Patients with non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma seen at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital from 1993 to 2008
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9321",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials",title:"Advances in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nowadays, microporous and mesoporous materials are versatile solids of great interest due to their structures and pore sizes, which allow their application in many areas. Accordingly, with IUPAC, materials with pore sizes smaller than 2 nm are called microporous and with pore sizes between 2 and 50 nm are called mesoporous. The pore size has an important impact on the material properties and affects their applications. In addition, high surface area, and their ability to incorporate functional groups on the framework are of great relevance for commercial and science applications. This book intends to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of recent improvements in the microporous and mesoporous materials field.",isbn:"978-1-83880-756-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-755-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-757-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83325",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-microporous-and-mesoporous-materials",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"d5b349cbde0b129c20f31dc02b94d33b",bookSignature:"Rafael Huirache Acuña",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9321.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1161,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 23rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 22nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 10th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 10th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"181660",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Huirache Acuña",slug:"rafael-huirache-acuna",fullName:"Rafael Huirache Acuña",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181660/images/system/181660.jfif",biography:"Dr. Rafael Huirache Acuña studied Chemical Engineering\n(1995–2000) and attained his master’s degree in Metallurgy\nand Materials Science from the Institute of Metallurgical Research-UMSNH, Mexico, in 2003. He obtained his PhD in 2007\nin Materials Science at the Advanced Materials Research Center\n(CIMAV, SC) working on the synthesis, characterization, and\ntesting of trimetallic catalysts for HDS reactions, with a stay in\nICCOM Florence. After his PhD, he started postdoctoral research devoted to mesoporous supports for HDS catalysts at the Center of Applied Physics and Advanced\nTechnology of UNAM (2008–2009). In 2010 he reached the staff position of professor and researcher at the Chemical Engineering Faculty of UMSNH, Mexico. His\nresearch interests are focused mainly on heterogeneous catalysts and materials for\nenvironmental applications.",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:[{id:"72457",title:"Synthesis of Supported Mesoporous Catalysts Using Supercritical CO2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92740",slug:"synthesis-of-supported-mesoporous-catalysts-using-supercritical-co-sub-2-sub-",totalDownloads:161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Soledad Guadalupe Aspromonte, Federico Andrés Piovano, Esther Alonso and Alicia Viviana Boix",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72457",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72457",authors:[{id:"282809",title:"Prof.",name:"Alicia",surname:"Boix",slug:"alicia-boix",fullName:"Alicia Boix"},{id:"319213",title:"Dr.",name:"Soledad",surname:"Aspromonte",slug:"soledad-aspromonte",fullName:"Soledad Aspromonte"},{id:"320021",title:"Mr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Piovano",slug:"federico-piovano",fullName:"Federico Piovano"},{id:"320022",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",surname:"Alonso",slug:"esther-alonso",fullName:"Esther Alonso"}],corrections:null},{id:"71308",title:"Sulfided NiMo/Clinoptilolite Catalysts for Selective Sulfur Removal from Naphtha Stream without Olefin Hydrogenation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91375",slug:"sulfided-nimo-em-clinoptilolite-em-catalysts-for-selective-sulfur-removal-from-naphtha-stream-withou",totalDownloads:253,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Cristina Farías Rosales, Rut Guil-López, Marisol Faraldos, Rafael Maya Yescas, Trino Armando Zepeda, Barbara Pawelec and Rafael Huirache-Acuña",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71308",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71308",authors:[{id:"181660",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Huirache Acuña",slug:"rafael-huirache-acuna",fullName:"Rafael Huirache Acuña"},{id:"185436",title:"Dr.",name:"Trino",surname:"Zepeda",slug:"trino-zepeda",fullName:"Trino Zepeda"},{id:"260635",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Maya Yescas",slug:"rafael-maya-yescas",fullName:"Rafael Maya Yescas"},{id:"308130",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Farias Rosales",slug:"cristina-farias-rosales",fullName:"Cristina Farias Rosales"},{id:"308131",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rut",surname:"Guil López",slug:"rut-guil-lopez",fullName:"Rut Guil López"},{id:"308132",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María",surname:"Faraldos",slug:"maria-faraldos",fullName:"María Faraldos"},{id:"308133",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Pawelec",slug:"barbara-pawelec",fullName:"Barbara Pawelec"}],corrections:null},{id:"70337",title:"Functionalized MCM-48 as Carrier for In Vitro Controlled Release of an Active Biomolecule, L-Arginine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90175",slug:"functionalized-mcm-48-as-carrier-for-in-vitro-controlled-release-of-an-active-biomolecule-l-arginine",totalDownloads:287,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Anjali Uday Patel and Priyanka Dipakbhai Solanki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70337",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70337",authors:[{id:"262308",title:"Prof.",name:"Anjali",surname:"Patel",slug:"anjali-patel",fullName:"Anjali Patel"},{id:"307693",title:"MSc.",name:"Priyanka",surname:"Solanki",slug:"priyanka-solanki",fullName:"Priyanka Solanki"}],corrections:null},{id:"72077",title:"Polymer Functionalization of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Using Controlled Radical Polymerization Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92323",slug:"polymer-functionalization-of-mesoporous-silica-nanoparticles-using-controlled-radical-polymerization",totalDownloads:264,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Leena Nebhani, Smrutirekha Mishra and Tina Joshi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72077",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72077",authors:[{id:"308335",title:"Prof.",name:"Leena",surname:"Nebhani",slug:"leena-nebhani",fullName:"Leena Nebhani"},{id:"308769",title:"Ms.",name:"Smrutirekha",surname:"Mishra",slug:"smrutirekha-mishra",fullName:"Smrutirekha Mishra"},{id:"308770",title:"Ms.",name:"Tina",surname:"Joshi",slug:"tina-joshi",fullName:"Tina Joshi"}],corrections:null},{id:"71558",title:"Melting and Dissolving Fly Ash by NaOH for the Removal of Iron, Calcium, and Other Impurities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91704",slug:"melting-and-dissolving-fly-ash-by-naoh-for-the-removal-of-iron-calcium-and-other-impurities",totalDownloads:197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Minghua Wang, Hui Zhao, Gulambar Tursun, Jianwang Yang and Long Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71558",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71558",authors:[{id:"311666",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Minghua",surname:"Wang",slug:"minghua-wang",fullName:"Minghua Wang"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Shamrao",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-shamrao-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Shamrao Kamble"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6656",title:"Phase Change Materials and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b257f8386280bdde4633d36124787f2",slug:"phase-change-materials-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6805",title:"Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b6930e7ae9d0704f68b5c180526309",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-properties-of-materials",bookSignature:"Md. Kawsar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199691",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kawsar",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-kawsar-alam",fullName:"Md. Kawsar Alam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6851",title:"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e0ab8961c52c159da40dd3ec039be0",slug:"new-uses-of-micro-and-nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola, Jairo Useche Vivero and Andres Guillermo Marrugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112233",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Marcelo Rubén",surname:"Pagnola",slug:"marcelo-ruben-pagnola",fullName:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9393",title:"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d33466a3272f97353a6bf6d76d7512a5",slug:"engineering-steels-and-high-entropy-alloys",bookSignature:"Ashutosh Sharma, Zoia Duriagina, Sanjeev Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7360",title:"Fillers",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization and Industrial Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4cb5f0dcdfc23d6ec4c1d5f72f726ab4",slug:"fillers-synthesis-characterization-and-industrial-application",bookSignature:"Amar Patnaik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43660",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amar",surname:"Patnaik",slug:"amar-patnaik",fullName:"Amar Patnaik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9360",title:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4068d570500b274823e17413e3547ff8",slug:"perovskite-materials-devices-and-integration",bookSignature:"He Tian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259466",title:"Prof.",name:"He",surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64730",slug:"erratum-spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",title:"Erratum - Spectrum Decision Framework to Support Cognitive Radio Based IoT in 5G",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64730.