Abstract
The plasticity zone (PZ) of Helicobacter pylori is a genomic region harbouring genes that can be exchanged between strains, contributing to the genetic diversity of this bacterium. The presence or absence of genes reflects the adaptation and coevolution of a pathogen within its host. Among the genes present in PZ, jhp0940, jhp0945, jhp0947 and jhp0949 have gained attention due to their association with gastroduodenal disease, and the prevalence of the latter three among H. pylori isolates from different geographical regions has allowed this association to be understood. With respect to jhp0940, also known as ctkA (cellular translocation kinase A), various results have been obtained regarding its prevalence. However, the presence of jhp0940 in isolates from children seems to be higher than that in isolates from adults, and the product of this gene can induce TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 via translocation of NF-κB into macrophages. While little is known about the functions of jhp0945, jhp0947 and jhp0949, their presence in H. pylori strains induces IL-8 and IL-12 expression at higher levels than that in strains lacking these genes. In this chapter, we aim to show a general overview of the prevalence, association with gastroduodenal disease, and currently known function of the H. pylori genes jhp0940, jhp0945, jhp0947 and jhp0949, which are located in PZ.
Keywords
- plasticity zone
- gastroduodenal diseases
- jhp0940
- jhp0945
- jhp0947
- jhp094
1. Introduction
Several techniques have been used to genotype
Comparative genomic studies of
Several studies have shown that
2. Genotyping of H. pylori strains
After strains J99 and 26695 were sequenced, the first DNA microarray could be designed [13], allowing the first genotyping studies of diverse strains of
3. Structure of the H. pylori PZ
The PZ of strain J99 is the most studied and best characterised hypervariable region within the
Kersulyte et al. [20] studied the nature of the PZ in the
4. The PZ-associated gene jhp0940 and its relationship with gastroduodenal disease
The prevalence of the
A study in India observed less than a 20% prevalence of the
However, Yakoob et al. [27] and Gholizade Tobnagh et al. [28] reported an association between
Romo-González et al. evaluated the
A possible explanation for the discordant results regarding the prevalence of
5. The PZ-associated genes jhp0945 , jhp0947 and jhp0949 and their relationship with gastroduodenal disease
Studies on the prevalence of
Yakoob et al. [27] observed that the
In
Predominant inflammation in the antrum region of the stomach as well as the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes can lead to the appearance of a duodenal ulcer [35]. The prevalence of the
However, two genotypes were observed for this gene, including strains with and without an extra 600 bp in the gene sequence [41]; another important characteristic is that it has high homology with VirB4, a component of the type IV secretion system (T4SS) of
6. Functional characteristics of the jhp0940 , jhp094 5, jhp0947 and jhp0949 genes
Among the
The function of the genes
7. Conclusion
The PZ of the
Acknowledgments
We thank Mariana Espinosa and Miguel Angel Rojas for the help in generating the figures. The publication of this chapter was supported by funds from the National Institute of pediatrics, Mexico. No conflicts of interest exist for this paper.
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