Behavioral pain scale and its components.
\r\n\tThere now are many books about seagrass and hundreds of journal papers. The aim of this book is to give an updated background to seagrass uses, distribution, biology and ecology but to venture further into monitoring, and the research questions for seagrass. The goods and services provided by seagrass are of long-term and short-term value. These must be assessed against anthropogenic requirements of the resources on which seagrass relies.
\r\n\tMarine protected areas provide seagrass with protection but their formation does not alone prevent loss and damage. The compromises faced by managers of seagrass MPAs in choosing suitable areas and caring for them will constitute a chapter. Seagrass beds in MPAs are members of the stakeholders of marine spatial planning and it will be discussed how seagrass MPAs can be integrated into marine spatial planning.
\r\n\t
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage [1]. Although relieving pain is a fundamental right, still majority of the intensive care patients will experience pain sometime during their ICU stay particularly during dressing, the change of position and even at rest, and it is a great source of stress. The majority of intensive care patients may be unable to self-report their pain both verbally or with other signs because of an altered level of consciousness, the use of mechanical ventilation, or high doses of sedative agents or muscle relaxant. The incidence of significant pain is still 50% or higher in both medical and surgical ICU patients [2]. In addition to experiencing pain at rest, pain related to surgery, trauma, burns, and cancer, these patients experience procedural pain. It is ubiquitous, and inadequate treatment of procedural pain remains a significant problem for ICU patients. Nursing care procedures such as bathing, massage of back and pressure points, sheets change and repositioning are the most common painful procedures in ICU patients [2]. Vazquez et al. [3] analyzed pain intensity during 330 turnings in 96 medical surgical patients and reported significantly increased pain score between rest and turning. The bolus of analgesic was used in less than 15% of the turnings.
\nThe adverse psychological and physiologic effects of inadequate pain control in critically ill patients are long lasting and significant. The critically ill patients have identified pain as a traumatic experience and discomforting. Recently, it is realized that more than 80% of the ICU-discharged hospitalized patients had painful memories and discomfort associated with the endotracheal tube, and 38% patients remembers pain as their worst intensive care memory even 6 months later. Granja and colleagues [4] found that 17% of patients recollect experiencing severe pain 6 months after discharge and 18% were at the risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Schelling and colleagues [5] in their follow-up study found that the patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome compared the non-ARDS patients who experience pain and other traumatic situations when they are in the intensive care unit and had a higher occurrence of chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorders and inferior quality of life.
\nThe stress response due to pain has serious adverse effects in intensive care patients. It increases the circulating catecholamine levels and causes arteriolar vasoconstriction, impair tissue perfusion, and reduce tissue-oxygen partial pressure [6]. Other responses triggered by pain include catabolic hypermetabolism resulting in hyperglycemia, lipolysis and breakdown of muscle to provide protein substrate [7]. These changes will impair wound healing and increase the risk of wound infection. Pain also suppresses natural killer cell activity [8, 9] and results in a decrease in the number of cytotoxic T cells, leading to a reduced neutrophil phagocytic activity [10]. Acute pain in ICU patients is a greatest risk factor for developing debilitating chronic, persistent, and neuropathic pain [11].
\nIn the ICU, patients are in need of pain medicine for various reasons, including weaning off ventilatory support, pulmonary dysfunction and cardiac dysfunction.
\nIntensive care patients should be liberated from mechanical ventilation as early as possible to prevent the occurrence of ventilator-associated events. Mechanical ventilation is indirectly responsible for other medical complications such as pressure ulcers, gastric ulcers, muscular weakness and renal failure. The inadequate pain management will inhibit weaning from ventilatory support [12].
\nPulmonary dysfunction is a common complication of improper pain control in postoperative upper abdominal and thoracic surgery as well as patients with abdominal pathology such as pancreatitis and bowel ischemia, and so on, it causes abdominal muscle contractions and results in a decrease in lung volumes and functional capacity The cough reflex is compromised with the abovementioned pulmonary changes and leads to retained pulmonary secretions, which complicates in the occurrence of pneumonia. Pain may induce vasoconstriction, when it is coupled with venous stasis from immobility and can lead to thrombus formation and fatal pulmonary embolism [13].
\nAnalgesia in patients with myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome is essentially important. Hence, morphine or other opioid analgesics are one of the components of initial therapy in these patients. Morphine reduces oxygen consumption by decreasing sympathetic activity and increases blood delivery through its vasodilatory affects [14]. Hence, it is necessary to treat the underlying cause of chest pain, but at the same time, the use of proper and adequate analgesics is recommended.
\nApart from racial and regional factors, anxiety, delirium, sleep deprivation and psychosocial history make ICU patients more susceptible to pain, even with the smallest stimuli. It is essential to address and minimize the following cofounding factor for pain modulation.
