Open access peer-reviewed conference paper

High-Speed Railway Tunnel Hood: Seismic Dynamic Characteristic Analysis

Written By

Wang Ying-xue, He Jun, Jian Ming, Chang Qiao-lei and Ren Wenqiang

Reviewed: 09 November 2016 Published: 01 February 2017

DOI: 10.5772/66811

From the Proceeding

Proceedings of the 2nd Czech-China Scientific Conference 2016

Edited by Jaromir Gottvald and Petr Praus

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Abstract

When a high‐speed train is passing through a tunnel, micro‐compression wave may be created at the tunnel exit, which will affect the environment around the railway line. Setting hood at tunnel entrance is one of the efficacious ways for solving this problem. While in an earthquake region, in addition to consideration of controlling micro‐compression wave, the seismic safety of hood structure must not overlook the factor. In this chapter, using finite difference method, several types of hood seismic dynamic characteristic were analyzed, and their seismic dynamic respond stress curves were drawn out. As a result, the recommended hood type was determined, which is helpful for hood design in high intensity earthquake zone.

Keywords

  • tunnel
  • hood
  • seismic dynamic characteristic
  • finite difference method

1. Introduction

In China, high‐speed railway technology got quick development and more and more high‐speed railway tunnels were built in high earthquake intensity zones. Large amount of postearthquake investigation shows that tunnel entrance is liable to earthquake effect and result in damage. However, for solving train‐tunnel aerodynamic effect, tunnel hood has become an indispensable accessory of tunnel structure. So how to improve tunnel hood seismic characteristic is one of the hot point on tunnel seismic research.

To the tunnel entrance seismic character, much amount of research has been made and some important conclusions have been drawn out.

Gao et al. (2009) did a thorough tunnel damage field investigation along the Dujiangyan‐Wenchuan highway after the Wenchuan earthquake. The inspection results showed that the disaster induced relatively serious damage to the tunnel entrance.

Through collecting and analyzing information of seismic damage of the tunnel portals in Wenchuan earthquake, Wang et al. (2012) summed up the major factors that affected seismic damage extension, and pointed out using fuzzy synthetic evaluation method for the estimation of seismic risk level of mountain tunnel portals. Zheng (2007), using 3D distinct element method, analyzed the tunnel entrance seismic response. Cui (2010), using finite difference software FLAC‐3D and experiment method, researched the seismic design calculation method of tunnel shallow‐buried portal.

From previous discussion, it can be seen that many researchers have done study on tunnel entrance seismic character, while few topic pointed to the high‐speed tunnel hood. In fact, for relief of aerodynamic effect, the hood structure usually set opening on top or side district. So in high seismic area, the tunnel hood will be more fragile compared with common tunnel portal.

In this chapter, using finite element software, Abaqus, the seismic character of two opening hood and nonopening hood was calculated and compared, and the recommended hood structure was given out. The types of hood are side‐strip and top combination opening hood, two‐side‐strip opening hood and two seam opening hood.

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2. Numerical simulation parameter

2.1. Numerical model

In this chapter, finite element software Abaqus was used for simulating the tunnel hood dynamic response under seismic wave. The dimension of the model is shown in Table 1.

Whole modelx/my/mz/mExplanation
134.710077.8Yang slope degree is 45°, and vault buried depth is 30 m.
Tunnel hood14.72012.28Cross‐section area is 100 m2; the thickness of the lining is 0.7 m.

Table 1.

Model size and tunnel hood structure size.

For obtaining a good relief microcompression effect, the hood opening parameter must be determined through a large amount of analysis and calculation. Jiang (2014) gave out 20 m length of three types of hood optimum parameter, which is shown in Figure 1. The numerical model meshes of the whole model and hood structure are shown in Figures 2 and 3. For absorption of the seismic reflection wave, the cycle sides of the model is set as infinite element, and the bottom of the model is set as viscous‐elastic boundary.

Figure 1.

The diagram of the calculation model. (a) Side‐strip and top combination opening hood (opening ratio = 45%). (b) Two‐side‐strip opening (opening ratio = 27.5%). (c) Two seam opening hood (opening ratio = 39%).

Figure 2.

The arrangement plan of hood structure (units: m; bilateral symmetry).

Figure 3.

The model diagram of different hood structure. (a) Side‐strip and top combination opening hood. (b) Two‐side‐strip opening hood. (c) Two seam opening hood.

The lining of the tunnel is C35 concrete and the surrounding rock is grade IV. Their mechanical parameters are shown in Table 2.

