Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\n
This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\n
We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\n
Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8257",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Seismic Waves - Probing Earth System",title:"Seismic Waves",subtitle:"Probing Earth System",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The importance of seismic wave research lies not only in our ability to understand and predict earthquakes and tsunamis, but it also reveals information on the Earth's composition and features in much the same way as it led to the discovery of Mohorovicic's discontinuity. As our theoretical understanding of the physics behind seismic waves has grown, physical and numerical modeling have greatly advanced and now augment applied seismology for better prediction and engineering practices. This book demonstrates the latest techniques and advances in seismic wave analysis from a theoretical approach, data acquisition and interpretation, to analyses and numerical simulations, as well as research applications. The major topics in this book cover aspects on seismic wave propagation, characteristics of their velocities and attenuation, deformation process of the Earth's medium, seismic source process and tectonic dynamics with relating observations, as well as propagation modeling of seismic waves.",isbn:"978-1-78985-328-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-327-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-759-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78213",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"seismic-waves-probing-earth-system",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"6a7acf0b6350ff87cc629283bfe248f8",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao and Genti Toyokuni",publishedDate:"November 20th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8257.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2568,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 21st 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 12th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 11th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 30th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 29th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51959/images/system/51959.jpg",biography:"Dr. Masaki Kanao obtained his Ph.D. from Kyoto University. He is currently working at the National Institute of Polar Research in Tokyo. He is chiefly interested in the Earth\\'s structure and evolution from geoscience studies. Polar regions, both in Arctic and Antarctic, have been investigated by geophysical investigations particularly by passive and active seismic sources. He is also interested in the present Earth’s dynamics and tectonics of the continental lithosphere. The Antarctic continent, as a member of the past Gondwana super-continent, has been the main target to reveal lithospheric evolution history. Recently, inter-disciplinary studies in terms of glacial earthquakes, cryoseismic events in Greenland and Antarctica have been focusing on involving environmental changes associated with global warming. These investigations in polar regions have been contributing to the development of all kinds of global Earth sciences.",institutionString:"National Institute of Polar Research",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"17",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"National Institute of Polar Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"255880",title:"Dr.",name:"Genti",middleName:null,surname:"Toyokuni",slug:"genti-toyokuni",fullName:"Genti Toyokuni",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255880/images/system/255880.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Genti Toyokuni is an assistant professor at the Department of Geophysics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. He received his BSc (2004), MSc (2006), and DSc (2009) degrees from Kyushu University, Japan. He was a part-time teacher of earth science at the National Institute of Technology, Kurume College, Japan, during 2007–2009, and a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Polar Research, Japan, during 2009–2011. His research interests include polar seismology (cryoseismology), seismic waveform analysis, numerical modeling of seismic wave propagation, and seismic tomography. He is a member of the Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network (GLISN) and has been participating in field observations of the Greenland ice sheet every year since 2011 with other US and Japanese GLISN members.",institutionString:"Tohoku University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"654",title:"Seismology",slug:"seismology"}],chapters:[{id:"67123",title:"A High-Order Finite Volume Method for 3D Elastic Modelling on Unstructured Meshes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86400",slug:"a-high-order-finite-volume-method-for-3d-elastic-modelling-on-unstructured-meshes",totalDownloads:344,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Wensheng Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67123",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67123",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68052",title:"Cylindrical Surface Wave: Revisiting the Classical Biot’s Problem",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86910",slug:"cylindrical-surface-wave-revisiting-the-classical-biot-s-problem",totalDownloads:295,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Jeremiah Rushchitsky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68052",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68052",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68606",title:"Appearance of Catastrophes and Plasticity in Porous and Cracked Media",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87014",slug:"appearance-of-catastrophes-and-plasticity-in-porous-and-cracked-media",totalDownloads:258,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Boris Sibiryakov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68606",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68606",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67652",title:"Efficient Simulation of Fluids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86619",slug:"efficient-simulation-of-fluids",totalDownloads:400,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Pierre Thuillier Le Gac, Emmanuelle Darles, Pierre-Yves Louis and Lilian Aveneau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67652",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67652",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67965",title:"Seismic Velocity Structure in and around the Japanese Island Arc Derived from Seismic Tomography Including NIED MOWLAS Hi-net and S-net Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86936",slug:"seismic-velocity-structure-in-and-around-the-japanese-island-arc-derived-from-seismic-tomography-inc",totalDownloads:942,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Makoto Matsubara, Hiroshi Sato, Kenji Uehira, Masashi Mochizuki, Toshihiko Kanazawa, Narumi Takahashi, Kensuke Suzuki and Shin’ichiro Kamiya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67965",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67965",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69035",title:"Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Signals Observed before Strong Earthquakes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88522",slug:"low-frequency-electromagnetic-signals-observed-before-strong-earthquakes",totalDownloads:330,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Igor I. Rokityansky, Valeriia I. Babak and Artem V. Tereshyn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69035",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69035",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"892",title:"Seismic Waves",subtitle:"Research and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77aca8357f09b77cf39eb669b711c862",slug:"seismic-waves-research-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/892.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8282",title:"Polar Seismology",subtitle:"Advances and Impact",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69e0f0e64b988f29d30532c2618705b2",slug:"polar-seismology-advances-and-impact",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8282.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"7382",title:"Antarctica",subtitle:"A Key To Global Change",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deead09dc6b7b3f28dea1432ef711265",slug:"antarctica-a-key-to-global-change",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Genti Toyokuni and Masa-yuki Yamamoto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7382.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6982",title:"Arctic Studies",subtitle:"A Proxy for Climate Change",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6545831965fb2dcef181c46d18fed1ba",slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Yoshihiro Kakinami and Genti Toyokuni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6982.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2227",title:"Tectonics",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b4c2f80af61284334fb3655852de9f7",slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Evgenii Sharkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2227.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",surname:"Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2051",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"492268d0be01c6d76f0e2e4ac5c35730",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-statistical-studies-observations-and-planning",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2051.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"605",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"Seismology, Seismotectonic and Earthquake Geology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f97c97f3cf8d09622afa27f3fd2d1e4",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-seismology-seismotectonic-and-earthquake-geology",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/605.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2048",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"New Frontiers in Seismology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"28d7da86de8c245c5391e4a78f6c2d53",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-new-frontiers-in-seismology",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2048.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1602",title:"New Achievements in Geoscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2742feb8ad590c91677e0dd148fc36d",slug:"new-achievements-in-geoscience",bookSignature:"Hwee-San Lim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1602.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3910",title:"Dr.",name:"Hwee-San",surname:"Lim",slug:"hwee-san-lim",fullName:"Hwee-San Lim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66062",slug:"corrigendum-to-pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",title:"Corrigendum to: Pain Management in Plastic Surgery",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66062.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66062",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66062",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66062",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66062",chapter:{id:"62958",slug:"pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",signatures:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa, Made Wiryana, Tjokorda Gde\nAgung Senapathi and Pontisomaya Parami",dateSubmitted:"April 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"208429",title:"M.D.",name:"I Gusti Ngurah",middleName:null,surname:"Mahaalit Aribawa",fullName:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa",slug:"i-gusti-ngurah-mahaalit-aribawa",email:"mahaalit@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjokorda Gde Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Senapathi",fullName:"Tjokorda Gde Agung Senapathi",slug:"tjokorda-gde-agung-senapathi",email:"tjoksenapathi@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209750",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pontisomaya",middleName:null,surname:"Parami",fullName:"Pontisomaya Parami",slug:"pontisomaya-parami",email:"ponti@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209752",title:"Prof.",name:"Made",middleName:null,surname:"Wiryana",fullName:"Made Wiryana",slug:"made-wiryana",email:"wiryana@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62958",slug:"pain-management-in-plastic-surgery",signatures:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa, Made Wiryana, Tjokorda Gde\nAgung Senapathi and Pontisomaya Parami",dateSubmitted:"April 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"208429",title:"M.D.",name:"I Gusti Ngurah",middleName:null,surname:"Mahaalit Aribawa",fullName:"I Gusti Ngurah Mahaalit Aribawa",slug:"i-gusti-ngurah-mahaalit-aribawa",email:"mahaalit@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:{name:"Udayana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"209749",title:"Dr.",name:"Tjokorda Gde Agung",middleName:null,surname:"Senapathi",fullName:"Tjokorda Gde Agung Senapathi",slug:"tjokorda-gde-agung-senapathi",email:"tjoksenapathi@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209750",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pontisomaya",middleName:null,surname:"Parami",fullName:"Pontisomaya Parami",slug:"pontisomaya-parami",email:"ponti@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null},{id:"209752",title:"Prof.",name:"Made",middleName:null,surname:"Wiryana",fullName:"Made Wiryana",slug:"made-wiryana",email:"wiryana@unud.ac.id",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6221",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169249",title:"Prof.",name:"Víctor M.",middleName:null,surname:"Whizar-Lugo",slug:"victor-m.