\nIt is a double-edged sword, a factor causing pain and a result of pain. The intubated patients in the intensive care atmosphere have a higher anxiety and stress as they are unable to communicate and express the pain. Heightened anxiety can lead to agitation and associated with uncontrolled pain in the ICU patients. In combination with all, it can lead to patient ventilator asynchrony and difficulty in wean from the ventilator [15].
\nIt is common finding in the ICU patients, caused by environment, metabolic, intracranial, endocrine, organ failure, medication-related and respiratory conditions [15]. The ICU environment is one of the important etiologies for delirium due to the high noon level of stimulation, continuous sleep deprivation and ever-changing medical and paramedical staff. It can be challenging to appropriately assess and treat pain for patients with delirium. Few physical changes in intensive therapy environmental may decrease the occurrence of delirium. It includes having more windows, readable calendars, recognizable clocks in the ICU and to provide continuity of care. It is equally important to have a repeated and clear communication with the patient about treatments and invasive procedure plans even when patients are not able to verbally respond [15].
\nIt is an important contributing factor for increased pain response in ICU patients. In burns patients, it is a well-realized fact that if these patients do not have proper night sleep, the intensity of pain during the day time is higher [16]. Sleep deprivation in the ICU patients can result from psychological states, bright lighting, noise from ventilators and monitors, and disrupted circadian rhythms [14]. ICU patients’ sleep will be improved by reducing exposure to bright light, reducing ambient noise, respecting circadian rhythms and using appropriate sedative hypnotics.
\nIt is of vital importance that the pain be assessed properly so as to manage it well. As the International Association for the Study of Pain also states, “the inability to communicate verbally does not negate the possibility that an individual is experiencing pain and is in need of appropriate pain-relieving treatment” [17]. Hence, the ICU physicians must learn to reliably detect pain, using assessment methods adapted to a patient’s diminished communication capabilities. The pain assessment tools are mainly divided depending on the patient’s ability to communicate or not. In later circumstances, clinicians should consider patients’ behavioral reactions as surrogate measures of pain, as long as their motor function is intact [18]. Detection, quantification, and management of pain in critically ill adults are the priorities and have been the subject of research for the last two decades [19].
\nPain assessments should include location, characteristics, severity, onset, progression, duration, quality, radiation, alleviating and exacerbating factors, and effects of previous therapies. Pain should be assessed by self-reporting scales in patients able to communicate, or by behavioral pain scores in patients unable to communicate. There are many self-report pain scales and behavioral pain scales developed for use in intensive care unit adult patients, which unfortunately are not always routinely used in the ICU. This self-reporting of their pain is the gold standard of pain assessment and provides the valid measurement of pain [20]. The commonly used pain intensity scales are the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) while Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) is considered to be an alternative tool for assessing pain in sedated and mechanically ventilated patients. The BPS assesses pain through the evaluation of facial expression, upper limb movements and compliance with mechanical ventilation. Another behavioral scale called the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) may also be used.
\nThere has been reluctance to use surrogates or individuals who make medical decisions when patients cannot do, to report patients’ pain, due to their emotional attachment to these patients. They have a potential for overestimating pain. In SUPPORT study, it is concluded that surrogates can identify the patient’s pain 73% of the time and accurately estimate its severity of pain 53% of the times [21].
\nThe following pain scales will be useful in awake and cooperative patients:
\nIn this, the patient can see and describe the severity of pain on a scale of 0–10. Zero for no pain and 10 for maximum pain (Figure 1).
\nVisual analogue scale with its component.
Patients rate pain by writing on a 10-point scale (Figure 2) (0, no pain; and 10, most severe pain).
\nNumerical rating scale and its description of pain.
In this scale, the patient can verbalize the pain in four grades. Grade 1 indicates the absence of pain, whereas severe pain is indicated by grade 4.
\nPain scales and tools are used for patients unable to communicate.
\nIt is a clinical observational score depending upon the patient’s facial expressions, upper limbs posturing, and tolerance of the controlled mechanical ventilation (Table 1). This score ranges from 3 to 12, and a score of >6 require pain management [22].
\nFacial expressions | \nRelaxed | \n1 | \n
Partially tightened | \n2 | \n|
Fully tight | \n3 | \n|
Grimacing | \n4 | \n|
Upper limbs | \nNo movements | \n1 | \n
Partially bent | \n2 | \n|
Fully bent with fingers flexion | \n3 | \n|
Permanently retracted | \n4 | \n|
Compliance with mechanical ventilation | \nTolerating movements | \n1 | \n
Coughing but tolerating ventilation most of the time | \n2 | \n|
Fighting with ventilator | \n3 | \n|
Unable to control the ventilation | \n4 | \n
Behavioral pain scale and its components.
