Parameters of a slurry made from living and previously disintegrated cells.
Abstract
Results of the disintegration of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the bead mill with a multi disk impeller are presented. The degree of disintegration was specified on the basis of absorbency measurements at the wavelength 260 nm. The process was investigated by two integrated methods. The experimental values of maximum absorbency Am2 appeared to be smaller than theoretical ones Am1, which resulted from searching for the highest values of correlation coefficient between variables t and ln[Am1 / (Am1 – A)]. A significant increase of the process rate constant was observed when the slurry concentration increased in the range from 0.05 to 0.20 g d.m./cm3. This phenomenon was explained by an additional mechanism of cell destruction, which was induced by fragments of ground walls. The rate constant changed during the process due to a change of inner process conditions, and not directly as a result of a changing number of microbial cells. Modeling of the process in which the first-order differential equation is used to describe the kinetics is correct, with the process rate constant being a function of parameters that describe inner conditions changing during the process.
Keywords
- Random transformation of dispersed matter
- disintegration of microorganisms
- bead mill
- kinetics of the process
1. Introduction
Chemical compounds contained in microorganisms provide the opportunity, often the only one, to satisfy a whole range of human needs. Commercial importance was gained by, among others, intracellular enzymes used to shape and preserve functional properties of foodstuffs, conducting clinical analyses, antibiotic conversion, or therapy applied during cancer diseases [1]. The genetic modification of microorganisms allows for a further increase in the range of intracellular compounds’ utilization. Such a possibility should lead to obtaining valuable components from microorganisms generally considered safe for people on an industrial scale [2].
The separation of compounds contained in microorganisms generally requires the destruction of cell walls and cytoplasmic membranes. The process is conducted in high pressure homogenizers and bead mills on a semitechnical and technical scale. The device type depends on the type of destroyed microorganisms. Homogenizers are recommended for the disintegration of some bacteria and yeasts, while mills are for yeasts, fungi, and algae [3]. High-energy consumption of the process carried out by mechanical methods is the cause to seek more economical technical means of its implementation. The use of chemical, biological, and other physical methods at the present stage of technology development is not economically justified. It is expected that the use of mechanical methods, combined with others, for the disintegration of more resistant microorganisms in future will be beneficial [3].
The research carried out on the process improvement realized in bead mills is difficult to a large number of phenomena occurring in circulating mill filling and their specificity. During the disintegration of microorganisms, there occurs disruption of cell walls and membranes, releasing and dissolving intracellular compounds; organelle disruption; milling fragments of cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, and other cellular fragments; interaction between the released compounds and microorganisms; and unprotected organelles and their mutual interaction. While conducting the process, rheological properties change, both of a suspension and its continuous phase. Mutual relativity of occurrence times of separate events during disintegration can have very small (cell disruption—dissolving intracellular compounds) or very large values (cell disruption—cell autolysis). The process course is affected by a very large number of parameters: instrumental (e.g., mill design and size, filling ball diameter, filling degree, materials used, and surface condition), raw material (e.g., conditions for microorganisms growth, their size and morphological form), and process (e.g., mixer rotation speed, duration of the process, temperature, microorganisms’ suspension flow rate under conditions of continuous operation, and initial concentration of microorganisms’ cells). So far, there are several models leading to the mathematical description of the disintegration of microorganisms in bead mills by a first-order linear differential equation [1–10]. A dependency of the release rate of enzymes on their distribution in a cell has been shown [11]. Taking into account the consequences of events: disruption of the cells - release of intracellular compounds, led Melendres et al. [12] to a nonlinear description of the overall process assuming the linear course of component processes. Some researchers showed a dependency of the process rate constant on the initial microorganism concentration. Marffy and Kula [4] presented the results of the disintegration of brewer's yeasts
For researching, describing, and managing processes of random transformation of the dispersed matter in a limited space, the theory basics were developed [13–15]. They include the assumed possibility of shaping and transforming material set elements during mass exchange between dispersed types of volume differing in properties. It was assumed that these processes can occur as a result of physical, chemical, and biological factors in specified limited volumes, and their separate types are generated randomly in the space of material medium. For the assumed paradigm, there is a possibility to build phenomenological and mathematical process models. The basic description of matter formation assumes the form of a system of differential equations. Modeling methodology enables taking into account many phenomena and mechanisms appropriate for the investigated processes in the conducted analyses. The kinetics of matter formation description allows to recognize the effect of many factors and to develop the model of a given process at the desired level of complexity. Application areas of the theory, with its great potential, include numerous domains, such as medicine, biology, agriculture, environmental protection, and industry. The theory of random transformation of the distributed matter was already used for the description of the disintegration of microorganisms, inter alia, for the description of the effect of yeast cell size on the process course [13, 14]. The aim of this study is to apply the theory of a random transformation of the distributed matter in order to explain the dependency of the process rate constant on the initial microorganism concentration.