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64730",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64730",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64730",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64730",chapter:{id:"63606",slug:"spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",signatures:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar, Fahim Arif and Adil Masood Siddique",dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 5th 2018",book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"244896",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Naeem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",fullName:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar",slug:"ahmad-naeem-akhtar",email:"ahmadnaeem.akhtar@mcs.edu.pk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63606",slug:"spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",signatures:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar, Fahim Arif and Adil Masood Siddique",dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 5th 2018",book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"244896",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Naeem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",fullName:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar",slug:"ahmad-naeem-akhtar",email:"ahmadnaeem.akhtar@mcs.edu.pk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"6236",leadTitle:null,title:"Contributions to Mineralization",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Contributions to Mineralization provide some new aspects on economically important mineral deposits from various locations in Asia, Africa, and Europe in terms of their genesis, geochemical, and age considerations. Mining industry and mineral engineering issues are also discussed in the book through some new statistical approaches and economic aspects. The book represents a useful guide for specialists in the fields of mineralogy, economic geology, mining engineering, environmental impacts, and mining industry.",isbn:"978-953-51-3749-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3748-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4068-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68760",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"contributions-to-mineralization",numberOfPages:224,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82b66946017dcdc1ea6ac17e0bf766a4",bookSignature:"Ali Ismail Al-Juboury",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6236.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:10055,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfTotalCitations:25,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 11th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 1st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 28th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 26th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 25th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Ismail",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58570/images/system/58570.png",biography:"Ali Ismail Al-Juboury is a professor in the Geology Department, University of Mosul, Iraq. He obtained his BSc in Geology and MSc in Sedimentology in 1980 and 1983, respectively, and his PhD from Comenius University, Slovakia, in 1992. He has published more thah 100 papers in local and peer-reviewed journals in the fields of mineralogy, petroleum geology, sedimentology, and geochemistry. He is a member of numerous international societies and serves on the editorial board of the Iraqi Geological Journal and International Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Journal of Oil and Gas Basins, Azerbaijan, and International Journal of Geophysics and Geochemistry (American Association of Science and Technology). He has received several awards, such as the Distinguished Scholars Award from the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Kuwait, in 2009, and the Science and Technology (Geology) Award from the Islamic States in 2014.",institutionString:"University of Mosul",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Mosul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1406",title:"Mineralogy",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences-soil-science-mineralogy"}],chapters:[{id:"57241",title:"Petrology, Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Greisens Associated with Tin-Tungsten Mineralisation: Hub Stock Deposit at Krásno–Horní Slavkov Ore District, Czech Republic",slug:"petrology-geochemistry-and-mineralogy-of-greisens-associated-with-tin-tungsten-mineralisation-hub-st",totalDownloads:1093,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"142108",title:"Dr.",name:"Miloš",surname:"René",slug:"milos-rene",fullName:"Miloš René"}]},{id:"58500",title:"Zechstein-Kupferschiefer Mineralization Reconsidered as a Product of Ultra-Deep Hydrothermal, Mud-Brine Volcanism",slug:"zechstein-kupferschiefer-mineralization-reconsidered-as-a-product-of-ultra-deep-hydrothermal-mud-bri",totalDownloads:1016,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"209366",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",surname:"Rasmussen",slug:"jan-rasmussen",fullName:"Jan Rasmussen"},{id:"209499",title:"Dr.",name:"Volker",surname:"Spieth",slug:"volker-spieth",fullName:"Volker Spieth"},{id:"209500",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanley",surname:"Keith",slug:"stanley-keith",fullName:"Stanley Keith"}]},{id:"58271",title:"Lead-, Zinc-, and Iron-Sulfide Mineralization from Northern Iraq",slug:"lead-zinc-and-iron-sulfide-mineralization-from-northern-iraq",totalDownloads:1863,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"},{id:"219749",title:"Dr.",name:"Waleed",surname:"Shingaly",slug:"waleed-shingaly",fullName:"Waleed Shingaly"},{id:"219751",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",surname:"Elias",slug:"elias-elias",fullName:"Elias Elias"},{id:"219752",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsin",surname:"Ghazal",slug:"mohsin-ghazal",fullName:"Mohsin Ghazal"}]},{id:"57812",title:"Geology, Textural Study, Ore Genesis and Processing of the Tabuaço Tungsten Deposit (Northern Portugal)",slug:"geology-textural-study-ore-genesis-and-processing-of-the-tabua-o-tungsten-deposit-northern-portugal-",totalDownloads:1089,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"212457",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yann",surname:"Foucaud",slug:"yann-foucaud",fullName:"Yann Foucaud"},{id:"212458",title:"Prof.",name:"Lev",surname:"Filippov",slug:"lev-filippov",fullName:"Lev Filippov"},{id:"214497",title:"Dr.",name:"Inna",surname:"Filippova",slug:"inna-filippova",fullName:"Inna Filippova"},{id:"220945",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Marion",slug:"philippe-marion",fullName:"Philippe Marion"},{id:"220947",title:"Mrs.",name:"Bénédicte",surname:"Lechenard",slug:"benedicte-lechenard",fullName:"Bénédicte Lechenard"}]},{id:"58720",title:"Lead Isotopes as Tracers of Metal Sources and Timing of the Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits in the Nappes Zone, Northern Tunisia",slug:"lead-isotopes-as-tracers-of-metal-sources-and-timing-of-the-carbonate-hosted-pb-zn-deposits-in-the-n",totalDownloads:1236,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"208237",title:"Dr.",name:"Nejib",surname:"Jemmali",slug:"nejib-jemmali",fullName:"Nejib Jemmali"}]},{id:"57250",title:"Trace Elements in Coal Gangue: A Review",slug:"trace-elements-in-coal-gangue-a-review",totalDownloads:749,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"209067",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaoqing",surname:"Guo",slug:"shaoqing-guo",fullName:"Shaoqing Guo"}]},{id:"58223",title:"Mineralization: Evidence from Fission Track Thermochronology",slug:"mineralization-evidence-from-fission-track-thermochronology",totalDownloads:768,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"16797",title:"Prof.",name:"Wanming",surname:"Yuan",slug:"wanming-yuan",fullName:"Wanming Yuan"},{id:"220230",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Wang",slug:"ke-wang",fullName:"Ke Wang"}]},{id:"58190",title:"Statistical Approach to Mineral Engineering and Optimization",slug:"statistical-approach-to-mineral-engineering-and-optimization",totalDownloads:1330,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"212505",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"M. Deniz",surname:"Turan",slug:"m.-deniz-turan",fullName:"M. Deniz Turan"}]},{id:"58502",title:"Expected Return on Capital in Mining Industry",slug:"expected-return-on-capital-in-mining-industry",totalDownloads:923,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"213401",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aneta",surname:"Michalak",slug:"aneta-michalak",fullName:"Aneta Michalak"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"192910",firstName:"Romina",lastName:"Skomersic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192910/images/4743_n.jpg",email:"romina.s@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"401",title:"Petrology",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76f3cf825db7e77a7edb8bf4cd8e8087",slug:"petrology-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ali Ismail Al-Juboury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/401.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9247",title:"Mineralogy",subtitle:"Significance and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5149699e666cbb61c220646173769f18",slug:"mineralogy-significance-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ali Ismail Al-Juboury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9247.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6466",title:"Shale Gas",subtitle:"New Aspects and Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02763c6398f049c222acf6a774dd38ee",slug:"shale-gas-new-aspects-and-technologies",bookSignature:"Ali Al-Juboury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6466.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"39815",title:"Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection",doi:"10.5772/51671",slug:"hodgkin-s-lymphoma-and-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection",body:'
Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a lymphoid neoplasm first described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832 and subsequently by Samuel Wilks in 1865[1,2]. Greenfield (1878), Sternberg (1879) and Reed (1902) are credited with the earliest descriptions of the pathological characteristics of the disease [3,4,5]. In has now become clear that the Reed-Sternberg cell is derived from clonal B-cells, more specifically post-germinal center B-cells, giving credence to the malignant nature of the disease, and hence the preferred term of Hodgkin’s lymphoma –HL, instead of Hodgkin’s disease [6].
Major and striking advances have been made in the biology and management of HL. More than 70% of patients with HL are curable (especially those presenting with early stage disease). Better insight has been gained with regard to the acute and long term toxicities of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Furthermore, the advent of new imaging techniques such as PET (positron emission tomography)-scans are allowing therapy to be individualized and tailored in a risk adapted and response adapted fashion [7].