This pain assessment tool has four clinical components, facial expressions, body movements and muscle tension and compliance with the invasive mechanical ventilation. CPOT score ranges from 2 to 8. A score of more than 2 requires pain management.
\nThe mode of analgesic medication administration is an important factor for the pharmacologic management of pain in the ICU. Intravenous (IV) administration is more commonly the route of choice in critically ill patients because of altered GI tract function that could lead to unpredictable absorption of medication. Intravenous route is generally preferred over subcutaneous or intramuscular routes given potentially inadequate absorption due to regional hypoperfusion due to shock, subcutaneous oedema. The Fentanyl patch can be used for chronic pain relief in stable patients but not in ICUs or for acute pain relief because of the 12–24 h delay in peak serum levels.
\nThe choice of intermittent versus continuous infusion administration depends on factors such as the frequency and severity of pain and the pharmacokinetics of the analgesic medication. The administration in bolus is associated with the variation in the peak plasma concentration, since the infusion maintains a more stable concentration but can lead to accumulation of medication in patients with renal or liver failure.
\nIt is an effective method for administering analgesic medication and gives patients a sense of control over their pain. Patients have autonomy on when and how much medication they receive. However, this technique requires awake and orientated patients which make use of PCA limited in ICU patients. In combination with intravenous paracetamol and pro-paracetamol, the opioid consumption is significantly less [23].
\nIt is inferior to the PCA but still can be useful, as nurses can administer the analgesia quickly when required or during the procedures.
\nAnalgesia techniques are used in ICU-selected trauma patients and surgical procedures. Epidural analgesia is probably the most commonly used regional anesthetic technique in the ICU. It is more useful in critically ill postoperative thoracic, abdominal, major vascular surgery, orthopedic surgery and trauma patients. Positioning patients during catheter insertion is a challenge for using regional anesthesia in ICUs. The main disadvantages of epidural and regional analgesia are the rare but catastrophic complications such as infection, epidural hematoma formation and nerve damage, which can occur in ICU patients who have a high risk of developing these complications [24].
\nThe combination of intravenous opioid PCA, paracetamol and regional anesthesia techniques is multimodal analgesia which decreases the total opioid analgesia consumption and hence decreasing the side effects and better patient comfort. The NCA proved to not be superior to PCA and increases the rapid response team activation.
\nOpioids are the main medications used for analgesia in ICU patients due to potency, concomitant mild sedative and anxiolytic effects. It can be administered by multiple routes. The commonly use opioids include Fentanyl, Remifentanil, and Morphine. The choice of opioid and the dosing should be individualized based on potency, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, adverse effect, patient comorbidities and organ dysfunction [25].
\nIt is the most frequently used medication in cancer patients. It is the standard by which other opioids are compared. Morphine is directly extracted from opium poppies; it stimulates the release of histamine which produces allergic and vasodilation-induced cardiovascular instability. Initial bolus intravenous (IV) morphine 2 mg dose administered slowly over 4–5 min then can be titrated with 1–2 mg every 10–15 min till adequate analgesia is achieved. Continuous IV morphine can be administered with an initial 2–5 mg bolus dose followed by 1 mg/h. Morphine is primarily metabolized in the liver and it is excreted through kidneys. It has active metabolites; morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-gluconoride. Accumulation of these metabolites in renal insufficiency can produce opioid toxicity and adverse effects such as nausea, sedation, respiratory depression myoclonus and seizures (Table 2) [25].
\nAnalgesic medications | \nDosage | \nHalf-life | \nMain adverse effects | \n
---|---|---|---|
Morphine | \n2–5 mg bolus, 1–10 mg/h infusion | \n2–4 h | \nPurities, hypotension and metabolites accumulation in renal in impairment | \n
Fentanyl | \n25–100 μg bolus 25–200 μg/h | \n2–5 h | \nMuscle rigidity, accumulation in hepatic impairment | \n
Remifentanil | \n0.5–2 mg bolus 0.5–15 μg/kg/h | \n3–10 min | \nBradycardia and hypotension | \n
Dexmedetomidine | \n02–1.4 μg/kg/h | \n6 min to 3 h | \nCardiac asystole, bradycardia and hypotension | \n
Paracetamol | \n1 g every 6 h | \n2–3 h | \nHypotension, liver and kidney injury | \n
Various opioids and non-opioid analgesic, their dosage, half-life and side effects.
