Numerical results for a gravity model due to horizontal cylinder without and with two levels of 5% and 10% of random noise (A = 400 mGal m2, z = 5 m, q = 1, and profile length = 120 m) using the gradient method.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-561-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-560-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-562-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"65f2a1fef9c804c29b18ef3ac4a35066",bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Loures",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10756.jpg",keywords:"Urban Processes, Urban Patterns, Redevelopment Strategies, Landscape, Land Transformation, Urban Models, Urban Evolution, Urban Organisation, Legislation, Sustainable Development, Green Infrastructure, Regional Planning",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 23rd 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 22nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 21st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 9th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 8th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"14 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Loures has worked on pioneering research on circular planning applied to post-industrial landscape redevelopment. Since he graduated he has published several peer-reviewed papers at the national and international levels and he has been a guest researcher and lecturer both at Michigan State University (USA) and at the University of Toronto (Canada) where he has developed part of his Ph.D. research with the Financial support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Ph.D. grant).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/108118/images/system/108118.png",biography:"Luís Loures is a Landscape Architect and Agronomic Engineer, Vice-President of the Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, who holds a Ph.D. in Planning and a Post-Doc in Agronomy. Since he graduated, he has published several peer reviewed papers at the national and international levels and he has been a guest researcher and lecturer both at Michigan State University (USA), and at University of Toronto (Canada) where he has developed part of his Ph.D. research with the Financial support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Ph.D. grant).\nDuring his academic career he had taught in several courses in different Universities around the world, mainly regarding the fields of landscape architecture, urban and environmental planning and sustainability. Currently, he is a researcher both at VALORIZA - Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization – Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, and the CinTurs - Research Centre for Tourism, Sustainability and Well-being, University of Algarve where he is a researcher on several financed research projects focusing several different investigation domains such as urban planning, landscape reclamation and urban redevelopment, and the use of urban planning as a tool for achieving sustainable development.",institutionString:"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57579",title:"Gravity Data Interpretation Using Different New Algorithms: A Comparative Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71086",slug:"gravity-data-interpretation-using-different-new-algorithms-a-comparative-study",body:'Gravity method is a non-ruinous geophysical procedure that measures contrasts in the gravitational field of the earth at many various areas. It has much beneficial utilization in hydrocarbon exploration, mineral prospecting, archeological investigations, environmental applications and crustal imaging [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The main objective of the gravity interpretation is evaluating the model parameters (depth, amplitude coefficient, origin location, and shape parameter) of gravity oddities delivered by basic geometrical formed structures (spheres, cylinders). Clarification of gravity data is constantly connected with the ill-posed and non-unique problems. To overcome these issues, we find a preferred geometry to subsurface structures with a known density followed by the inversion processes [12, 13]. Understanding of gravity data can be performed utilizing basic geometrical models, forward modeling and inversion. Analytical formula for basic geometrical shapes and many approaches have been produced to translate the gravity anomaly expecting the body of basic geometry (sphere, horizontal cylinder and vertical cylinder). These techniques have varying complexity in the interpretation.
All different simple models may not be found in real subsurface geological situations, they usually are preferred in practical inversion of many isolated sources. The target of an inversion process is to recover the converse parameters of the model (depth, amplitude coefficient, origin location and shape factor). Many scientists showed and discussed several graphical and numerical approaches developed in past and significantly in the present time [10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. However, the disadvantages of these methods that depend on characteristic points and curves subject to person errors in calculating the inverted parameters of the subsurface structures which can prompt significant errors in assessing the inverse parameters of the covered structure [10, 11]. Thus, the outcomes from these techniques need the accessibility of density information as a noteworthy aspect of the commitment, alongside similar depth information got from geology and/or geophysics. Consequently, the resultant model can shift comprehensively relying upon these factors since the inverse problems are not well-postured and are along these lines unsteady and non-unique [33].
The interpretation of the gravity data is attempted here using three methods: the gradient method [34], the particle swarm optimization and Werner deconvolution method [21]. Analysis of the gravity anomalies can allow obtaining more detailed information on the geological structures that partially outcrops or covered totally in depth. In overall, these different methods are utilized in this work to searching the sources nature of gravity anomalies. The results of applied three different methods are compared together. A synthetic example without and with various level of noise (5% and 10%) used to show the stability of these methods. The proposed techniques are additionally tested on a gravity data from Egypt. To judge satisfaction and fulfillment of these approaches is finished by contrasting the acquired results with other accessible geological or geophysical information in the published literatures.
Different three algorithms used to interpret the gravity anomaly (mGal) produced by most common three shapes (spheres, horizontal cylinders and vertical cylinders) (Figure 1) represented by:
where
In the above equation, z is the depth (m), A is the amplitude coefficient (mGal × m2q) that depends on the shape parameter, q is the parameter related to the shape of the body (dimensionless), xi is the position coordinate (m), xo is the origin location (m), σ is the density contrast between the target and the surroundings, G is the gravitational constant parameter which equal 6.67 × 10−11 SI units, and R is the radius of the covered body (m), as follow:
Sketch diagram for different simple geometrical structures: (a) sphere model, (b) horizontal cylinder model and (c) vertical cylinder model.
The gradient algorithm [34] depends on the utilizing the numerical fourth horizontal gradient registered from the measured gravity anomaly utilizing filter of successive window lengths to evaluate the depth and shape of covered structures. The numerical fourth gradient gravity value at point xi is figured from measured gravity data g(xi) by:
where s is a window length or graticule spacing.
Also, the depth computed using the following form derived from the above equation:
PSO-algorithm was created by [35]. It’s relying upon the reenactment of the apparent conducts of birds, fishes and insects in food searching. PSO-algorithm is applied in many issues, like model construction [36], biomedical images [37], electromagnetic optimizations [38] and hydrological problems [39]. In this calculation, the birds representing the particles or models, every molecule has a location vector which speak to the parameters esteem and a velocity vector. So, for a four-dimensional improvement issue, each molecule or individual will have a location in four-dimensional spaces which speak to a solution [40]. Each molecule changes its location at every movement of the operation of the algorithm, this location refreshed amid the iteration procedure considering the best location reached by the molecule which is called the Tbest model and the best location obtained by any particle in the community called the Jbest model, this refreshment is clarified in Eqs. (4) and (5) [41]
where
The four model parameters (z, A, xo, and q) can be evaluated by using the PSO-algorithm to reach the misfit by using the following objective function:
where N is the number of data points,
Werner deconvolution method [21, 43] was also originally developed for magnetic interpretation. Also, Werner deconvolution has been used for gravity interpretation. The method is particularly useful when the profile anomaly of interest can be expressed as a rational function of the form of Eq. (1). As identified by [43], Eq. (1) can be rewritten in linear form as follow:
where
Eq. (7) is linear form in the four variables e1, e2, e3 and e4, so that a numerically remarkable arrangement can be found for them from evaluating the equation at four points.