The incidence of HL varies widely throughout the world (approximately 1-3.5/100 000), based on geographical and ethnic factors. The highest rates of HL are seen in the United States, Canada and Europe, with much lower rates occurring in Japan, Korea and China. HL is more common in males compared to females, with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. HL occurs most often in young adults, with a peak frequency in the third decade of life. A bimodal age distribution may be seen, with a second age peak noted in the 6th to 8th decades [8,9,10,11].
The exact aetiology of HL is unknown. An increased risk of HL is seen with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection, congenital and acquired immunodeficiency states (such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus – HIV infection/AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, post solid organ and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation) and autoimmune disease [12-18]. There is also an increased risk of familial aggregation of HL [19].
HIV infection is known to be associated with an increased risk of HL, based on linkage and cohort studies. The relative risk is now 10-15 fold higher compared with the general population [13-15,17,18,20-22]. This review will focus on HL in southern Africa, and describe the differences compared to HL in developed countries, highlighting the emerging increase in HL in the HIV seropositive population/people living with HIV/AIDS (PWHA).
Lymphomas are known to occur with an increased frequency in PWHA [20,21,23]. NHL (Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma) is the commonest malignancy in the post cART (combination antiretroviral therapy) era in PWHA. The incidence of NHL in resource-rich settings has decreased in the post cART era compared to the pre cART era [23-24]. However, the contrary is true in resource-poor settings, with a noticeable increase in NHL incidence [24-26]. This is particularly true of sub-Saharan Africa - the epicenter of the HIV pandemic. The increase in NHL incidence is due mainly to the high prevalence and heavy burden of HIVin sub-Saharan Africa, a region in which two thirds of PWHA reside, and additionally, in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, there has been a lack of availability of, or delay in initiation of cART. In South Africa, which is home to over 5 million PWHA, the rollout of cART occurred in 2004, 8 years later than in the Western world (introduced in developing countries during the end of 1996 and the beginning of 1997) and until recently, cART was generally only available to individuals with CD4 counts of <200/ul. Although this practice has changed in the last two years, with access/availability of cART to individuals with a higher CD4 count of <350/ul, the burden of diseases related to the immunodeficiency state (with notable exceptions such as Kaposi’s sarcoma) appear to be on the increase [17,25,26,27].
In Africa, the HIV/AIDS epidemic was first reported in 1984 [28]. The major risk of HIV in Africa occurs in/with heterosexual relationships, and accounts for an approximately equal male to female ratio, as compared to the Western world in which the major risk groups involve intravenous drug use and homosexual relationships, thus predominantly affecting males. Furthermore, early in the HIV epidemic, there was no marked increase in the incidence of NHL compared to the USA. This was attributed to PWHA dying earlier in the course of their disease possibly from infectious complications such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. The decreased longevity prevented the subsequent or later development of NHL. In addition, there may be underreporting of lymphoma or the missed diagnosis of lymphoma, with a diagnosis of an infective cause of lymphadenopathy (such as tuberculosis) being favoured over lymphoma, in the absence of performing a fine needle aspirate or lymph node biopsy [28-30].
At Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) – a tertiary, public sector, University of the Witwatersrand linked hospital located in Soweto, Johannesburg, studies in the 1990’s with respect to HIV-NHL showed only a modest increase of NHL in seropositive individuals, with an odds ratio of 4.8, 5 and 5.9 respectively [31-33]. The first patient at this hospital with HIV-NHL was seen in 1993. Since then, there has been a steady increase in HIV-NHL up to 2000. However, since 2001, the percentage seropositivity of NHL has exceeded 50% (approximately between 60 – 80%), and since 2002, there has additionally been a significant increase in the total number of patients diagnosed with NHL at CHBAH (from 20-30 new patients per year to 70-80 patients per year) (see Table 1 and Figure 1) [25]. Indeed, NHL is now the commonest haematological malignancy in South Africa, in the current HIV/AIDS era and the number of seropositive patients continues to increase.
With respect to Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), the data is less dramatic, but is becoming more significant. In a study by Stein et al, 2008 [33], the percentage seropositivity of HL in a South African cohort (which included patients from CHBAH) was 19.5% (OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.0-2.7), during the period 1995-2004. The first patient with HIV-HL was seen in 1994 at CHBAH. Since then, there has been a modest increase in HIV-HL up to 2006. However, in the last 5 years (2007 - 2011) at our single institution, the percentage seropositivity is greater than 50% (see Figure 2) and the number of patients over the years are gradually increasing (doubled compared to an earlier series in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s – (17,34)(see Figure 3). Thus, the focus of this review relates to the emerging problem of Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the setting of HIV in southern Africa.
Number of Seronegative Patients | Number of Seropositive Patients | |||
1993 | 20 | 19 | 1 | 5% |
1994 | 20 | 18 | 2 | 10% |
1995 | 18 | 15 | 3 | 16.7% |
1996 | 28 | 25 | 3 | 10.7% |
1997 | 18 | 14 | 4 | 22.2% |
1998 | 34 | 18 | 16 | 47.1% |
1999 | 22 | 14 | 8 | 36.4% |
2000 | 30 | 16 | 14 | 46.7% |
2001 | 24 | 4 | 20 | 83.3% |
2002 | 40 | 15 | 25 | 62.5% |
2003 | 44 | 17 | 27 | 61.4% |
2004 | 58 | 23 | 35 | 60.3% |
2005 | 54 | 15 | 39 | 72.2% |
2006 | 72 | 17 | 55 | 76.4% |
2007 | 72 | 19 | 53 | 73.6% |
2008 | 76 | 10 | 66 | 86.8% |
Patients with non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma seen at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital from 1993 to 2008
HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients with non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma from 1993 to 2008seen at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital
HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma from 1990 to 2011 seen at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital
Total number of patients with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma seen at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital from 1990 - 2011
HL occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency (with particular reference to HIV/AIDS) is generally aggressive, presents with advanced stage disease, frequent constitutional (‘B’) symptoms, less favourable histology, more frequent bone marrow involvement and a poorer prognosis compared to immunocompetent individuals [17,18].
With the advent of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), now referred to as cART (combination antiretroviral therapy), the AIDS related morbidity, particularly with respect to opportunistic infections has decreased and the survival of HIV/AIDS patients has increased [35,36]. In the post cART era, ADCs (AIDS-defining cancers) continue to fall, but the rates of NADCs (non-AIDS defining cancers) such as HL, anal carcinoma, lung carcinoma and skin cancers are on the increase [37]. With HL, there is a noticeably increasing relative risk of approximately 10 - 15 fold, compared with the general population [13-15,17,18,20-22].
Several epidemiological studies conducted in the last two decades, and summarised in the article by Carbone et al, 2009 [22] strongly support the evidence that HIV positive individuals have a higher risk of developing HL compared to their HIV negative counterparts. This is in contrast to HIV-NHL or HIV-Kaposi’s sarcoma (where the incidence of the disease has decreased significantly after the introduction of cART). cART has allowed the use of standard therapeutic options to be delivered to seropositive patients in a more optimal manner, bringing about renewed optimism in the management of such patients. cART use is associated with higher CD4 T cell counts and enhanced immunity.Thus, despite the benefit of cART, which improves immunity and decreases the risk of opportunistic infections, there is a paradoxical increased risk of HL [22]. The authors conclude that the improved CD4 T cell count that occurs post cART use, provides anti-apoptotic pathways and mechanisms for immune escape by tumour cells, thus resulting in an increased risk of HL [22].
However, in contrast to this, a 20-year cohort study has shown that with the advent of antiretroviral therapy, ADCs (AIDS-defining cancers) continue to fall, but the rates of NADCs (non-AIDS defining cancers) are on the increase. The authors suggest that this increase appears to be more related to the aging of the HIV population (i.e. increased longevity allowing a greater risk of developing lymphoma) rather than the antiretroviral therapy and its effect on the CD4 T cell count [37].