Fetany is a synthetic opioid that is 100 times more potent than morphine. It has far more lipid-soluble property than morphine and is easily taken into the CNS. Compared to morphine, it does not cause histamine release and hence no vasodilation and hypotension, making Fentanyl the preferred choice for hemodynamically unstable patients. Its intravenous onset is immediate with a short duration of 30 min to 1 h, and it is extracted though liver. Fentanyl is given IV in 25–100 μg boluses for 1–2 min and then is repeated every 10–15 min till pain is controlled. Moderate–severe pain: a loading dose of 50–200 μg intravenously followed by 25–50 μg/hr. is typically administered. Its administration for more than 5 days causes accumulation in fatty tissue, which is mobilized after the drug is stopped and may cause prolonged sedation [25].
\nIt is a fast-acting and an equally fast recovery drug. It is 200 times more potent than morphine. Its metabolism does not depend on the liver. Analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil is a useful option for mechanically ventilated patients, and it can be used in patients that need frequent neurological assessment. Hence, it is a drug of choice in analgosedation in ICU. It has shown a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and quicker ICU discharge with Remifentanil compared with other opioids. It offers precise control of analgesia for painful procedures in ICU patients and has a highly predictable onset and offset, with a stable context sensitive half-time (3–10 min). Initial dose adjustment is not required for patients with impaired renal and hepatic functions. Remifentanil can be administrated in higher doses than are normally used with other opioids without concerns about accumulation and the possibility of unpredictable and/or delayed recovery. Frequently, ICU patients are managed without bolus doses, and it is recommended that remifentanil infusions should be started at 6–9 μg/kg/h and then titrated in the range dose of 0.5–15 μg/kg/h. The major adverse effects are hypotension and bradycardia (Table 2) [24].
\nIt is a centrally acting opioid-like medication, acts by binding to the μ opiate receptor; it is a pure agonist and inhibits adrenaline and serotonin reuptake. The most common adverse effect includes nausea, vomiting, dizziness drowsiness, dry mouth and headache. Tramadol causes less respiratory and cardiovascular depression, euphoria and constipation. Initial bolus dosage is 100 mg. After 90 min following the initial bolus, further doses of 50 mg may be given every 30 min up to a total dose of 250 mg. Subsequent doses should be 50 or 100 mg for 4–6 h up to a total daily dose of 400 mg [24].
\nNon-opioid analgesics are use in the management of mild to moderate pain and moderate to severe pain with adjunctive opioid analgesics. The potential advantages of multimodal analgesia, which involves a combination of analgesics with different mechanisms of action, include improved analgesia with a lower opioid dose required and a decreased risk of opioid-related adverse effects [24].
\nNSAIDs have opioid-sparing effect but they are not sufficiently investigated in ICU patients. Their use in ICU patients is still controversial. The most worrying adverse effect includes gastrointestinal bleeding, renal dysfunction and inhibition of platelet function.
\nIt is commonly administered for the short-term treatment of mild to moderate pain and febrile critically ill patients with infection. It differs from the available opioids and NSAIDs, since paracetamol does not increase the incidence of nausea, vomiting and respiratory depression that can occur with opioids, or the platelet dysfunction, gastritis and renal toxicity that are associated with NSAIDs. It has a relatively good safety profile but there is limited information regarding IV use in critically ill patients. The study to date has described that paracetamol can cause transient abnormalities of liver function and may cause hypotension in critically ill patients. Acute liver failure is the most serious potential complication of the use of paracetamol. The key criteria for assessing potential hepatotoxicity with conventional doses of paracetamol may include hypoxic injury, altered pharmacokinetics, relative over-dosage, muscle glutathione depletion, malnutrition, dehydration, older age and alcoholism which are often seen in critically ill patients [24].
\nIt is a prodrug form of paracetamol which is formed from the esterification of paracetamol and the carboxylic acid diethyl glycine. It has the advantage of making it more water-soluble. It is used in postoperative care and is delivered by intravenous route [23].
\nThe Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine are α2-adrenoceptor agonists, which provide both analgesia and sedation. Hence, they are also termed as analgosedation agents. Dexmedetomidine has eight times more affinity for α2-receptors compared with clonidine.
\nDexmedetomidine infusion has been shown to reduce the prevalence and duration of confusion and delirium when compared with the use of morphine and midazolam [25].
\nα2-Agonists are used to improve the quality of analgesia and aid opioid rotation in opioid-tolerant individuals. The side-effect profile of both α2-agonists includes bradycardia, cardiac asystole and hypotension. Although rare, it can cause rebound hypertension and can cause withdrawal syndrome.
\nIt is an N-methyl-aspartate antagonist, commonly used as analgosedative agent. Its use in combination with the opioid PCA reduces the opioid consumption and side effects. In combination with midazolam, ketamine provides effective analgesia in sickle cell crisis patients. Ketamine has an opioid-sparing effect and commonly used in lower dosage in burns patients. The main side effects of ketamine are tachycardia, hallucination, delirium ketotonia and increase intracranial pressure [25].