The Root Mean Square error (RMS) between the data and model responses is evaluated as follows
This is considered as a rule in evaluating the best-fitted model parameters (z, A, xo, q) of the covered structure.
Noisy-free gravity anomaly for a horizontal cylinder with A = 400 mGal m2, z = 5 m, q = 1, m = 1 and profile length of 120 m. Our analysis begins by applying the fourth horizontal gradient separation technique (Eq. (2)) to the gravity anomaly utilizing distinctive s-values (s = 2, 3, 4 and 5 m) (Figure 2). By applying this inversion technique, we evaluated z and A values at different q for every s-value and after that ascertained the average depth and RMS (Table 1). Table 1 exhibits the estimation consequences of the interpretation of noise free data. The assessed parameters from the proposed technique are in a decent concurrence with the model of the horizontal cylinder where z = 5 m, A = 400 mGal m2 and q = 1. At long last, we can watch that the minimum RMS (RMS = 0 m) occurs at the true model parameters.
Data analysis of the horizontal cylinder model using the gradient method.
s (m) | Vertical cylinder model, q = 0.5 | Horizontal cylinder model, q = 1 | Sphere model, q = 1.5 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
z (m) | A (mGal m) | z (m) | A (mGal m2) | z (m) | A (mGal m3) | |
2 | 3.9 | 465.8 | 5 | 400 | 4.0 | 2753.37 |
3 | 3.8 | 461.2 | 5 | 400 | 3.9 | 3447.5 |
4 | 4.1 | 447.2 | 5 | 400 | 3.9 | 3916.2 |
5 | 4.2 | 433.1 | 5 | 400 | 4.2 | 4230.3 |
Average | 4.0 | 451.9 | 5 | 400 | 4.0 | 3586.8 |
RMS (mGal) | 17.57 | 0 | 25.71 | |||
With 5% random noise | ||||||
2 | 4.2 | 465.8 | 5.1 | 400.0 | 4.1 | 2753.3 |
3 | 3.7 | 461.2 | 4.9 | 410.5 | 3.8 | 3447.5 |
4 | 3.8 | 447.2 | 5.2 | 417.7 | 3.7 | 3916.2 |
5 | 3.9 | 433.1 | 4.9 | 424.6 | 4.3 | 4230.2 |
Average | 3.9 | 451.8 | 5.0 | 413.2 | 3.9 | 3586.8 |
RMS (mGal) | 17.87 | 0.65 | 27.23 | |||
With 10% random noise | ||||||
2 | 4.0 | 351.7 | 5.0 | 479.4 | 3.9 | 2079.0 |
3 | 4.0 | 410.5 | 4.8 | 481.1 | 4.0 | 3068.7 |
4 | 4.0 | 406.3 | 4.7 | 432.9 | 3.9 | 3557.9 |
5 | 3.9 | 404.2 | 5.1 | 422.83 | 4.0 | 3947.8 |
Average | 3.9 | 393.2 | 4.9 | 479.4 | 3.9 | 3163.4 |
RMS (mGal) | 13.65 | 4.4 | 22.29 |
Numerical results for a gravity model due to horizontal cylinder without and with two levels of 5% and 10% of random noise (A = 400 mGal m2, z = 5 m, q = 1, and profile length = 120 m) using the gradient method.
Because of the real data are tainted with random noise, random noise of 5 and 10% imposed on the gravity anomaly to see the effect of these noises on the inversion method. The fourth horizontal gradients were evaluated using the same s-values mentioned above (Figures 3 and 4). Table 1 also demonstrates the computational outcomes of the interpretation of noisy gravity data. The average depth of 5 m and the solution with minimum RMS (0.65 mGal) gives in case of 5% noise and depth 4.9 m and RMS of 4.4 mGal in case of 10% noise. This shows that this method is useful when applied to noisy gravity data. In addition, we use Werner deconvolution method to the same gravity anomaly utilizing the same window size every 2 m. we used 11 clustered solutions to calculate the average estimated depth is 5 m, A = 400 mGal m2, and q = 1 with RMS = 0 mGal. Also, as mentioned above we use the same Werner deconvolution method for the noisy gravity anomalies. The average estimated depth of the cluster solutions is 5.3 m, A = 410.1 mGal m2 and q = 1 with RMS = 0.82 mGal in case of adding 5% random noise. Also, the average estimated depth of the cluster solutions is 5.6 m, A = 425.3 mGal m2 and q = 1 with RMS = 1.20 mGal in case of adding 10% random noise (Table 2).
Data analysis of the horizontal cylinder model using the gradient method when the data contain 5% random errors.
Data analysis of the horizontal cylinder model using the gradient method when the data contain 10% random errors.
Vertical cylinder model, q = 0.5 | Horizontal cylinder model, q = 1 | Sphere model, q = 1.5 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
z (m) | A (mGal m) | xo (m) | z (m) | A (mGal m2) | xo (m) | z (m) | A (mGal m3) | xo (m) | |
Average | 4 | 458.37 | 0 | 5 | 400 | 0 | 3 | 3875.3 | 0 |
RMS (mGal) | 18.04 | 0 | 55.96 | ||||||
With 5% random noise | |||||||||
Average | 4.3 | 465.51 | 0 | 5.3 | 410.1 | 0 | 3.4 | 3884.4 | 0 |
RMS (mGal) | 17.60 | 0.82 | 42.82 | ||||||
With 10% random noise | |||||||||
Average | 4.5 | 468.26 | 0 | 5.6 | 425.3 | 0 | 3.6 | 3910.1 | 0 |
RMS (mGal) | 17.28 | 1.20 | 38.25 |
Numerical results for a gravity model due to horizontal cylinder without and with two levels of 5% and 10% of random noise (A = 400 mGal m2, z = 5 m, q = 1, and profile length = 120 m) using Werner deconvolution method.