-whizar-lugo",fullName:"Víctor M. Whizar-Lugo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9685",leadTitle:null,title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book, “Agroecosystems – Very Complex Environmental Systems”, aims to present an update on different aspects associated with the importance of sustainable agriculture. It was our intention to gather information from diverse sources in this volume and to give some real-life examples, extending the appreciation of the complexity of this subject in a way that may stimulate new approaches in relevant fields.",isbn:"978-1-83880-528-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-384-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-529-6",doi:null,price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",numberOfPages:162,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",publishedDate:"April 7th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:844,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 21st 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14764/images/system/14764.jpeg",biography:"Marcelo L. Larramendy, Ph.D., serves as a Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the School of Natural Sciences and Museum (National University of La Plata, Argentina). He is the appointed Senior Researcher of the National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina and a former member of the Executive Committee of the Latin American Association of Environmental Mutagensis, Teratogenesis and Carcinogenesis. He is the author of more than 450 contributions, including scientific publications, research communications, and conferences worldwide. He is the recipient of several national and international awards. Prof. Larramendy is a regular lecturer at the international A. Hollaender courses organized by the IAEMS and a former guest scientist at NIH (USA) and University of Helsinki (Finland). He is an expert in genetic toxicology and is, or has been, a referee for more than 20 international scientific journals. He was a member of the International Panel of Experts at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, WHO, Lyon, France) in 2015 for the evaluation of DDT, 2,4-D and Lindane. Presently, Prof. Dr. Larramendy is Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genotoxicology at the UNLP.",institutionString:"National University of La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"18",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14863/images/system/14863.jpg",biography:"Sonia Soloneski has a Ph.D. in Natural Sciences and is an Assistant Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the School of Natural Sciences and Museum of La Plata, National University of La Plata, Argentina. She is a member of the National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET) of Argentina in the genetic toxicology field, the Latin American Association of Environmental Mutagenesis, Teratogenesis and Carcinogenesis (ALAMCTA), the Argentinean Society of Toxicology (ATA), the Argentinean Society of Genetics (SAG), the Argentinean Society of Biology (SAB), and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). She has authored more than 380 contributions in the field, including scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and research communications. She has served as a review member for more than 30 scientific international journals. She has been a plenary speaker in scientific conferences and a member of scientific committees. She is a specialist in issues related to genetic toxicology, mutagenesis, and ecotoxicology.",institutionString:"National University of La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"307",title:"Agroecology",slug:"agroecology"}],chapters:[{id:"71812",title:"Fungal Endophytes: Australian Terrestrial Orchids",slug:"fungal-endophytes-australian-terrestrial-orchids",totalDownloads:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"315183",title:"Dr.",name:"Shalika",surname:"Mehra",slug:"shalika-mehra",fullName:"Shalika Mehra"}]},{id:"72341",title:"Impact Brassinolide on Two Fig Varieties",slug:"impact-brassinolide-on-two-fig-varieties",totalDownloads:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"318963",title:"Dr.",name:"Zulias",surname:"Mardinata Zulkarnaini",slug:"zulias-mardinata-zulkarnaini",fullName:"Zulias Mardinata Zulkarnaini"},{id:"346266",title:"Dr.",name:"Mardaleni",surname:null,slug:"mardaleni",fullName:"Mardaleni null"},{id:"346267",title:"Dr.",name:"Tengku Edy",surname:"Sabli",slug:"tengku-edy-sabli",fullName:"Tengku Edy Sabli"}]},{id:"73090",title:"The Creation of Resistant Berries’ Agrobiocenosis",slug:"the-creation-of-resistant-berries-agrobiocenosis",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"319385",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoya",surname:"Ozherelieva",slug:"zoya-ozherelieva",fullName:"Zoya Ozherelieva"},{id:"319387",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Prudnikov",slug:"pavel-prudnikov",fullName:"Pavel Prudnikov"},{id:"319388",title:"MSc.",name:"Diana",surname:"Krivushina",slug:"diana-krivushina",fullName:"Diana Krivushina"},{id:"319389",title:"Ms.",name:"Marina",surname:"Zubkova",slug:"marina-zubkova",fullName:"Marina Zubkova"},{id:"319390",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",surname:"Androsova",slug:"anna-androsova",fullName:"Anna Androsova"}]},{id:"72423",title:"Castor (Ricinus communis): An Underutilized Oil Crop in the South East Asia",slug:"castor-em-ricinus-communis-em-an-underutilized-oil-crop-in-the-south-east-asia",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"77958",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahira",surname:"Yaakub",slug:"zahira-yaakub",fullName:"Zahira Yaakub"},{id:"191072",title:"Prof.",name:"A. K. M. Aminul",surname:"Islam",slug:"a.-k.-m.-aminul-islam",fullName:"A. K. M. Aminul Islam"},{id:"234696",title:"Prof.",name:"A. K. M. Mominul",surname:"Islam",slug:"a.-k.-m.-mominul-islam",fullName:"A. K. M. Mominul Islam"},{id:"320653",title:"Mr.",name:"Swapan",surname:"Chakrabarty",slug:"swapan-chakrabarty",fullName:"Swapan Chakrabarty"}]},{id:"71485",title:"Dangerous Risk Factors to be Considered for Proper Management of Agroecosystems",slug:"dangerous-risk-factors-to-be-considered-for-proper-management-of-agroecosystems",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"},{id:"315745",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Campanale",slug:"claudia-campanale",fullName:"Claudia Campanale"},{id:"315746",title:"Dr.",name:"Vito Felice",surname:"Uricchio",slug:"vito-felice-uricchio",fullName:"Vito Felice Uricchio"}]},{id:"72409",title:"Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Treatment of Agro-Industrial Lignocellulosic Wastes for Bioactive Compounds",slug:"use-of-deep-eutectic-solvents-in-the-treatment-of-agro-industrial-lignocellulosic-wastes-for-bioacti",totalDownloads:254,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"315816",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşe Ezgi",surname:"Ünlü",slug:"ayse-ezgi-unlu",fullName:"Ayşe Ezgi Ünlü"},{id:"316243",title:"Prof.",name:"Serpil",surname:"Takaç",slug:"serpil-takac",fullName:"Serpil Takaç"}]},{id:"72566",title:"Formulations of BGA for Paddy Crop",slug:"formulations-of-bga-for-paddy-crop",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"316222",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadhana",surname:"Balasubramanian",slug:"sadhana-balasubramanian",fullName:"Sadhana Balasubramanian"},{id:"316448",title:"Mrs.",name:"Bagampriyal",surname:"Selvaraj",slug:"bagampriyal-selvaraj",fullName:"Bagampriyal Selvaraj"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"923",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54a8eb808c05a5fe01c676e7047d4576",slug:"herbicides-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/923.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5184",title:"Environmental Health Risk",subtitle:"Hazardous Factors to Living Species",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa20266ad595ce73a9396f4ab0f8112e",slug:"environmental-health-risk-hazardous-factors-to-living-species",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5184.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5179",title:"Organic Fertilizers",subtitle:"From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93748f3bd6a9c0240d71ffd350d624b1",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5179.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4637",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6aff74df1ea32df7f1e20e29c8363ff5",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5362",title:"Toxicology",subtitle:"New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2061f273c8b3134dffbcb5256969ecab",slug:"toxicology-new-aspects-to-this-scientific-conundrum",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5170",title:"Green Nanotechnology",subtitle:"Overview and Further Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d4dc551be023ba3525e6126076af90",slug:"green-nanotechnology-overview-and-further-prospects",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5170.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4606",title:"Emerging Pollutants in the Environment",subtitle:"Current and Further Implications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1502287827685f0b71235bd45fe35ae4",slug:"emerging-pollutants-in-the-environment-current-and-further-implications",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4606.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5101",title:"Invertebrates",subtitle:"Experimental Models in Toxicity Screening",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebef5298af7d87ad3c9c7f5fe808fa2c",slug:"invertebrates-experimental-models-in-toxicity-screening",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5101.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5358",title:"Soil Contamination",subtitle:"Current Consequences and Further Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4d136df9f1658ae17f3ba7b3c992460",slug:"soil-contamination-current-consequences-and-further-solutions",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4616",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity and Risk Assessment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a96b5d34ca84aecacbab309ba1e7e563",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-and-risk-assessment",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4616.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"69649",title:"Introductory Chapter: Gene Expression and Phenotypic Traits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89863",slug:"introductory-chapter-gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits",body:'\n
\n
1. Gene expression
\n
Gene expression is a process by which the genetic information is used in the synthesis of functional products including proteins and functional RNAs (e.g., tRNA, small nuclear RNA, microRNA, small/short interfering RNA, etc.). The process of gene expression is applied by all organisms including eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses to produce the macromolecular machinery for life. Through controlling the cell structure and function, the gene plays an important role in cellular differentiation, morphogenesis, adaptability, and diversity. Because the control of the timing, location, and levels of gene expression can have a significant effect on gene functions in a single cell or a multicellular organism, gene regulation may also drive evolutionary change. Several steps in the gene expression process can be regulated, such as transcription, posttranscriptional modification (e.g., RNA splicing, 3′ poly A adding, 5′-capping), translation, and posttranslational modification (e.g., protein splicing, folding, and processing).
\n
\n
1.1 Transcription
\n
The genomic DNA is composed of two antiparallel strands with 5′ and 3′ ends which are reverse and complementary for each. Regarding to a gene, the two DNA strands are classified as the “coding strand (sense strand),” which includes the DNA version of the RNA transcript sequence, and the “template strand (antisense strand, noncoding strand)” which serves as a blueprint for synthesizing an RNA strand. During transcription, the DNA template strand is read by an RNA polymerase to produce a complementary and antiparallel RNA primary transcript. Transcription is the first step of gene expression which involves copying a DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosome RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA) by the principle of complementary base pairing. In prokaryotes, transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases to form all RNA molecules. In eukaryotes, it is mainly performed by RNA polymerases I, II, III, IV, and V to make rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, etc. (\nTable 1\n).
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
RNA polymerase
\n
Function
\n
\n\n\n
\n
RNA polymerase I
\n
Synthesis of precursor 45S rRNA (35S in yeast) which matures into 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNAs; the formation of the major RNA sections of the ribosome
\n
\n
\n
RNA polymerase II
\n
Synthesis of mRNA precursors; most snRNA and miRNA
\n
\n
\n
RNA polymerase III
\n
Synthesis of tRNAs, 5S rRNA and other small RNAs found in the nucleus and cytosol
\n
\n
\n
RNA polymerase IV
\n
Synthesis of siRNA in plants
\n
\n
\n
RNA polymerase V
\n
Synthesis of RNAs involved in siRNA-directed heterochromatin formation in plants
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
RNA polymerase function in eukaryotes.
Abbreviation: mRNA, messenger RNA; rRNA, ribosome RNA; tRNA, transfer RNA; snRNA, small nuclear RNA; miRNA, microRNA; siRNA, small/short interfering RNA.
\n
\n
\n
1.2 Posttranscription modification
\n
Posttranscriptional modification is referred to as biological processes by which RNA primary transcripts are chemically changed posterior to transcription in eukaryotes. This process significantly modifies the chemical structure of RNA molecules by three main constituting steps: the putting of a 5′ cap, the addition of a 3′ polyadenylated tail, and RNA splicing. In eukaryotes, primary RNA transcript must be processed after transcription because the initial precursor mRNA (primary RNA transcript) usually contains both exons (coding sequences) and introns (noncoding sequences). By removing the introns to link the exons directly in RNA splicing, such processing is able to ensure the correct translation of eukaryotic genomes. Also, posttranscription modification can protect primary RNA transcripts from degradation in that the 5′ cap and poly-A tail are able to protect the transcripts and facilitate the transportation of the mRNAs to ribosomes.
\n
\n
\n
1.3 Translation
\n
Every mRNA is composed of a 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), a protein-coding region or open reading frame (ORF), and a 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). The ORF carries information for protein synthesis encoded by the RNA triplet codes. The codon, a RNA triplet of the coding region, corresponds to a binding site complementary to an anticodon triplet in tRNAs. tRNAs with different anticodon triplets carry different amino acids and thereby make amino acids link together according to the order of triplets in the coding region by the assistance of ribosomes.
\n
In prokaryotes, translation usually occurs in the cytosol where the specific amino acid, enzymes, and small subunits of the ribosome bind to the tRNA. Translation simultaneously proceeds with transcription (co-transcriptionally), using a mRNA that is still being synthesized. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in nucleus, and translation occurs in cytoplasm (not co-transcriptionally). Although translation can occur in a variety of regions of the eukaryotic cells, its major working locations are the cytoplasm for soluble cytoplasmic proteins and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane for secretory proteins or integral proteins.
\n
\n
\n
1.4 Posttranslational modification
\n
Posttranslational modification is referred as the chemical change which proteins may undergo after translation. The main alternations are the specific cleavage of precursor proteins, the excision of signal recognition peptides (SRP), the formation of disulfide bonds, the covalent addition or removal of low-molecular-weight groups, and the addition of metal ions, leading to protein modifications such as glycosylation, lipidation, hydroxylation, methylation, mono-ADP-ribosylation, myristoylation, oxidation, palmitoylation, and phosphorylation. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of the protein folding, the targeting of specific subcellular compartments, the interaction of ligands or other proteins, and the state of functions, such as enzyme catalytic activity or the signaling function of proteins in signal transduction pathways.
