal of species conservation is the preservation of viable populations of wild species in their original native range [10]. Another solution could be captive breeding studies for endangered species close to extinction as part of intensive management activities. Besides, measures to be taken in conjunction with legal regulations are essential for the sustainability of protected areas. All countries should have endangered species red list database along with IUCN Red List to determine conservation priorities.
5.3. Education and awareness raising activities
There is no way of protecting a species or effective conservation without support of local people. The education and raising awareness have important role for an effective conservation activity. Collaboration between regional actors such as locals, farmers, landowners, NGOs and policy-makers should enhance conservation efforts to prevent biodiversity loss [10].
An official undergraduate program could enhance the knowledge and skills of students for environmental conservation. Additionally, creating a high school environmental course could be useful in terms of raising awareness. Increasing the exchange of knowledge, skills and knowledge in structured settings outside their undergraduate programs could be an effective way to reach outside of normal learning for practitioners, stakeholders and other interested people.
5.4. Monitoring and researches
Monitoring and inventory surveys on the endangered amphibians and reptiles will be helpful for identifying threats and create key activities for protection of the species. The main topics could be determining population/community trends, habitat quality, modeling climate change impacts and attitudes of local populations.
The Mediterranean basin’s biodiversity are facing many pressures and urgent action is required to preserve its future. Fortunately, many stakeholders such as regional and governmental organizations, NGOs, scientists and conservation practitioners are cooperating to preserve Mediterranean natural resources. The key conservation actions should be focused on sustainable management and legal protection of endangered species and their habitats [10]. Besides, it is not possible to deny importance of education, awareness-raising activities and monitoring studies for sustainability of Mediterranean amphibians and reptiles.
We thank Dilara Arslan, Çağdaş Yaşar, Sevde Karagöz and Onur Obut for their help to preparing data set and Ahmet Burak Kaya for reviewing English style.
Amphibians and reptiles of the Mediterranean basin
Class
Order
Family
Species
IUCN Red List category
Endemic (Yes/No)
Amphibia
Caudata
Plethodontidae
Hydromantes ambrosii
NT
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Plethodontidae
Hydromantes flavus
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Plethodontidae
Hydromantes genei
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Plethodontidae
Hydromantes imperialis
NT
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Plethodontidae
Hydromantes italicus
NT
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Plethodontidae
Hydromantes sarrabusensis
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Plethodontidae
Hydromantes strinatii
NT
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Plethodontidae
Hydromantes supramontis
EN
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Proteidae
Proteus anguinus
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Calotriton arnoldi
CR
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Calotriton asper
NT
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Chioglossa lusitanica
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Euproctus montanus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Euproctus platycephalus
EN
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Ichthyosaura alpestris
LC
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lissotriton boscai
LC
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lissotriton helveticus
LC
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lissotriton italicus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lissotriton kosswigi
NE
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lissotriton vulgaris
LC
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lyciasalamandra antalyana
EN
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lyciasalamandra atifi
EN
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lyciasalamandra billae
CR
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lyciasalamandra fazilae
EN
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lyciasalamandra flavimembris
EN
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lyciasalamandra helverseni
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Lyciasalamandra luschani
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Neurergus strauchii
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Ommatotriton vittatus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Pleurodeles nebulosus
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Pleurodeles poireti
EN
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Pleurodeles waltl
NT
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Salamandra algira
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Salamandra atra
LC
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Salamandra corsica
LC
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Salamandra infraimmaculata
NT
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Salamandra lanzai
VU
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Salamandra salamandra
LC
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Salamandrina perspicillata
LC
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Salamandrina terdigitata
LC
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Triturus anatolicus
NE
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Triturus carnifex
LC
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Triturus cristatus
LC
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Triturus dobrogicus
NT
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Triturus ivanbureschi
NE
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Triturus karelinii
LC
N
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Triturus macedonicus
NE
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Triturus marmoratus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Caudata
Salamandridae
Triturus pygmaeus
NT
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Alytes cisternasii
NT
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Alytes dickhilleni
VU
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Alytes maurus
NT
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Alytes muletensis
VU
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Alytes obstetricans
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Discoglossus jeanneae
NT
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Discoglossus galganoi
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Discoglossus montalentii
NT
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Discoglossus pictus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Discoglossus sardus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Discoglossus scovazzi
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Alytidae
Latonia nigriventer
CR
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Bombinatoridae
Bombina bombina
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Bombinatoridae
Bombina pachypus
EN
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Bombinatoridae
Bombina variegata
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Barbarophryne brongersmai
NT
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Bufo bufo
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Bufo spinosus
NE
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Bufotes balearicus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Bufotes boulengeri
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Bufotes siculus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Bufotes variabilis
DD
N
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Bufotes viridis
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Epidalea calamita
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Sclerophrys kassasii
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Sclerophrys mauritanica
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Bufonidae
Sclerophrys regularis
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Dicroglossidae
Hoplobatrachus occipitalis
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Hylidae
Hyla arborea