The PSO-algorithm was connected to the same synthetic gravity anomaly. In this circumstance, it is noise free data, so we start testing our technique using 100 models. The best model came after 700 cycles, the used extent of the parameters are showed up in Table 3. The assessed model parameters which control the body measurements are in good correlation with the proposed values (Table 3) corresponding to zero RMS. Since, the uproarious data considered as a basic part in geophysics, thusly, we applied our method to 5% arbitrary random noise gravity data caused by horizontal cylinder model appear with a particular true objective to inquire about the effect of noise corrupted data. The assessed indicate parameters (z, A, xo, q) are presented in Table 3. Table 3 exhibits that the RMS error is 0.32 mGal. Plus, we forced 10% of subjective random noise on the comparable synthetic anomaly. Also, Table 3 demonstrates the inverted parameters and shows that the RMS error is 0.64 mGal.
Type of body | Parameters | Used ranges | Result | RMS (mGal) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal cylinder model | Without random Gaussian noise | |||
A (mGal m2) | 100–700 | 400 | 0 | |
z (m) | 2–12 | 5 | ||
q | 0–3 | 1 | ||
xo (m) | −20 to 50 | 0 | ||
With 5% random Gaussian noise | ||||
A (mGal m2) | 100–700 | 395 | 0.32 | |
z (m) | 2–12 | 5 | ||
q | 0–3 | 1 | ||
xo (m) | −20 to 50 | −0.01 | ||
With 10% random Gaussian noise | ||||
A (mGal m2) | 100–700 | 411 | 0.64 | |
z (m) | 2–12 | 4.9 | ||
q | 0–3 | 1 | ||
xo (m) | −20 to 50 | 0.02 |
Numerical results for a gravity model due to a horizontal cylinder without and with two levels of 5% and 10% of random noise (A = 400 mGal m2, z = 5 m, q = 1, xo = 0 m and profile length = 120 m) using the PSO-technique.
So as to inspect the pertinence and effectiveness of the three showed methods on the real data, we have connected the three techniques to a gravity anomaly profile of Abu Roash dome area, the Northern Western Desert, Egypt (Figure 5). The Bouguer gravity map is situated in the West of Cairo ([44]; his Figure 11) and was mapped in 1980 by the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC) utilizing a density of 2.3 g cm−3. The structure information is accessible from the surface geology and drilled hole data [45]. From the geology information of the area, we observe that the basement rocks (with greater prominent thickness than the above sedimentary layers) are elevated because of the high pressure in the SW direction [45]. At the Abu Roash dome, there are exposures of Cenomanian clastics at its core took after by Turonian and Senonian strata. This Cretaceous succession separated from the above Eocene sediments by an angular unconformity [45, 46, 47]. Figure 5 shows the Bouguer anomaly profile which are opposite to the heading of compression striking NW–SE, this profile was digitized at an interim of 300 m. The Bouguer anomaly accordingly acquired has been subjected to the three various methods (the fourth horizontal gradient method, Werner deconvolution method, and the PSO-technique).
Observed gravity anomaly profile of Abu Roash field example, Egypt.
Firstly, we used the fourth horizontal gradient method to four progressive windows (s = 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 m) to obtain the inverted model parameters. The four fourth horizontal gradient anomaly profiles were gotten (Figure 6). Table 4 summarized the results obtained from this method. Secondly, by applying Werner deconvolution method to the same observed gravity data, the outcomes are summarized in Table 5. Thirdly, a PSO-algorithm utilized to assess the interpretive model parameters of gravity anomaly profile. Table 6 displays the ranges and results of the evaluated parameters.
Data analysis of the Abu Roash field example using the present gradient method.
s (m) | Vertical cylinder model, q = 0.5 | Horizontal cylinder model, q = 1.0 | Sphere model, q = 1.5 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
z (m) | A (mGal m) | z (m) | A (mGal m2) | z (m) | A (mGal m3) | |
600 | 1870 | −5236 | 2200 | −6160 | 2520 | −13,552,000 |
900 | 1890 | −5292 | 2250 | −6300 | 2600 | −14,175,000 |
1200 | 1920 | −5376 | 2510 | −7028 | 2830 | −17,640,280 |
1500 | 2050 | −5740 | 2630 | −7364 | 3290 | −19,367,320 |
Average | 1932.5 | −5411 | 2397.5 | −6713 | 2810 | −16,183,650 |
RMS (mGal) | 10.04 | 10.38 | 224 |
Numerical results of Abu Roash dome field example using the gradient method.
Vertical cylinder model, q = 0.5 | Horizontal cylinder model, q = 1.0 | Sphere model, q = 1.5 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
z (m) | A (mGal m) | xo (m) | z (m) | A (mGal m2) | xo (m) | z (m) | A (mGal m3) | xo (m) | |
Average | 1870 | −5230 | 0 | 2320 | −6503 | 0 | 2750 | −17,253,450 | 0 |
RMS (mGal) | 10.06 | 10.39 | 246.99 |
Numerical results of Abu Roash dome field example using Werner deconvolution method.
Parameters | Used ranges | Result | RMS (mGal) |
---|---|---|---|
A (mGal m) | −2000 to −6000 | −5200 | 0.17 |
z (m) | 500–2500 | 1860 | |
q | 0–2.5 | 0.45 | |
xo (m) | −100 to 100 | 0 |
Numerical results of Abu Roash dome field example using the PSO-technique.
Finally, the three inversion techniques give a full picture of the model parameters instead of various techniques which did not give a totally elucidation. The results are outlined in Table 7.
In this chapter, three various methods were used for modeling gravity anomaly due to simple geometrical shaped. The viability of the proposed methods (the gradient method, particle swarm optimization method and Werner deconvolution method) is used on a synthetic example including noisy-free data, contaminated data with various level of noise (5 and 10%), and a real field data from Egypt. The three approaches can enhance the quality solution and convergence traits and computational adequacy. The examination of the results with drilling information and published information detailed in the literature demonstrated the prevalence of the three methods and its potential for dealing gravity issue. Later on work, we will attempt to suggest some enhanced variant of these methods to deal with issue.
We would like to thank Prof. Taher Zouaghi, the Editor, for his keen interest, imperative comments on the Article, and changes to this work. Also, we might want to express gratitude to Ms. Maja Bozicevic, Publishing Process Manager, for her help and collaboration in this issue.
The abysmal rate of accrual to clinical trials, particularly among members of minority and underserved populations, has impeded medical and scientific progress [1]. Ironically, when members of marginalized populations do not participate in numbers that allow the medical community to draw conclusions about the efficacy of new treatments for members of these communities, health disparities are deepened further [2]. This makes the participation of members of marginalized communities in clinical trials and research studies increasingly urgent.
