1. Introduction
The SAR pattern width is the most significant characteristics of modern georadars providing remote sensing of the Earth within the specified radar swath. A simplified consideration of formation of the SAR directional pattern is given for an idealized case of signal pickup from the equidistant points along the vehicle trajectory at its constant travel speed. Nevertheless, the signal parameters influencing the character of the directional pattern of the synthetic aperture radar are not constant at implementation of the georadar with SAR This results in swinging in time of the SAR directional pattern in addition to its widening; therefore, the characteristics of the detected extended object on the Earth may differ from the real ones.
The given chapter contains a new methodology for research and optimization of the directional pattern for the interferometric SAR and the calculated examples of the above-mentioned methodology. A peculiar method of transients determination in the selective filters entering the SAR path at the radar signal passing through them lies in the basis of the calculation procedure for determination of swinging of the radar antenna directional pattern. There is taken into account influence on the SAR characteristics of non-equidistance of the readings along the vehicle trajectory. The Doppler effect influence on formation of the antenna directional pattern is also under consideration. There is given the method of taking into account the out-of-parallelism of the beams for each point of the sensed surface at formation of the SAR directional pattern.
It is worth mentioning that even a small deviation of the SAR directional pattern caused (in particular) by dynamic mode of the georadar path operation may result in a considerable inaccuracy of information acquisition at remote sensing of the Earth. For example, at the vehicle altitude of h = 500 km and the antenna direction error of 1 , the error in determination of the coordinates of each detected point of the Earth surface is around 10 km (which is not permissible for information acquisition at remote sensing of the Earth).
The given chapter deals with consideration of a combined influence of the above-mentioned factors on the SAR characteristic. There are given recommendations on minimization of a dynamic error of the directional pattern of synthetic aperture radar.
2. Influence of transients on the interferometric SAR characteristics for the sensing pulse with rectangular envelope curve
Numerous works on the SAR equipment are devoted to formation of the directional pattern of the required type for detecting and ranging the objects with provision of the required angular resolution. The use of an interferometric approach at SAR designing permits to increase the angle resolution. A high range resolution is achieved by the maximum possible shortening of a pseudorandom sequence discrete. Formation of the antenna directional pattern (ADP) with synthetic aperture requires sampling at the specified points of the radar carrier trajectory of the amplitude and the phase of the received signal that is significantly lower than the noise level before the correlator. The task of the signal correlation processing is obtaining the required signal-to-noise ratio with the equivalent gain equal to 60-80 dB (Boerner, 2000; Boerner, 2004; Antipov et al., 1988; Filippov et al., 1994).
A significant limiting factor is the transients that inevitably take place in various sections of the signal processing path that have the frequency selective properties; these sections include a physical antenna, the phase-shifting circuits, the summers and the multipliers. Despite the fact that the problems of a steady-state mode for SAR are represented by a brad scope of research, operation of the given systems in the dynamic mode has hardly been described (Vendic & Parnes, 2002). Most probably, this may be justified by a high level of laboriousness of the oscillatory systems research with the accuracy up to a signal phase. Potential possibilities to increase the range resolution are defined by a minimal realizable duration of the sequence discrete. In this case, phase overshooting at each discrete occurring due to the transients limits the informational possibilities of the radars with the PSK and FSK signals.
The impact of transients on the SAR directional pattern is revealed in the work. The given result was acquired on the base of the “fast” inverse Laplace transform (FILT) method developed earlier by one of the authors (the method permits to get a selective system response with the accuracy up to a signal phase and provide solution to the amplitude-phase-frequency problem in radio electronics on the FILT base) (Zolotarev, 1969; Zolotarev, 1996; Zolotarev, 1999; Zolotarev et al., 2004; Zolotarev et al., 2005).
There are used the analog frequency converters for the ultra wideband signals with duration of about 1 ns after the antenna path in the SAR. In this case, the subsequent selective filters determine the resulting channel bandpass. That is why the given work deals with analysis of impact of the transients occurring in these filters on the SAR directional pattern.