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Hylidae
Hyla heinzsteinitzi
CR
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Hylidae
Hyla intermedia
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Hylidae
Hyla meridionalis
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Hylidae
Hyla molleri
NE
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Hylidae
Hyla orientalis
NE
N
Amphibia
Anura
Hylidae
Hyla sarda
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Hylidae
Hyla savignyi
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Pelobatidae
Pelobates cultripes
NT
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Pelobatidae
Pelobates syriacus
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Pelobatidae
Pelobates varaldii
EN
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Pelodytidae
Pelodytes ibericus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Pelodytidae
Pelodytes punctatus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax bedriagae
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax bergeri
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax caralitanus
NT
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax cerigensis
CR
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax cretensis
EN
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax cypriensis
NE
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax epeiroticus
VU
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax esculentus
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax hispanicus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax kurtmuelleri
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax lessonae
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax perezi
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax ridibundus
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax saharicus
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Pelophylax shqipericus
EN
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana catesbeiana
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana dalmatina
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana graeca
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana holtzi
CR
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana iberica
NT
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana italica
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana latastei
VU
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana macrocnemis
LC
N
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana perezii
LC
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana pyrenaica
EN
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana tavasensis
EN
Y
Amphibia
Anura
Ranidae
Rana temporaria
LC
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Cheloniidae
Caretta caretta
VU
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Cheloniidae
Chelonia mydas
EN
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Cheloniidae
Eretmochelys imbricata
CR
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Dermochelyidae
Dermochelys coriacea
VU
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Emydidae
Emys orbicularis
NT
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Emydidae
Emys trinacris
DD
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Emydidae
Trachemys scripta
LC
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Geoemydidae
Mauremys caspica
LC
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Geoemydidae
Mauremys leprosa
LC
Y
Reptilia
Testudines
Geoemydidae
Mauremys rivulata
LC
Y
Reptilia
Testudines
Testudinidae
Testudo graeca
LC
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Testudinidae
Testudo hermanni
NT
Y
Reptilia
Testudines
Testudinidae
Testudo kleinmanni
CR
Y
Reptilia
Testudines
Testudinidae
Testudo marginata
LC
Y
Reptilia
Testudines
Trionychidae
Rafetus euphraticus
EN
N
Reptilia
Testudines
Trionychidae
Trionyx triunguis
LC
N
Reptilia
Amphisbaenia
Amphisbaenidae
Blanus cinereus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Amphisbaenia
Amphisbaenidae
Blanus mettetali
LC
Y
Reptilia
Amphisbaenia
Amphisbaenidae
Blanus strauchi
LC
N
Reptilia
Amphisbaenia
Amphisbaenidae
Blanus tingitanus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Amphisbaenia
Trogonophiidae
Trogonophis wiegmanni
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Agama impalearis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Agama spinosa
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Phrynocephalus arabicus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Phrynocephalus maculatus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Pseudotrapelus aqabensis
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Pseudotrapelus sinaitus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Stellagama stellio
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Trapelus agnetae
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Trapelus boehmei
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Trapelus lessonae
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Trapelus mutabilis
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Trapelus ruderatus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Trapelus savignii
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Trapelus schmitzi
DD
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Trapelus tournevillei
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Uromastyx acanthinura
NT
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Uromastyx aegyptia
NT
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Uromastyx alfredschmidti
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Uromastyx dispar
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Uromastyx geyri
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Uromastyx nigriventris
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Uromastyx ocellata
NT
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Agamidae
Uromastyx ornata
NT
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Anguidae
Anguis cephallonica
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Anguidae
Anguis graeca
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Anguidae
Anguis veronensis
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Anguidae
Hyalosaurus koellikeri
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Anguidae
Pseudopus apodus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Blanidae
Blanus alexandri
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Blanidae
Blanus aporus
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Blanidae
Blanus mariae
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Chamaeleonidae
Chamaeleo africanus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Chamaeleonidae
Chamaeleo chamaeleon
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Eublepharidae
Eublepharis angramainyu
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Asaccus elisae
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Bunopus blanfordii
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Bunopus tuberculatus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Cyrtopodion scabrum
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Euleptes europaea
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus dawudazraqi
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus flaviviridis
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus foudaii
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus granosus
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus lavadeserticus
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus mindiae
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus robustus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus sinaitus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus turcicus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Mediodactylus amictopholis
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Mediodactylus heterocercus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Mediodactylus kotschyi
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Pristurus flavipunctatus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Pristurus rupestris
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Quedenfeldtia moerens
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Saurodactylus brosseti
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Saurodactylus fasciatus
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Saurodactylus mauritanicus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Stenodactylus doriae
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Stenodactylus grandiceps