There is growing evidence that the communication behaviors exhibited by medical and nonmedical professionals tasked with approaching and consenting patients impacts eventual enrollment [3, 4, 5, 6]. Most research on clinical trial communication has focused on general guidelines for communication practice. These guidelines include making sure that the type and amount of information are appropriate for the patient [7], using plain language to explain a trial [5, 8, 9] and being open to answering potential participants’ questions [3, 8, 10]. Additionally, recruiters are exhorted to be “warm” and respectful with patients [8, 11].
It is important, however, to examine the specific communication behaviors that lead to more effective recruitment, consent, and retention. A study of 63 medical professionals in two diverse U.S. cities indicates that both verbal and nonverbal communication practices support effective recruitment and consent processes [12, 13, 14, 15]. Specific verbal communication behaviors that are associated with effective patient recruitment and consent include translating and simplifying information through the use of lay language and examples; reframing information through the use of metaphors, analogies, and storytelling; balancing discussions of risks with benefits; and encouraging potential participants to ask questions [12].
Nonverbal communication behaviors may be even more important, given the central role of nonverbal communication in the process of meaning generation [16]. However, this topic has received little attention by researchers studying factors that impact clinical trial accrual. In the recruitment and consent process, nonverbal communication behaviors that appear to be particularly important include the ability to “read” patients’ state of mind before approaching them to participate in a study; the willingness to adapt to a patients’ mood and communication preferences; mirroring patients’ body posture, tone, and rate of speech; using eye contact, touch, and smiling in situationally and culturally appropriate ways; and being conscious of the impact of physical appearance [13]. Importantly, both verbal and nonverbal communication function to create a sense of relational connection which, in turn, creates both trust and the motivation required for patients to process often-complicated study information [14].
It should be noted that while these verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors are necessary (but not sufficient) for increasing enrollment in clinical trials, the goal of clinical trial communication interventions should not simply focus on accrual but rather improve informed decision making by potential participants. Thus, whether patients consent or do not consent is beside the point. All patients, we believe, should be (1) offered the opportunity to contribute to medical knowledge through study participation and (2) provided study information in language (and a format) that they understand so they can make an informed decision about whether to participate.
Contrary to popular belief, good communication skills come naturally to very few people. Just as public speaking abilities can be developed through professional training, the specific interpersonal verbal and nonverbal practices that foster positive interactions with patients in a clinical trial recruitment context can be taught [17]. The content of clinical trial communication training programs varies considerably (as do outcomes), but most programs appear to be successful in improving the confidence of those who recruit for studies [18].
While clinical trial communication training programs are not yet widely available, there are some laudable examples that warrant discussion. Fallowfield and colleagues [19, 20, 21] have been among the first to develop communication training programs specifically focused on clinical trial recruitment and consent issues. Their training programs provided information on common communication issues and ethical concerns and were primarily directed toward physicians and nurses with clinical trial management roles. The main outcomes from these trainings were improved knowledge of clinical trials and increased confidence in their ability to recruit and consent patients. Similarly, Wells and colleagues [22] developed a training program to improve professionals’ communication abilities but focused largely on developing increased cultural competency by focusing on barriers and beliefs of African Americans and Latinos. The program focused on outcomes related to knowledge and attitudes of minority patients’ cultural needs. Another communication training program, developed and piloted at the University of Miami, focused on educating research coordinators on specific verbal and nonverbal communication skills to improve clinical trial recruitment and informed consent discussions. This communication training program consisted of five modules and adopted several educational strategies including a didactic presentation, in-group discussions, live demos, and role play activities [17].
One issue that has troubled virtually all existing clinical trial communication programs is the actual assessment of training outcomes. This may be a symptom of a larger problem in that there seems to be little consensus about what the goal should be for communication trainings. We assert that there should be two central goals: (1) increasing the willingness and ability of recruiters to use “best practices” in communication about clinical trial participation, with the ultimate goal of (2) increasing informed decision making among potential participants. Whether patients and other potential participants provide informed consent to enroll in a study or make an informed decision to decline the opportunity to participate, we believe that all patients should be presented with the choice to advance knowledge relevant to their health conditions wherever such opportunities exist. The burden is on us to communicate well in order to maximize the patients’ comprehension of all factors that are relevant to their decisions.
Current assessments of the quality of communication practice as an outcome of clinical trial communication training has focused on several tools: (1) surveys of training participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceived self-efficacy; (2) role-plays to practice skills; (3) videotaping participants to provide individualized feedback, and (4) the use of check lists to assess recruiters’ behaviors when interacting with potential participants [18]. While all of these assessment strategies are valuable, none of these approaches has been validated, including the self-report survey, which is the most commonly used tool [18]. The development and evaluation of more effective training programs depend heavily on the use of validated and, preferably, triangulated outcome measures.
Toward this end, we have developed a self-report questionnaire that focuses on communication behaviors that are critical for effective clinical trial recruitment and consent. The measure is grounded in the empirical literature on clinical trial communication, particularly the work of Morgan and colleagues, who identified verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors that recruiters themselves associate with effective recruitment and consent processes [12, 13, 14, 15]. We created an initial pool of 138* items which corresponded to a wide variety of communication behaviors including eye contact; conversational style; protection of patient privacy; tone of voice; ability to “read” patients; ability to adapt to patient communication preferences; mirroring patient communication behaviors; smiling and friendliness; body positioning; the use of touch; physical appearance; simplifying/“translating” medical and technical information into lay language; reframing or using metaphors and analogies to explain difficult concepts; encouraging question asking; balancing the presentation of risks and benefits of study participation; describing the benefits to self and society of study participation; and other communication behaviors that ensure that potential participants comprehend information that is relevant to the decision to participate in a research study or clinical trial.
All survey items were entered into online formats including REDCap and Qualtrics for dissemination. Following institutional review board (IRB) approval, the survey was distributed to research professionals at three academic medical centers: University of Miami, University of Florida, and University of Texas Health Science Center. Because of a technical error, data from the University of Texas Health Science Center (n = 16 surveys) could not be retained for the study.
The eligibility criteria for participation were broad: Any employee whose job duties regularly involved recruiting and/or consenting patients for clinical trials or research studies could participate in the study. The survey was distributed via email link by managers within each academic medical center. No compensation for participation was offered. A total of 71 people who completed the survey were included in the analyses. Respondents had an average of 6 years of experience (M = 5.93, SD = 4.20). The demographic and professional characteristics of our sample appear in Table 1.