\n
\n
\n
\n
2. Reverse transcription
\n
Reverse transcription is referred to as the synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase (RTase). For reverse transcription, RT uses an RNA template and a short RNA primer complementary to the 3′ end of the RNA to direct a cDNA strand synthesis from 5′ end to 3′ end. The first-strand cDNA can be made to be double-stranded using DNA polymerase I, and ribonuclease (RNase) H activity for RNA primer digestion is required in this case. The engineered RTase can improve the efficiency of full-length cDNA products, ensure the completeness of the mRNA transcript copying, and enable the propagation of a faithful DNA copy of an RNA sequence. The use of the thermostable RTase is very helpful for the denaturation of RNA structure when the RNA sequence contains high amounts of secondary structure. Some retroviruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) which have an RNA genome are able to transcribe RNA into cDNA using RTase. The RNase H digests the RNA strand, and then the cDNA strand is used as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA strand to form a double helix DNA structure. The resulting double stranded DNA (ds DNA) can be integrated into the host DNA genome, causing the host cell to produce viral proteins that assemble into new virions. In HIV, the host cell undergoes apoptosis (programmed cell death).
\n
Telomerase (terminal transferase, RNA-directed DNA polymerase) is a kind of RTase that lengthens the ends of linear chromosomes in some eukaryotes, containing an RNA template from which it synthesizes a repeating sequence of DNA or “junk” DNA. It is active in stem cells, gametes. and most cancer cells to enable these cells to replicate their genomes immortally without losing important protein-coding DNA sequence. Embryonic stem cells highly express telomerase to allow these cells to divide repeatedly and form the individual such as male sperm cells, epidermal cells, and activated T and B lymphocytes. However, it is usually absent from or at very low levels in most somatic cells. The repeated DNA sequence (telomere) can be considered as a “cap” for a chromosome. In normal cells, the telomere is shortened when a linear chromosome is duplicated. Activation of telomerase is one of the processes that let cancer cells become indefinite. Telomerase allows each offspring to avoid losing a bit of DNA, making the normal cells divide without limitation and become abnormal cells, and the unbounded cell growth is a characteristic of cancer.
\n
\n
\n
3. Epigenetics
\n
Epigenetics is the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence, meaning a change in phenotype without a change in genotype. The term also refers to the functionally associated changes to the genome that do not encompass a change in the nucleotide sequence. At present, DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA (ncRNA)-associated gene silencing are major functions for involving in the initiation and support of epigenetic changes. It often indicates changes that affect gene activity and expression and shows phenotypic changes which can be transferred to the offspring.
\n
Epigenetic changes can be influenced by several factors including the age, environment, lifestyle, and disease; it is traditionally considered to be regular and natural. This kind of change may be consistent through cell divisions during the cell life cycle and may also sustain for several generations, even if they do not have changes in the organism’s underlying DNA sequence. The process of cellular differentiation is an example of an epigenetic change in eukaryotic biology.
\n
\n
3.1 The evolving landscape of epigenetic research
\n
In 1969, Griffith and Mahler first suggested that DNA methylation might play a crucial role in long-term memory function. DNA methylation has currently become one of the most extensively studied and well-characterized epigenetic modifications. The other main modifications include chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA mechanisms. The new findings about epigenetics are the correlation between epigenetic changes and diseases such as cancers, mental retardation, immune disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, and pediatric disorders.
\n
\n
\n
3.2 Environment and lifestyle can influence epigenetic change from one generation to the next
\n
Not only the environment but also individual lifestyles can directly interact with the genome to affect epigenetic changes. These epigenetic changes may be demonstrated at various stages throughout an individual’s life and even last to his offspring. The prenatal and early postnatal environmental factors can influence the adult risk for the incidence of various chronic diseases and behavioral disorders in human epidemiology studies. It is known that the children have elevated rates of coronary heart disease and obesity after their mothers are exposed to famine during early pregnancy compared with those who are not exposed. Additionally, maternal exposure to air pollution could affect her children’s asthma susceptibility. Similarly, the adults who were prenatally exposed to famine have also been reported to have significantly higher incidence of schizophrenia. Fortunately, maternal ingestion of vitamin D is capable to adjust DNA methylation that impacts placenta function.
\n
\n
\n
3.3 Environment and lifestyle affect individual epigenetics and health
\n
Epigenetics are considered to be dynamic and changeable by the influence of lifestyle options and environmental factors, though our epigenetic marks are more stable during adulthood. Epigenetic effects gradually occur both in the womb and the full course of a human life span, and epigenetic changes could be reversed. Epigenetics have shown that different lifestyle options and environmental exposures can change DNA marks and play a vital role in the determination of health outcomes. The environment can dominantly influence the epigenetic tags and disease susceptibility. Pollution has become a significant topic because scientists have found air pollution could induce DNA methylation and increase one’s risk for neurodegenerative disease. Fortunately, vitamin B groups potentially protect humans from harmful epigenetic effects of pollution and against the other harmful effects on the body.
\n
\n
\n
3.4 Deciphering the relationship between epigenetics and diseases
\n
It is known that chronic pancreatitis causes a high risk of inflammation-associated progression to pancreatic cancer. The difficulty in rapidly diagnosing the disease is closely associated with its high mortality rate. Previous studies have demonstrated that cell-free DNA methylation from inflammatory diseases or cancer is variable, thereby opening a new era in developing biomarkers for the early diagnosis of diseases. Hence, early diagnosis for pancreatic cancer becomes crucial and facilitates the related studies into the epigenetic profiles [1]. Natale et al. reported that exploiting the relationship between abnormally methylated cell-free DNA and pre-neoplastic lesions or chronic pancreatitis may become a novel method in developing tools for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Early diagnosis potentially makes it possible for the prediction of prognosis, the monitoring of tumor progression, and the development of effectively therapeutic strategies and provides precision medicine for patients suffering from a pancreatic disease [1].
\n
The early-life environment including air quality is known to be critical for fetal programming. The air pollution exposure to mothers during pregnancy may adversely influence newborn outcomes such as baby birth weight, preternatural birth, and preterm birth. Therefore, it is needed to understand both air pollution-induced early health effects and its later-life consequences. Saenen et al. provided an overview of air pollution-induced placental molecular changes observed in the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort and assess the existing evidence. They reported that nitrosative stress and epigenetic alterations in the placenta may result from the prenatal exposure to air pollution [2]. It is crucial to realize the clinical consequences of early-life epigenetic changes in the follow-up of child or birth cohort study. The public health policy maker should have understanding of epigenetic consequences and transgenerational risks to propose effective strategies which are focusing on providing effective protection of pregnant women, unborn children, and infants against exposure to adverse lifestyle factors [2].
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Phenotypic traits
\n
Genotype, a unique genome that can be revealed by genomic sequencing is a complete inheritable genetic identity. It is mediated by a special gene, cluster of genes, or set of genes which are carried by an individual. Genes are certain DNA segments that code for the protein production to determine distinct traits of individuals. DNA contains the genetic code which is responsible for all cellular functions such as mitosis, meiosis, DNA replication, protein synthesis, molecule transportation, etc. Each gene is located on a chromosome and can exist in different forms called alleles which are located on specific regions of chromosomes. The alleles can be transmitted from parents to offspring through sexual reproduction. The diploid organism inherits two alleles for each gene; one allele is from the father, and the other allele is from the mother. The interactions between alleles determine an organism’s phenotype.
\n
The phenotype is a description of actual physical characteristics and encompasses directly visible characteristics such as height, weight, skin color, eye color, size, shape, health condition, disease history, even behavior, and temperament. However, not all phenotypes are a direct result of genotype. Most phenotypes are affected by both the genotype and environment in which one has lived one’s life including everything that has ever happened. We often consider “nature” as the unique genome which one carries and “nurture” as the environment in which one has lived one’s life. The phenotype is dependent on the genetic makeup of the organism and influenced by the environment to which the organism is subjected across various epigenetic processes. It includes all of the organism’s characteristics, including traits at multiple levels of biological organization, ranging from individual behavior and trait evolution through morphology, physiology, cellular characteristics, biochemical pathways, and gene expression.
\n
A phenotypic trait (simply trait or character state) is a distinct variant of an organism’s characteristic, and it is an obvious and measurable trait that is expressed in an observable way. For example, the eye color (green, blue, brown, and hazel) is a phenotypic trait which is a polygenetic inheritance. The phenotypic trait may be either inherited parentally or determined environmentally; that is to say, some traits are determined by the genotype, and some traits are determined by environmental factors. The different genes or alleles caused by mutation can be passed on to successive generations, resulting in different phenotypic traits. Though the environment can affect the phenotype, the heritability of a phenotypic trait is defined as the proportion of the total phenotypic variation of this specific trait that is elucidated only by the genetic variation [3]. The phenotypic variation of a trait (P) can be divided into three contributions as follows: latent genetic (G) factors, environmental (E) factors, and gene–environment interactions(G × E) [3].
\n
If an organism inherits two same alleles, it is homozygous and expresses only one phenotypic trait. If an organism inherits two different alleles, it is heterozygous and may express more than one phenotypic trait. The phenotypic traits can be dominant or recessive. In completely dominant inheritance, only dominant traits are observable because the phenotype of the dominant trait entirely masks the phenotype of the recessive trait. In contrast, the dominant allele does not mask the other allele completely in incomplete dominance inheritance, resulting in a phenotype that is a mixture of traits from both alleles. In codominance relationships, both alleles are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype in which both traits are demonstrated independently.
\n
\n
\n
5. Conclusion
\n
The gene expression function in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses is to generate macromolecules for constituting cellular components and exhibiting living functions. Its processes can be regulated in several steps including transcription, posttranscriptional modification, translation, and posttranslational modification. Regulation of gene expression is to modulate the levels of production and the timing of the functional product production. Control of gene expression is critical to allow cells to manufacture their functional products when cells need them; in turn, this gives cells the flexibility to adapt to a variable environment and respond to external signals, stimuli, and damages. Cellular structures and functions can also be controlled by gene expression regulation. Consequently, the regulation is crucial for cells to proliferate, differentiate, transport, metabolize, and repair. It is advantageous to the versatility, development, and adaptability of living organisms. A phenotypic trait, the expression of genes in an observable way, is an obvious and measurable trait. The phenotype is variable depending on the genetic makeup of the organism and also influenced by the surroundings to which the organism is subjected across its morphogenesis, including various epigenetic processes. We have to pay attention to the significance, mechanism, function, and characteristic of gene expression and phenotypic traits. Recently new findings and their implications could be discussed in the broadest context possible. Future studies, analyses, and applications of the gene expression and phenotypic traits should also be highlighted.