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Stenodactylus mauritanicus
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Stenodactylus petrii
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Stenodactylus slevini
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Stenodactylus stenurus
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Stenodactylus sthenodactylus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola angustimentalis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola annularis
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola bischoffi
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola boehmei
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola boettgeri
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola chazaliae
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola delalandii
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola deserti
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola ephippiata
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola fascicularis
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola gomerensis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola mauritanica
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola mindiae
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tarentola neglecta
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tropiocolotes algericus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tropiocolotes bisharicus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tropiocolotes nattereri
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tropiocolotes nubicus
DD
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tropiocolotes steudneri
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Gekkonidae
Tropiocolotes tripolitanus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus aegyptius
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus blanci
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus boskianus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus busacki
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus dumerilii
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus erythrurus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus grandis
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus hardyi
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus harranensis
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus longipes
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus maculatus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus opheodurus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus orientalis
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus pardalis
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus robustus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus savignyi
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus schmidti
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus schreiberi
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus scutellatus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus spinicauda
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus taghitensis
DD
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus tilburyi
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus tristrami
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Algyroides fitzingeri
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Algyroides marchi
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Algyroides moreoticus
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Algyroides nigropunctatus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Anatololacerta anatolica
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Anatololacerta budaki
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Anatololacerta danfordi
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Anatololacerta pelasgiana
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Apathya cappadocica
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Archaeolacerta bedriagae
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Atlantolacerta andreanskyi
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Dalmatolacerta oxycephala
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Darevskia praticola
NT
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Darevskia rudis
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Darevskia valentini
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Dinarolacerta mosorensis
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Dinarolacerta montenegrina
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Gallotia atlantica
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Gallotia auaritae
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Gallotia bravoana
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Gallotia caesaris
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Gallotia galloti
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Gallotia intermedia
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Gallotia simonyi
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Gallotia stehlini
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Hellenolacerta graeca
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Iberolacerta aranica
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Iberolacerta aurelioi
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Iberolacerta bonnali
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Iberolacerta cyreni
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Iberolacerta galani
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Iberolacerta horvathi
NT
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Iberolacerta martinezricai
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Iberolacerta monticola
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Lacerta agilis
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Lacerta bilineata
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Lacerta media
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Lacerta pamphylica
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Lacerta schreiberi
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Lacerta trilineata
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Lacerta viridis
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Latastia longicaudata
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Mesalina bahaeldini
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Mesalina brevirostris
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Mesalina guttulata
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Mesalina martini
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Mesalina olivieri
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Mesalina pasteuri
DD
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Mesalina rubropunctata
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Mesalina simoni
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Ophisops elbaensis
DD
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Ophisops elegans
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Ophisops occidentalis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Parvilacerta fraasii
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Parvilacerta parva
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Philochortus zolii
EN
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Phoenicolacerta cyanisparsa
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Phoenicolacerta kulzeri
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Phoenicolacerta laevis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Phoenicolacerta troodica
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis bocagei
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis carbonelli
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis cretensis
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis erhardii
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis filfolensis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis gaigeae
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis guadarramae
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis hispanicus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis levendis
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis lilfordi
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis liolepis
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis melisellensis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis milensis
NT
T
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis muralis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis peloponnesiacus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis pityusensis