Variable | n | (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 14 | (19.7) |
Female | 54 | (76.1) |
Not reported | 3 | (4.2) |
Race | ||
American Indian | 0 | (0) |
Asian | 4 | (5.6) |
Pacific Islander | 0 | (0) |
Black or African American | 4 | (5.6) |
Middle Eastern | 0 | (0) |
White or Caucasian | 60 | (84.5) |
Not reported | 3 | (4.2) |
Ethnicity | ||
Hispanic | 32 | (45.1) |
Education | ||
High school–less than bachelors | 8 | (11.3) |
Bachelor | 23 | (32.4) |
Master | 23 | (32.4) |
PhD | 6 | (8.5) |
MD | 11 | (15.5) |
Institution | ||
University of Miami | 40 | (57.1) |
University of Florida | 28 | (40) |
Both UM and UF | 1 | (1.4) |
Other | 1 | (1.4) |
Not reported | 1 | (1.4) |
Type of trial* | ||
Drug | 44 | (62) |
Device | 11 | (15.5) |
Behavioral/social | 30 | (42.3) |
Medical intervention/procedure | 16 | (22.5) |
Characteristics of the sample.
Some individuals reported recruiting for more than one type of trial.
In addition to the items assessing communication behaviors in clinical trial contexts, demographic questions, the nature of their work, and their level of experience, we asked research professionals about how they feel about their jobs, their motivation levels, and their self-assessment of their competence in recruiting for clinical trials and research studies. These items were used to explore the relationship between responses to these questions and self-reported communication behaviors as a way to test the capacity of the clinical trial communication inventory (CTCI) to discriminate different audience characteristics.
Because of the high ratio of survey items to number of participants, an exploratory factor analysis that included all survey items did not yield meaningful results. Breaking the survey down into smaller groups of conceptually linked items proved to be a more useful strategy. All reported exploratory factor analyses used an oblimin rotation because items representing, for example, different dimensions of nonverbal communication necessarily have a strong relationship with each other. An item was considered to be an indicator of a factor if it had a loading of .5 and a loading of no more than .4 on any other factor. The results of the exploratory factor analyses for four sets of items appear in Table 2 (nonverbal communication), Table 3 (translation, simplification, and lay language), Table 4 (reframing medical information), and Table 5 (fostering understanding of medical research). Appendix A contains the items retained for each scale.
Item | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
I usually mirror a patient\'s body posture when I\'m discussing a study with them. | .85 | −.14 | .25 |
I try to adjust my facial expressions to reflect the current situation they are in. | .75 | .12 | .13 |
When I am discussing study participation, if a patient appears relaxed, I relax my body too. | .74 | −.23 | .06 |
I often mimic a patient\'s mannerisms when I talk about a study. | .74 | −.07 | .18 |
Based on my first impressions of a patient, I adapt how I talk about a study. | .69 | .00 | .07 |
Whether a person talks loud and fast or softly and slowly, I adjust the way I speak about a study to how they talk. | .69 | −.05 | .18 |
I slip into the same style and manner of speech as the person I am talking to about a study. | .68 | −.13 | .20 |
I think it\'s more important to be warm and friendly with patients than to maintain professional distance | .67 | .02 | −.45 |
When I walk into the exam room (or waiting area) with patients, I try to figure out what kind of mood they are in. | .46 | .36 | −.54 |
I am very good at ‘reading’ a patient before I start talking about study details. | .42 | .38 | −.6 |
I always maintain a highly professional tone and demeanor when I talk to a patient. | .06 | .77 | .32 |
I act the same way with every patient regardless of their mood. | −.03 | .67 | .40 |
Nonverbal communication (reading, adapting, mirroring) factor loadings for exploratory factor analysis with oblimin rotation.
Item | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
I ‘translate’ information about a study to help patients | .69 | .00 | .38 | −.18 |
I find ways of using lay language | .67 | −.08 | .31 | −.21 |
I believe that members of some minority/ethnic populations have specific preferences for words or research-related terminology | .68 | .10 | −.45 | .18 |
I try to avoid certain words or medical terms when talking with members of certain cultural groups | .73 | .30 | −.44 | .06 |
I try to use language that I think would be received well by members of the cultural group to which they belong | .78 | .01 | −.42 | −.02 |
When going through a consent form with a patient, I often say something like, ‘so this means…’ followed by a lay explanation | .70 | .03 | −.02 | −.38 |
Based on what I know about the educational level of the patient, I adapt my explanation of a study | .75 | −.16 | −.04 | −.24 |
I break down the study protocol into smaller steps to make the prospect of participating in the study less intimidating | .59 | −.15 | .41 | −.22 |
I simplify the language of the consent form | .58 | −.25 | .28 | .56 |
I substitute simple words for complicated medical terminology | .54 | −.38 | .11 | .58 |
I make sure that all of my explanations of a study can be found directly on the consent form | .15 | .71 | .50 | .18 |
Because the consent form must be approved by the IRB, I keep to the language that is specified in the consent form | .08 | .84 | .12 | .04 |
I do not diverge from the information and explanations offered in the consent form even when I understand a study well | .16 | .82 | −.11 | .11 |
Translation, simplification, and lay language use item factor loadings for exploratory factor analysis with oblimin rotation.
Item | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
I frame unfamiliar or potentially scary concepts in terms that are more familiar or acceptable to patients | .84 | −.04 | −.02 |
I frequently use examples as a way to explain technical information about a study | .78 | .30 | .19 |
I often use metaphors and analogies to explain randomization or other study concepts | .76 | −.29 | −.24 |
I use analogies to explain potentially scary tests or concepts | .76 | −.41 | −.31 |
If it\'s a complex study, I often reframe information in medical terms that are more familiar to them | .71 | −.32 | .30 |
I often give specific examples of what will happen to a patient if they join a study | .69 | .09 | .37 |
I find that I often use analogies (that aren\'t part of the consent form) when explaining a study | .66 | .14 | −.21 |
Patients like to hear stories about other patient’s experiences with research participation | .51 | .51 | −.10 |
I make sure that patients know that the consent form is not a contract | .42 | .42 | −.30 |
I often use predetermined and rehearsed stories to clarify difficult concepts | .44 | .32 | .60 |
I find it difficult to explain how randomization works in the context of the trial being offered | .31 | −.57 | .54 |
Reframing medical information factor loadings for exploratory factor analysis with oblimin rotation.
