Designation and some parameters of the modelled systems based on SWCNTs with AN, MeOH and DMSO.
1. Introduction
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are a completely new carbon material that are expected to become typical raw material for nanotechnology, applied to such broad fields as composite materials, electronic devices, drug delivery nanocapsules, etc. (Abrahamson & Nair, 2008; Abrikosov et al., 2005; Ahmad et al., 2006; Ajayan & Zhou, 2001; Avouris, 2002; Back & Shim, 2006; Bordjiba et al., 2008; Danilov et al., 2005; Eletskii, 1997; Hilder & Hill, 2008; Z. Liu et al., 2008; F. Yang et al., 2008; X. Yang et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2007).
One of the most interesting and promising is application of CNTs as electrode materials (Centeno et al., 2007; Janes et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2008; R. Lin et al., 2009). Nanoporous carbon exhibits excellent charge-discharge properties and a stable cyclic life. Moreover, activated composite carbon films generate high specific capacitance, laying the foundation for a new generation of double-layer super-capacitors (SC) (Endo et al., 2008; Huang, et al., 2008; Wu & Xu, 2006). CNT provides an ideal model for investigating the microscopic details of fluid transport in these nanoporous carbon structures. SC design requires polar, but aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (AN). In spite of the great fundamental and practical importance of AN, its structural and dynamical properties inside CNTs have never been investigated yet.
The fuel cells (Li et al., 2004; Maclean & Lave, 2003), which directly transform the chemical reaction energy between hydrogen and oxygen into electric energy, are seen as the energy source of the next-generation. With their environmentally friendly and high efficiency characteristics, the cells are being researched and developed as the future energy for automobiles and as energy generation for the houses. Since the CNTs have the possibility of clearly surpassing raw materials used so far, the aspects of applying it to fuel cell electrodes is under consideration (M.L. Lin et al., 2008). The most promising fuel cells are based on methanol (MeOH, CH3OH) which is renewable and easily storable (Convert et al., 2001; Gu & Wong, 2006; Hsieh & J.Y. Lin, 2009; Hsieh et al., 2009; H.S. Liu et al, 2006; Qi et al.; 2006; Schultz et al., 2001; Suffredini et al., 2009; C.H. Wang et al., 2007; Z. Wang et al., 2008). In view of the present large interest on the methanol behavior inside nanopores, it is highly informative to carry out MD simulation on liquid methanol confined by CNTs to elucidate an influence of CNT internal diameter on microscopic structure and dynamic (transport) properties of this alcohol.
Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is an important polar aprotic solvent, widely used in the chemical industry, biology and medicine, that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds (Martin & Hanthal, 1975; Yu & Quinn, 1994, 1998). Due to its distinctive property of penetrating the skin very readily, DMSO is an imprescriptible agent in medicine used as a carrier for transporting remedies into a human body. In this context, transport properties of liquid DMSO inside the biological nanoporous materials are of potential interest. From this point of view, internal space of CNTs can be considered as ideal model for investigation of DMSO behavior in the molecular-scale confined space.
From the fundamental point of view, the comparison of microscopic properties of confined molecular liquids with significantly differing kinds of molecular structure is of potential interest. The possibility to estimate and predict transport properties of these liquids inside carbon nanoporous structures forms a basis for their future nanotechnological and pharmaceutical applications together with carbon nanotubes. Speaking in a more general case, CNTs can be substituted with nanoporous carbon. Unfortunately, investigation of the confined liquids by means of direct experimental techniques is still quite a tricky task, so atomistic computer simulations are of ultimate importance.
In the present paper, the influence of spatial confinements caused by internal space of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) and Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) on microscopic structure and particle dynamics of the confined non-aqueous molecular liquids acetonitrile, methanol, dimethyl sulphoxide (AN, MeOH, DMSO) and infinitively diluted solutions of Li+ in MeOH and solutions of Et4NBF4 of finite concentrations in AN are investigated conducting molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on them.
2. Details of molecular dynamics simulations
2.1. SWCNTs–based systems
A series of MD simulations of non-capped armchair SWCNTs with liquid AN, MeOH, MeOH+Li+ and DMSO located both inside and outside them have been performed. The simulated systems (Fig. 1) were implemented as square parallelepipeds with a ratio of side lengths approximately equal to the ratio of the length to the diameter of the corresponding SWCNT. The SWCNT centre-of-mass coincided with a geometrical centre of the molecular dynamics cells. The SWCNTs were surrounded by a few layers of solvent molecules (outside solvent) allowing the solvent particles to migrate both inside and outside the nanotube during the simulation. As an example, in Fig. 1 and 2 the snapshots of MD simulation cells from simulations of AN confined inside SWCNT(15,15) and the sketch of the MD cell along with SWCNT(22,22) and MeOH molecules are shown. Table 1 summarizes the designation, parameters, and some simulation details of the modeled systems. For reference purpose, the corresponding properties of bulk systems are discussed as well. For all the modeled systems, the values dielectric constant and density of the liquids were put equal to the experimental ones (Poltoratchkij, 1984).