\n
\n\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69649.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/69649.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69649",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69649",totalDownloads:434,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 17th 2019",dateReviewed:"September 23rd 2019",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 1st 2020",dateFinished:"October 19th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69649",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69649",book:{slug:"gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits"},signatures:"Yuan-Chuan Chen",authors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",email:"yuchuan1022@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Gene expression",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Transcription",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Posttranscription modification",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"1.3 Translation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"1.4 Posttranslational modification",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"2. Reverse transcription",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Epigenetics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 The evolving landscape of epigenetic research",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2 Environment and lifestyle can influence epigenetic change from one generation to the next",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.3 Environment and lifestyle affect individual epigenetics and health",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.4 Deciphering the relationship between epigenetics and diseases",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"4. Phenotypic traits",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nNatale F, Vivo M, Falco G, Angrisano T. Deciphering DNA methylation signatures of pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis. Clinical Epigenetics. 2019;1(1):132. DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0728-8\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nSaenen ND, Martens DS, Neven KY, Alfano R, Bové H, Janssen BG, et al. Air pollution-induced placental alterations: An interplay of oxidative stress, epigenetics, and the aging phenotype? Clinical Epigenetics. 2019;11(1):124. DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0688\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nTiphaine CM, Jordana TB, Timothy DS. Twin studies and epigenetics. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Elsevier, London, UK. 2015. pp. 683-702. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.82051-6\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen",address:"yuchuan1022@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Program in Comparative Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8992",title:"Gene Expression and Phenotypic Traits",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Gene Expression and Phenotypic Traits",slug:"gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits",publishedDate:"April 1st 2020",bookSignature:"Yuan-Chuan Chen and Shiu-Jau Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8992.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"69649",title:"Introductory Chapter: Gene Expression and Phenotypic Traits",slug:"introductory-chapter-gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits",totalDownloads:434,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuan-Chuan Chen",authors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen"}]},{id:"68975",title:"Instability of Sex-Determining Systems in Frogs",slug:"instability-of-sex-determining-systems-in-frogs",totalDownloads:372,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michihiko Ito",authors:[{id:"212370",title:"Dr.",name:"Michihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Ito",fullName:"Michihiko Ito",slug:"michihiko-ito"}]},{id:"65501",title:"Comparison of Sex Determination in Vertebrates (Nonmammals)",slug:"comparison-of-sex-determination-in-vertebrates-nonmammals-",totalDownloads:888,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aleksandr F. Smirnov and Antonina V. Trukhina",authors:[{id:"276749",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksander",middleName:null,surname:"Smirnov",fullName:"Aleksander Smirnov",slug:"aleksander-smirnov"},{id:"286055",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonina",middleName:null,surname:"Trukhina",fullName:"Antonina Trukhina",slug:"antonina-trukhina"}]},{id:"71044",title:"Specific Features of Sex Determination in Birds on the Example of Gallus gallus domesticus",slug:"specific-features-of-sex-determination-in-birds-on-the-example-of-em-gallus-gallus-em-domesticus",totalDownloads:251,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aleksandr Fedorovich Smirnov and Antonina Vladimirovna Trukhina",authors:[{id:"276749",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksander",middleName:null,surname:"Smirnov",fullName:"Aleksander Smirnov",slug:"aleksander-smirnov"},{id:"286055",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonina",middleName:null,surname:"Trukhina",fullName:"Antonina Trukhina",slug:"antonina-trukhina"}]},{id:"71335",title:"Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Krüppel-Like Transcription Factors",slug:"transcriptional-and-epigenetic-regulation-of-kr-ppel-like-transcription-factors",totalDownloads:389,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Morgan Salmon",authors:[{id:"307253",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Morgan",middleName:null,surname:"Salmon",fullName:"Morgan Salmon",slug:"morgan-salmon"}]},{id:"69394",title:"Circular RNAs and Its Biological Functions in Health and Disease",slug:"circular-rnas-and-its-biological-functions-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:439,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Atiye Seda Yar Saglam, Ebru Alp and Hacer Ilke Onen",authors:[{id:"65630",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Atiye Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Yar Saglam",fullName:"Atiye Seda Yar Saglam",slug:"atiye-seda-yar-saglam"},{id:"66797",title:"Dr.",name:"Ebru",middleName:null,surname:"Alp",fullName:"Ebru Alp",slug:"ebru-alp"},{id:"118060",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilke",middleName:null,surname:"Onen",fullName:"Ilke Onen",slug:"ilke-onen"}]},{id:"71071",title:"Evaluation of the Synergistic Effect of Amikacin with Cefotaxime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Biofilm Genes Expression",slug:"evaluation-of-the-synergistic-effect-of-amikacin-with-cefotaxime-against-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-and-",totalDownloads:257,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Azza S. El-Demerdash and Neveen R. Bakry",authors:[{id:"314300",title:"Dr.",name:"Azza",middleName:null,surname:"El-Demerdash",fullName:"Azza El-Demerdash",slug:"azza-el-demerdash"},{id:"316523",title:"Dr.",name:"Neveen",middleName:null,surname:"Bakery",fullName:"Neveen Bakery",slug:"neveen-bakery"}]},{id:"68939",title:"Gene Expression Profile of HDF in SMG Partially Overlaps with That in the NASA Twins Study",slug:"gene-expression-profile-of-hdf-in-smg-partially-overlaps-with-that-in-the-nasa-twins-study",totalDownloads:255,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jade Q. Clement",authors:[{id:"75025",title:"Dr.",name:"Jade",middleName:"Q.",surname:"Clement",fullName:"Jade Clement",slug:"jade-clement"}]},{id:"69254",title:"Environmental Factors Affecting the Expression of Bilateral-Symmetrical Traits in Plants",slug:"environmental-factors-affecting-the-expression-of-bilateral-symmetrical-traits-in-plants",totalDownloads:246,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sergey Baranov, Igor Vinokurov and Lubov Fedorova",authors:[{id:"308314",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Baranov",fullName:"Sergey Baranov",slug:"sergey-baranov"}]},{id:"68366",title:"Sellafield, Seascale, and Scandinavia: A Legacy of Radioactive Contamination with Future Implications for Gene Evolution in Affected Ecosystems",slug:"sellafield-seascale-and-scandinavia-a-legacy-of-radioactive-contamination-with-future-implications-f",totalDownloads:334,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chanda Siddoo-Atwal",authors:[{id:"232234",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanda",middleName:null,surname:"Siddoo-Atwal",fullName:"Chanda Siddoo-Atwal",slug:"chanda-siddoo-atwal"},{id:"309464",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanda",middleName:null,surname:"Siddoo-Atwal",fullName:"Chanda Siddoo-Atwal",slug:"chanda-siddoo-atwal"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8891",title:"Gene Editing",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25f0d7de56709fc0558c0bb8212a0d03",slug:"gene-editing-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Yuan-Chuan Chen and Shiu-Jau Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8891.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"66368",title:"Introductory Chapter: Gene Editing Technologies and Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-gene-editing-technologies-and-applications",signatures:"Yuan-Chuan Chen",authors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen"}]},{id:"67086",title:"Application and Development of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Pig Research",slug:"application-and-development-of-crispr-cas9-technology-in-pig-research",signatures:"Huafeng Lin, Qiudi Deng, Lili Li and Lei Shi",authors:[null]},{id:"66549",title:"Possible Production of Genome-Edited Animals Using Gene-Engineered Sperm",slug:"possible-production-of-genome-edited-animals-using-gene-engineered-sperm",signatures:"Masahiro Sato and Shingo Nakamura",authors:[{id:"177444",title:"Dr.",name:"Shingo",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",fullName:"Shingo Nakamura",slug:"shingo-nakamura"},{id:"245795",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Masahiro Sato",slug:"masahiro-sato"}]},{id:"63557",title:"Molecular Identification of Genetically Modified Crops for Biosafety and Legitimacy of Transgenes",slug:"molecular-identification-of-genetically-modified-crops-for-biosafety-and-legitimacy-of-transgenes",signatures:"Shahid Nazir, Muhammad Zaffar Iqbal and Sajid-ur-Rahman",authors:[null]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73297",title:"Eggshell and Seashells Biomaterials Sorbent for Carbon Dioxide Capture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93870",slug:"eggshell-and-seashells-biomaterials-sorbent-for-carbon-dioxide-capture",body:'
1. Introduction
The combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas for energy generate a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, causing global warming and climate change. Presently, legislation such as the Paris Agreement of 2015, provided a framework on dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions (GHG) mitigation, and it is anticipated across the industrialised world to cut down the amount of CO2emissions and limit global warming to less than 2°C [1]. Additionally, the demand for energy is expected to increase by 50% in 2030, and also oil and gas are considered the principal feedstock of about 90% of chemicals produced worldwide, and it is forecasted that petrochemical industries will become the largest driver for global oil consumption by 2050 [2]. In this light, it is therefore important to mitigate the environmental impact of burning carbon-based fuels, in which potential progress has already been made in CO2 capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies [3]. The CCUS is considered a means to deliver low carbon energy, decarbonising industries, and facilitates the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. The stages involved include CO2 capture, transport of the captured CO2, utilisation and secure storage of the captured CO2.
Carbon dioxide capture will play a significant role as fossil fuel will continue to meet world energy needs during this transition to sustainable low-carbon energy system [4]. It has also been reported that this transition phase will linger for a long time, providing sufficient time for the development and commercialisation of renewable energy systems. The transportation sector especially logistics operations majorly depend on fossil fuels, resulting in large carbon footprint on the environment. Based on World Bank data, the shift into low-carbon energy such as renewable energy in logistics operations prove to minimise carbon emission and other greenhouse gases, create sustainable environment as well as improve economic performance [5, 6]. In 2018, the global CO2 emissions increased to 37.1 Gt which is forecasted to rise by about 10% in 2040, majorly due to the combustion of fossil fuels from industrial processes and transportation sector [7]. Hence, the impact of carbon emissions from logistics operations on the environment, global warming, climate change and health can be reduced remarkably by adopting renewable energy and green vehicles [6]. Therefore, government policy and legislations such as the Paris Agreement of 2015 are necessary to drive research and development into low-carbon energy and environmental sustainability. As a result of these policies, renewable energy and carbon capture technologies are being developed, and their implementation is expected to improve environmental quality and sustainability [5, 8, 9]. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energies promote eco-friendly environment. Hence, CCUS technologies will enable the use of fossil fuels in a cleaner way when integrated with power plants to mitigate global warming and climate change effects. CO2 has found utilisation in the following areas mineralisation, biological utilisation, food and beverages, energy storage media, chemicals, enhanced oil recovery, coal bed methane and hydraulic fracturing processes [7]. However, public awareness and acceptance of CCUS is still low in spite of the attention shown by the scientific communities, industries and governments. Findings by Tcvetkov et al. [10] show that most studies on CCUS are dedicated to carbon dioxide storage in geological formation with less attention on capture and transportation. Hence, this study focuses on carbon dioxide capture using natural and renewable biomaterials such as eggshells and seashells.
The essence of carbon capture is to separate carbon dioxide from other gases produced as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels for power generation and industrial processes. Figure 1 shows the three main approaches to accomplish this, which are pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture and oxy-fuel combustion methods.
Figure 1.
Three common carbon dioxide capture approaches for coal fired power plant.