There will be analyzed 2 identical unilateral selective elements as a bandpass filter (BF). The BF transfer characteristic can be written down in the form of a fractional rational function
Here the damping constant
The image of the radio pulse of intermediate frequency
For the signal image at the BF output we have
Thus, according to FILT ( Zolotarev et al., 2005 ), transition into the space of the originals gives a complex representation of the signal at the filter output
where the complex constants
Let’s look for the real signal as
Let’s represent the complex output signal as
where the BF response to a Monoharmonic signal is assumed as a normalizing function represented as
For a plane wave front, the phase difference (caused by the wave arrival under the
For the side-lobe suppression, the law of the amplitude distribution along the aperture
In fact, Δ
Figure 2 shows the calculated charts in nondimensional time
The above-mentioned charts show that “swinging” of the SAR directional pattern in respect to the one calculated for the steady-state mode increases along with the increase of the signal bandwidth and the bandpass filter. Thus, there is limited the accuracy of the direction finding according to the angular coordinates of the detected object. As modern SARs use ultra wideband signals, one should take into account the directional pattern time shift that constitutes the values comparable with the SAR beam width.
Proceeding from the actual dynamic operation mode of the system with SAR, the obtained results make it possible to estimate the limit capabilities of building the synthetic antennae that apply the interference principle.
3. Influence of transients on the interferometric SAR characteristics for sensing pulse with bell-shaped envelope curve
As it is shown in the work (Zolotarev et al., 2005), transients in the elements of the SAR formation circuit provide a significant impact on the direction of the directional pattern major maximum. In this case, when implementing the SAR radars, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the actual SAR characteristic obtained in the result of the corresponding signal conversion. Ignoring of this factor may result in rough errors at determination of the detected surface parameters. A lot of works contain a supposition that smoothing of the envelope curve shape will decrease the influence of transients on the SAR characteristic. Due to this, it seems to be important to consider the SAR formation at the use of a bell-shaped sensing signal with the Gaussian envelope curve. The radio pulses with a sinus-quadratic envelope curve are the characteristics similar to the given signal. Let’s consider the SAR formation for the given signal type at various Q-factors of the antenna filters and signal duration.
There will be analyzed 3 identical unilateral selective elements as a band pass filter. The BF transfer characteristic will be written down as a fractional rational function
Here, damping constant
The sensing signal with a sinus-quadratic envelope curve is written down as
Let’s transform the last expression into the form of
The image of a radio pulse with the
We have
Then, according to the FILT (Zolotarev, 1969; Zolotarev et al., 2004;
Zolotarev et al., 2005
), the transition into space of the originals gives a complex representation of the signal at the filter output
Let’s represent the complex output signal as
where the BF response to a Monoharmonic signal is assumed as a normalizing function represented as
Concerning the plane wave front, the phase difference (caused by a wave arrival under the
In fact, Δ
Figure 3, 4 shows the calculated charts in nondimensional time
As it proceeds from the calculated charts (Figure 3, 4), the maximum of the SAR directional pattern turns out to be shifted for the bell-shaped (sinus-quadratic) pulse regarding the case of the transients’ absence. This shift depends on the filters Q-factor value and rises together with the increase of the signal bandwidth and also depends on the current time of the transient. With the flight altitude being
4. Research of the effect produced by transients on the correlation properties of the signals with pseudorandom phase shift keying in the systems of the radar remote sensing of the Earth
Significance of modern radar methods of sensing the Earth caused rapid development of the given scientific and engineering areas and their practical application in various research fields of the Earth geostructure. The most important parameters determining quality of these systems are the lock range in the plane that is perpendicular to the carrier path, narrowing of the directional pattern owing to the antenna aperture synthesis as well as the duration of a sensing radio pulse signal providing sequential scanning of the Earth surface along the narrow directional pattern of the synthetic antenna. Nowadays the range resolution of about ten centimeters (at sequential scanning) is treated as the upper reachable limit for the systems of the Earth Remote Sensing (ERS) (Zolotarev et al., 2006). In this case, the value of High Frequency (HF) filling of the radar signal is usually about 3-10 GHz. One of the most important requirements for the given systems is a high level of coherence of HF filling of the sensing signals that is required to form the narrow directional pattern of the antenna with a synthetic aperture. The second requirement proceeds from the necessity to ensure the signal level high increase over the interference signal when making the decision concerning the properties of the Earth surface sensed area. The above-mentioned requirement justifies formation of a pseudorandom sequence of the sensing radar signal with phase shift keying. In this case, the extraction of a low-level signal from the noise is carried out by the correlation device (Varakin, 1985) which is the “heart” of the ERS system.