\nIt acts through the NMDA receptors and acts as adjunct by reducing analgesic requirements without any major adverse effects, but there is no evidence that magnesium has any opioid-sparing effects in the critically ill patients [25].
\nThe Gabapentin and Pregabalin work by binding to the α2δ subunits of voltage-dependent calcium ion channels. They reduce the development of hyperalgesia and central sensitization and are useful adjuncts in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
\nGabapentin compared with Carbamazepine or placebo reduces pain intensity in patients with GBS (Gillian Barrie syndrome) without increasing side effects. Gabapentinoids are used mainly in neuropathic and post-burn debridement pain. The extra advantage is that these medications are available in the enteric form and get absorbed in the duodenum; hence, one has to be careful when the patient is fed through a jeujenostomy tube. The major side effects of these medications are confusion, dizziness, ataxia and convulsions [25].
\nConsider referring complex ICU patients to the hospital pain team. It helps the patients on multimodal therapy but if still experiencing severe pain. Referral to the pain team can often lead to an increased level of support that would benefit the suffering patients, and once patients are discharged from the critical care unit, the pain team follows them to the ward [26].
\nThe alternative medicine modalities of pain management like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), acupuncture and aromatherapy have a very weak evidence base pain management in intensive care, but should be considered as the adverse-effect profile is low [25].
\nPatients must be evaluated hourly to ensure appropriate response to therapeutic interventions so that health-care providers can proactively act to relieve pain. If reassessment reveals inadequate pain control despite the initiation of therapeutic interventions, we should consider titration of medications, rotation of medications or changes in the route of administration [26].
\nThese guidelines should be developed that combine a scientific basis and expert opinion. Wellness model from the World Health Organization’s treatment of pain after cardiac surgery, we can see that guidelines and protocols lead to the effective management of post-cardiac surgery pain. If we look at the complexity of ICU pain, we need to have organized protocols to help us care for these patients. The examination of published literature reviews and evidence-based guidelines can facilitate the development of institution-specific guidelines.
\nIt provides a consistent and repeatable time line for planning individualized patient care. The pathway details the precise course of the patient, including multidisciplinary elements. It includes history, examination, diagnostics and treatment and incorporates pre-emptive treatment for procedures as well as management of chronic pain issues [26].
\nIt is a way to verify that clinical pathways or tasks are completed and it is a good way to ensure that pathways or tasks are followed. It helps in errors prevention [26].
\nDaily goals highlighting by white board, electronic reminders to all members of the multidisciplinary team can access the plan and ensure that the patient is being treated from all perspectives [26].
\nIntensive care unit (ICU) patients are at the higher risk of pain and they are having pain even while resting. If pain is not adequately treated, it leads to adverse effect and increases the chances of chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorders in these patients. In ICU patient, anxiety, delirium and sleep deprivation increase the sensitivity to pain. The organ dysfunctions in these patients will decrease the potency of analgesic medication and increase the toxicity. Pain assessment is the basic essential factor in adequate management of pain. The different pain scales are used depending on their abilities to communicate. The commonly used analgesic medication in ICU patients is opioids but there is an increased use of multimodal analgesia and analgosedation approach obvious reasons. In the management of pain in ICU patients, the involvement of pain management teams, the use of clinical pathway, guidelines and protocols may have better impacts.
\n"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality. Throughout the world, we are seeing progress in attracting, retaining, and promoting women in STEMM. IntechOpen are certainly supporting this work globally by empowering all scientists and ensuring that women are encouraged and enabled to publish and take leading roles within the scientific community." Dr. Catrin Rutland, University of Nottingham, UK
",metaTitle:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",metaDescription:"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. \n\n ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\\n\\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\\n\\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\\n\\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 3,900 books by more than 116,000 authors and editors.
\\n\\nOur reach – Our books have more than 118 million downloads and more than 57,400 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\\n\\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\\n\\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\\n\\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\\n\\nInterested? Contact Diana Olloni (diana@intechopen.com) for more information.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\n\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\n\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\n\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 3,900 books by more than 116,000 authors and editors.