Histologically, HL is characterized by a population of neoplastic Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, which constitute <1-2% of the cellular component, admixed with a reactive, mixed inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and histiocytes. Cytokines and chemokines are produced by either the RS cells or the reactive cells in the background micro-environment of the tissue. The cytokine production may explain the presence and maintenance of an impaired immune response, while the chemokines (cytokines with chemoattractant properties) play a role in leucocyte trafficking, attract chemokine receptor CCR4-expressing Th-2 cells and T regulatory cells, and allow a favourable environment for survival of RS cells [38-40]. Cross talk between the RS cells and reactive cells mediated by cytokines such as IL-13, IL-17, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta and chemokines - principally CCL17 (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, TARC) and CCL22 (macrophage-derived chemokine, MDC), lead to an environment where RS cells are able to proliferate, escape from apoptosis and survive host anti-tumour defense [38-40]. The CD4+ T cells surrounding the neoplastic cells in HL are CD45RO+/CD45RA-/CD45RBdim, suggesting a memory Th2 phenotype [41].
HIV-associated immunosuppression is a state that permits the unchecked and uncontrolled proliferation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of classic HL, with a high frequency of EBV association (80-100%) noted in tissues of patients with HIV-HL [42,43]. EBV transforming proteins, such as latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1), is expressed in virtually all HIV-HL patients [43-45]. The expression of EBV-LMP-1 is important in the pathogenesis of HIV-HL. LMP-1 expression by EBV-infected RS cells represents the principal mechanism for constitutive NF(nuclear factor) -B activity, which confers an apoptosis resistant phenotype to the RS cells [43,45]. EBV-immortalized B cells also produce CCL17 and CCL22 through LMP-1 mediated activation of NFB [46].
RS cells of classical HL represent transformed B cells (post germinal center B cells) that originate from preapoptotic germinal center B cells. They express CD15 and CD30 as well as LMP-1 and display a BCL6-/CD138+/MUM1/IRF4+ (Interferon Regulatory Factor-4] phenotype [43,47,48]. In addition, LMP2A and EBNA-1 may also contribute to the development of the RS cells and are expressed in the RS cells of this tumour [44,45]. LMP2A may promote the survival of the ‘crippled’ germinal center B cells, thereby aiding in their development [49].
In general, HIV-seropositive patients with HL tend to have a more aggressive clinical course than their seronegative counterparts. The behaviour of the disease is different, and based on a number of studies [22,50-57], the following characteristics were noted: more frequent constitutional ‘B’ symptoms – 70-96%, more advanced stage disease (III and IV) – 74-92%,, more frequent involvement of extranodal sites – 17-62%, with bone marrow involvement being the most common extranodal site – 40-59%, followed by involvement of the liver – 17-40% and spleen – 20-30%. The vast majority (>80%) of the patients were males. The median age at presentation was approximately 34 years. The median CD4 count was mostly in the intermediate range of 240-306/l [22,50-57]. Compared to HIV negative HL, where nodular sclerosis is the dominant histological subtype, mixed cellularity is most commonly encountered in HIV-HL – 33-53% [17,22,34,56-57]. Nodular sclerosis is the second most common histological subtype in HIV-HL – 24-31%. However, with more severe immunosuppression, nodular sclerosis becomes infrequent [38]. There is also an increasing number of patients with lymphocyte depleted histology - 14-20% in HIV-HL [17,22,56-57].
Based on the Italian Cooperative Group on AIDS and Tumors (GICAT) study, in comparison with patients who were cART naive, patients receiving cART before the onset of HL are older, have less B symptoms, have higher leukocyte and neutrophil counts and have a higher haemoglobin level [56].
In a recent review of 43 patients with HIV associated HL seen at CHBAH over a 2 year period (July 2008 – June 2010] a number of striking similarities and differences were noted when comparing this cohort with other published studies outside of Africa [17]. The median age at presentation of 38 years was similar to other series. There was no striking male predominance. Conversely, the male to female ratio is almost equal at 1.1:1. All the patients had heterosexual acquisition of HIV. None of the patients acquired their HIV through intravenous drug use or homosexual contacts. This is different to other series where homosexuality and intravenous drug use are significant, documented risk groups [15,20,22,50,56,57]. The presentation with advanced stage disease (82%), more frequent ‘B’ symptoms (93%), more frequent involvement of extranodal sites (bone marrow-38%; liver-45%; spleen-28%) and ‘true’ extranodal sites [17%) and the histological pattern of disease (mixed cellularity being the most common) is similar to that reported in the literature. The median CD4 count of 176/l is generally lower, although there are series reported of HIV-HL with median CD4 counts of <200/l [51]. In this series 12/29 (41%) of the patients had newly diagnosed HIV at the time of the diagnosis of HL. In 62% of the patients, the duration of the diagnosis of HIV (including new patients was < 1 year). Only 45% of the patients were on antiretroviral therapy at diagnosis of HL, compared to 71-80% in other series [22,56,57]. A further striking difference is the high proportion of patients with Tuberculosis in this series – 59% (38% with active disease and 21% with past, documented disease). The high prevalence of tuberculosis may be a reflection of the more severe immunosuppression in the patients, the delay in diagnosis of HIV and hence the absence of antiretroviral therapy use at diagnosis and the very common occurrence of tuberculosis in the general population. The presence of tuberculosis, often in a disseminated fashion, has an adverse impact on the clinical outcome of the patients. In general, the outcome of the HIV-HL patients was less favourable than the HIV seronegative patients [17].
In another local study from CHBAH, covering a fifteen period from 1990 to 2004, the clinical characteristics of 163 patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma are reviewed [58]. Table 2 depicts the differences between the HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients in this study.
HIV Status | Seropositive | Seronegative |
Total Number of Patients = 163 | 47 (29%) | 116 (71%) |
Median Age (Range) in Years | 30 (13-59) | 29 (13-87) |
M:F Ratio | 1.8:1 | 1.2:1 |
CD4 Count at Presentation (/ul) | 186 (32-769) | N/A |
‘B’ Symptoms | 77% | 78% |
Advanced Stage (IIIIV) Disease | 78% | 67% |
‘True’ Extranodal Disease | 13% | 12% |
Histological Subtype: Mixed Cellularity Nodular Sclerosis Other | 61% 17% 22% | 42% 41% 13% |
Tuberculosis Prevalence Active Disease | 27% 19% | 23% 17% |
Treatment Response Complete Response Partial Response | 38% 8% | 57% 21% |
Clinical characteristics of HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients seen over a fifteen year period (1990 - 2004) at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (adapted from Fazel, 2012)
Based on the findings of this study, HIV seronegative patients compared to HIV seropositive patients have more advanced stage disease, a higher frequency of mixed cellularity subtype, a slightly higher risk of tuberculosis and ‘true’ extranodal disease and a poorer response to treatment [58].
The management of HIV-HL is challenging because of the frequency of infections, likelihood of organ dysfunction due to HIV, more frequent involvement of the bone marrow, increased myelosuppression, potential drug-drug interactions of the antiretrovirals and anti-infectives with chemotherapy, the advanced and widespread nature of the disease at presentation and the preponderance of less favourable histological subtypes. Treatment approaches include vigorous supportive care (HAART, antivirals, antifungals, neutrophil-stimulating growth factors), together with standard multiagent chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy regimens for HIV-HL such as EBV, EBVP, ABVD and MOPP/ABV hybrid are feasible and can be delivered with concomitant cART. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) treated 21 patients with ABVD for 4-6 cycles with G-CSF support. Antiretroviral therapy was not used. The complete remission rate (CR) was 43% with a medianoverall survival of 18 months [59]. In a more recent Spanish study (GESIDA – Groupo de Estudia de SIDA), 62 patients with HIV-HL received the standard, full-dose ABVD and cART with 87% of the patients achieving a CR. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) probabilities were 76 and 71% respectively. The immunological response to HAART had a positive impact on OS (p=0.002) and EFS (p=0.001) [60]. Use of cART substantially improves the overall survival in HIV associated HL. This is due to a decrease in the incidence of opportunistic infections, the ability to deliver more appropriate and aggressive chemotherapy on schedule and to the less aggressive presentation of lymphoma in patients on cART, in comparison with those lymphomas that arise in patients who never received cART [50-53]. In the study of Hentrich et al, 2006, 34/59 patients receiving cART (n=34) had a significantly better 2-year overall survival than those not receiving cART (74% versus 30%, p<0.001) [61]. The advent of cART also allows for more aggressive treatment options such as VEBEP [62], BEACOPP [63], Stanford V [64] and the use of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in selected patients [65,66]. However, in general, response rates and cure rates are lower than in HIV seronegative patients, despite the substantial progress made in the last decade. The challenge at present is to optimise the use of standard approaches as used in HIV negative HL. Once this is established, evaluation of experimental and newer therapies should follow.