2. Theory
A bead mill is a tank filled with beads set in circulating motion by a rotating impeller. Microorganisms dispersed in liquid are broken as a result of the filling elements' impact on them. The type of mechanism to destroy cells results from the system of combined normal and tangential loading. Its three basic forms can be distinguished as caused by crushing, grinding, and rolling by means of balls. Generally, cell destruction mechanisms do not occur in a pure form in the circulating chamber filling. The process of the disintegration of microorganisms, a very complex one as it was presented in the introduction, is a random transformation of matter. In order to enable the specification and analysis of phenomena occurring during its course, the following phenomenological model of the disintegration of microorganisms in the circulating mill filling was developed [13–15]. The suspension of microorganisms constituting a set of material objects
The increase in the process rate of the disintegration of microorganisms in suspensions with high concentrations presumably is caused by the occurrence of the additional mechanism to destroy cells [5]. As a result of high concentration, microorganisms affect each other. By blocking cells between colliding balls with high kinetic energy, they cause an increase in volume
If the above hypothesis is true, then during the process with a reduction in the number of live cells, volume
3. Bead mill
The process of disintegration was investigated in a horizontal bead mill with a multidisk impeller. The capacity of the working chamber 80 mm i.d. was 1 dm3. Circular, full disks of the impeller of diameter 66 mm were placed every 30 mm. All parts of the mill were made from acid-resistant steel. The inside of the mill was filled in 80% with balls of diameter ranging from 0.8 to 1.0 mm made from leadless glass of density 2500 kg/m3.
The shaft of the multidisk impeller was coupled with a d.c. motor. A voltage control system enabled smooth change of the impeller speed in the range from 0 to 3600 rpm. The cooling jacket of the mill was connected to a Fisherbrand FBC 735 thermostat (Fisher Scientific GmbH). The temperature of 50% water solution of ethylene glycol cooling the mill was 4°C at the inlet to the tank jacket. The slurry temperature was about 4°C.
4. Biological material
Investigations were made using the suspension of commercially available baker’s yeast
5. Range of investigation
Experiments were carried out batchwise (constant feed) at the rotational speed of the impeller ranging from 1000 to 3500 rpm. Thirteen experimental series were made for a suspension prepared from living yeast cells at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.20 g d.m./cm3. The series consists of two experiments carried out at the same parameters. In the experiments, a slurry was used for which the mean concentration value determined for five measurements did not differ from an assumed value by more than 5%.
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rpm | g d.m./cm3 | % | g d.m./cm3 | % | g d.m./cm3 | g d.m. /cm3 | |
10 11 12 |
1000 2500 3500 |
0.1410 0.1393 0.1407 |
0 0 0 |
0.1974 0.1974 0.1940 |
99.5 99.5 99.5 |
0.0618 0.0599 0.0594 |
0.1727 0.1724 0.1711 |
Three experimental series were carried out for a mixture of slurries characterized by total biomass concentration of about 0.17 g d.m./cm3 and living cell concentration of about 0.06 g d.m./cm3. The parameters of the slurry mixture and its components as well as the impeller speed during the process are given in Table 1. The slurry mixture was prepared by combining slurry 1 and slurry 2 in proper proportions. Microorganisms in slurry 2 were subjected to disintegration in the bead mill until reaching 99.5% disintegration degree. Rotational speed of the impeller during the disintegration of microbial cells in slurry 2 corresponded to the impeller speed used during the disintegration of yeast contained in the slurry mixture.