2.2. MWCNTs – based systems
In contrast to the previous systems, the structural and dynamic properties of the solutions of Et4NBF4 of finite concentration in acetonitrile were modeled inside of MWCNTs without any ionic or molecular species outside. The length of the greatest edge MD cell (square parallelepiped) was chosen equal to the tube length. This, along with periodic boundary conditions in an axial direction, allows one to create a model equivalent to infinitely long nano-sized carbon channel of the cylindrical form filled by electrolyte solution. Such systems have a great practical interest for development of modern double-layer super-capacitors. For maintenance of realistic interparticle interaction potential of a solution inside of inner volume of MWCNT, a number of walls of MWCNTs was chosen equal to three in order to the total thickness of MWCNT was bigger than cut-off radius of van-der-Waals interactions in the MD cell.
The composition of the modelled systems consisting of AN molecules, Et4N+ and BF4 – ions (Et4NBF4) and MWCNTs is presented in Table 2. Dielectric constant of the solution was taken equal to its value for pure acetonitrile, and density at 298 K was measured in our laboratory.
System | Solvent | SWCNT | SWCNT diameter, nm |
SWCNT length, nm | Number of molecules | Number of ions |
IA | AN | Bulk | — | — | 216 | 0 |
IIA | (26,26) | 3.526 | 7.010 | 1530 | 0 | |
IIIA | (22,22) | 2.984 | 6.026 | 887 | 0 | |
IVA | (19,19) | 2.577 | 5.042 | 608 | 0 | |
VA | (15,15) | 2.035 | 4.058 | 432 | 0 | |
VIA | (11,11) | 1.493 | 3.074 | 281 | 0 | |
VIIA | (8,8) | 1.087 | 2.091 | 216 | 0 | |
IM | МеОН | Bulk | — | — | 324 | 0 |
IIM | (22,22) | 2.984 | 6.030 | 428 | 0 | |
IIIM | (15,15) | 2.035 | 6.030 | 890 | 0 | |
IVM | (8,8) | 1.087 | 6.030 | 1530 | 0 | |
VM | Bulk | 323 | 1 Li+ | |||
VIM | (22,22) | 2.984 | 6.030 | 427 | 1 Li+ | |
VIIM | (15,15) | 2.035 | 6.030 | 889 | 1 Li+ | |
VIIIM | (8,8) | 1.087 | 6.030 | 1529 | 1 Li+ | |
ID | DMSO | Bulk | — | — | 572 | 0 |
IID | (22,22) | 2.984 | 6.030 | 572 | 0 | |
IIID | (15,15) | 2.035 | 6.030 | 918 | 0 | |
IVD | (8,8) | 1.087 | 6.030 | 1000 | 0 |
System | MWCNT | MWCNT inner diameter, nm | Number of AN molecules | Number of electrolytes molecules | Density, kg/m3 |
Molarity, mol/l |
IE | (15,15) (20,20) (25,25) |
1.655 |
133 | 7 Et4NBF4 | 842.8 | 0.8428 |
IIE | (19,19) (24,24) (29,29) |
2.197 |
236 | 12 Et4NBF4 | 842.8 | 0.8428 |
IIIE | (22,22) (27,27) (32,32) |
2.604 |
333 | 17 Et4NBF4 | 842.8 | 0.8428 |
IVE | – | Bulk | 333 | 17 Et4NBF4 | 842.8 | 0.8428 |
As an example, the snapshot of MD simulation cell representing the system IIE is shown in Fig. 3.
2.3. General approach
The MD simulations of all systems were performed with a 1 fs time-step, in the NVT ensemble, with periodic boundary conditions in all directions at 298 K using Berendsen thermostat with a characteristic thermostat time equal to 100 fs. System equilibrations have been performed over 200 ps for pure solvents and 2000 ps for electrolyte solutions, and the data were collected over at least 5 runs of 500 ps and 5000 ps for molecular liquids and Et4NBF4–AN systems, respectively. The simulations have been carried out using the proprietary software package MDCNT (Molecular Dynamics inside Carbon NanoTubes) (Kalugin et al., 2006) developed by us at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University.