HIV is associated with an increased risk of developing HL, a risk that has not lessened despite the introduction and benefit of cART. HL is now being regarded among the most common NADCs, which have clearly increased in the post cART era. The association from being largely coincidental (overlapping and similar age group for both HL and HIV) may now be increasingly causal, with the most plausible explanation being attributed to the pathogenetic role of Epstein Barr virus infection.
The recognition of an increasing trend of HIV-HL in resource-poor settings needs to be further highlighted, so that early diagnosis, early recourse to cART and appropriate supportive therapy and specific therapy such as chemotherapy can be administered to improve survival.
Therapy of HIV associated HL entails using the same therapeutic approaches as in seronegative HL, including standard chemotherapy regimens such as ABVD, and in the salvage setting, autologous stem cell transplantation in selected patients. In general, the prognosis and overall survival still remains poorer in HIV-HL compared to HIV negative HL. Importantly, the concomitant use of anti-retroviral agents has allowed for thedelivery of full-dose and dose-intensive chemotherapy given on schedule, as well as prophylaxis against certain opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and the liberal use of growth factors (granulocyte colony stimulating factor) and other supportive measures, constitutes an important aspect of supportive therapy and has contributed to an improvement in prognosis. The early recognition and treatment of tuberculosis cannot be overemphasized in settings where tuberculosis is endemic. Newer specific treatment approaches for HL may become necessary in the future to improve survival. However, for the present, HIV-associated HL appears to be on the increase and remains an emerging and ongoing challenge.
I thank all the medical, nursing and allied healthcare professionals who were involved in the diagnosis, management and follow up of the patients with Hodgkin\'s lymphoma. In particular, I extend my sincere gratitude to the staff of the Clinical Haematology Unit, Department of Medicine, CHBAH, and all the patients whose data has been used in this study.
Thermal insulation consists in using a material or a combination of materials in order to limit heat losses by conduction, convection and radiation between the interior and exterior of a building due to its low thermal conductivity. Thus, thermal insulation acts as a thermal barrier. The two main criteria for thermal insulation of buildings are the optimization of energy consumption and the protection of buildings against climatic factors. In some countries, people spend up to 90% of their time indoors (offices, factory, workshops, homes, …) so they need a viable artificial environment that requires energy. Thermal insulation reduces heat loss, saves heating, limits greenhouse gas emissions, and improves living comfort.
In addition, cement will remain the main material that meets the needs of modern infrastructure and participates in the construction of large structures. Thus the development of cement performance to meet current needs has prompted several research projects to improve its thermal insulation without reducing its resistance.
One of the most promising cements for thermal insulation is magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC). During the last decade, the development of magnesium oxychloride cement was motivated by environmental considerations. The MgO production temperature was lower than the conversion temperature of CaCO3 into Portland cement. The energy savings associated with this reduced temperature have led many researchers to believe that magnesium oxychloride cements are the future of green cement. In addition, MgO has the capacity to potentially absorb CO2 unlike Portland cement. It is “carbon neuter” cement. These two interdependent aspects have a recent academic and commercial interest in the field of MgO cements.
MOC cement is synthesized by dissolving the magnesia MgO into aqueous solution of magnesium chloride hexahydrate MgCl2, forming a homogeneous gel from which the basic salts of magnesium chloride precipitate. These salts are expressed by xMg(OH)2.yMgCl2.zH2O phases which depend on the temperature, the reactivity of magnesium and the relationships between the number of moles of MgCl2 to that of the water molecules, the temperature and the reactivity of magnesium [1]. It has several performances and has become popular due to its attractive appearance, similar to that of marble. Indeed, it rapid hardening rate and it has high mechanical strength and good resistance to abrasion. The abrasion resistance is three times that of ordinary Portland cement. Generally, the compressive strength is greater than 50 MPa after curing for 28 days [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. In addition, a peculiarity of this cement is its resistance to salt and saline solutions. The main applications used are architectural applications such as the construction of thermal and acoustical insulating panels [8], the construction of industrial floors and other prefabricated building boards [9].
In this chapter, we investigated the thermal properties of Sorel cement. The aim of this research was to improve the thermal insulation of Sorel cement by using a polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) polymer. We have determined the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of various blended PVAc cements and we are studying the effect of PVAc on the compressive strength of composite materials.
The main materials used to synthesize the MOC are Magnesia (MgO), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and water (H2O). Magnesium oxide powder used in this study is mostly produced by calcinations of magnesite powder (HiMedia, India) at a temperature around 900°C. We dissolved magnesium chloride hexahydrate (Scharlab, Spain) in distilled water to prepare a saturated solution of magnesium chloride. The mass concentration of the solution was 217 g for 100 g of water. The mass ratio of MgCl2.6H2O/MgO = 2.22 [10]. The PVAc polymer (SICOP, Tunisia) is a fluid of low cost whose viscosity at 20°C is 10,000 ± 500 Pa s and the PH = 6 ± 1.
The samples were prepared by mixing at the same time magnesium oxide powder, saturated magnesium chloride solution and PVAc polymer. The polyvinyl acetate polymer is replaced by MgO. Five samples are synthesized; four samples with the incorporation of PVAc and a control sample (without addition). The obtained samples which are SC0 (0% PVAC), SC5 (5% PVAC), SC10 (10% PVAC), SC15 (15% PVAC) and SC20 (20% PVAC). The mixtures were cast into the cylindrical molds of height 50 mm and diameter about 25 mm, stored for 24 h, then unmolded and air-cured for 28 days.
The compressive strength of specimens was tested using Liyold mechanical testing instrument with a load of 300 KN. At the age of 28 days, the compressive strength for samples with diameter 25 mm and height 50 mm were measured at a loading speed of 2 mm/min at ambient temperature.
Measurement of thermal conductivity was performed in dry state using the photothermal deflection technique.
The micro-morphology on the fractured surface of MOC was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL-JSM- 5400). The sample is previously coated with a layer of gold and SEM was operated at 15 kV of acceleration voltage.
The sample is heated by modulated and uniform light pump beam. The optical absorption of the sample will generate a unidimentional thermal wave that will propagate into the sample and in the surrounding fluid near the surface of the sample, inducing a temperature gradient then a refractive index gradient in the fluid. The absorbed light is transformed into heat by a nonradiative de-excitation process. A laser beam skimming parallely the sample surface and passing through this refractive index gradient is deflected. This deflection is related to the thermal and optical properties of the sample.
The deflection of the probe laser beam ψ is complex number
T0 which is the periodic temperature rise at the sample surface is a complex number that written
In order to determine the deflection of the probe laser beam, we have to calculate the periodic temperature T0 at the sample surface.
The sample consists of only one layer (Figure 1) of thermal conductivity ks, thermal diffusivity Ds and thickness ls. It is fixed at backing of kb, Db, lb respectively thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and thickness. The sample and backing are in a fluid (air) of thermal conductivity kf, thermal diffusivity Df and thickness lf. To determine the periodic temperature T0, we solve the one-dimensional heat diffusion equation in the different media backing, sample and fluid. Assuming that only the sample is absorbing the pump light beam, the heat equations in the different media are given by:
Different medium browsed by the heat.
where A = αsI0/2ks are constant numbers and αs is the optical absorption coefficient of the sample.