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis raffonei
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis siculus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis tauricus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis tiliguerta
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis vaucheri
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis virescens
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Podarcis waglerianus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammodromus algirus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammodromus blanci
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammodromus edwarsianus
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammodromus hispanicus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammodromus microdactylus
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammodromus occidentalis
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammophis aegyptius
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammophis biseriatus
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammophis rukwae
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammophis schokari
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammophis sibilans
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Psammophis tanganicus
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Pseuderemias mucronata
DD
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Scelarcis perspicillata
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Teira dugesii
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Timon kurdistanicus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Timon lepidus
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Timon nevadensis
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Timon pater
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Timon princeps
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Timon tangitanus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Zootoca vivipara
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus ahmaddisii
EN
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus aureus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus bedriagai
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Lacertidae
Acanthodactylus beershebensis
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Phyllodactylidae
Asaccus barani
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Phyllodactylidae
Ptyodactylus ananjevae
NE
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Phyllodactylidae
Ptyodactylus guttatus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Phyllodactylidae
Ptyodactylus hasselquistii
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Phyllodactylidae
Ptyodactylus oudrii
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Phyllodactylidae
Ptyodactylus puiseuxi
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Phyllodactylidae
Ptyodactylus ragazzii
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides bedriagai
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides boulengeri
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides chalcides
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides colosii
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides ebneri
CR
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides guentheri
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides lanzai
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides manueli
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides mauritanicus
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides mertensi
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides minutus
VU
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides mionecton
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides montanus
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides ocellatus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides parallelus
EN
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides polylepis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides pseudostriatus
NT
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides sepsoides
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides sexlineatus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides sphenopsiformis
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides striatus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Chalcides viridanus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Eumeces algeriensis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Eumeces schneideri
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Eurylepis taeniolata
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Heremites auratus
NE
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Ophiomorus latastii
DD
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Ophiomorus punctatissimus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Scincopus fasciatus
DD
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Scincus albifasciatus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Scincus scincus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Trachylepis quinquetaeniata
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Ablepharus budaki
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Ablepharus chernovi
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Ablepharus kitaibelii
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Scincidae
Ablepharus rueppellii
LC
Y
Reptilia
Sauria
Varanidae
Varanus griseus
LC
N
Reptilia
Sauria
Varanidae
Varanus niloticus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Atractaspididae
Atractaspis engaddensis
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Atractaspididae
Micrelaps muelleri
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Atractaspididae
Micrelaps tchernovi
NE
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Boidae
Eryx colubrinus
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Boidae
Eryx jaculus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Coronella austriaca
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Coronella girondica
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Dasypeltis scabra
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Dolichophis caspius
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Dolichophis cypriensis
EN
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Dolichophis jugularis
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Dolichophis schmidti
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis aurolineatus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis barani
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis collaris
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis coronella
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis coronelloides
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis decemlineatus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis eiselti
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis hakkariensis
DD
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis levantinus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis lineomaculatus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis modestus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis occidentalis
NE
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis persicus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis punctatolineatus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis rothii
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Eirenis thospitis
DD
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Elaphe quatuorlineata
NT
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Elaphe sauromates
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Hemorrhois algirus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Hemorrhois hippocrepis
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Hemorrhois nummifer
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Hemorrhois ravergieri
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Hierophis gemonensis
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Hierophis viridiflavus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Lycophidion capense
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Lytorhynchus diadema
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Macroprotodon abubakeri
DD
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Macroprotodon brevis
NT
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Macroprotodon cucullatus