Before now, the capture of carbon dioxide is commonly achieved in the industry through absorption using liquid solvents such as selexol, rectisol, and mono-ethanol-amine, MEA [11]. The absorption process involves the use of two columns, namely the absorber and the stripper. This makes the process cost intensive in addition to corrosion issues. Consequently, a large amount of energy is needed to absorb CO2 [12]. On the other hand, physical adsorption via solid adsorption processes can selectively separate carbon dioxide from flue gas mixture. The advantages of adsorption include high selectivity, operation simplicity, low-cost, ease of regeneration, and low corrosiveness of adsorbent compared with solvent processes [11, 12].
The carbon dioxide adsorption approaches rely on the ability of the adsorbing material to preferentially adsorb CO2 over other gases. This is achieved through a packed bed system of the adsorbent materials. The adsorbent materials will continue to absorb CO2 until it is saturated, which is its adsorptive capacity. At this point, the packed bed undergoes desorption either through pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or temperature swing adsorption (TSA), which causes the release of the adsorbed CO2 to the point where the adsorbent material is at equilibrium [12, 13]. The commonly used adsorbent materials include zeolites, activated carbon, microporous/mesoporous silica, carbonates, carbon molecular sieves and metal organic frameworks. These materials possess adequate surface area and pore network structures that are highly microporous to accommodate and capture CO2 [12, 13]. The adsorbent materials are evaluated on the basis of adsorption capacity, preferential adsorption affinity for carbon dioxide over gases from flue gas stream, adsorption and desorption kinetics, low-cost, tolerance of impurities, mechanical strength, multicycle durability and regeneration of stability [13]. Additionally, the porous structure of the adsorbent material is engineered to improve mass transport by reducing diffusional resistance, and the microstructure and morphological texture must demonstrate the capacity to hold captured CO2 during multi cycling between the absorption and regeneration steps [13, 14]. However, since the process is based on gas-solid interaction, operational conditions such as gas flow rate, temperature and vibration could cause disintegration of adsorbent material due to crushing and abrasion, and consequently collapse pore network structures. It is also rare to find a single adsorbent material that maximises all the above highlighted attributes. Therefore, this review explores the use of other materials such as eggshell and seashell rich in calcium carbonate through reactive adsorption, which involves carbonation – calcination of CaO/CaCO3 for carbon dioxide capture.
Alkaline earth metal oxides have demonstrated a strong affinity for acidic gas such as carbon dioxide and sulphur oxides. These metal oxides, particularly calcium oxide (CaO), are effective for the removal of CO2 via carbonation at moderate temperatures of less than 700°C [11]. Hence, calcium oxide has proven a good sorbent material for carbon dioxide capture. With regards to availability and cost, an excellent source of CaO is calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The most widely natural source of CaCO3 includes dolomite and limestone. However, these natural resources are non-renewable, energy intensive to exploit, their mining cause damage to the environment as well as landscape. More also, CaO sorbent derived from natural limestone decreases in its reactivity over a number of cycles of reaction with CO2 [15]. As a result of this, attention has been shifted to renewable sources such as eggshells, seashells and snail shells. These waste biomaterials provide sustainable source of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the range of 90–96% [16]. Calcined eggshell and seashells such as oyster shell are rich in lime (CaO) and can be combined with post-combustion and pre-combustion systems to separate CO2 through cyclic carbonation of CaO (calcined eggshell/seashell) to CaCO3, and subsequently the calcination of CaCO3 to release pure CO2 and regenerate back to CaO, as shown in Figure 2 [15, 17, 18, 19]. This reversible reaction between CaO and CO2 is a promising approach of removing CO2 from flue gas from power plants, producing a pure stream of CO2 ready for geological sequestration [15, 19]. To achieve this objective, the material should exhibit sufficient reactivity and thermal stability. Eggshell and seashell are a low-cost and abundant alternative to synthetic calcium carbonate and lime sorbents.
Figure 2.
Carbonation – calcination process in calcium looping cycle application for carbon capture.
The poultry and seafood industries generate millions of tonnes of waste shells annually, which are disposed of in landfills. These biomaterials are rich in calcium carbonate, and subsequently, a large source of calcium oxide. The discarded eggshells and seashells after consumption of their food content, the heap waste shell is a habitat for microbes which causes environmental and air pollution due to emission of intensive odour especially during microbial decomposition [16]. These waste shell biomaterials can be recycled and used as a source of calcium oxide material for carbon dioxide capture purposes. Remarkable costs can be saved when these waste shells biomaterials are re-used, with emphasises on economic and sustainable environmental benefits of recycling instead of disposing. However, the carbon dioxide capture capacity of synthesised calcium oxide sorbents from eggshell and seashells decreases, as cycles of carbonation and calcination increases because of sintering over time [17]. To remedy this, it is important to generate more porous surface structure in the biomaterials through pre-treatment and regeneration processes.
2. Physicochemical properties of eggshell and seashells biomaterials
The major solid mineral component of eggshells and seashells is calcium carbonate in the range of 92–96% and minor trace elements such as silica, alumina, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper. A detail composition of eggshell and seashells has been reported elsewhere [16]. The physical properties of some calcined eggshells and seashells biomaterials such as surface area, pore volume and pore diameter are shown in Table 1. These waste shells biomaterials exhibit the type-IV isotherm which an attribute of mesoporous texture morphology characterised with a network of micropores. The pore size re-affirms their microstructure characteristics to accommodate captured CO2. During calcination, the specific surface area and pore volume of the crushed eggshells and seashells biomaterials increases, as the calcination temperature increases. This is because of the evolution of porosity within the material as a result of the release of CO2 from CaCO3, leading to the formation of CaO [16, 20]. However, at a temperature greater than 900°C, the surface area and pore volume decreased due to prolonged thermal effect, resulting in sintering [16, 20].
Surface area, pore size and volume of calcined seashells and eggshells biomaterials.
Figure 3 shows the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of uncalcined (natural) and calcined (thermally treated) eggshell (quail) and seashell (oyster shell). The major component visible on the XRD pattern of the natural crushed shells is CaCO3and a small amount of Ca(OH)2. Both the quail eggshell and the oyster shell share identical diffraction patterns for both the natural and calcined forms.
Figure 3.
XRD pattern of shells natural and calcined: (a) quail eggshell (*CaCO3, natural + CaO, calcined at 900°C) [23] and (b) oyster shell (symbols: ●CaCO3, ▲CaO, and ♦Ca(OH)2) [21].
This suggests a similar mineralogical identity. After calcination (thermal treatment process), the diffraction lines attributed to rhombohedral phase for CaCO3 disappeared, with new diffraction patterns arising around 2θ = 32.3°, 37.4°, 53.7°, 63.9°, and 67.3° assigned to cubic phase for lime (CaO) appeared (Figure 3). It is worthy to note that the quail eggshell exhibited a crystallite size of 315 nm (CaCO3), while its calcined counterpart showed a size of 240 nm, CaO [23]. This crystallite size decrease can be ascribed to the exothermic natures of the calcination process. However, the lower intensity peaks for calcined eggshell and oyster shell could be related to the reduction in the crystallite size [21, 23]. Hence, the changes in the XRD pattern as a result of calcination are because of the release of carbon dioxide from the decomposition of CaCO3 into CaO.
3. Methods of sorbent preparation
The associated complexity and high cost for the production of carbon dioxide capture adsorbent materials such as activated carbon or zeolite has shifted attention to exploiting and developing cheap and renewable materials such as eggshells and seashells biomaterials. Figure 4 shows the procedure involved in the preparation of sorbent material from eggshells and seashells. The waste eggshells and seashells first undergo pre-treatment, which begins with acetic acid treatment with a concentration in the range of 1–10 molar to remove dirt, membrane layer, fibrous matters, proteins and other impurities as well as improve pore structure of the biomaterial [24]. Exposing the waste shells to acetic acid promotes the detachment of protein-collagen membrane depending on the extent, concentration and duration. At the end of this process, the sample is filtered and rinsed with distilled or deionised water. The separated eggshell or seashell is dried at 100–200°C for 5 h [16]. The dried biomaterials are crushed and then sieved into different particle size ranges depending on the application. The particles are calcined; the calcination process involves heat treatment to decompose the major component CaCO3 into CaO. The temperature of calcination could range from 500 to 1000°C depending on the application. It has been reported that at 900°C, the CaCO3 undergoes complete conversion into CaO [21]. The material produced after calcination is the sorbent material, which is placed in a desiccator to curtail the chances of coming in contact with humidity and carbon dioxide in the air.
Figure 4.
Adsorbent material preparation procedure from eggshell and seashells.
In the pre-treatment phase, the reaction of acetic acid with CaCO3 results in the formation of calcium acetate, which has a larger molar volume than CaCO3 and CaO [25]. The acetic acid treatment helps to expand and improve particle pore structure. As a result of the expanded and enhanced pore network structure, improve performance is achieved over multiple carbonation-calcination reaction (CCR) cycles [24, 26, 27]. Hence, the increased porosity within the microstructure of the synthesised CaO sorbent biomaterial from eggshell or seashells leads to increased reactivity over time.
4. Adsorbent performance
The continuing reliance on fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and crude oil emits greenhouse gas (GHG) especially carbon dioxide (CO2), a major contributor to global warming. The application of physical and chemical absorption using solvents such as selexol, rectisol, and mono-ethanol-amine (MEA) to remove carbon dioxide from flue gas streams is limited by low-temperature, cost and energy-intensive to regenerate [11]. Produced CaO sorbent material from eggshells or seashells through the method outlined in Figure 4, has proven a good candidate for carbon dioxide capture from flue gas stream of power plants. This is owing to their affinity to carbonate in the presence of CO2; resulting in the formation of CaCO3 which is regenerated back to CaO via calcinations while pure CO2 is released for sequestration in the process as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Schematic of the eggshell or seashell carbonation – calcination processes for carbon dioxide capture.
Unlike the adsorption process for CO2 capture using activated carbon or zeolite adsorbent materials, eggshells and seashells biomaterials are low-cost and offer exclusive environmental and economic benefits. Additionally, eggshell or seashell-derived CaO sorbent are abundant, renewable, simple to prepare and also possesses excellent thermal stability. The mechanism of CO2 capture by these biomaterials comprises of a series of carbonation-calcination reactions (CCR): calcium oxide (CaO) derived from eggshell or seashell reacts with CO2 in the flue gas stream, leading to calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which then undergoes calcination resulting in the release of a pure CO2 stream for sequestration, and at the same time is regenerated into CaO as shown in Figure 5 [24]. The pilot-scale demonstration of the concept has been reported for eggshell and oyster shell in the literature [24, 26, 27, 28, 29]. The reactions are summarised as follows: carbonation (CaO + CO2 → CaCO3) of the eggshell-derived CaO through reaction with CO2 forms calcium carbonate (CaCO3), while the calcination process (CaCO3 → CaO + CO2), regenerates the CaO bio-composite material, and liberate pure stream of CO2 for sequestration. Sacia et al. [27] investigated CaO sorbents derived from chicken eggshell for CO2 from coal-fired power plants. In the work, they discovered that the pre-treatment of the eggshell with acetic acid enhanced and expanded the derived-sorbent material pore structure and surface area, which favoured CO2 diffusion as mass transport is improved.