Indeed, the application of the boundary conditions of temperature and heat flux at the different interfaces allows us to determine the expression of the periodic temperature T0 at the sample surface:
We will study in this paragraph the variations of the photothermal signal as a function of the square root of the frequency in the case of a bulk sample. Figure 2 represents the theoretical variations normalized amplitude and phase of the photothermal signal as a function of the square root of the frequency for three values of the thermal conductivity (k = 0.1, 2.0 and 4.0 W/m K) of a bulk sample. We see that the normalized amplitude and the phase of the PTD signal are insensitive to variations of k (the three curves are coincident), which means that in this case we cannot determine the thermal conductivity of the sample.
Theoretical variation of the normalized amplitude (a) and phase (b) of the photothermal signal with the square root of modulation frequency for three numerical values of thermal conductivity.
Figure 3 represents the theoretical variations normalized amplitude and phase curves for different values of thermal diffusivity D. These curves show a remarkable sensitivity of the PTD signal to variations in thermal diffusivity, which allows determining thermal diffusivity with great precision.
Theoretical variation of the normalized amplitude (a) and phase (b) of the photothermal signal with the square root of modulation frequency for different values of thermal diffusivity.
The sample is composed of a layer deposed on a substrate (Figure 4). Fernelius [10] was developed the theoretical model of a layer deposed on a substrate by writing the heat equations in the four medium: fluid (Kf, Df, lf), sample (Ks, Ds, ls), black layer (Kc, Dc, lc) and backing (Kb, Db, lb). Assuming that all the light is absorbed only by the black layer, the heat equations in the different media are given by:
Different medium.
where Ac = αcI0/2kc are constant numbers and αc is the optical absorption coefficient of the black layer.
By applying the continuity conditions of temperature and heat flow at the different interfaces allows us to determine the expression of the periodic temperature T0 at the sample surface:
where Ec = Ac/(αc2 − σc2), rc = αc/σc, b = kbσb/ksσs, c = kcσc/ksσs, and g = kfσf/ks.
Figure 5 shows the variations of normalized amplitude and phase for three values of thermal conductivity with equal thermal diffusivity D = 0.4 10−7 m2 s−1 and well-defined values of the properties of the ink layer [11]. In addition, Figure 5 also shows the variations normalized amplitude and phase for different values of thermal diffusivity with k = 1 Wm−1 K−1.
Theoretical variation of the normalized amplitude (a) and phase (b) of the photothermal signal with the square root of modulation frequency for three values of thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity.
We notice that the PTD signal is sensitive to both the conductivity and the thermal diffusivity of sample (substrate). Since the value of thermal diffusivity is determined in the previous case (sample without layer), the value of thermal conductivity can be determined with great precision.
In this section, we will study the thermal diffusivity of samples (MOC without and with
Figure 6 presents the experimental curves of normalized amplitude (a) and phase (b) of the photothermal signal and the corresponding theoretical ones for three values of the thermal diffusivity 0.2, 0.4 and 5.0 m2/s versus square root modulation frequency for the reference sample (MOC without PVAc). Furthermore, Figure 6 also presents the experimental normalized amplitude and phase of the photothermal signal and the corresponding theoretical ones for three values of the thermal conductivity 0.01, 0.3 and 0.7 w/mk versus the square root modulation frequency for magnesium oxychloride cement.
Experimental and theoretical variation of the normalized amplitude (a) and phase (b) of the photothermal signal with the square root of modulation frequency for three values of thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity.
As noted in the previous section, the PTD signal is insensitive to thermal conductivity. We can only determine the values of the thermal diffusivity of the magnesium oxychloride cement. The theoretical curve which coincides best with the experimental curve is obtained for 0.4 10−7 m2 s−1.
We will proceed the same way for the rest of the magnesium oxychloride cement samples to which PVAc has been added with different percentages using the same method. Figure 7 shows the normalized amplitude and phase of experimental photothermal signal versus square root of modulation frequency of the magnesium oxychloride cement with PVAc fitted with theoretical curves. The theoretical curves that best coincide with the experimental curves allow deducing the thermal diffusivity of the samples (Figure 7). The difference between theses curves is due to their different thermal diffusivity. We note that the addition of PVAc significantly influences on the diffusivity values. Indeed, the thermal diffusivity decreases with the percentage of PVAc and reaches their minimum values at 10% and begins to increase after this value. The reduction of thermal diffusivity of cement is due to the insulating effect of polyvinyl acetate particles. The thermal diffusivity of PVAc is measured by the same technique (PTD) [12].
The normalized amplitude (a) and phase (b) of experimental photothermal signal versus square root of modulation frequency of the magnesium oxychloride cement with PVAc fitted with theoretical curves (line).
In order to determine the thermal conductivity value of the sample, we have deposed a thin ink layer of few microns thick at the sample surface which we have taken into account in our theoretical model. The ink layer absorbs the entire light beam and therefore considerably increases the amplitude of the photothermal signal and makes the signal sensitive to the thermal conductivity of the sample.
Indeed, these curves represent the experimental and theoretical variation of normalized amplitude and phase of the photothermal signal versus the square root of the modulation frequency (Figure 8). The best adjustment is obtained for a thermal conductivity equal to 0.9 Wm−1 K−1. This suggests that the thermal conductivity (0.9 Wm−1 K−1) and thermal diffusivity (0.4 × 10−7 m2 /s) values are reasonably accurate.
Normalized amplitude (a) and phase (b) of experimental Photothermal signal versus square root modulation frequency of PVAc fitted with theoretical curves (line).
The curves on Figure 9 show the experimental and theoretical variation of the normalized amplitude (a) and phase (b) of the photothermal signal with the square root of modulation frequency. The best adjustment of experimental and theoretical curve leads to the determination of thermal conductivity value with precision. We notice that magnesium oxychloride cement (without PVAc) present the greatest values of thermal conductivity. The samples of magnesium oxychloride cement with different percentages present a minimum of thermal conductivity at 10% addition with a slight increase to 15 and 20% of PVAc. Indeed, the insulating effect and the amorphous structure of PVAc particles [11, 12] are responsible for the reduction of thermal conductivity. We conclude that the incorporation of PVAc improves the thermal properties of the MOC. Values of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity decreased from 0.9 to 0.45 w/mk, and 0.4 × 10−7 to 0.18 × 10−7 m2/s, respectively. Moreover, an optimum of 10% is obtained, which corresponds to a reduction of approximately 50% in thermal conductivity and 55% in thermal diffusivity which can be explained by the appearance of the smallest pore-size in the cement matrix [12].
Experimental and theoretical variation of the normalized amplitude (a) and phase (b) of the photothermal signal with the square root of modulation frequency.
In order to study the effect of the incorporation of polymers on the mechanical properties, compressive strength measurements made on samples air-cured for 28 days. The results of compressive strength are shown in Table 1.
Samples | Compressive strength (MPa) |
---|---|
SC0 | 64.88 |
SC5 | 41.33 |
SC10 | 29.05 |
SC15 | 26.40 |
SC20 | 23.07 |
Compressive strength of Sorel cement for different percentage of PVAc.
The incorporation of PVAc losses the mechanical strength and it presents a variation from 64.88 to 23.07 MPa corresponds to a reduction approximately of 64%. Furthermore, the reduction in compressive strength of the thermal optimum is approximately 55%. However, it maintains good mechanical strength. Indeed, we improve the thermal properties of magnesium oxychloride cement while keeping a good resistance. The phase 5 (5 Mg(OH)2.MgCl2.8H2O) is the source for strength and hardening of Sorel cement. At the atomic scale, phase 5 formation can be explained by the adsorption of the atoms Mg2+, OH− and Cl− when mixing MgO and MgCl2.6H2O on the surface of MgO. Figure 10 shows the microstructures of both magnesium oxychloride cement without and with PVAc (5 μm). We see in these images the needle shaped crystals. These needles shaped crystals is the P5 (5Mg(OH)2.MgCl2.8H2O). We note that the incorporation of PVAc does not affect for the development of P5.
Microstructure of SC5, SC10, SC15 and SC20.