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Macroprotodon mauritanicus
NE
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Malpolon insignitus
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Malpolon monspessulanus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Muhtarophis barani
NE
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Platyceps collaris
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Platyceps elegantissimus
DD
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Platyceps florulentus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Platyceps najadum
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Platyceps rhodorachis
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Platyceps rogersi
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Platyceps sinai
DD
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Platyceps tessellata
NE
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Platyceps ventromaculatus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Rhagerhis moilensis
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Rhynchocalamus satunini
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Spalerosophis diadema
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Spalerosophis dolichospilus
DD
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Telescopus dhara
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Telescopus fallax
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Telescopus hoogstraali
EN
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Telescopus nigriceps
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Telescopus obtusus
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Telescopus tripolitanus
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Zamenis hohenackeri
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Zamenis lineatus
DD
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Zamenis longissimus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Zamenis scalaris
NE
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Colubridae
Zamenis situla
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Elapidae
Naja haje
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Elapidae
Naja nubiae
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Elapidae
Naja pallida
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Elapidae
Walterinnesia aegyptia
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Elapidae
Walterinnesia morgani
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Lamprophiidae
Boaedon fuliginosus
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Leptotyphlopidae
Myriopholis algeriensis
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Leptotyphlopidae
Myriopholis cairi
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Leptotyphlopidae
Myriopholis macrorhyncha
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Natricidae
Natrix maura
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Natricidae
Natrix natrix
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Natricidae
Natrix tessellata
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Typhlopidae
Letheobia episcopus
DD
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Typhlopidae
Letheobia simonii
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Typhlopidae
Xerotyphlops vermicularis
NE
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Bitis arietans
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Cerastes boehmei
NE
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Cerastes cerastes
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Cerastes gasperettii
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Cerastes vipera
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Daboia deserti
NT
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Daboia mauritanica
NT
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Daboia palaestinae
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Echis coloratus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Echis leucogaster
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Echis pyramidum
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Macrovipera lebetina
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Macrovipera schweizeri
EN
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Montivipera albizona
EN
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Montivipera bornmuelleri
EN
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Montivipera bulgardaghica
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Montivipera raddei
NT
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Montivipera xanthina
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Pseudocerastes fieldi
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera ammodytes
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera anatolica
EN
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera aspis
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera barani
NT
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera berus
LC
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera latastei
NT
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera monticola
NT
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera seoanei
LC
Y
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera ursinii
VU
N
Reptilia
Ophidia
Viperidae
Vipera walser
NE
Y
Crocodilia
Crocodilia
Crocodylidae
Crocodylus niloticus
LC
N
References
1.Blondel J, Aronson J, Bodiou J-Y, Boeuf G. The Mediterranean Region: Biological Diversity in Space and Time. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc; 2010. 376 p. DOI: 978-0-19-955798-1
2.Communities E. Natura 2000 in the Mediterranean Region. 1st ed. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2009. 12 p. DOI: 10.2779/77695
3.Arnold C. Mediterranean Islands, 1st ed. London: Survival Books; 2008. 416 p. DOI: 978-0955648915
4.Mittermeier RA, Turner WR, Larsen FW, Brooks TM, Gascon C. Global biodiversity conservation: The critical role of hotspots. In: Zachos FE, Habel JC, editors. Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas. 1st ed. Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 3-22. DOI: 783642209918
5.Cox N, Chanson J, Stuart S. The Status and Distribution of Reptiles and Amphibians of the Mediterranean Basin, 1st ed. Switzerland and Cambridge: IUCN; 2006. 42 p. DOI: 978-2-8317-0912-3
6.AmphibiaWeb. AmphibiaWeb [Internet]. 2017 [Updated: 2017]. Available from: http://amphibiaweb.org [Accessed: March 27, 2017]
7.Uetz P, Freed P, Hošek J. The Reptile Database [Internet]. 2017 [Updated: 2017]. Available from: http://reptile-database.org [Accessed: March 27, 2017]
8.IUCN. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [Internet]. 2017 [Updated: 2017]. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ [Accessed: March 27, 2017]
9.Whitfield SM, de ScottRyan TJ, Buhlmann KA, Tuberville TD, Metts BS, Greene JL, Mills T, Leiden Y, Poppy S. The global decline of reptiles, déjà amphibians. BioScience. 2000;50(8):53-666
10.Cuttelod A, García N, Abdul Malak D, Temple H, Katariya V. The Mediterranean: A biodiversity hotspot under threat. In: Vié J-C, Hilton-Taylor C, Stuart SN, editors. The 2008 Review of The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1st ed. Switzerland: IUCN Gland; 2008. p. 1. DOI: 978-2-8317-1063-1
11.Barahona F, Evans SE, Mateo JA, García-Márquez M, López-Jurado LF. Endemism, gigantism and extinction in island lizards: the genus Gallotia on the Canary Islands. Journal of Zoology. 2000;250(3):373-388
12.Cox SC, Carranza S, Brown RP. Divergence times and colonization of the Canary Islands by Gallotia lizards. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 2010;56:747-757
13.IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. Latonia nigriventer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T6715A13339841 [Internet]. [Updated: 2012] Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T6715A13339841.en [Accessed: 08 April 2017]
14.Salafsky N, Salzer D, Stattersfield AJ, Hilton-Taylor C, Neugarten R, Butchart SHM, Collen B, Cox N, Master LL, O’Connor S, Wilkie D. A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: Unified classifications of threats and actions. Conservation Biology. 2007;22:897-911. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00937.x
15.Blue Plan. The Blue Plan’s Sustainable Development Outlook for the Mediterranean. 1st ed. Sophia Antipolis, France: UNEP Blue Plan Activity Centre; 2008. 26 p
Written By
Kerim Çiçek and Oğzukan Cumhuriyet
Submitted: 21 November 2016Reviewed: 11 July 2017Published: 08 November 2017
Open access peer-reviewed chapter
