1. Introduction
1.1. Overview and pathogenesis
The discovery of the association of
A gastric spiral bacteria of superkingdom bacteria, phylum proteobacteria, subphylum delta/epsilon subdivisions, class epsilonproteobacteria, order campylobacter, family helicobacteraceae, genus
Risk factors for
The discovery of
In gnotobiotic dogs were used as experimental hosts for
The pathological significance of these organisms in the dog is currently unknown. Study of naturally infected dogs and cats has shown that
1.2. Helicobacter diagnosis
Non-invasive test methods for detecting
Direct observation of
The Histopathology diagnosis,
In case of Immunohistochemical staining, IHC was much more sensitive for detecting infection than the routinely used H&E and WSS. IHC staining also have been developed to detect
For PCR offers great promise as a highly sensitive and specific technique for the detection of
2. Treatment
Treatment of the
The treatment protocols in dogs and cats have been adapted from human medicine and included various combination of antibiotic and antisecretory therapy. Traditional veterinary triple therapy consists of metronidazole, amoxicillin, and bismuth subsalicylate and has been used as initial treatment for
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