The objective of this work is to study the thermal properties of Sorel cement, which is a building material with promising performance. In order to determine the thermal properties of the cement, the photothermal deflection technique is used. The insulation properties of the SC were enhanced with the incorporation of PVAc. The thermal conductivities and thermal diffusivity of SC with PVAc are in a range of 0.45–0.9 W/m K and 0.4 10−7–0.18 10−7 m2/s, respectively. A thermal optimum is obtained for 10% of PVAc so that a reduction of 50% of the thermal conductivity and 55% of the thermal diffusivity is obtained. Furthermore, the compressive strength of SC is notably influenced by the incorporation of PVAc and increases with decreasing PVAc percentages, the value of compressive strength vary from 64.88 to 23.07 MPa and achieves a reduction of up to 64% for 20% of PVAc. However, the thermal optimum reaches 55% reduction in compressive strength (29.05 MPa) but retains good mechanical strength.
This chapter was supported by a grant from Ministry of Higher Scientific Research of Tunisia. The authors would like to thank the technical team of the physics mathematics quantum modeling and mechanical design laboratory in Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Nabeul and the National Research Centre of Materials Sciences in Borj Cedria Technological Park.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5817},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5282},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1755},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15915}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119159},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9667",title:"Neuroimmunology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9cf0e8203ce088c0b84add014fd8d382",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Robert Weissert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9667.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"79343",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Weissert",slug:"robert-weissert",fullName:"Robert Weissert"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9816",title:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365bb9762ba33db2d07e677690af1772",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salim Surani and Dr. Venkat Rajasurya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9816.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10223",title:"Obesity and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c202a2b74cd9a2c44b1c385f103ac65d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Venketeshwer Rao and Dr. Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10223.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10504",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3478d05926950f475f4ad2825d340963",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Youssef Ben Smida and Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311698",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Ben Smida",slug:"youssef-ben-smida",fullName:"Youssef Ben Smida"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10519",title:"Middleware Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c326d436ae0f4c508849d2336dbdfb48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10519.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:46},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:216},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"117",title:"Energy Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering",parent:{title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"},numberOfBooks:152,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:4217,numberOfWosCitations:6400,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3836,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8819,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-energy-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9430",title:"Sustainable Energy Investment",subtitle:"Technical, Market and Policy Innovations to Address Risk",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"944911e9a2154a0bf8b358cafc971f42",slug:"sustainable-energy-investment-technical-market-and-policy-innovations-to-address-risk",bookSignature:"Joseph Nyangon and John Byrne",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9430.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8871",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Resources, Challenges and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e00c59554fb355c16623c62064ecc3bb",slug:"renewable-energy-resources-challenges-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mansour Al Qubeissi, Ahmad El-kharouf and Hakan Serhad Soyhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"241686",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansour",middleName:null,surname:"Al Qubeissi",slug:"mansour-al-qubeissi",fullName:"Mansour Al Qubeissi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8572",title:"Thermodynamics and Energy Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2e9e95bd0be692c5364418f341102b6",slug:"thermodynamics-and-energy-engineering",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8572.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",middleName:null,surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7200",title:"Green Energy and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72ad3cb35d7eb84855d6cb05c6e73897",slug:"green-energy-and-environment",bookSignature:"Eng Hwa Yap and Andrew Huey Ping Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7200.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185577",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Eng Hwa",middleName:null,surname:"Yap",slug:"eng-hwa-yap",fullName:"Eng Hwa Yap"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6837",title:"Lithium-ion Batteries",subtitle:"Thin Film for Energy Materials and Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea7789260b319b9a4b472257f57bfeb5",slug:"lithium-ion-batteries-thin-film-for-energy-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Mitsunobu Sato, Li Lu and Hiroki Nagai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6837.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179615",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8394",title:"Low-temperature Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be68d10255b1c1c72aef7caddf946e34",slug:"low-temperature-technologies",bookSignature:"Tatiana Morosuk and Muhammad Sultan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8394.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193888",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Morosuk",slug:"tatiana-morosuk",fullName:"Tatiana Morosuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7659",title:"Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery",subtitle:"Analysis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98c4b304e87fd0d4e56579783f22a1f7",slug:"organic-rankine-cycles-for-waste-heat-recovery-analysis-and-applications",bookSignature:"Silvia Lasala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7659.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190049",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Lasala",slug:"silvia-lasala",fullName:"Silvia Lasala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9441",title:"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)",subtitle:"Past, Present, and Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0f6032c45ead7f1cb11bb488bfcd48d",slug:"ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-past-present-and-progress",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim and Hyeon-Ju Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9441.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8896",title:"Sustainable Mobility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5b28b438521dcd383df9b6e797ec462",slug:"sustainable-mobility",bookSignature:"Bernardo Llamas, Marcelo F. Ortega Romero and Eugenia Sillero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8896.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169368",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardo",middleName:null,surname:"Llamas",slug:"bernardo-llamas",fullName:"Bernardo Llamas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8890",title:"Design Optimization of Wind Energy Conversion Systems with Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a2ce9419202c074e3aee8dff0d87326c",slug:"design-optimization-of-wind-energy-conversion-systems-with-applications",bookSignature:"Karam Y. Maalawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8890.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18593",title:"Prof.",name:"Karam",middleName:"Youssef",surname:"Maalawi",slug:"karam-maalawi",fullName:"Karam Maalawi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9425",title:"Advanced Statistical Modeling, Forecasting, and Fault Detection in Renewable Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9dfa41155499eb62f21917c77db5f7c",slug:"advanced-statistical-modeling-forecasting-and-fault-detection-in-renewable-energy-systems",bookSignature:"Fouzi Harrou and Ying Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9425.