Type of materialDensity (kg/m3)Young modulus (GPa)Poisson ratioCohesion force (MPa)Friction angle (°)
Surrounding rock210080.310.633
C35 concrete250031.50.2

Table 2.

Material mechanics parameters.

The input seismic wave is scaled Wolong wave and is shown in Figure 4, the acceleration pick of which was 0.62 m/s2 and was set on the bottom of the model for simulating the seismic effect in vertical direction.

Figure 4.

The accelerate curve of scaled Wolong wave.

The calculation was divided into two steps. First, only setting gravity load, the initial stress condition of the whole model would be obtained. Second, using dynamic implicit model and setting seismic load at the bottom of the model, the dynamic response of the lining was simulated. In the tunnel cross‐section, there are nine monitor points on the lining of the tunnel, as shown in Figure 5, for recording the dynamic response in different position. In the tunnel axis direction, the hood was set with four monitor in cross‐section. The position to tunnel and hood crossing surface is 1 m (surface I‐I), 7 m (surface II‐II), 11.5 m (surface III‐III), and 15 m (surface IV‐IV), respectively, and is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 5.

The schematic diagram of monitoring points.

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3. Calculation result

3.1. Initial stress condition

Under dead weight of the surrounding rock and lining, the stress status of structure is almost the same to different calculation condition. So only the maximum principal stress contour graphic of side strip and top open combination opening hood was provided (Figure 6). It can be seen that the peak value of the maximum principal stress is 0.67 Mpa.

Figure 6.

The max principal stress contour of side‐strip and top combination opening hood structure.

3.2. Stress condition under seismic load

3.2.1. Stress contour condition analysis

The maximum principal stress conditions of the hood structures at peak period of seismic wave (t = 8.92) were shown in Figure 7 and Table 3.

Figure 7.

The max principal stress contour of different hood structure (T = 8.92 S). (a) No open. (b) Side‐strip and top combination opening hood. (c) Two‐side‐strip opening hood. (d) Two seam opening hood.

Type of hoodNo opening hoodSide‐strip and top combination opening hoodTwo‐side‐strip opening hoodTwo seam opening hood
Value of maximum principal stress (MPa)2.0914.3811.018.64

Table 3.

The max principal stress of different hood structure.

The simulation results showed that:

  1. Under seismic load, the peak value of maximum principal stress is more than 2 MPa. It can be checked out that the tensile strength of C35 is 1.57 MPa, which means that no matter of the setting opening, the seismic load can result in damage to the hood structure.

  2. Differences of setting opening position can affect the peak value of maximum principal stress. Peak value of maximum principal stress to side‐strip and top combination opening hood is up to 14.38 MPa, while the value to two seam opening hood is only 8.64 MPa. So choosing appropriate type of hood is very helpful for promoting structural safety in the earthquake region.

3.2.2. The stress condition discrepancy analysis

The discrepancy at hood cross‐section and axial direction is shown in Tables 47 and Figures 811.

Figure 8.

The max principal stress curve of different hood structure's surface I‐I (units: Mpa). (a) None opening hood. (b) Side‐strip and top combination opening hood. (c) Two‐side‐strip opening hood. (d) Two seam opening hood.

Figure 9.

The max principal stress curve of different hood structure on surface II‐II (units: Mpa). (a) None opening hood. (b) Side‐strip and top combination opening hood. (c) Two‐side‐strip opening hood. (d) Two seam opening hood.

Figure 10.

The max principal stress curve of different hood structure at surface III‐III (units: Mpa). (a) None opening hood. (b) Side‐strip and top combination opening hood. (c). Two‐side‐strip opening hood. (d) Two seam opening hood.

Figure 11.

The max principal stress curve of different hood structure at surface IV‐IV (units: Mpa). (a) No open. (b) Side‐strip and top combination opening hood. (c) Two‐side‐strip opening hood. (d) Two seam opening hood.

Type of hoodMaximum principal stress/MPa
ABCDFGHI
No open0.87-0.010.08-0.110.01-0.10.08-0.01
Side‐strip and top combination opening hood2.170.022.931.820.021.812.820.03
Two‐side‐strip opening hood0.010.052.89-0.08-0.03-0.082.870.05
Two seam opening hood0.1120.04-0.17-0.002-0.170.041.9

Table 4.

The maximum principal stress of different hood structure at surface I‐I.

