Herbicidal efficacy of plumbagin post-emergence foliar application against several weeds in a greenhouse condition
1. Introduction
Most synthetic herbicides are used for controlling troublesome weed species in modern agriculture all over the world. However, consecutive use of the same herbicide brings about resistant weed problems and many countries are restricting repeated treatment in agricultural lands [1]. For these and environmental reasons, new herbicide discovery and subsequent registration is very challenging. Recently, evaluating natural products of animals, plants, microorganisms and minerals for developing environmental friendly herbicides has increased [2]. Several compounds have been developed or in development as natural herbicides such as bialaphos [3], methoxyhygromycin (MHM) [4], and pelargonic acid [5]. Essential oils such as clove oil and cinnamon oil also contain allelochemicals that control a broad spectrum of weeds and can be used as natural herbicide source [6,7]. Plumbagin isolated from
Agricultural research for herbicide discovery with new target site is increasing due to the demand from farmers and multinational companies. Even so, new mode of action have not been succesfully introduced in the past 10 years [2,3]. We have recently reported : 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.47, KAPAS, also known as 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase, AONS) and have suggested the potential KAPAS inhibitor triphenyltin [11]. KAPAS is a pyridoxal 5’-hophate dependent enzyme which catalyzes the decarboxylative condensation of L-alanine with pimeloyl-CoA in a stereospecific manner to form7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid, Coenzyme A, and carbon dioxide in the first committed step of biotin biosynthesis. Perhaps the most important role of biotin is in the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to give malonyl-CoA, which is the first step in fatty-acid biosynthesis. Since fatty-acid synthesis is essential for the growth and development of most organisims, biotin is thus an essential nutrient for plants and animals. Plants, microorganisms, and some fungi biosynthesize their own biotin, while other organisms require trace amounts of the vitamin in their diet. Therefore, inhibition of the enzymes involved in the biotin biosynthesis pathway can cause irreparable damage to plants but be non-toxic to non-plant organisims, and for this reason, such enzymes can be useful targets for the rational design of inhibitors in the hopes of finding new herbicides [12,13].
Also, we attempted to search for KAPAS inhibitors from plant-derived natural compounds. Several naturally occurring quinones including chrysophanic acid, tanshinones, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, and plumbagin was selected as potent inhibitors against KAPAS. We evaluated the plumbagin showing most effective KAPAS inhibition, as a natural herbicide under greenhouse and field tests. Field tests were focused on the annual noxious weed species of
In this chapter, we briefly describe the KAPAS inhibitory activity of plumbagin, which showed the most potent inhibition during the preliminary survey of many natural products. Also the herbicidal activity of plumbagin was evaluated under greenhouse conditions and field trials. Physiological responses caused by the plumbagin treatment with respect to cellular leakage, chlorophyll loss and the rescue effect with biotin supplement through tissue section experiments or seed germination are reported. Plumbagin is under examination as a LOHAS (Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability) [23] herbicide against an invasive alien vine plant species.
2. Development for Sicyon angulatus control
2.1. Plumbagin preparation
The specimens of
2.2. Plumbagin as a KAPAS inhibitor
The full-length of AtKAPAS cDNA was amplified and isolated from
Enzyme activity was tested with the partially purified AtKAPAS protein extracted from transgenic
2.3. Herbicidal activity of plumbagin
2.3.1. Materials and methods
Herbicidal activity and spectrum of plumbagin were investigated against eight weed species, consisting of three grass species of
2.3.2. Results
Under greenhouse conditions, all eight weed species were completely controlled by the foliar application of 1,000 and 2,000 μg/mL plumbagin, while 500 μg/mL applications also showed 100% herbicidal efficacy against seven weed species with the exception of
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2.4. Reversal study
2.4.1. Materials and methods
Seeds of
2.4.2. Results
The inhibited germination of
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5. Summary
A new herbicide developed the lifestyle of health and sustainability (LOHAS) initiative is required to satisfy environmental and regulatory pressures. LOHAS describes an estimated $290 billion US marketplace for goods and services focused on health, the environment, social justice, personal development and sustainable living. Approximately 13–19% of the adults in the U.S. are currently considered LOHAS consumers. This is based on surveys of the U.S. adult population estimated at 215 million [23]. Also world-wide consumers demand these types of compounds as potential natural-product based herbicides. In this chapter, we attempted to develop a new herbicide from natural compounds having the new target KAPAS, and we applied this to annual noxious weed species of
In a competing mechanism, proton abstraction is involved with the attack of acetyl-CoA. When the biotin is deficient, the product, malonyl-CoA is not produced. Malonyl-CoA is a building block for new fatty acids and can inhibit the transfer of the fatty acyl group from acyl-CoA to carnitine with carnitine acyltransferase, which inhibits the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the R&D Program of MKE/KEIT [10035386, Biochemical Crop Protecting Agents for LOHAS] and by the KRICT's own project [KK-1104-B0].References
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