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197090",title:"Dr.",name:"Fouzi",middleName:null,surname:"Harrou",slug:"fouzi-harrou",fullName:"Fouzi Harrou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:152,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"40640",doi:"10.5772/51360",title:"Electrostatic Conversion for Vibration Energy Harvesting",slug:"electrostatic-conversion-for-vibration-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:4411,totalCrossrefCites:79,totalDimensionsCites:129,book:{slug:"small-scale-energy-harvesting",title:"Small-Scale Energy Harvesting",fullTitle:"Small-Scale Energy Harvesting"},signatures:"S. Boisseau, G. Despesse and B. Ahmed Seddik",authors:[{id:"139151",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghislain",middleName:null,surname:"Despesse",slug:"ghislain-despesse",fullName:"Ghislain Despesse"},{id:"164277",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastien",middleName:null,surname:"Boisseau",slug:"sebastien-boisseau",fullName:"Sebastien Boisseau"},{id:"164439",title:"Mr.",name:"Bouhadjar",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed Seddik",slug:"bouhadjar-ahmed-seddik",fullName:"Bouhadjar Ahmed Seddik"}]},{id:"20058",doi:"10.5772/17047",title:"Ethanol Production in Brazil: The Industrial Process and Its Impact on Yeast Fermentation",slug:"ethanol-production-in-brazil-the-industrial-process-and-its-impact-on-yeast-fermentation",totalDownloads:22656,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:118,book:{slug:"biofuel-production-recent-developments-and-prospects",title:"Biofuel Production",fullTitle:"Biofuel Production - Recent Developments and Prospects"},signatures:"Luiz Carlos Basso, Thiago Olitta Basso and Saul Nitsche Rocha",authors:[{id:"27097",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Basso",slug:"luiz-carlos-basso",fullName:"Luiz Carlos Basso"},{id:"27117",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago Olitta",middleName:null,surname:"Basso",slug:"thiago-olitta-basso",fullName:"Thiago Olitta Basso"},{id:"84059",title:"Prof.",name:"Saul",middleName:"Nitsche",surname:"Rocha",slug:"saul-rocha",fullName:"Saul Rocha"}]},{id:"16242",doi:"10.5772/21398",title:"Wind Turbines Theory - The Betz Equation and Optimal Rotor Tip Speed Ratio",slug:"wind-turbines-theory-the-betz-equation-and-optimal-rotor-tip-speed-ratio",totalDownloads:62489,totalCrossrefCites:49,totalDimensionsCites:102,book:{slug:"fundamental-and-advanced-topics-in-wind-power",title:"Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power",fullTitle:"Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power"},signatures:"Magdi Ragheb and Adam M. Ragheb",authors:[{id:"32344",title:"Mr",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Ragheb",slug:"adam-ragheb",fullName:"Adam Ragheb"},{id:"33227",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdi",middleName:null,surname:"Ragheb",slug:"magdi-ragheb",fullName:"Magdi Ragheb"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56887",title:"Petroleum Source Rocks Characterization and Hydrocarbon Generation",slug:"petroleum-source-rocks-characterization-and-hydrocarbon-generation",totalDownloads:5162,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"recent-insights-in-petroleum-science-and-engineering",title:"Recent Insights in Petroleum Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Recent Insights in Petroleum Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Nabil Mohammed Al-Areeq",authors:[{id:"198686",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabil",middleName:"Mohammed",surname:"Al-Areeq",slug:"nabil-al-areeq",fullName:"Nabil Al-Areeq"}]},{id:"70874",title:"Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources",slug:"social-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-resources",totalDownloads:2217,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System"},signatures:"Mahesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"309842",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"kamlesh-kumar",fullName:"Kamlesh Kumar"}]},{id:"56405",title:"Characterization of Crude Oils and the Precipitated Asphaltenes Fraction using UV Spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering and Microscopy",slug:"characterization-of-crude-oils-and-the-precipitated-asphaltenes-fraction-using-uv-spectroscopy-dynam",totalDownloads:1523,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"recent-insights-in-petroleum-science-and-engineering",title:"Recent Insights in Petroleum Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Recent Insights in Petroleum Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Ernestina Elizabeth Banda Cruz, Nohra Violeta Gallardo Rivas, Ulises\nPáramo García, Ana Maria Mendoza Martinez and José Aarón Melo\nBanda",authors:[{id:"174756",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernestina Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Banda Cruz",slug:"ernestina-elizabeth-banda-cruz",fullName:"Ernestina Elizabeth Banda Cruz"},{id:"175028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana María",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Martínez",slug:"ana-maria-mendoza-martinez",fullName:"Ana María Mendoza-Martínez"},{id:"186469",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulises",middleName:null,surname:"Paramo-Garcia",slug:"ulises-paramo-garcia",fullName:"Ulises Paramo-Garcia"},{id:"198863",title:"Dr.",name:"Nohra",middleName:"Violeta",surname:"Gallardo Rivas",slug:"nohra-gallardo-rivas",fullName:"Nohra Gallardo Rivas"},{id:"198864",title:"Dr.",name:"José Aarón",middleName:null,surname:"Melo Banda",slug:"jose-aaron-melo-banda",fullName:"José Aarón Melo Banda"}]},{id:"40514",title:"Integration of Seismic Information in Reservoir Models: Global Stochastic Inversion",slug:"integration-of-seismic-information-in-reservoir-models-global-stochastic-inversion",totalDownloads:2293,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"new-technologies-in-the-oil-and-gas-industry",title:"New Technologies in the Oil and Gas Industry",fullTitle:"New Technologies in the Oil and Gas Industry"},signatures:"Hugo Caetano",authors:[{id:"164943",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Caetano",slug:"hugo-caetano",fullName:"Hugo Caetano"}]},{id:"49438",title:"Perovskite Nanomaterials – Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications",slug:"perovskite-nanomaterials-synthesis-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:7813,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:33,book:{slug:"perovskite-materials-synthesis-characterisation-properties-and-applications",title:"Perovskite Materials",fullTitle:"Perovskite Materials - Synthesis, Characterisation, Properties, and Applications"},signatures:"Nada F. Atta, Ahmed Galal and Ekram H. El-Ads",authors:[{id:"30072",title:"Prof.",name:"Nada",middleName:null,surname:"F. Atta",slug:"nada-f.-atta",fullName:"Nada F. Atta"},{id:"174033",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Galal",slug:"ahmed-galal",fullName:"Ahmed Galal"},{id:"174034",title:"MSc.",name:"Ekram",middleName:null,surname:"El-Ads",slug:"ekram-el-ads",fullName:"Ekram El-Ads"},{id:"176164",title:"MSc.",name:"Ekram",middleName:null,surname:"Ekram H. El-Ads",slug:"ekram-ekram-h.-el-ads",fullName:"Ekram Ekram H. El-Ads"}]},{id:"65239",title:"Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting: Basic Principles and Applications",slug:"thermoelectric-energy-harvesting-basic-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:3659,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:26,book:{slug:"green-energy-advances",title:"Green Energy Advances",fullTitle:"Green Energy Advances"},signatures:"Diana Enescu",authors:[{id:"226207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Enescu",slug:"diana-enescu",fullName:"Diana Enescu"}]},{id:"38933",title:"Wind Turbine Generator Technologies",slug:"wind-turbine-generator-technologies",totalDownloads:12287,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"advances-in-wind-power",title:"Advances in Wind Power",fullTitle:"Advances in Wind Power"},signatures:"Wenping Cao, Ying Xie and Zheng Tan",authors:[{id:"154063",title:"Prof.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"ying-xie",fullName:"Ying Xie"},{id:"154064",title:"Mr.",name:"Zheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",slug:"zheng-tan",fullName:"Zheng Tan"},{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}]},{id:"59381",title:"A Review of Recycling Processes for Photovoltaic Modules",slug:"a-review-of-recycling-processes-for-photovoltaic-modules",totalDownloads:2179,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"solar-panels-and-photovoltaic-materials",title:"Solar Panels and Photovoltaic Materials",fullTitle:"Solar Panels and Photovoltaic Materials"},signatures:"Marina Monteiro Lunardi, Juan Pablo Alvarez-Gaitan, José I. Bilbao\nand Richard Corkish",authors:[{id:"233229",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Corkish",slug:"richard-corkish",fullName:"Richard Corkish"},{id:"233231",title:"Ms.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro Lunardi",slug:"marina-monteiro-lunardi",fullName:"Marina Monteiro Lunardi"},{id:"242337",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Gaitan",slug:"juan-pablo-alvarez-gaitan",fullName:"Juan Pablo Alvarez-Gaitan"},{id:"242338",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose I.",middleName:null,surname:"Bilbao",slug:"jose-i.-bilbao",fullName:"Jose I. Bilbao"}]},{id:"48982",title:"A Comprehensive Modeling and Simulation of Power Quality Disturbances Using MATLAB/SIMULINK",slug:"a-comprehensive-modeling-and-simulation-of-power-quality-disturbances-using-matlab-simulink",totalDownloads:11760,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"power-quality-issues-in-distributed-generation",title:"Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation",fullTitle:"Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation"},signatures:"Rodney H.G. Tan and Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy",authors:[{id:"152137",title:"Dr.",name:"Vigna",middleName:null,surname:"Ramachandaramurthy",slug:"vigna-ramachandaramurthy",fullName:"Vigna Ramachandaramurthy"},{id:"175327",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodney",middleName:"H.G.",surname:"Tan",slug:"rodney-tan",fullName:"Rodney Tan"}]},{id:"53557",title:"Energy-Efficient Building Design in the Context of Building Life Cycle",slug:"energy-efficient-building-design-in-the-context-of-building-life-cycle",totalDownloads:3937,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"energy-efficient-buildings",title:"Energy Efficient Buildings",fullTitle:"Energy Efficient Buildings"},signatures:"Izzet Yüksek and Tülay Tikansak Karadayi",authors:[{id:"186397",title:"Dr.",name:"İzzet",middleName:null,surname:"Yüksek",slug:"izzet-yuksek",fullName:"İzzet Yüksek"},{id:"186398",title:"Prof.",name:"Tülay",middleName:null,surname:"Tıkansak Karadayı",slug:"tulay-tikansak-karadayi",fullName:"Tülay Tıkansak Karadayı"},{id:"374197",title:"Dr.",name:"Izzet",middleName:null,surname:"Yüksek",slug:"izzet-yuksek",fullName:"Izzet Yüksek"},{id:"374198",title:"Dr.",name:"Tülay Tikansak",middleName:null,surname:"Karadayi",slug:"tulay-tikansak-karadayi",fullName:"Tülay Tikansak Karadayi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"engineering-energy-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/immunodeficiency/hodgkin-s-lymphoma-and-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"immunodeficiency",chapter:"hodgkin-s-lymphoma-and-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection"},fullPath:"/books/immunodeficiency/hodgkin-s-lymphoma-and-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()