Figure 6 shows the effect of acetic acid concentration and treatment time on CO2 capture over multiple cycles. It is clear that the acetic acid treated eggshell outperformed the untreated counterpart. On the other hand, derived CaO from eggshell treated with a low concentration of acetic acid exhibited better reactivity and CO2 capture capacity than that treated with higher concentration. This can be attributed to the improved reactivity and porous surface structure within the biomaterials when treated with an optimised concentration of acetic acid [24, 26, 27].
Figure 6.
Effect of acetic acid and treatment time on weight per cent CO2 capture using chicken eggshell [24].
Figure 6 also demonstrates that subjecting the eggshell or seashell to a higher strength acetic acid solution or for a longer treatment time could affect the pore structure, strength and stability of the derived CaO sorbent biomaterial. This is consistent with the result of the investigation reported by Sacia [17], on the use of eggshell for CO2 capture. Hence, the observed decrease in the reactivity and CO2 capture capacity under this condition. More also, the data shows that the derived sorbent from eggshell or seashell cannot be continuously regenerated over multiple cycles, as a result, fresh sorbent would be added as make-up during the process to sustain capture capacity (Figure 6). Depending on the acetic pre-treatment time, it has been reported that the CO2 capture ranges from 70 to 80% in the first cycle, and gradually drop to about 40% in the fifth cycle [27].
Figure 7 shows simulated thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) results to prove CO2 capture capacity of eggshell-derived sorbent using a typical flue gas stream (10% CO2 for 60 min cycles at 700°C). The weight of the sample indicates reactivity, while the weight increase signifies carbonation due to CO2 capture; the decrease represents the calcination process because of CO2 liberation. It is clear that the CO2 capture performance and reactivity gradually diminishes for multicycles over time.
Figure 7.
Weight vs. time of eggshell-derived adsorbent for CO2 capture using TGA [24].
The reactivity and CO2 capture capacity of the eggshell or seashell derived CaO sorbent decline over time, so regeneration of sorbents in-situ is pivotal to maintaining CO2 capture. The regeneration can be carried out using deionised water and acetic acid solutions [27]. The effect of regeneration of the eggshell derived CaO sorbent on CO2 capture is shown in Figure 8. It is clear that regeneration with acetic acid is more effective than with water. Sacia [17] ascribed this observation to two factors. First, the use of acetic acid resulted in calcium acetate, which exhibited a higher molar volume than only Ca(OH)2 formed when water is used. Also, the combination of water and acetic acid allows for a surface structure rearrangement due to the solubility of calcium acetate in water. It has been found that the use of 2 M acetic acid offers the best performance after multiple cycle regeneration in terms of reactivity and CO2 capture [17, 24]. It can be observed that over three regenerations, all of the sorbent showed similar results trend.
Figure 8.
Conversion vs. regenerations of eggshell derived CaO sorbent treated with a 1 M acetic acid for 30 min [17].
In the investigation of Sacia et al. [27], it was found that regeneration restored the reactivity of the eggshell-derived CaO sorbent, and subsequently, CO2 capture capacity in the range of 70–80% was achieved. The CO2 capture capacity increased on average after successive regeneration, as can be seen in Figure 8. This suggests that periodic regeneration can effectively increase the reactivity of the spent eggshell or seashell-derived CaO sorbent. In another study by Banerjee et al. [30], it was reported that after four successive regenerations over multi-cycles usage, the carbon dioxide capture capacity of the eggshell-derived sorbent material decreased from 6824 mg CO2/g to 1608 mg CO2/g an average compared to the fresh material. This indicates that the eggshell-derived CaO sorbent biomaterial could hold about eight times its own weight of CO2 from flue gas. Furthermore, Ma and Teng [31] investigated and reported the carbonation – calcination loop of CaO/CaCO3 process for CO2 capture using CaO derived sorbent from oyster shells. Though compared to reagent grade CaO from CaCO3, the oyster shell derived CaO possess bigger crystallite size and lower specific surface area. It was reported that at 740°C carbonation temperature, the oyster shell-derived CaO sorbent in cyclic carbonation exhibited superior performance to the reagent-grade CaO obtained from CaCO3. Therefore, utilising this waste biomaterial in CO2 capture encourages the reuse of materials in the industries, which will reduce the risk, cost and energy associated with mining limestone and dolomite for CaCO3 and CaO, and subsequently offers economic and environmental benefits. However, these benefits will be significant if the system is scaled-up to industrial standards.
5. Conclusion
There are large tonnes of eggshells and seashells discarded in landfill annually from poultry and food industries. Most of the seashells and eggshells are piled up on the seashore and thus would cause risks to water resources and public health. The applications of these biomaterials in construction such as concrete and cement production, catalyst manufacture, adsorbent for wastewater treatment, source of calcium in animal feed, manufacture of hydroxyapatite biomaterial, and additive in plastic manufacture has been explored extensively in the literature. These biomaterials contain about 96% calcium carbonate mineralogical component from which calcium oxide can be produced through thermal treatment. The carbonation – calcination loop of CaO/CaCO3 process has been investigated for CO2 capture potentials. Herein, the application of eggshell and seashell derived-CaO sorbent in the capture of carbon dioxide from flue gas is reviewed. The utilisation of this waste shell offers economic as well as environmental benefits because they are abundant, renewable and cheap. The CaO sorbent derived from eggshell and seashell has demonstrated the potential for carbon dioxide capture. It was also found that pre-treatment and regeneration provide means of restoring reactivity and CO2 capture capacity over multicyclic usage. Although this ensured sustainability and sorbent recyclability, the performance decreases ten cycles after regeneration. The future outlook will be to improve the carbon dioxide capture capacity and thermal stability of these biomaterials over multicycles operations.
\n',keywords:"carbon dioxide capture, eggshell, seashells, adsorption, carbonation, calcination",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73297.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73297.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73297",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73297",totalDownloads:181,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 3rd 2020",datePrePublished:"September 22nd 2020",datePublished:"March 17th 2021",dateFinished:"September 22nd 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This review aims to explore the application of natural and renewable bioceramics such as eggshell and seashells in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power plant flue gas. CO2 capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is considered a means to deliver low carbon energy, decarbonising industries, power plants and facilitates the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. The stages involved include CO2 capture, transport of the captured CO2, utilisation and secure storage of the captured CO2. This chapter reports the use of eggshell and seashells biomaterials as an adsorbent to separate CO2 from other gases generated by power plants and industrial processes. The capture of carbon dioxide by adsorption is based on the ability of a material to preferentially adsorb or carbonate CO2 over other gases. In light of this, calcined eggshell and seashells biomaterial rich in calcium carbonate from which calcium oxide (94%) can be obtained have demonstrated a strong affinity for CO2. These biomaterials are abundant and low-cost alternative to zeolite, activated carbon and molecular sieve carbon. The mechanism of CO2 capture by eggshell and seashells derived CaO adsorbent comprises of a series of carbonation-calcination reactions (CCR): calcium oxide (CaO) reacts with CO2 resulting in calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which releases pure CO2 stream upon calcinations for sequestration or utilisation, and as a consequence, the biomaterial is regenerated. Findings reveal that these biomaterials can hold up to eight times its own weight of CO2 from flue gas stream. It was also found that the combination of 2 M acetic acid and water pretreatment improved the reactivity and capture capacity of the biomaterial for successive regeneration over four cycle’s usage. Unlike activated carbon, these biomaterials are considered stable for high-temperature adsorption through carbonation.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73297",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73297",signatures:"Abarasi Hart and Helen Onyeaka",book:{id:"8509",title:"Carbon Capture",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Carbon Capture",slug:"carbon-capture",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8509.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"326770",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Onyeaka",fullName:"Helen Onyeaka",slug:"helen-onyeaka",email:"onyeakah@bham.ac.uk",position:null,institution:null},{id:"327022",title:"Dr.",name:"Abarasi",middleName:null,surname:"Hart",fullName:"Abarasi Hart",slug:"abarasi-hart",email:"Hartabarasi@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Birmingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Physicochemical properties of eggshell and seashells biomaterials",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Methods of sorbent preparation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Adsorbent performance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'COP21 Paris Agreement, European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris/index_en.htm (accessed 10/07/2020)'},{id:"B2",body:'IEA (2018) The Future of Petrochemicals: towards more sustainable plastics and fertilisers (executive summary). 2018, International Energy Agency'},{id:"B3",body:'Bui M., et al. (2018) Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward. Energy & Environmental Science, 11 (5): 1062-1176'},{id:"B4",body:'Hart A., Wood J. (2018) In Situ Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Crude with CAPRI: Influence of Hydrogen on Catalyst Pore Plugging and Deactivation due to Coke. Energies, 11, 636'},{id:"B5",body:'Khan S.A.R., Zhang Y., Kumar A., Zavadskas E., Streimikiene D. (2020) Measuring the impact of renewable energy, public health expenditure, logistics, and environmental performance on sustainable economic growth. Sustainable Development, 28: 833-843'},{id:"B6",body:'Khan S.A.R., Sharif A., Golpîra H., Kumar A. (2019) A green ideology in Asian emerging economies: From environmental policy and sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 27: 1063-1075'},{id:"B7",body:'Zhang Z., Pan S.-Y., Hao Li H., Cai J., Olabi A.G., Anthony E.J., Manovic V. (2020) Recent advances in carbon dioxide utilization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 125: 109799'},{id:"B8",body:'Khan S.A.R., Zhang Y., Belhadi A., Mardani A. (2020) Investigating the effects of renewable energy on international trade and environmental quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 272: 111089'},{id:"B9",body:'Khan S.A.R., Zhang Y., Sharif A., Golpîra H. (2020) Determinants of economic growth and environmental sustainability in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation: evidence from panel ARDL, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10410-1'},{id:"B10",body:'Tcvetkov P., Cherepovitsyn A., Fedoseev S. (2019) Public perception of carbon capture and storage: A state-of-the-art overview, Heliyon, 5: e02845'},{id:"B11",body:'Salaudeen A.S., Acharya B., Heidari M., Al-Salem M.S., Dutta A. (2020) Hydrogen-Rich Gas Stream from Steam Gasification of Biomass: Eggshell as a CO2 Sorbent. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b03719'},{id:"B12",body:'Caldwell J.S. (2014) Experimental and computational evaluation of activated carbons for carbon dioxide capture from high pressure gas mixture. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham'},{id:"B13",body:'Samanta A., Zhao A., Shimizu G.K.H., Sarkar P., Gupta R. (2011) Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Using Solid Sorbents: A Review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51: 1438-1463'},{id:"B14",body:'Krutka H., Sjostrom S., Starns T., Dillon M., Silverman R. (2013) Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Using Solid Sorbents: 1 MW Pilot Evaluation. Energy Procedia, 37: 73 – 88'},{id:"B15",body:'Blamey J., Anthony E.J., Wang J., Fennell P.S. (2010) The calcium looping cycle for large-scale CO2 capture. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36: 260-279'},{id:"B16",body:'Hart A. (2020) Mini-review of waste shell-derived materials’ applications. Waste Management & Research, 38 (5): 514 – 527'},{id:"B17",body:'Sacia R.E. (2009) Synthesis and regeneration of enhanced eggshell sorbents for clean coal application. BEng thesis, Ohio State University'},{id:"B18",body:'Trzepizur P.K. (2017) Waste Ca (Eggshells) natural materials for CO2 capture. MSc thesis, Tecnico Lisboa'},{id:"B19",body:'Arias B., Alonso M., Abanades C. (2017) CO2 Capture by Calcium Looping at Relevant Conditions for Cement Plants: Experimental Testing in a 30 kWth Pilot Plant. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56: 2634−2640'},{id:"B20",body:'Laskar I.B., Rajkumari K., Gupta R., Chatterjee S., Paul B., Rokhum L. (2018) Waste snail shell derived heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production by the transesterification of soybean oil. RSC Advances, 8: 20131-20142'},{id:"B21",body:'Buasri A., Rattanapan T., Boonrin C., Wechayan C., Loryuenyong V. (2015) Oyster and Pyramidella Shells as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil. Journal of Chemistry, 578625'},{id:"B22",body:'Tan Y.H., Abdullah M.O., Nolasco-Hipolito C., Taufiq-Yap Y.H. (2015) Waste ostrich- and chicken-eggshells as heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from used cooking oil: Catalyst characterization and biodiesel yield performance. Applied Energy, 160: 58-70'},{id:"B23",body:'Correia M. L., Cecilia A. J., Rodríguez-Castellón E., Cavalcante Jr L.C., Vieira S. R. (2017) Relevance of the Physicochemical Properties of Calcined Quail Eggshell (CaO) as a Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. Journal of Chemistry, 5679512. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5679512'},{id:"B24",body:'Vonder-Haar T. A. (2007) Engineering Eggshells for Carbon Dioxide Capture, Hydrogen Production, and as a Collagen Source. B.S. Dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH'},{id:"B25",body:'Sasaoka E., Uddin M. A., Nojima S. (1997) Novel Preparation Method of Macroporous Lime from Limestone for High-Temperature Desulfurization. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 36: 3639−3646'},{id:"B26",body:'Iyer M.V., Sparks A., Vonder-Haar T., Fan L.-S. (2005) High Temperature CO2 Capture using Waste Oyster Shells. (Bunri Gijutsu) Soc of Sep. Proc. Eng. Jpn, 35 (4): 235-245'},{id:"B27",body:'Sacia R.E., Ramkumar S., Phalak N., Fan L.-S. (2013) Synthesis and Regeneration of Sustainable CaO Sorbents from Chicken Eggshells for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Capture. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 1: 903−909'},{id:"B28",body:'Wang W., Ramkumar S., Li S., Wong D., Iyer M., Sakadjian B. B., Statnick R. M., Fan L.-S. (2010) Subpilot Demonstration of the Carbonation-Calcination Reaction (CCR) Process: High-Temperature CO2 and Sulfur Capture from Coal-Fired Power Plants. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 49: 5094−5101'},{id:"B29",body:'Charitos A., Rodriguez N., Hawthorne C., Alonso M., Zieba M., Arias B., Kopanakis G., Scheffknecht G., Abanades J. C. (2011) Experimental Validation of the Calcium Looping CO2 Capture Process with Two Circulation Fluidized Bed Carbonator Reactors. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50: 9685−9695'},{id:"B30",body:'Banerjee A., Panda S., Sidhantha M., Chakrabarti S., Chaudhuri B., Bhattacharjee S. (2010) Utilisation of eggshell membrane as an adsorbent for carbon dioxide. Int. J. Global Warming, 2 (3): 252-261.'},{id:"B31",body:'Ma K.-W. and Teng H. (2010) CaO Powders from Oyster Shells for Efficient CO2 Capture in Multiple Carbonation Cycles. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93 (1): 221-227'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Abarasi Hart",address:null,affiliation:'
School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8509",title:"Carbon Capture",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Carbon Capture",slug:"carbon-capture",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",bookSignature:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8509.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"11262",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Graschew",email:"graschew@googlemail.com",fullName:"Georgi Graschew",slug:"georgi-graschew",position:null,biography:"Dr. Georgi Graschew has been Scientific Coordinator of the Surgical Research Unit OP 2000 at the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine and the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of Charité – University Medicine Berlin (Germany) since 1993. Following his research studies at the Department for Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Technical University Dresden (Germany) he gained his Ph.D. there in 1974. After research appointments at various international sites he became in 1987 co-founder of the Research Unit OP 2000 at the German Cancer Research Center DKFZ in Heidelberg (Germany), where he acted as its Scientific Coordinator until its transfer to Berlin. He made major contribution to numerous leading national and international telemedicine projects: SICONET, PANORAMA, GALENOS, DELTASS, MEDASHIP, EMISPHER. He has co-authored more than 360 scientific publications and presentations and holds 18 patents in Germany, the European Union, Japan and USA.",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11262/images/1573_n.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"3",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Charité",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},booksEdited:[{type:"book",slug:"telemedicine-techniques-and-applications",title:"Telemedicine",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/199.jpg",abstract:"Telemedicine is a rapidly evolving field as new technologies are implemented for example for the development of wireless sensors, quality data transmission. Using the Internet applications such as counseling, clinical consultation support and home care monitoring and management are more and more realized, which improves access to high level medical care in underserved areas. The 23 chapters of this book present manifold examples of telemedicine treating both theoretical and practical foundations and application scenarios.",editors:[{id:"11262",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",surname:"Graschew",slug:"georgi-graschew",fullName:"Georgi Graschew"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}},{type:"book",slug:"advances-in-telemedicine-applications-in-various-medical-disciplines-and-geographical-regions",title:"Advances in Telemedicine",subtitle:"Applications in Various Medical Disciplines and Geographical Regions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1403.jpg",abstract:'Innovative developments in information and communication technologies (ICT) irrevocably change our lives and enable new possibilities for society. Telemedicine, which can be defined as novel ICT-enabled medical services that help to overcome classical barriers in space and time, definitely profits from this trend. Through Telemedicine patients can access medical expertise that may not be available at the patient\'s site. Telemedicine services can range from simply sending a fax message to a colleague to the use of broadband networks with multimodal video- and data streaming for second opinioning as well as medical telepresence. Telemedicine is more and more evolving into a multidisciplinary approach. This book project "Advances in Telemedicine" has been conceived to reflect this broad view and therefore has been split into two volumes, each covering specific themes: Volume 1: Technologies, Enabling Factors and Scenarios; Volume 2: Applications in Various Medical Disciplines and Geographical Regions. The current Volume 2 is structured into the following thematic sections: Cardiovascular Applications; Applications for Diabetes, Pregnancy and Prenatal Medicine; Further Selected Medical Applications; Regional Applications.',editors:[{id:"11262",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",surname:"Graschew",slug:"georgi-graschew",fullName:"Georgi Graschew"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}},{type:"book",slug:"advances-in-telemedicine-technologies-enabling-factors-and-scenarios",title:"Advances in Telemedicine",subtitle:"Technologies, Enabling Factors and Scenarios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/43.jpg",abstract:'Innovative developments in information and communication technologies (ICT) irrevocably change our lives and enable new possibilities for society. Telemedicine, which can be defined as novel ICT-enabled medical services that help to overcome classical barriers in space and time, definitely profits from this trend. Through Telemedicine patients can access medical expertise that may not be available at the patient\'s site. Telemedicine services can range from simply sending a fax message to a colleague to the use of broadband networks with multimodal video- and data streaming for second opinioning as well as medical telepresence. Telemedicine is more and more evolving into a multidisciplinary approach. This book project "Advances in Telemedicine" has been conceived to reflect this broad view and therefore has been split into two volumes, each covering specific themes: Volume 1: Technologies, Enabling Factors and Scenarios; Volume 2: Applications in Various Medical Disciplines and Geographical Regions. The current Volume 1 is structured into the following thematic sections: Fundamental Technologies; Applied Technologies; Enabling Factors; Scenarios.',editors:[{id:"11262",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",surname:"Graschew",slug:"georgi-graschew",fullName:"Georgi Graschew"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Real-time Interactive Telemedicine for Ubiquitous Healthcare: Networks, Services and Scenarios",slug:"real-time-interactive-telemedicine-for-ubiquitous-healthcare-networks-services-and-scenarios",abstract:null,signatures:"Georgi Graschew, Theo A. Roelofs, Stefan Rakowsky and Peter M. Schlag",authors:[{id:"11262",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",surname:"Graschew",fullName:"Georgi Graschew",slug:"georgi-graschew",email:"graschew@googlemail.com"},{id:"11696",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Rakowsky",fullName:"Stefan Rakowsky",slug:"stefan-rakowsky",email:"stefan.rakowsky@charite.de"},{id:"19129",title:"Dr.",name:"Theo A.",surname:"Roelofs",fullName:"Theo A. Roelofs",slug:"theo-a.-roelofs",email:"theo.roelofs@charite.de"},{id:"19130",title:"Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.",name:"Peter M.",surname:"Schlag",fullName:"Peter M. Schlag",slug:"peter-m.-schlag",email:"test2@test.de"}],book:{title:"Advances in Telemedicine",slug:"advances-in-telemedicine-technologies-enabling-factors-and-scenarios",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"12142",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Zvikhachevskaya",slug:"anna-zvikhachevskaya",fullName:"Anna Zvikhachevskaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lancaster University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"15472",title:"Prof.",name:"Eko",surname:"Supriyanto",slug:"eko-supriyanto",fullName:"Eko Supriyanto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eko Supriyanto is currently the head of department of clinical science and engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. He obtained doctor of engineering from University of Federal Armed Forced Hamburg in electronics. His interest research areas are medical imaging and telemedicine system.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"15742",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",surname:"Ramos",slug:"victoria-ramos",fullName:"Victoria Ramos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"16290",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",surname:"Monteagudo",slug:"jose-luis-monteagudo",fullName:"Jose Luis Monteagudo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"16643",title:"Dr.",name:"Jude",surname:"Janet",slug:"jude-janet",fullName:"Jude Janet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"17574",title:"Prof.",name:"Garik",surname:"Markarian",slug:"garik-markarian",fullName:"Garik Markarian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lancaster University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"18473",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuji",surname:"Shimizu",slug:"shuji-shimizu",fullName:"Shuji Shimizu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"18758",title:"Dr.",name:"Eko",surname:"Supriyanto",slug:"eko-supriyanto",fullName:"Eko Supriyanto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"18759",title:"Dr.",name:"Jafri",surname:"Bin Din",slug:"jafri-bin-din",fullName:"Jafri Bin Din",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"18760",title:"Prof.",name:"Haikal",surname:"Satria",slug:"haikal-satria",fullName:"Haikal Satria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 128,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,200 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 150 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 128,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your full chapter, monograph or Compacts monograph is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds 20 pages (for chapters in Edited Volumes), an additional fee of 40 GBP per page will be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at oapf@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,200 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes, enabling publication between 8 and 12 months