Item | 1 | 2 |
---|---|---|
I always begin a discussion with a patient by explaining the purpose of our conversation | .51 | −.24 |
Before getting a patient\'s signature on a consent form, I always check their understanding of the study information | .69 | −.44 |
I ask patients to ‘teach back’ (or summarize for me) the key points of a study to me before they consent to being in a study | .68 | −.26 |
I offer patients the option of delaying their decision about study participation | .59 | .19 |
I explain to patients that the research study is being conducted to improve scientific knowledge about a particular disease, condition, or treatment | .75 | −.15 |
I explain the general rationale for a randomized clinical trial (when appropriate) | .60 | −.50 |
When offering patients the opportunity to participate in a research study, I explain the researchers\' motivations for conducting the study | .70 | −.38 |
When offering patients the opportunity to participate in a research study, I tell them that all trials have to receive approval from ethics committees | .75 | −.08 |
When offering patients the opportunity to participate in a research study, I acknowledge the uncertainty of treatment benefits | .73 | .16 |
I explain the concept of equipoise (trials are conducted only when there is collective uncertainty that the benefit of an experimental treatment is better than the current best practice standard treatment) | .62 | .49 |
I explain the concept of beneficence (trials are conducted to determine whether there is a significant additional benefit from the experimental treatment) | .58 | .60 |
I explain the concept of non-maleficence (there is evidence to suggest that being involved in a clinical trial will in no way worsen the patient\'s chances) | .68 | .71 |
Fostering understanding of medical research factor loadings for exploratory factor analysis with oblimin rotation.
The results of the factor analyses (where viable results were obtained) were used to construct final versions of the scales. Descriptive statistics for each of the final subscales and Cronbach’s alpha appear as Table 6. Pearson correlations between all of the CTCI subscales appear in Table 7.
Mean | SD | Cronbach’s alpha | |
---|---|---|---|
Eye contact (3 items) | 4.10 | .55 | .69 |
Maintaining patient privacy (4 items) | 3.34 | .72 | .76 |
Translation of medical and technical information (7 items) | 3.55 | .60 | .86 |
Reframing medical and technical information (7 items) | 3.50 | .71 | .86 |
Fostering understanding of research (9 items) | 4.29 | .59 | .86 |
Explaining specific research concepts (3 items) | 3.96 | 1.13 | .88 |
Nonverbal communication (reading, adapting, mirroring) (8 items) | 3.12 | .57 | .90 |
Question answering (3 items) | 3.25 | .54 | .83 |
Means, standard deviations, and reliabilities of Clinical Trial Communication Inventory subscales.
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Eye contact | – | ||||||
2. Privacy | .53*** (70) | – | |||||
3. Translation | .51*** (64) | .60*** (64) | – | ||||
4. Reframing | .53*** (59) | .41** (59) | .70*** (58) | – | |||
5. Understanding | .11 (50) | .13 (57) | .23 (56) | .23 (54) | – | ||
6. Explaining | .19 (60) | .01 (60) | .14 (58) | .26 (55) | .46*** (56) | – | |
7. Nonverbal | .59*** (61) | .56*** (61) | .56*** (59) | .41** (54) | .04 (52) | .13 (54) | – |
8. Questions | .37** (62) | .41** (62) | .53*** (61) | .50*** (.59) | .36** (56) | .08 (58) | .17 (57) |
Pearson correlations of Clinical Trial Communication Inventory subscales.
*p = .05.
**p = .01.
***p < .001.
The relationships between the final CTCI subscales and other variables in the survey were examined. Specifically, we sought to look for possible difference in responses by gender, race/ethnicity, and type of trial recruited for. We also looked for correlations between responses to the CTCI subscales and job satisfaction and years of experience. None of these analyses produced a significant pattern of results except for years of experience. The number of years of experience as a research professional correlated significantly with use of eye contact (r(62) = .45, p < .001); efforts to preserve patient privacy (r(61) = .47, p < .001); translation of medical and research terminology into lay language (r(56) = .55, p < .001); the use of reframing to explain research (r(51) = .52, p < .001); fostering understanding of research concepts (r(49) = .43, p = .002); and attitudes toward answering patient questions (r(54) = .67, p < .001). The correlation between years of experience and fostering understanding of medical research was nearly significant, r(52) = .27, p = .06. However, correlations between years of experience and the measure of mirroring and adapting to patients’ nonverbal communication was nonsignificant, r(54) = −.05, p = n.s.
This chapter presents the development and analysis of an instrument designed to evaluate the communication behaviors of professionals who recruit for clinical trials and research studies. Of the original 133 items, 44 items were retained in 8 subscales. These subscales include maintaining patient privacy; translation of medical and technical information; reframing medical and technical information; fostering understanding of research; explaining specific research concepts; question answering; nonverbal communication, including reading patients, adapting to patients’ communication, their state of mind, and preferences, mirroring behaviors; and eye contact.
The results of supplemental analyses demonstrate that there are statistically significant relationships between all but one of the subscales of the instrument (including all of the verbal communication measures) and years of experience. This may indicate that as research professionals gain experience, they acquire knowledge about effective strategies to communicate about complex medical and scientific concepts. In fact, the fact that the measure of nonverbal communication (behaviors which are often described as something akin to “instinctual” or innate in the published studies of Morgan and colleagues) has a correlation of nearly zero may indicate that many individuals who are drawn to this type of research position may naturally be “people-people” who may nonetheless benefit from training programs with an emphasis on verbal communication techniques when recruiting and consenting potential research participants. Tentative validity testing of several items and subscales of the instrument described here was performed in early 2017. The results of this early pilot testing demonstrated that items contained in the Clinical Trial Communication Inventory can be used to assess the pre- to post-test impact of a clinical trial communication training (see Ref. [17] for full results of the evaluation).
While the CTCI is likely to prove useful to evaluate efforts in clinical trial communication training, it should be noted that with a relatively small sample, the validity of factor analytic strategies used to construct some of the initial scales may be limited, although the scales we created based on these results showed strong reliability. Future research should further develop this instrument by testing its robustness with a larger sample of research coordinators and validate it with other types of medical professionals who recruit for clinical trials, including physicians and study nurses. Additionally, it is vitally important for this instrument to be evaluated through convergent validity testing. The question remains whether the Clinical Trial Communication Inventory reflects real-world communication practice and indeed, whether these communication behaviors predict increased informed decision making or improved rates of clinical trial accrual. Convergent validity can be established through a variety of strategies, including checklists of exhibited communication behaviors during role plays and video recordings of actual recruitment and consent behaviors with patients. Predictive validity could be established by demonstrating that communication training results in changed scores on the CTCI from pre- to post-test, and more importantly, that scores post-training reflect improvements to informed consent with patients, which can be evaluated through patient “teach-backs” and an increased number of accurate responses to a set of study-related knowledge questions.