6. Methodology
Changes in the slurry state were analyzed on the basis of spectrophotometric measurements of light absorbency in the supernatant at the wavelength 260 nm. Near this value, there are maximum spectra of spectral nucleic acids. The measurements were carried out using a Lambda 11 spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer GmbH). The supernatant was obtained after 20 min centrifugation of slurry samples at the temperature 4°C with a centrifugal force of 34,000
Depending on the cell disintegration degree, the slurry samples were diluted 0, 100, 200, or 400 times so that the measured absorbency did not exceed boundary values. Because of difficulties in using two parameters when describing the process kinetics, it was decided to convert the absorbency obtained at a given concentration into pure nucleic acids RNA released from the cell inside. Mean values for nucleotides used by Benthin et al. [16] were applied in the calculations. When solving the problem presented in this study, this simplifying assumption had no negative effects; however, the determined quantities of RNA could not be treated as precise values because of pollution of the supernatant with other intracellular components. In order to estimate the supernatant pollution,
The disintegration was investigated at different stages of the process, carrying out two experiments for fixed combinations of variable parameters. During the first experiment, 10 samples were taken in the time interval determined by the disintegration degree ranging from 0% to about 90%. On the basis of these data, a maximum amount of RNA possible to release, determined by the symbol
The first part of the methodology, involving a maximum amount of the intracellular component determined as a result of the tendency to reach the best description of the process by the first-order differential equation, was used by Currie et al. [6]. It was also employed to describe part of the experiments with yeast
7. Results and discussion
Results of the disintegration experiments performed in order to characterize biological material and the confirmation of its stability are given in Table 2. Strength properties of yeast cells derived from given fermentation were determined by means of parameters characteristic of the course of the disintegration process conducted for the extreme values of changed process parameters (
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1 2 3 4 13 14 15 16 |
0.0513 0.0491 0.1991 0.1991 0.0485 0.0485 0.1957 0.1957 |
1000 3500 1000 3500 1000 3500 1000 3500 |
2.631 2.626 9.352 9.622 2.450 2.173 8.071 8.651 |
0.9983 0.9984 0.9937 0.9971 0.9997 0.9996 0.9907 0.9962 |
1.307 6.024 1.817 9.632 1.348 6.986 2.149 10.429 |
2.317 2.434 8.725 8.745 2.263 2.252 7.935 8.106 |
0.9955 0.9961 0.9764 0.9836 0.9962 0.9993 0.9898 0.9854 |
1.698 7.156 2.438 13.420 1.656 6.488 2.320 13.413 |
Results of the investigations of process kinetics obtained by the first method revealed that the first-order differential equation, according to the present theory, described very well the process run. The correlation coefficients for most of the experiments exceeded 0.9960. Only in two cases for slurry concentration 0.20 g d.m./cm3 and impeller velocities 1000 rpm they were slightly lower (Table 2). Experimental results along with regression lines obtained for different slurry concentrations are shown in Fig. 1. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that the process rate increases with an increase of the initial yeast slurry concentration. Rate constants for the highest slurry concentrations determined at the impeller speed 2500 and 3500 rpm are higher by over 60% than those obtained for the lowest concentrations. In the process performed at the impeller speed equal to 1000 rpm, the differences between the values of constant
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g d.m./cm3 | rpm | --- | % | % | |
1 2 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 13 14 15 16 |
0.0513 0.0485 0.0491 0.0491 0.0485 0.1102 0.1431 0.1645 0.1991 0.1957 0.1974 0.1991 0.1957 |
1000 1000 2500 3500 3500 2500 2500 2500 1000 1000 2500 3500 3500 |
0.881 0.924 0.980 0.927 1.036 0.926 0.910 0.933 0.933 0.983 0.959 0.909 0.937 |
1.21 0.46 1.51 1.01 0.57 0.84 0.88 1.32 2.01 2.55 1.26 1.46 1.55 |
2.07 1.64 1.70 1.63 0.72 1.19 1.54 2.87 4.27 2.72 1.48 3.80 3.31 |
Results of electrophoretic research carried out for the largest suspension concentration demonstrated clear separation of macroparticles, confirming the maximum limit of cutting proteins by enzymes released from highly specialized organelles. An increase of the disintegration effect with an increasing slurry concentration is not caused by an intensified supernatant pollution. Such a result was also confirmed by constant relations between absorbances being measured. Examples of the results obtained for experimental runs made for extreme parameters are shown in Table 4.