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+146,150 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 150 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9667",title:"Neuroimmunology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9cf0e8203ce088c0b84add014fd8d382",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Robert Weissert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9667.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"79343",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Weissert",slug:"robert-weissert",fullName:"Robert Weissert"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9816",title:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365bb9762ba33db2d07e677690af1772",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salim Surani and Dr. Venkat Rajasurya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9816.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10223",title:"Obesity and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c202a2b74cd9a2c44b1c385f103ac65d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Venketeshwer Rao and Dr. Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10223.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10504",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3478d05926950f475f4ad2825d340963",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Youssef Ben Smida and Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311698",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Ben Smida",slug:"youssef-ben-smida",fullName:"Youssef Ben Smida"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10519",title:"Middleware Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c326d436ae0f4c508849d2336dbdfb48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10519.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:214},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology",parent:{title:"Social Sciences and Humanities",slug:"social-sciences-and-humanities"},numberOfBooks:23,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:384,numberOfWosCitations:196,numberOfCrossrefCitations:148,numberOfDimensionsCitations:349,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"psychology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9050",title:"Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5686a1d5917736fa774b2f46e7da8a5",slug:"hypnotherapy-and-hypnosis",bookSignature:"Cengiz Mordeniz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9050.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214664",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cengiz",middleName:null,surname:"Mordeniz",slug:"cengiz-mordeniz",fullName:"Cengiz Mordeniz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9033",title:"Career Development and Job Satisfaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf79d466559c37f4ec1bcbe6f908f5",slug:"career-development-and-job-satisfaction",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9033.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9136",title:"Counseling and Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"499608b1cf8111827e1a271e5555a6a6",slug:"counseling-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9136.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202046",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon George",middleName:null,surname:"Taukeni",slug:"simon-george-taukeni",fullName:"Simon George Taukeni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7507",title:"Empathy Study",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8318dbbb1e524384596da018870651f",slug:"empathy-study",bookSignature:"Makiko Kondo and Bala Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7507.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188019",title:"Dr.",name:"Makiko",middleName:null,surname:"Kondo",slug:"makiko-kondo",fullName:"Makiko Kondo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7927",title:"Selected Topics in Child and Adolescent Mental Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0afa3f41927509c4a21502c591726b8",slug:"selected-topics-in-child-and-adolescent-mental-health",bookSignature:"Samuel Stones, Jonathan Glazzard and Maria Rosaria Muzio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7927.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"309587",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:"Oliver James",surname:"Stones",slug:"samuel-stones",fullName:"Samuel Stones"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7311",title:"Cognitive and Intermedial Semiotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b7d636f6a78bfa31a39bab658a4b18c",slug:"cognitive-and-intermedial-semiotics",bookSignature:"Marta Silvera-Roig and Asunción López-Varela Azcárate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302728",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Silvera-Roig",slug:"marta-silvera-roig",fullName:"Marta Silvera-Roig"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7904",title:"Aging",subtitle:"Life Span and Life Expectancy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4507619de679dfa85bc6e073d163f3c8",slug:"aging-life-span-and-life-expectancy",bookSignature:"Robert J. Reynolds and Steven M. Day",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220737",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"J. Reynolds",slug:"robert-j.-reynolds",fullName:"Robert J. Reynolds"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8864",title:"Family Therapy",subtitle:"New Intervention Programs and Researches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e50bb9cef36aeaef4ba976554b3dd141",slug:"family-therapy-new-intervention-programs-and-researches",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8864.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",middleName:null,surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6704",title:"Geriatrics Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7cac7767e0b34391318cd4a680ca0d68",slug:"geriatrics-health",bookSignature:"Hülya Çakmur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6704.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190636",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hülya",middleName:null,surname:"Çakmur",slug:"hulya-cakmur",fullName:"Hülya Çakmur"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6593",title:"Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88cae11440930f7ba788d5cfedec5979",slug:"decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez, Alberto Pliego Marugán and Mayorkinos Papaelias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6593.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6381",title:"Gerontology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf232563c8fe15ef0848ed6ffb8f832d",slug:"gerontology",bookSignature:"Grazia D’Onofrio, Antonio Greco and Daniele Sancarlo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6381.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184080",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"D’Onofrio",slug:"grazia-d'onofrio",fullName:"Grazia D’Onofrio"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6494",title:"Behavior Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a81a7163705b2765f9eb0b21dec70e",slug:"behavior-analysis",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou and Carolyn S. Ryan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",middleName:null,surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:23,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"40977",doi:"10.5772/53885",title:"The Emergence of Scientific Reasoning",slug:"the-emergence-of-scientific-reasoning",totalDownloads:3926,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:42,book:{slug:"current-topics-in-children-s-learning-and-cognition",title:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition"},signatures:"Bradley J. Morris, Steve Croker, Amy M. Masnick and Corinne Zimmerman",authors:[{id:"154336",title:"Prof.",name:"Bradley",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",slug:"bradley-morris",fullName:"Bradley Morris"},{id:"154337",title:"Prof.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Croker",slug:"steve-croker",fullName:"Steve Croker"},{id:"154338",title:"Prof.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Masnick",slug:"amy-masnick",fullName:"Amy Masnick"},{id:"154339",title:"Prof.",name:"Corinne",middleName:null,surname:"Zimmerman",slug:"corinne-zimmerman",fullName:"Corinne Zimmerman"}]},{id:"56330",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69932",title:"Russian Scientific Trends on Specific Language Impairment in Childhood",slug:"russian-scientific-trends-on-specific-language-impairment-in-childhood",totalDownloads:1374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Tatiana Tumanova and Tatiana Filicheva",authors:[{id:"204529",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Volodarovna",middleName:null,surname:"Tumanova",slug:"tatiana-volodarovna-tumanova",fullName:"Tatiana Volodarovna Tumanova"},{id:"208704",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Borisovna",middleName:null,surname:"Filicheva",slug:"tatiana-borisovna-filicheva",fullName:"Tatiana Borisovna Filicheva"}]},{id:"36452",doi:"10.5772/38931",title:"Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology",slug:"qualitative-research-methods-in-psychology",totalDownloads:35167,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"psychology-selected-papers",title:"Psychology",fullTitle:"Psychology - Selected Papers"},signatures:"Deborah Biggerstaff",authors:[{id:"123274",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Biggerstaff",slug:"deborah-biggerstaff",fullName:"Deborah Biggerstaff"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59913",title:"Decision-Making in Complex Dynamic and Evolutive Systems: The Need for a New Paradigm",slug:"decision-making-in-complex-dynamic-and-evolutive-systems-the-need-for-a-new-paradigm",totalDownloads:3795,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"decision-making",title:"Decision Making",fullTitle:"Decision Making"},signatures:"Bernard Cadet",authors:[{id:"232726",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Cadet",slug:"bernard-cadet",fullName:"Bernard Cadet"}]},{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:4737,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:6163,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-mills",fullName:"Jennifer Mills"}]},{id:"73271",title:"Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty",slug:"social-media-and-its-effects-on-beauty",totalDownloads:726,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Beauty - Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",fullTitle:"Beauty - Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments"},signatures:"Mavis Henriques and Debasis Patnaik",authors:null},{id:"68639",title:"Social Media and Young People’s Mental Health",slug:"social-media-and-young-people-s-mental-health",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"selected-topics-in-child-and-adolescent-mental-health",title:"Selected Topics in Child and Adolescent Mental Health",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Child and Adolescent Mental Health"},signatures:"Jonathan Glazzard and Samuel Stones",authors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"},{id:"309587",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:"Oliver James",surname:"Stones",slug:"samuel-stones",fullName:"Samuel Stones"}]},{id:"75444",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Education",slug:"artificial-intelligence-in-education",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Active Learning",fullTitle:"Active Learning"},signatures:"Andrej Flogie and Boris Aberšek",authors:null},{id:"65598",title:"Emotionally Focused Family Therapy: Rebuilding Family Bonds",slug:"emotionally-focused-family-therapy-rebuilding-family-bonds",totalDownloads:1149,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"family-therapy-new-intervention-programs-and-researches",title:"Family Therapy",fullTitle:"Family Therapy - New Intervention Programs and Researches"},signatures:"Katherine Stavrianopoulos",authors:[{id:"281106",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Katherine",middleName:null,surname:"Stavrianopoulos",slug:"katherine-stavrianopoulos",fullName:"Katherine Stavrianopoulos"}]},{id:"68944",title:"Job Training Satisfaction, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance",slug:"job-training-satisfaction-job-satisfaction-and-job-performance",totalDownloads:1173,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"career-development-and-job-satisfaction",title:"Career Development and Job Satisfaction",fullTitle:"Career Development and Job Satisfaction"},signatures:"Wen-Rou Huang",authors:[{id:"305300",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen-Rou",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"wen-rou-huang",fullName:"Wen-Rou Huang"}]},{id:"56266",title:"Discourse: Assessment and Therapy",slug:"discourse-assessment-and-therapy",totalDownloads:2354,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Lucy T. Dipper and Madeleine Pritchard",authors:[{id:"201158",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",middleName:null,surname:"Dipper",slug:"lucy-dipper",fullName:"Lucy Dipper"},{id:"208542",title:"Dr.",name:"Madeleine",middleName:null,surname:"Pritchard",slug:"madeleine-pritchard",fullName:"Madeleine Pritchard"}]},{id:"69855",title:"Counselling: What and How",slug:"counselling-what-and-how",totalDownloads:318,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"counseling-and-therapy",title:"Counseling and Therapy",fullTitle:"Counseling and Therapy"},signatures:"Mohd Zarawi Mat Nor",authors:[{id:"308057",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Zarawi",middleName:null,surname:"Mat Nor",slug:"mohd-zarawi-mat-nor",fullName:"Mohd Zarawi Mat Nor"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"psychology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"76098",title:"Sustaining a Democratic Culture through Collaborative Engagements for Citizens with Disabilities: Part 2",slug:"sustaining-a-democratic-culture-through-collaborative-engagements-for-citizens-with-disabilities-par",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96782",book:{title:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Duma Mhlongo and Gregory Alexander"},{id:"74852",title:"Attenuation of Food Intake by Fragrant Odors: Comparison between Osmanthus fragrans and Grapefruit Odors",slug:"attenuation-of-food-intake-by-fragrant-odors-comparison-between-osmanthus-fragrans-and-grapefruit-od",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95757",book:{title:"Psychology and Patho-physiological Outcomes of Eating"},signatures:"Takashi Yamamoto, Kayoko Ueji, Tadashi Inui and Haruno Mizuta"},{id:"75957",title:"Loss of Employment and Reduction of Income during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Maranhão State, Brazil",slug:"loss-of-employment-and-reduction-of-income-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-the-maranh-o-state-brazil",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97095",book:{title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives"},signatures:"Bruno Luciano Carneiro Alves de Oliveira"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:45},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits/introductory-chapter-gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits",chapter:"introductory-chapter-gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits"},fullPath:"/books/gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits/introductory-chapter-gene-expression-and-phenotypic-traits",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()