Improvement of low accrual to clinical trials and research studies is urgently needed, particularly for members of minority populations. Research has demonstrated that communication behaviors play an important role in the recruitment and consent processes. While communication behaviors can (and should) be developed through professional seminars and workshops, there are few available instruments to conduct evaluations of the outcomes of those trainings. In this chapter, we outline the development and testing of a measure of communication in clinical trial contexts: the Clinical Trial Communication Inventory. While additional testing needs to be conducted to more thoroughly establish convergent and predictive validity with multiple professional groups, we believe that this instrument will help advance the development of clinical trial communication training programs.
The authors wish to thank the participants who completed the survey. A special thank goes to Patricia Avissar and Robert Kolb for their help with the recruitment process.
Use of eye contact
I use eye contact to try to figure out whether a patient understands a study through eye contact.
I use eye contact to assess a patient’s state of mind while I talk with them about a study.
I find that most patients do not want to make eye contact when discussing study participation.
Maintaining patient privacy
If the patient is comfortable discussing a study in an area where privacy cannot be secured, I will still consent the patient.
Most patients don’t care about being consented in a private location.
It is not practical to always consent patients in a private location.
If a private location in unavailable, I talk in a quiet voice to enhance a sense of privacy when discussing a study.
Translation of medical and technical information
I ‘translate’ information about a study to help patients.
I find ways of using lay language.
I believe that members of some minority/ethnic populations have specific preferences for words or research-related terminology.
I try to avoid certain words or medical terms when talking with members of certain cultural groups.
I try to use language that I think would be received well by members of the cultural group to which they belong.
When going through a consent form with a patient, I often say something like, ‘so this means…’ followed by a lay explanation.
Based on what I know about the educational level of the patient, I adapt my explanation of a study.
Reframing medical and technical information
If it\'s a complex study, I often reframe information in medical terms that are more familiar to them.
I find that I often use analogies (that aren\'t part of the consent form) when explaining a study.
I frequently use examples as a way to explain technical information about a study.
I often give specific examples of what will happen to a patient if they join a study.
I frame unfamiliar or potentially scary concepts in terms that are more familiar or acceptable to patients.
I often use metaphors and analogies to explain randomization or other study concepts.
I use analogies to explain potentially scary tests or concepts.
Fostering understanding of research
I always begin a discussion with a patient by explaining the purpose of our conversation.
Before getting a patient\'s signature on a consent form, I always check their understanding of the study information.
I ask patients to ‘teach back’ (or summarize for me) the key points of a study to me before they consent to being in a study.
I offer patients the option of delaying their decision about study participation.
I explain to patients that the research study is being conducted to improve scientific knowledge about a particular disease, condition, or treatment.
I explain the general rationale for a randomized clinical trial (when appropriate).
When offering patients the opportunity to participate in a research study, I explain the researchers’ motivations for conducting the study.
When offering patients the opportunity to participate in a research study, I tell them that all trials have to receive approval from ethics committees.
When offering patients the opportunity to participate in a research study, I acknowledge the uncertainty of treatment benefits.
Explaining specific research concepts
I explain the concept of equipoise (trials are conducted only when there is collective uncertainty that the benefit of an experimental treatment is better than the current best practice standard treatment).
I explain the concept of beneficence (trials are conducted to determine whether there is a significant additional benefit from the experimental treatment).
I explain the concept of non-maleficence (there is evidence to suggest that being involved in a clinical trial will in no way worsen the patient\'s chances).
Nonverbal communication (reading, adapting, mirroring)
I think it is more important to be warm and friendly with patients than to maintain a professional distance.
I slip into the same style and manner of speech as the person I am talking to about a study.
Whether a person talks loud and fast or softly and slowly, I adjust the way I speak about a study to how they talk.
I usually mirror a patient’s body posture when I’s discussing a study with them.
When I am discussing a study participation, if a patient appears relaxed, I relax my body, too.
I often mimic a patient’s mannerisms when I talk about a study.
Based on my first impressions of a patient, I adapt how I talk about a study.
I try to adjust my facial expressions to reflect the current situation they are in.
Question answering
I enjoy answering a patient’s questions about a study.
I always invite patients to ask questions about a study.
I make sure to give a patient the names of who to contact if they have additional questions about the trial
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to SPi Global, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118377},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"11,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10567",title:"Uncertainty Management in Engineering - Topics in Pollution Prevention and Controls",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4990db602d31f1848c590dbfe97b6409",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Dr. Yung-Tse Hung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10567.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab Abdel Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10568",title:"Hysteresis in Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6482387993b3cebffafe856a916c44ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Giuseppe Viola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10568.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"173586",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Viola",slug:"giuseppe-viola",fullName:"Giuseppe Viola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10769",title:"Supercapacitors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dda2f53b2c9ee308fe5f3e0d1638ff5c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Daisuke Tashima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10769.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"254915",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Daisuke",surname:"Tashima",slug:"daisuke-tashima",fullName:"Daisuke Tashima"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo and Dr. Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Hydropower",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yizi Shang, Dr. Ling Shang and Dr. Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Dr. Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Dr. Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10810",title:"Modern Ship Engineering, Design and Operations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"579a9da63aca2172c0f0584328ae91c1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carlos Alberto Reusser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10810.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"209816",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Reusser",slug:"carlos-reusser",fullName:"Carlos Reusser"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf and Dr. Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar El-Sayed",surname:"Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-el-sayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar El-Sayed Abdel-Raouf"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10854",title:"Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c77f99db5569e8d0325b856cb7d75b17",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Maged Marghany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10854.