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g d.m./cm3 | rpm | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
1 2 3 4 10 12 |
0.0513 0.0491 0.1991 0.1991 0.0618 0.0594 |
1000 3500 1000 3500 1000 3500 |
1.142 1.127 1.153 1.147 1.133 1.151 |
0.0036 0.0073 0.0022 0.0032 0.0039 0.0030 |
1.797 1.748 1.790 1.767 1.721 1.789 |
0.0129 0.0240 0.0058 0.0111 0.0135 0.0090 |
Changes of rate constants obtained by the second method, which take place at an increasing initial yeast cell concentration (Fig. 2, Table 2), are close to the ones obtained using method 1. Significant differences between values
Higher values of constant
If in two separate time periods the process run can be described more precisely using different values of rate constant, then it may be assumed that the disintegration rate constant changes during the process. Fig. 5 shows experimental changes in the disintegration degree described on the basis of
In first part of the process (from 0 to 120 s), the experimental points are located below the theoretical line, while in the second one, the results obtained are consistent. The position of the experimental points can be hardly taken as random. Real changes of the disintegration degree are close to the changes marked by the green line. Fig. 5 contains the process model obtained for the suspension concentration of 0.5 g d.m./cm3 (red line). In this case, the dependency presented in Eq. (5) described the process course very well (Fig. 1).
During the cell disintegration in a suspension with concentration of 0.20 g d.m./cm3, the process initially (up to 20 s) proceeds at a considerably slower pace than the model disintegration (blue line) determined at this concentration and at even slower pace than the process determined for 0.05 g d.m./cm3. This can result from very large cell density at their largest concentration. The analysis of changes in the distance between geometrical centers of yeasts followed by an increase in their concentration was presented [5, 17]. In these considerations, the assumption of distributing cells in a close-packed hexagonal network was adopted because such a distribution provides the largest distances between microorganisms. The determined distances at such a distribution are boundary distances, the most favorable for minimizing interactions between microorganisms. Any other distribution of cells, including the actual one, causes a further increase in the intensity of their interaction. In accordance with the stated dependencies, at concentration of 0.20 g d.m./cm3, the interaction between neighboring microorganisms is very large. The cell size distribution for yeasts used for the research in this work (Fig. 6) was very similar to the size distribution of microorganisms used in earlier works [5, 9, 13, 14, 17]. The comparison of results obtained in tests by means of laser particle size analyzers, with results obtained as a result of the computer analysis of microscopic images is included in the published work [19]. A cell before being disrupted is compressed between balls. Its dimensions in a plane perpendicular to the compression axis increase. This is a consequence of neighboring microorganisms being driven out from the danger zone when, e.g., two balls approach them. The result of this visible in Fig. 5 is the reduction in the cell disruption rate at the initial stage of the process. The described mechanism does not cause changes in the transformation volume
In the suspension with a concentration of 0.20 g d.m./cm3, the rate of microorganism disruption and release of intracellular compounds increases significantly from about 20 to 120 s of the process duration (Fig. 5). Is it greater than the cell disintegration rate in a suspension with concentration of 0.05 g d.m./cm3 and also greater than the process course rate determined from Eq. (5) for the disintegration of microorganisms in the suspension with concentration of 0.20 g d.m./cm3. Such an effect can result from an increase in the transformation volume
At the final stage of disintegration, the course of the process of the yeast cells disintegration carried out in the suspension with concentration of 0.20 g d.m./cm3 is not in accordance with the course obtained for the suspension with concentration of 0.05 g d.m./cm3. At the end of the process being carried out for the higher biomass concentration, there is a significant reduction in the number of viable cells. The rate constant is much higher than specified for the disintegration of the yeast cells at a concentration of 0.05 g d.m./cm3.