As the sensing signals are distinguished by high frequencies of HF filling, it is necessary to convert frequency (for their primary processing) with use of the intermediate frequency (IF) filters. In this case, the minimal filling frequency constitutes the value of around 1 GHz. With the current level of the processor equipment development, the given condition requires usage of the analogous IF filters at primary processing of the received signal. The unavoidable transients appearing in this case lead to distortion of the phase and envelope curve of each sequence element, and in the end they may result in a significant deterioration of the ERS system correlation device operation ( Zolotarev et al., 2004 ; Zolotarev et al., 2005). However, laboriousness and inconvenience of obtaining the accurate solutions for analyzing the correlator operation with the filters resulted in almost complete lack of the research conducted in the given direction. This prevents from obtaining reliable recommendations when building the ERS system correlator and makes one decide in favor of the idealized model of its operation.
The new results obtained in the given work on the basis of the fast inverse Laplace transform method (Zolotarev, 1969; Zolotarev, 2004 ) ensuring description of the transient with the accuracy of up to a signal phase, make it possible to get reliable recommendations when building the high-precision ERS equipment that applies correlation processing of the signals. Figure 5 shows an example of a pseudorandom sequence (PRS) at the output of the correlation device for the ERS system.
In the system under implementation the PRS duration constitutes 1023 elements which allows a significant signal level increase above the noise. This permits (owing to the use of the polarity effects and a thin phase structure of the central peak of the correlation function) to obtain important additional information on the results of scanning the Earth.
One of the ways of building the correlation function for the correlator with filters is that a high frequency component is filtered after the signal correlation processing by means of frequency conversion. Figure 6 shows the output signal for the given case. Curves
The proper operation of the system may be ensured only with the transients taken into account, and in particular, when applying normalization of the levels subject to combination of the parameters of the filters and the signal.
As it proceeds from Figure 6, the transients provide a significant impact on the form of the signal at the correlator output in case of a relatively small number of the elements of sequence. Thus the range resolution of the ERS system becomes worse. If there is a considerable increase in the sequence length (in this case it is 1023 elements), the influence of the transients on the range resolution reduces significantly. However, as the research conducted revealed, the transients provide a considerable impact on the dynamic shift of the synthetic antenna directional pattern and therefore, there is a decrease in the accuracy of the object location on the Earth surface ( Zolotarev et al., 2005 ; Zolotarev et al., 2006).
5. Research of the influence of transients, non-equidistance of the taken readings, divergence of beams on the interferometric SAR characteristics
There is under consideration a combined influence of the transients in the filters of the radar system selective circuits, non-equidistance of the taken readings and divergence of the beams at the distance up to the Earth surface reflecting elements that is comparable with a synthetic antenna aperture value. There is taken into account influence of the above-mentioned factors on the resolution capability of the radar system for the Earth remote sensing. The transients lead to swinging of the SAR antenna pattern; the other indicated factors result in widening of the synthetic antenna pattern. There are given the corresponding relationships and diagrams that make it possible to take into account the influence of the above-mentioned factors and determine the ways for reduction of the destructive factors influence on the synthetic antenna pattern.
The results of the work are original as a combined influence of the factors has not been under consideration before. According to the calculation results, the factors provide a rather considerable influence on the form of the antenna directional pattern that may result in serious errors when determining the characteristics of the extended object lying within the radar swath.
The research conducted in the given work has revealed that it is impossible to develop the radar system with application of the interferometric SAR without an obligatory consideration of the combined influence of the indicated factors on the SAR ADP.