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"96666",title:"Prof.",name:"Maged",surname:"Marghany",slug:"maged-marghany",fullName:"Maged Marghany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:21},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"306",title:"Pesticides",slug:"pesticides",parent:{title:"Agrochemical",slug:"agrochemical"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:39,numberOfWosCitations:41,numberOfCrossrefCitations:43,numberOfDimensionsCitations:101,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"pesticides",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8533",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:"Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"420a19fa07c8510eeb08decebed430cc",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",bookSignature:"Marcelo Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8533.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4637",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6aff74df1ea32df7f1e20e29c8363ff5",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"64602",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82418",title:"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile",slug:"environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile",totalDownloads:2161,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:30,book:{slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"48553",doi:"10.5772/60767",title:"Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides — Toxicity to Wildlife and Humans",slug:"ecotoxicology-of-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-herbicides-toxicity-to-wildlife-and-humans",totalDownloads:2076,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul K. Mensah, Carolyn G. Palmer and Oghenekaro N. Odume",authors:[{id:"169135",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",slug:"paul-mensah",fullName:"Paul Mensah"},{id:"173888",title:"Prof.",name:"Carolyn",middleName:null,surname:"Palmer",slug:"carolyn-palmer",fullName:"Carolyn Palmer"},{id:"175580",title:"Dr.",name:"Oghenekaro Nelson",middleName:null,surname:"Odume",slug:"oghenekaro-nelson-odume",fullName:"Oghenekaro Nelson Odume"}]},{id:"48594",doi:"10.5772/60911",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:1913,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64602",title:"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile",slug:"environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:30,book:{slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"48594",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:1911,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"65752",title:"Uses and Misuses of Agricultural Pesticides in Africa: Neglected Public Health Threats for Workers and Population",slug:"uses-and-misuses-of-agricultural-pesticides-in-africa-neglected-public-health-threats-for-workers-an",totalDownloads:811,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Pouokam Guy Bertrand",authors:[{id:"276832",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Guy Bertrand",middleName:null,surname:"Pouokam",slug:"guy-bertrand-pouokam",fullName:"Guy Bertrand Pouokam"}]},{id:"65766",title:"Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, and the Health of Our Environment Safety",slug:"pesticides-anthropogenic-activities-and-the-health-of-our-environment-safety",totalDownloads:857,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Mona Saud AL-Ahmadi",authors:[{id:"276726",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"AL-Ahmadi",slug:"mona-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Mona AL-Ahmadi"}]},{id:"65801",title:"The Morphophysiological, Histological, and Biochemical Response of Some Nontarget Organisms to the Stress Induced by the Pesticides in the Environment",slug:"the-morphophysiological-histological-and-biochemical-response-of-some-nontarget-organisms-to-the-str",totalDownloads:596,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Liliana Cristina Soare, Alina Păunescu and Ponepal Cristina Maria",authors:[{id:"276263",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Liliana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Soare",slug:"liliana-cristina-soare",fullName:"Liliana Cristina Soare"},{id:"289058",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ponepal",slug:"cristina-maria-ponepal",fullName:"Cristina Maria Ponepal"},{id:"289059",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Păunescu",slug:"alina-paunescu",fullName:"Alina Păunescu"}]},{id:"48545",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-agrochemicals-a-critical-appraisal-of-current-approaches",totalDownloads:1930,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo and Henk A. Tennekes",authors:[{id:"74970",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Bayo",slug:"francisco-sanchez-bayo",fullName:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo"},{id:"173845",title:"Dr.",name:"Henk",middleName:null,surname:"Tennekes",slug:"henk-tennekes",fullName:"Henk Tennekes"}]},{id:"48784",title:"Genotoxicity of the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Poncho (Clothianidin) on CD1 Mice Based on Alkaline Comet and Micronucleus Assays",slug:"genotoxicity-of-the-neonicotinoid-insecticide-poncho-clothianidin-on-cd1-mice-based-on-alkaline-come",totalDownloads:1235,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"María Elena Calderón-Segura, José Arturo Marcial Rojas, María de\nGuadalupe Mézquita Brito, Manuel TecCab, María del Carmen\nCalderón-Ezquerro and Sandra Gómez-Arroyo",authors:[{id:"174590",title:"Dr.",name:"María Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Calderón Segura",slug:"maria-elena-calderon-segura",fullName:"María Elena Calderón Segura"},{id:"175532",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Arturo",middleName:null,surname:"Marcial-Rojas",slug:"jose-arturo-marcial-rojas",fullName:"Jose Arturo Marcial-Rojas"},{id:"175533",title:"Dr.",name:"María De Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Mezquita-Brito",slug:"maria-de-guadalupe-mezquita-brito",fullName:"María De Guadalupe Mezquita-Brito"},{id:"175534",title:"BSc.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"TecCab",slug:"manuel-teccab",fullName:"Manuel TecCab"},{id:"175535",title:"Dr.",name:"María Del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Calderón-Esquerro",slug:"maria-del-carmen-calderon-esquerro",fullName:"María Del Carmen Calderón-Esquerro"}]},{id:"48539",title:"Toxicity of Agrochemicals on Freshwater Invertebrates — A Short Review",slug:"toxicity-of-agrochemicals-on-freshwater-invertebrates-a-short-review",totalDownloads:1234,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Daniel Robles-Vargas",authors:[{id:"173830",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Robles-Vargas",slug:"daniel-robles-vargas",fullName:"Daniel Robles-Vargas"}]},{id:"48553",title:"Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides — Toxicity to Wildlife and Humans",slug:"ecotoxicology-of-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-herbicides-toxicity-to-wildlife-and-humans",totalDownloads:2076,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul K. Mensah, Carolyn G. Palmer and Oghenekaro N. Odume",authors:[{id:"169135",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",slug:"paul-mensah",fullName:"Paul Mensah"},{id:"173888",title:"Prof.",name:"Carolyn",middleName:null,surname:"Palmer",slug:"carolyn-palmer",fullName:"Carolyn Palmer"},{id:"175580",title:"Dr.",name:"Oghenekaro Nelson",middleName:null,surname:"Odume",slug:"oghenekaro-nelson-odume",fullName:"Oghenekaro Nelson Odume"}]},{id:"66189",title:"Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, History and the Health of Our Environment: Lessons from Africa",slug:"pesticides-anthropogenic-activities-history-and-the-health-of-our-environment-lessons-from-africa",totalDownloads:564,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Wilbert Bunini Manyilizu",authors:[{id:"274792",title:"Dr.",name:"Bunini",middleName:null,surname:"Manyilizu",slug:"bunini-manyilizu",fullName:"Bunini Manyilizu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"pesticides",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/gravity-geoscience-applications-industrial-technology-and-quantum-aspect/gravity-data-interpretation-using-different-new-algorithms-a-comparative-study",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"gravity-geoscience-applications-industrial-technology-and-quantum-aspect",chapter:"gravity-data-interpretation-using-different-new-algorithms-a-comparative-study"},fullPath:"/books/gravity-geoscience-applications-industrial-technology-and-quantum-aspect/gravity-data-interpretation-using-different-new-algorithms-a-comparative-study",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()