Fig. 6 shows the graphic analysis of the process course for the cell disintegration in a mixture of slurries (Table 1, Series 11) analogical to the one presented above. In this case, due to less intensive interactions between neighboring yeast cells, there was probably no pushing out of cells from the danger zone by compressed microorganisms. The obtained values of rate constant (Table 5) are large over all the investigated time frame. They are much greater than those obtained with a suspension concentration of 0.05 g d.m./cm3 (Fig. 7, red line). The values of the rate constant are similar to those obtained for the concentration of 0.17 g d.m./ cm3 (Fig. 2).
Such a process run, which is more or less distinct in all experiments performed, provides the evidence that the additional cell destruction mechanism is a result of the action of comminuted cell wall fragments, and not of the living microorganisms. The deviation of experimental points similar to the ones presented above was obtained by Melendres et al. [10], who investigated the process of disintegration on the basis of living cells specified using a hemocytometer. The results obtained by the researchers were a basis to develop a first-order mathematical model of the process based on the analogy to the theory of gas kinetics. Using their own data, Middelberg et al. [18] proved better agreement of the disintegration degree determined on the basis of the absorbency measurement (
Fig. 8 shows a graphical interpretation of disintegration kinetics described by Eq. (5). The regression line is not in agreement with experimental points. The real process run is not linear. Constant
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10 11 12 |
1000 2500 3500 |
2.803 2.950 2.742 |
0.9942 0.9970 0.9835 |
2.651 8.078 13.049 |
2.647 2.621 2.511 |
0.9912 0.9936 0.9682 |
3.203 10.375 19.964 |
In the case of the disintegration of microorganisms contained in the slurry mixture (experimental series 10, 11, and 12), much higher values of
8. Conclusions
At low concentrations of the suspension, cell disruption in the mill filling is an independent event. The process course is described very well by a linear first-order differential equation. During the disintegration of the microorganisms, disruption of the cells, release of intracellular compounds, and grinding of the fragments of broken walls take place.
An increase in the yeast suspension concentration in the range of 0.05 to 0.20 g d.m./cm3 causes a significant reduction in distances between geometrical centers of neighboring cells and significant intensification of interactions between them.
At very high concentrations of the suspension, at the initial stage, that is, from the disintegration level 0% to 5%, the process course reveals deviations from linearity. An event consisting of cell disruption can affect the fate of neighboring cells. A cell being deformed as a result of compression pushes out cells adjacent to it from the danger zone. Thus, transformation events of objects from set
At high concentrations of the suspension, the process course reveals deviations from linearity. The cell disruption and the intracellular compound release rate are greater than the rate determined from the linear model for smallest concentration. At high initial concentration of microbes, reducing the number of cells during the disintegration does not reduce the rate constant of the process. Increasing the transformation volume and the volume inaccessible to the
At very high concentrations of the suspension, at the initial stage, that is, from the disintegration level 0% to 5%, the disintegration rate is influenced by both mentioned phenomena. In the case of the maximum concentration, the second mechanism, causing a significant reduction of the disintegration rate in comparison to the rate determined from the linear model, predominates.
Nomenclature
References
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