1. Influence of the transients in the selective filters and the antenna-feeder section of the system path forming the SAR. In this case, there is under consideration the case of application of the identical filters in the selective path that is extremely complicated for analysis. To conduct research of the transients influence, there was applied the method developed in (Zolotarev, 1969; Zolotarev, 2004), providing a fast inverse Laplace transform at conducting research of the dynamic modes of oscillatory systems. As the systems of interferometric SAR formation are the phase ones, it is highly necessary to apply the given method, as it allows obtaining of the exact analytical expressions with the accuracy of up to a phase for the response of the system selective path to the radiofrequency pulse excitation.
The band filter represented by 4 identical unilateral selective elements will be under consideration as a selective path. The transfer characteristic of the BF will be written down as a fractional rational function
Here damping constant
The sensing signal with a rectangular envelope is written down as
The image of a radio pulse with the
We have
In this case, according to the FILT (Zolotarev, 1969; Zolotarev,
2004
), transition into the space of the originals gives a complex representation of the signal at the filter output
Let’s represent the complex output signal as
where the BF response to a Monoharmonic signal is assumed as a normalizing function represented as
Concerning the plane wave front, the phase difference (caused by a wave arrival under the
In fact, Δ
Figure 9 shows the calculated charts of the corresponding positions of the SAR directional pattern for various time points of the transients. The number of the readings along the vehicle trajectory chosen for calculation at the SAR formation
As it proceeds from the calculated charts (Figure 9), the maximum of the SAR directional pattern turns out to be shifted regarding the case of the transients’ absence. This shift depends on the filters Q-factor value and rises together with the increase of the signal bandwidth and depends on the current time of the transient. When the flight altitude
2. Non-equidistance of the taken readings along the vehicle trajectory is an important factor that shall be taken into account at the SAR ADP formation.
Now, unlike the previous point, we will consider the base between the adjacent readings as a random quantity corresponding to the Gaussian law. Let {
Then there is used an interferometric approach for building the SAR ADP, the number of the readings taken along the vehicle trajectory is assumed equal to 500 (Figure 10). For a sidelobe suppression (Figure 11) the amplitude distribution law along the aperture
The obtained charts show that the increase in dispersion for the distance between the adjacent readings results in a significant increase in the value of the SAR ADP sidelobes. As the research shows, to minimize the ADP sidelobe level, it is necessary to decrease the dispersion value. Introduction of the cosine amplitude distribution of the readings due to aperture (Figure 11) also contributes to it.
3. A significant deterioration of the angle selectivity at the SAR directional pattern formation is determined by out-of-parallelism of the beams for each point of the sensed surface (Figure 12). The vehicle altitude increase above the surface is also a means for reducing out-of-parallelism of the beams. As a rule, the vehicles with a greater altitude have a greater velocity (for example, the low-altitude vehicles - up to 5 km, jet planes – about 10 km, medium-altitude satellites – about 1,500 km). Correspondingly, there is increase in the number of the readings taken within the same time interval that contributes to narrowing the SAR ADP.
In case of taking into consideration out-of-parallelism of the beams, the difference of the phases between the signals of the adjacent readings is written down in the following way:
Building of the SAR directional pattern shall be carried out as in the previous cases.
One shall keep in mind that increase in the velocity altitude for maintaining the radio links energetics requires increase in the radiant power of the transmitter installed on the vehicle.
The research conducted revealed that all the above-indicated factors provide a significant impact on the SAR ADP characteristics. It is worth mentioning that when designing the corresponding systems (for example, radar remote sensing of the Earth), it is necessary to pay special attention to minimization of the locating angle dynamic error by means of time shifting of the directional pattern. In this sense one should refer to the methods of compensation of the transients in the selective filters of the path.
Another significant factor providing an impact on the SAR ADP is out-of-parallelism of the beams. Here one can come across some contradictions as at present a special attention is paid to the large-scale ground maps that require application of the flight vehicles at relatively low altitudes.