Type of hoodMaximum principal stress/MPa
ABCDFGHI
None opening hood1.460.021.2-0.060.1-0.051.180.02
Side‐strip and top combination opening hood2.922.026.41.75-0.011.756.432.02
Two‐side‐strip opening hood0.980.714.11.26-0.081.264.10.71
Two seam opening hood-0.010.590.69-0.040.12-0.040.730.51

Table 5.

The maximum principal stress of different hood structure at surface II‐II.

Type of hoodMaximum principal stress/MPa
ABCDFGHI
None opening hood1.170.040.93-0.070.11-0.060.950.03
Side‐strip and top combination opening hood0.460.863.051.28-0.011.273.060.83
Two‐side‐strip opening hood0.050.131.180.850.010.851.180.12
Two seam opening hood0.0040.230.910.0030.130.0091.030.24

Table 6.

The maximum principal stress of different hood structure at surface III‐III.

Type of hoodMaximum principal stress/MPa
ABCDFGHI
None opening hood0.760.130.77-0.080.12-0.070.760.16
Side‐strip and top combination opening hood0.460.863.051.28-0.011.273.060.83
Two‐side‐strip opening hood2.081.53.20.58-0.010.573.21.49
Two seam opening hood0.060.1210.050.130.051.160.12

Table 7.

The max principal stress of different hood structure's surface IV‐IV.

The results showed that:

  1. Although there are some variations because of the differences in the type of hood, the stress maximum region is almost the same, near to the waist of the hood structure.

  2. Except the two seam opening hood, in the hood axial direction, the peak value of max principal stress appeared at the section II‐II, which is 7 m to the hood and tunnel cross point.

  3. Among these hoods, the peak value on two seam opening hood is the lowest. In some checking point, the max principal stress on its structure is even lower than that on no opening hood as shown in Figure 12 and Table 8.

Figure 12.

The max principal stress of different monitor cross‐section at the waist of the hood structure.

Type of hoodMaximum principal stress value/Mpa
Section I‐ISection II‐IISection III‐IIISection IV‐IV
None opening hood0.081.180.950.76
Side‐strip and top combination opening hood2.826.433.063.06
Two‐side‐strip opening hood2.874.11.183.2
Two seam opening hood0.040.731.031.16

Table 8.

The maximum principal stress of different monitor cross‐section at the waist of the hood structure.

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4. Conclusion

The chapter discussed several types of hood structures’ safety and dynamic response under Wolong seismic wave, the acceleration peak of which was 0.6 m/s2, using finite element method. The analysis results showed that:

  1. Under seismic load, the peak value of maximum principal stress may exceed the tensile strength of structure material (C35). No matter setting opening or not, the seismic load can result in damage to the hood structure.

  2. Differences of setting opening position can affect the peak value of maximum principal stress.

  3. Although there is some variation because of the differences in types of hood, the stress maximum region is almost same, near to the waist of the hood structure.

  4. Except the two seam opening hood, in the hood axial direction, the peak value of max principal stress appeared at the section II‐II, which is 7 m to the hood and tunnel cross point.

  5. Among these hoods, the peak of maximum principal stress value on two seam opening hood is the lowest. So this hood structure is recommended in tunnel entrance for high‐speed railway line.

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Acknowledgments

This chapter is supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (“863” Program) of China (grant No. 2011AA11A103‐3‐3‐2).

References

  1. 1. G. Cui. The seismic design calculation method and test study of tunnel shallow‐buried portal and rupture stick‐slipping section, Southwest Jiaotong University Doctor Degree Dissertation, 2010.
  2. 2. B. Gao, Z. Wang, S. Yuan, Y. Shen. Lessons learnt from damage of highway tunnels in Wenchuan earthquake, Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 336–341, 2009.
  3. 3. Q. Jiang, Two‐stage aerodynamic characteristics and parameter analysis of buffer structure at high‐speed railway tunnel entrance, Southwest Jiaotong University Master Degree Dissertation, 2014.
  4. 4. Z. Wang, Z. Zhang, B. Gao, Y. Shen. Factors of seismic damage and fuzzy synthetic evaluation on seismic risk of mountain tunnel portals, Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 1122–1130, 2012.
  5. 5. Z. Zheng. Analysis of mountain tunnel seismic damage study on dynamic response of tunnel entrance, Southwest Jiaotong University Master Degree Dissertation, 2007.

Written By

Wang Ying-xue, He Jun, Jian Ming, Chang Qiao-lei and Ren Wenqiang

Reviewed: 09 November 2016 Published: 01 February 2017