\n\nOur reach – Our books have more than 118 million downloads and more than 57,400 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\n\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\n\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\n\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\n\nInterested? Contact Diana Olloni (diana@intechopen.com) for more information.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Vienna University of Technology",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:"Assist. Prof.",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:"Postdoctoral researcher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University Joseph Fourier (Grenoble I)",country:null}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:null}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:451},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:604},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:199},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:1080},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:75},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:1470}],offset:12,limit:12,total:103407},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8285",title:"Acrylamide in Food",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d4d92604ea7a0f82d67b8377c15129da",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8285.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8776",title:"Polystyrene Foams",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9f6b23fa61f0b17de085ae904bcc860c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8773",title:"Halogen Bonding in Crystal Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"51469250bb45e68788d1c9e12eed413d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6867",title:"Hygiene and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8822409955307b3fca03816188d475e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6867.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8492",title:"Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b88bcf626ab525dbd67735ec3a6e2ba",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8492.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7666",title:"Crystallization Kinetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4f9a498964981e4be36e88a67d86e994",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7666.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Advantages of Chemoenzymatic Synthesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cb292a99e0f418e67ce81b905751eb03",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8022",title:"Nitric Oxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"90863589c0465ef79f0ce04a4fd5df50",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8022.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8532",title:"Strontium",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3caf4524deb8bdb23afc8f845d21814",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8532.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7702",title:"Electrolysis of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e12dd69b06a2b440c50a1282c4a12a6a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7702.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7423",title:"Hydrolysis of Cellulose",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c33aa8d9ca7b38bf5d5d36aa308d664d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7423.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8540",title:"Dehydration of Alcohols",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"55b9333e1c424d08555503e38b1c6279",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8540.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:92},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:105},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:65},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6856",title:"Gold Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23e172496e46e18712a901308d074cfb",slug:"gold-nanoparticles-reaching-new-heights",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman and Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6856.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:"Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2175",title:"Risk Management",subtitle:"Current Issues and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6406ba890ef4569efd8298e1121685d",slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Nerija Banaitiene",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2175.jpg",editors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1667",title:"A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7be827d70aa0311258d658f729670887",slug:"a-bird-s-eye-view-of-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Carlos C. Perez-Marin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1667.jpg",editors:[{id:"25632",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos C.",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Marin",slug:"carlos-c.-perez-marin",fullName:"Carlos C. Perez-Marin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1806},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"6856",title:"Gold Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Reaching New Heights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23e172496e46e18712a901308d074cfb",slug:"gold-nanoparticles-reaching-new-heights",bookSignature:"Mohammed Rahman and Abdullah Mohammed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6856.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:"Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"632",title:"Wide Spectra of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f7ce64f86daee44a8c5604e8924de1c",slug:"wide-spectra-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Isin Akyar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/632.jpg",editors:[{id:"36323",title:"Dr.",name:"Isin",middleName:null,surname:"Akyar",slug:"isin-akyar",fullName:"Isin Akyar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6151",title:"Noninvasive Ventilation in Medicine",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e2fc8d909ac2458e0087490ea02a6d",slug:"noninvasive-ventilation-in-medicine-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Mayank Vats",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6151.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148941",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:"Gyan",surname:"Vats",slug:"mayank-vats",fullName:"Mayank Vats"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",slug:"nanomedicines",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6679",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c833c86546ec9d3c38fb24a1072dbd0",slug:"serotonin",bookSignature:"Ying Qu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6679.