The site-site interactions between all atom pairs in the system are given by the sum of Lennard-Jones (LJ) 12-6 and Coulomb potentials,
where
LJ-parameters for Li+ were restored from the van-der-Waals parameters (Peng et al., 1997) according to the procedure described earlier (Kalugin et al., 2003) and already applied in our previous works.
The force-field of the CNT carbon atoms was taken to be purely LJ (Van Gunsteren et al., 1996). The geometrical parameters of ideal armchair CNTs were generated by the proprietary algorithm (Kalugin et al., 2006) with the length of carbon-carbon bond equal to 0.1421 nm. The carbon atoms of the CNTs were held fixed during the MD simulations. The CNT was assumed to be rigid with a fixed carbon-carbon bond length equal to 0.1421 nm. Our previous test simulations have shown that the effect of carbon nanotube flexibility is not critical for the discussed properties of the confined molecules (Chaban et al., 2010a). All the potential parameters used in the present MD simulations are enumerated in Table 3.
Particle | Geometry | Site |
|
|
|
CNT |
|
С | 0. 33611 | 0.405868 | 0 |
AN |
∠MeCN = 180° |
Ме | 0.36 | 1.588 | +0.269 |
С | 0.34 | 0.416 | +0.129 | ||
N | 0.33 | 0.129 | -0.398 | ||
МеОН |
∠HoOMe = 108.53° |
Ho | 0 | 0 | +0.431 |
O | 0.3083 | 0.7312 | -0.728 | ||
Me | 0.3861 | 0.7579 | +0.297 | ||
DMSO |
∠OSMe = 106.75°, ∠MeSMe = 97.4° |
S | 0.356 | 1.29699 | +0.139 |
O | 0.263 | 1.7154 | -0.459 | ||
Me | 0.366 | 0.9414 | +0.160 | ||
Li+ | - | Li | 0.0826 | 26.158 | +1 |
BF4 – | tetrahedron: rBF =0.139 nm, rFF=2.27 nm | B | 0 | 0 | +0.9756 |
F | 0.30 | 0.2845 | -0.4939 | ||
Et4N+
(D2d symmetry) |
(Kalugin et al., 2005) | C1 | 0.391992 | 0.48959 | +0.03423 |
C2 | 0.3875 | 0.73227 | -0.28586 | ||
H1 | 0 | 0 | +0.08854 | ||
H2 | 0 | 0 | +0.10958 | ||
N | 0 | 0 | -0.01667 |
2.4. Simulated properties
Keeping in mind that there should be specific structure patterns in the cylindrical confined area, we proposed the single-atom distribution functions,
where
The local densities,
To examine the re-orientational dynamics of solvent molecules inside CNTs, we evaluate the re-orientational autocorrelation functions (ACFs) of the unit vector
The translational self-diffusion coefficients (SDC) were derived from velocity autocorrelation functions via the Green-Kubo equation,
3. Results and discussion
3.1. AN based systems in SWCNTs
The solvent structure of AN inside SWCNTs was analyzed by computing the cylindrical distribution function
One can expect that the spatial confinement of the AN molecules at distances shorter than 0.7 nm from the CNT wall should have an important impact on the solvent dynamical and transport properties. The confinement effect is seen with both the re-orientation dynamics and the diffusion coefficient. These types of motion are slowed down inside CNTs. The diffusion shows a uniform dependence on the CNT diameter, while the re-orientation exhibits strong anomalies in the CNTs whose radii are less than 0.7 nm, as elucidated below.
In order to examine the orientation dynamics of the AN molecules inside CNTs, we evaluated the orientation autocorrelation function (ACF) of the unit vector
System | CNT inner diameter, nm | AN self-diffusion coefficient, |
AN orientation relaxation time, |
IA | – | 3.240 ± 0.004 | 3.9 |
IIA | 3.526 | 2.52 ± 0.05 | 7.9 |
IIIA | 2.604 | 2.27 ± 0.05 | 9.0 |
IVA | 2.197 | 2.03 ± 0.12 | 9.1 |
VA | 1.655 | 1.69 ± 0.12 | 11.9 |
VIA | 1.113 | 1.09 ± 0.22 | 102 |
VIIA | 0.707 | 0.76 ± 0.07 | 18.1 |
Translational diffusion of AN inside CNTs is of great importance to a variety of applications. The self-diffusion coefficient
Optimization and development of electrochemical devices based on nanoporous carbon requires an analytic expression for the self-diffusion coefficient of a liquid inside the nanopores of arbitrary diameter and length. In the absence of a general theory of fluid diffusion in porous materials, we extended the recently proposed description of liquid transport under steric confinement of a solid matrix (Sevriugin et al., 2003) and obtained a simple analytic expression for the observed trend in the diffusion coefficient (Kalugin et al., 2008), as described below.