Non-equidistance of the readings also provides an impact on the quality of the formed SAR ADP. That is why it is important to ensure the equipment building with a rigid timing of the reflected signal readings.
6. Influence of a combination of factors on the character of synthetic aperture radar directional pattern: transients, non-equidistance of the readings and out-of-parallelism of the beams at the Earth remote sensing
There is under consideration a combined influence of the transients in the filters of the radar system selective circuits, non-equidistance of the taken readings and divergence of the beams at the distance up to the Earth surface reflecting elements that is comparable with the synthetic antenna aperture value. The transients lead to swinging of the SAR antenna pattern; the other indicated factors result in widening of the synthetic antenna pattern and a sidelobe increase.
A combined influence of the factors was not under consideration before, though they provide a rather considerable influence on the form of the antenna directional pattern which may result in serious errors when determining the characteristics of the extended object lying within the radar swath (Zolotarev et al., 2007).
There is under investigation influence of the transients in the selective filters of the system path forming the SAR. In this case, there is under consideration application of the identical filters in the selective path that is extremely complicated for analysis. To conduct research of the transients influence, there was applied the method developed in (Zolotarev, 1969; Zolotarev, 2004), providing a fast inverse Laplace transform at conducting research of the dynamic modes of oscillatory systems. As there are interferometric SARs under investigation, it is necessary to apply the given method, as it allows obtaining of the analytical expressions with the accuracy of up to a phase for the response of the system selective path to the radiofrequency pulse excitation.
The band filter represented by 4 identical unilateral selective elements will be under consideration as a selective path. The transfer characteristic of the BF will be written down as a fractional rational function
The sensing signal with a rectangular envelope curve will be written down as
The image of a radio pulse with the
We will have
Let’s represent the complex output signal as
where the BF response to a Monoharmonic signal is assumed as a normalizing function represented as
Concerning the plane wave front, the phase difference (caused by the wave arrival under the
In fact, Δ
Non-equidistance of the taken readings along the vehicle trajectory is an important factor that shall also be taken into account at the SAR ADP formation.
Let’s consider the base between the adjacent readings as a random quantity corresponding to the Gaussian law. Let {
A significant deterioration of the angle selectivity at the SAR directional pattern formation is conditioned by out-of-parallelism of the beams for each point of the sensed surface. The vehicle altitude increase above the surface is also a means for reducing out-of-parallelism of the beams. Correspondingly, there is increase in the number of readings taken for the same time interval that contributes to narrowing the SAR ADP.
In case of taking into consideration out-of-parallelism of the beams, the difference of the phases between the signals of the adjacent readings is written down in the following way:
For a sidelobe suppression (Figure 13) the amplitude distribution law along the aperture
7. Conclusion
The conducted research revealed that transients provide the most critical influence on the SAR directional pattern. It is difficult to eliminate the dynamic error of the SAR ADP, and at a high flight altitude of modern vehicles even a small angle deviation results in a wrong estimation of the location of a surface-reflecting element. It is worth mentioning that when designing the corresponding systems (for example, a radar remote sensing of the Earth), special attention shall be paid to minimization of the dynamic error of the locating angle due to the directional pattern time shifting.
Increase in the distance dispersion between the adjacent readings results in a significant increase in the SAR ADP sidelobes. That is why it is important to ensure equipment building with a rigid timing of the reflected signal readings. As research shows, to minimize the ADP sidelobe level, it is necessary to decrease the dispersion value.
Another significant factor providing an impact on the SAR ADP is out-of-parallelism of the beams. At present a special attention is paid to the large-scale ground maps that require application of the flight vehicles at relatively low altitudes. In this case, the factor of out-of-parallelism of the beams demonstrates itself more vividly.
In general, when designing the SAR implementation systems, it is necessary to take into consideration a combined influence of all the discussed factors.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express our sincere gratitude to T.O. Pozharsky, an OmSU post-graduate student for the calculations he made and for his active participation in the debates of the results. Mr. Pozharsky derived the formula (7) that takes into account the influence of divergence of the beams.
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