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"ying-qu",fullName:"Ying Qu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7452",title:"Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:"Microbial Agents and Predisposing Factors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99363f3cb1fe89c406f4934a23033d0",slug:"microbiology-of-urinary-tract-infections-microbial-agents-and-predisposing-factors",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7215",title:"Recent Developments in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f824828c2212e79b75fa65b194c5007",slug:"recent-developments-in-photovoltaic-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Natarajan Prabaharan, Marc A. Rosen and Pietro Elia Campana",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7215.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199317",title:"Dr.",name:"Natarajan",middleName:null,surname:"Prabaharan",slug:"natarajan-prabaharan",fullName:"Natarajan Prabaharan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7485",title:"Applied Modern Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7a7be73f7232e08867ed81bdf9850c6",slug:"applied-modern-control",bookSignature:"Le Anh Tuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180550",title:"Dr.",name:"Le",middleName:null,surname:"Anh Tuan",slug:"le-anh-tuan",fullName:"Le Anh Tuan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7488",title:"Analytical Pyrolysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30a667792c3a70b53d30fb6e9e1e7b4d",slug:"analytical-pyrolysis",bookSignature:"Peter Kusch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254714",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kusch",slug:"peter-kusch",fullName:"Peter Kusch"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"757cc326df7bcca72c8c850d9f4f71d1",slug:"engineered-fabrics",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7245",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"67a331ebb2dd2b8f73228fa4daa7382f",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"646",title:"Geoinformatics",slug:"geoinformatics",parent:{title:"Geology and Geophysics",slug:"geology-and-geophysics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:36,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:32},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"geoinformatics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1674",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64025602056a0bbbf592650987da0df5",slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",bookSignature:"Bhuiyan Monwar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1674.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100231",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhuiyan Monwar",middleName:null,surname:"Alam",slug:"bhuiyan-monwar-alam",fullName:"Bhuiyan Monwar Alam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"40507",doi:"10.5772/47943",title:"Effects of Population Density and Land Management on the Intensity of Urban Heat Islands: A Case Study on the City of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia",slug:"effects-of-population-density-and-land-management-on-the-intensity-of-urban-heat-islands-a-case-stud",totalDownloads:3972,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Ilham S. M. Elsayed",authors:[{id:"97024",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilham",middleName:"S. M.",surname:"Elsayed",slug:"ilham-elsayed",fullName:"Ilham Elsayed"}]},{id:"40505",doi:"10.5772/47940",title:"Behavioural Maps and GIS in Place Evaluation and Design",slug:"behavioural-maps-and-gis-in-place-evaluation-and-design",totalDownloads:2905,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Barbara Goličnik Marušić and Damjan Marušic",authors:[{id:"96156",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Goličnik Marušić",slug:"barbara-golicnik-marusic",fullName:"Barbara Goličnik Marušić"},{id:"104025",title:"Dr.",name:"Damjan",middleName:null,surname:"Marušić",slug:"damjan-marusic",fullName:"Damjan Marušić"}]},{id:"40506",doi:"10.5772/47941",title:"Using Geographic Information Systems for Health Research",slug:"using-geographic-information-systems-for-health-research",totalDownloads:3027,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Alka Patel and Nigel Waters",authors:[{id:"96661",title:"Dr.",name:"Alka",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",slug:"alka-patel",fullName:"Alka Patel"},{id:"102839",title:"Dr.",name:"Nigel",middleName:null,surname:"Waters",slug:"nigel-waters",fullName:"Nigel Waters"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"40505",title:"Behavioural Maps and GIS in Place Evaluation and Design",slug:"behavioural-maps-and-gis-in-place-evaluation-and-design",totalDownloads:2905,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Barbara Goličnik Marušić and Damjan Marušic",authors:[{id:"96156",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Goličnik Marušić",slug:"barbara-golicnik-marusic",fullName:"Barbara Goličnik Marušić"},{id:"104025",title:"Dr.",name:"Damjan",middleName:null,surname:"Marušić",slug:"damjan-marusic",fullName:"Damjan Marušić"}]},{id:"40531",title:"Monitoring Land Suitability for Mixed Livestock Grazing Using Geographic Information System (GIS)",slug:"monitoring-land-suitability-for-mixed-livestock-grazing-using-geographic-information-system-gis-",totalDownloads:3443,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Fazel Amiri, Abdul Rashid B. Mohamed Shariff and Taybeh Tabatabaie",authors:[{id:"96140",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fazel",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"fazel-amiri",fullName:"Fazel Amiri"},{id:"123904",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Rashid",middleName:null,surname:"B. Mohamed Shariff",slug:"abdul-rashid-b.-mohamed-shariff",fullName:"Abdul Rashid B. Mohamed Shariff"},{id:"154709",title:"Dr.",name:"Taybeh",middleName:null,surname:"Tabatabaie",slug:"taybeh-tabatabaie",fullName:"Taybeh Tabatabaie"}]},{id:"40507",title:"Effects of Population Density and Land Management on the Intensity of Urban Heat Islands: A Case Study on the City of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia",slug:"effects-of-population-density-and-land-management-on-the-intensity-of-urban-heat-islands-a-case-stud",totalDownloads:3972,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Ilham S. M. Elsayed",authors:[{id:"97024",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilham",middleName:"S. M.",surname:"Elsayed",slug:"ilham-elsayed",fullName:"Ilham Elsayed"}]},{id:"40534",title:"Demand Allocation in Water Distribution Network Modelling – A GIS-Based Approach Using Voronoi Diagrams with Constraints",slug:"demand-allocation-in-water-distribution-network-modelling-a-gis-based-approach-using-voronoi-diagram",totalDownloads:4588,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Nicolai Guth and Philipp Klingel",authors:[{id:"102963",title:"Dr",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Klingel",slug:"philipp-klingel",fullName:"Philipp Klingel"},{id:"102993",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nicolai",middleName:null,surname:"Guth",slug:"nicolai-guth",fullName:"Nicolai Guth"}]},{id:"40503",title:"Assessing Agricultural Potential in South