Reference (Sevriugin et al., 2003) shows that self-diffusion of a liquid in a heterogeneous system is decreased relative to the pure liquid according to
where
Consider a liquid molecule that diffuses distance
in which the integration is performed over the solid angle that is directed towards the CNT wall.
Geometric considerations lead to
where
or, explicitly inserting the value of the mean-free diffusion path for bulk AN,
Figure 6 demonstrates good agreement between this simple theoretical expression and the results of the MD simulation, given by the filled circles.
3.2. MeOH based systems in SWCNTs
To examine a long-range structure of a liquid methanol inside the SWCNTs, we have calculated the cylindrical distribution function
intensity of density distribution functions, but in general form of density anisotropy. These observations allow us to make a conclusion about layered long-range structure of methanol with helix-like distribution of H-bonds inside the CNTs.
The mentioned above conclusion about layered structure in liquid methanol inside the CNT is completely confirmed by instantaneous configuration of the methanol molecules inside the SWCNT (15,15) (Fig. 8). The molecular helix-like chains formed by the hydrogen-bonded MeOH molecules inside the CNTs are clearly observed.
Bearing in mind the discussed above changes in long-range structure of liquid MeOH driven by CNTs, it is interesting to identify the CNT influence on infinitely diluted solution of Li+. In the present study, we simulated the configurations when Li+ has already gone into the CNT at maximum depth (3 nm far from any end of the CNT) and is initially equidistant from the CNT walls. Cylindrical distribution function for Li+,
To examine the re-orientational dynamics of the MeOH molecules inside CNTs, we evaluate the re-orientational autocorrelation functions (ACFs) of the unit vector u along the molecular dipole μ,
Self-diffusion coefficients,
The resulting
In contrast to the methanol diffusion coefficient, the decrease in
System |
|
|
System |
|
IM | 2.16 ± 0.02 | 12 | VM | 0.53 ± 0.07 |
IIM | 1.30 ± 0.02 | 18 | VIM | 0.50 ± 0.06 |
IIIM | 1.25 ± 0.06 | 23 | VIIM | 0.46 ± 0.07 |
IVM | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 28 | VIIIM | 0.41 ± 0.07 |
3.3. DMSO–based systems in SWCNTs
In order to clarify a long-range structure of the confined DMSO we have also analyzed the cylindrical distribution functions
The highest atomic density is observed near the inner wall of SWCNT. It indicates the particular reinforcements of molecular interactions and the increase of molecules ordering at the distances ~0.5 nm and less from the carbon atoms. That distances correspond to the first liquid layer from the wall. Inside the smallest SWCNT (8, 8), the above tendency can not be observed because all the confined DMSO molecules are located near the SWCNT inner wall (see Fig. 9).
On contrary to the acetonitrile and methanol confined by SWCNTs, no special long-range pattern in the case of DMSO is observed. Inside the SWCNT (22,22) one can identify low grade second layer of the solvent molecules at the distances ca. 0.7-0.8 nm from the SWCNT inner wall. Low sensitivity of DMSO to the presence of the SWCNT can be explained by the strong spatial correlations between the DMSO molecules due to anti-parallel alignment of their dipole moments. It appears that anisotropic dipole-dipole intermolecular interactions, that specify the structure of DMSO in liquid phase, are more powerful as compare with solvophobic interactions of the solvent molecules with carbon atoms of the SWCNT. Nevertheless, the space confinements given by the SWCNT inner wall promote these dipole-dipole correlations, but such reinforcement can not cover more then one molecular layer due to the short-range character of the dipole correlations in the liquid DMSO.
The self diffusion coefficients (SDCs) derived from VACFs are 0.4±0.1, 0.56±0.05, 0.62±0.05, 1.06±0.05 (×10-9 m2/s) for SWCNTs (8, 8), (15, 15), (22, 22) and bulk, respectively. The simulated SDCs are well correlated with a value of SWCNT diameter. Performing a complex analysis of the SDCs of DMSO inside the SWCNTs against bulk value together with CDFs,
3.4. Acetonitrile solutions of Et4NBF4 in MWCNTs
In the Et4NBF4 solutions in AN both in the bulk phase and in confinements the wide distribution of the ionic clusters size is found (Fig. 10). The average cluster size (a number of cations Et4N+ and anions BF4 – consisting a cluster) slightly increase from 8.4 to 12.2 as the inner diameter of MWCNTs decreases from the infinity (bulk solvent) to 1.655 nm.