Sudan – A Spatial Analysis Method",slug:"assessing-agricultural-potential-in-south-sudan-a-spatial-analysis-method",totalDownloads:5371,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Xinshen Diao, Liangzhi You, Vida Alpuerto and Renato Folledo",authors:[{id:"95952",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinshen",middleName:null,surname:"Diao",slug:"xinshen-diao",fullName:"Xinshen Diao"}]},{id:"40524",title:"GIS Applied to Integrated Coastal Zone and Ocean Management: Mapping, Change Detection and Spatial Modeling for Coastal Management in Southern Brazil",slug:"gis-applied-to-integrated-coastal-zone-and-ocean-management-mapping-change-detection-and-spatial-mod",totalDownloads:2989,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Tatiana S. da Silva, Maria Luiza Rosa and Flávia Farina",authors:[{id:"99062",title:"MSc",name:"Maria Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"maria-luiza-rosa",fullName:"Maria Luiza Rosa"},{id:"104478",title:"Dr",name:"Tatiana S. Da",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"tatiana-s.-da-silva",fullName:"Tatiana S. Da Silva"},{id:"104494",title:"Dr.",name:"Flávia",middleName:"C.",surname:"Farina",slug:"flavia-farina",fullName:"Flávia Farina"}]},{id:"40521",title:"Multi-Scale GIS Data-Driven Method for Early Assessment of Wetlands Impacted by Transportation Corridors",slug:"multi-scale-gis-data-driven-method-for-early-assessment-of-wetlands-impacted-by-transportation-corri",totalDownloads:2833,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Rodrigo Nobrega, Colin Brooks, Charles O’Hara and Bethany Stich",authors:[{id:"119194",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Nobrega",slug:"rodrigo-nobrega",fullName:"Rodrigo Nobrega"}]},{id:"40526",title:"Raster and Vector Integration for Fuzzy Vector Information Representation Within GIS",slug:"raster-and-vector-integration-for-fuzzy-vector-information-representation-within-gis",totalDownloads:2979,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Enguerran Grandchamp",authors:[{id:"119198",title:"Dr.",name:"Enguerran",middleName:null,surname:"Grandchamp",slug:"enguerran-grandchamp",fullName:"Enguerran Grandchamp"}]},{id:"40533",title:"Probabilistic Evaluation of the Extent of the Aquifer – Case Study",slug:"probabilistic-evaluation-of-the-extent-of-the-aquifer-case-study",totalDownloads:1931,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Marek Kachnic",authors:[{id:"93136",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Kachnic",slug:"marek-kachnic",fullName:"Marek Kachnic"}]},{id:"40504",title:"Feng-Shui Theory and Practice Investigated by Spatial Regression Modeling",slug:"feng-shui-theory-and-practice-investigated-by-spatial-regression-modeling",totalDownloads:5802,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"application-of-geographic-information-systems",title:"Application of Geographic Information Systems",fullTitle:"Application of Geographic Information Systems"},signatures:"Jung-Sup Um",authors:[{id:"92874",title:"Prof.",name:"Jung-Sup",middleName:null,surname:"Um",slug:"jung-sup-um",fullName:"Jung-Sup Um"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"geoinformatics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},privacyPolicy:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8841",title:"Deterministic Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd65f564ea0b77f91dea36cfcbaa1da7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Timothy Sands",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8841.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"258189",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Sands",slug:"timothy-sands",fullName:"Timothy Sands"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8922",title:"Modelling of Artificial Intelligence Controller for Microgrid Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f5a9f1298be5472f9e429f3ab47cd404",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. M Venkateshkumar, Dr. Umashankar Subramaniam and Dr. Cheng Siong Chin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108910",title:"Prof.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Venkateshkumar",slug:"m-venkateshkumar",fullName:"M Venkateshkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8915",title:"Advances in Membrane Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19febde893f705494f2334d02977fd83",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Amira Abdelrasoul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8915.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"151521",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelrasoul",slug:"amira-abdelrasoul",fullName:"Amira Abdelrasoul"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8899",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e19068f7f6c92b5643a3f8fbf2f895e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rui Esteves Esteves Araújo and Dr. José Roberto Camacho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8899.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31663",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui Esteves",middleName:"Esteves",surname:"Araújo",slug:"rui-esteves-araujo",fullName:"Rui Esteves Araújo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8919",title:"Environmental Impacts of Solar Panels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"84b4f2c95c817552f02813474b074576",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abdülkerim Gok",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8919.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"266161",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdülkerim",middleName:null,surname:"Gok",slug:"abdulkerim-gok",fullName:"Abdülkerim Gok"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8839",title:"Advanced Communication and Control Methods for Future Smartgrids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"272b87662ec87f859b72930758bce663",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8839.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272760",title:"Dr.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8842",title:"Innovation in Energy Systems - New Technologies for Changing Paradigms in Operation, Protection, Business and Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75fdfb0206f7d487c3ac8dbe21dcef16",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8842.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"272760",title:"Dr.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:22},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/flavivirus-encephalitis/evaluation-of-immunological-efficiency-among-patients-vaccinated-against-tick-borne-encephalitis",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"flavivirus-encephalitis",chapter:"evaluation-of-immunological-efficiency-among-patients-vaccinated-against-tick-borne-encephalitis"},fullPath:"/books/flavivirus-encephalitis/evaluation-of-immunological-efficiency-among-patients-vaccinated-against-tick-borne-encephalitis",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()