It is clarified that dynamical properties of electrolyte solutions confined by carbon nanotube are defined by two general factors: geometry of confinements and ionic subsystem structure of confined solution. Translational diffusion of AN and ions of of Et4NBF4 inside MWCNTs is of great importance for improvement of super capacitors. The self-diffusion coefficients
System | MWCNT inner diameter, nm |
m2 s-1 |
m2 s-1 |
m2 s-1 |
IE | 1.655 | 0.63 | 0.25 | 0.29 |
IIE | 2.197 | 0.74 | 0.28 | 0.35 |
IIIE | 2.604 | 0.87 | 0.34 | 0.40 |
IVE | bulk | 2.20 | 0.81 | 0.93 |
The values reported in Table 6 clearly show that the diffusion coefficient of AN and ions inside MWCNTs decreases with decreasing internal diameter of CNT. It should be note that slowdown of ions SDCs inside of MWCNTs is not as drastic as one would expect. This is very important for optimization of pore size of the carbon nanomaterials used for the development of the modern double-layer super-capacitors.
4. Conclusion
To recapitulate, we elucidated the details of structure, re-orientational dynamics and translational diffusion of AN confined inside CNTs with diameters ranging from 1 nm to 3.5 nm. The geometric confinement creates a strong periodic pattern in the AN structure near the CNT wall, with the persistence length of 0.7 nm. The orientation relaxation time increases with decreasing CNT diameter and shows a highly non-uniform behavior for small CNTs, associated with specific solvent structures in the tightly confined spaces. The translational diffusion coefficient changes continuously with decreasing CNT diameter, even for the smallest CNTs. The observed dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the CNT size was described analytically with a simple model, which can be applied for optimization of electrochemical devices based on nanoporous carbon.
It was revealed that although local order of MeOH does not differ from bulk, long-range structure is helix-like near the inner CNT walls. Whereas the mechanism of hindered translations of the MeOH molecules and Li+ confined in the CNTs does not differ from bulk, translational mobility of MeOH molecules is noticeably lower than in bulk ones due to the translation self-diffusion slowdown within the first layers of the parietal solvent molecules. In contrast to MeOH, decrease of translational self-diffusion coefficients of Li+, located along the CNT axis, is insignificant.
As it follows from the results of the performed molecular dynamics simulations on liquid dimethyl sulphoxide confined by single-walled carbon nanotubes at 298 K, the local order of DMSO analyzed in terms of site-site intermolecular radial distribution functions is similar to that in the bulk except the case with the smallest SWCNT (8, 8). Meanwhile, the microscopic structure of the confined DMSO expressed in terms of cylindrical distribution functions demonstrates well pronounced changes in a local atomic density in the vicinity of the inner wall of the SWCNT.
The translational self-diffusion coefficients of the centre-of-mass of the DMSO molecules are lower by a factor of 2-3 then bulk ones and are evidently correlated with a value of the SWCNT diameter. It is shown that the slowdown of self-diffusion coefficient of DMSO confined in the SWCNTs is reduced by the first layer of DMSO molecules close to the SWCNT wall, and this is caused by the reinforcement of the dipole-dipole correlations among DMSO molecules. The SDCs of DMSO inside of the SWCNTs are of interest for its transportation through SWCNT-based capsules for drug delivery. Based on the re-orientational dynamics of liquid DMSO in confinements analysis, it was shown that cryoprotective properties of DMSO are stipulated by the considerable growth of microscopic relaxation times in the presence of spatial confinements.
The adequacy of analytical model of rectilinear dependence of reduced diffusion coefficient logarithm on the inverse diameter of CNT for AN, the solvent without specific intermolecular interactions, was demonstrated.
On the base of self-diffusion coefficients of Et4N+ and BF4 – inside the CNT considerable decrease carbon nanomaterials with effective diameters of up to 3 nm are suggested as an electrode material for modern electrochemical double-layer supercapacitors.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge computational support of the Ukrainian-American Laboratory in Computational Chemistry established between Kharkiv, Ukraine and Jackson, MS, U.S.A. The funding was provided in part by grants from the National Science Foundation, CHE-0701517, and Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society, 46772-AC6. V. V. C. acknowledges the funding from Fund for Fundamental Studies of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (grants # 0107V000666 and #0109U001426). O. N. K. acknowledges Yury Sapronov’s Kharkiv City charitable fund for the financial support of this investigation.
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