Details of test specimens
1. Introduction
The use of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) jackets as an external mean to strengthen existing RC columns has emerged in recent years with very promising results [1-13], among others. Several studies on the performance of FRP wrapped columns have been conducted, using both experimental and analytical approaches. Such strengthening technique has proved to be very effective in enhancing their ductility and axial load capacity. However, the majority of such studies have focused on the performance of columns of circular cross section. The data available for columns of square or rectangular cross sections have increased over recent years but are still limited. This field remains in its developmental stages and more testing and analysis are needed to explore its capabilities, limitations, and design applicability. This study deals with a series of tests on circular and square plain concrete (PC) and reinforced concrete (RC) columns strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. According to the obtained test results, FRP-confined specimens’ failure occurs before the FRP reached their ultimate strain capacities. So the failure occurs prematurely and the circumferential failure strain was lower than the ultimate strain obtained from standard tensile testing of the FRP composite. In existing models for FRP-confined concrete, it is commonly assumed that the FRP ruptures when the hoop stress in the FRP jacket reaches its tensile strength from either flat coupon tests which is herein referred to as the FRP material tensile strength. This phenomenon considerably affects the accuracy of the existing models for FRP-confined concrete. On the basis of the effective lateral confining pressure of composite jacket and the effective circumferential FRP failure strain a new equations were proposed to predict the strength of FRP-confined concrete and corresponding strain for each of the cross section geometry used, circular and square. The predictions of the proposed equations are shown to agree well with test data. The specimen notations are as follows. The first letter refers to section shape: C for circular and S for square. The next two letters indicate the type of concrete: PC for plain concrete and RC for reinforced concrete, followed by the concrete mixture: I for normal strength (26 MPa), II for medium strength (50 MPa) and III for high strength (62 MPa). The last letters specifies the number of CFRP layers (0L, 1L and 3L), followed by the number of specimen.
2. Observed Behaviour of FRP Confined Concrete
2.1. FRP-Confined Concrete in Circular Columns
The confinement action exerted by the FRP on the concrete core is of the passive type, that is, it arises as a result of the lateral expansion of concrete under axial load. As the axial stress increases, the corresponding lateral strain increases and the confining device develops a tensile hoop stress balanced by a uniform radial pressure which reacts against the concrete lateral expansion [14,15]. When an FRP confined cylinder is subject to axial compression, the concrete expands laterally and this expansion is restrained by the FRP. The confining action of the FRP composite for circular concrete columns is shown in Figure 1.
For circular columns, the concrete is subject to uniform confinement, and the maximum confining pressure provided by FRP composite is related to the amount and strength of FRP and the diameter of the confined concrete core. The maximum value of the confinement pressure that the FRP can exert is attained when the circumferential strain in the FRP reaches its ultimate strain and the fibers rupture leading to brittle failure of the cylinder. This confining pressure is given by:
Where
2.2. FRP-Confined Concrete in Square Columns
A square column with rounded corners is shown in Figure 2. To improve the effectiveness of FRP confinement, corner rounding is generally recommended. Due to the presence of internal steel reinforcement, the corner radius Rc is generally limited to small values. Existing studies on steel confined concrete [16-18] have led to the simple proposition that the concrete in a square section is confined by the transverse reinforcement through arching actions, and only the concrete contained by the four second-degree parabolas as shown in Figure 2a is fully confined while the confinement to the rest is negligible. These parabolas intersect the edges at 45°. While there are differences between steel and FRP in providing confinement, the observation that only part of the section is well confined is obviously also valid in the case of FRP confinement. Youssef et al. (2007) [19] showed that confining square concrete members with FRP materials tends to produce confining stress concentrated around the corners of such members, as shown in Figure 2b. The reduced effectiveness of an FRP jacket for a square section than for a circular section has been confirmed by experimental results [2,20]. Despite this reduced effectiveness, an FRP-confined square concrete column generally also fails by FRP rupture [9,20]. In Equation (1),
3. Different Behaviour Between Steel and FRP Composite
It is well known that concrete expands laterally before failure. If the lateral expansion is prevented, a substantial concrete strength and deformation enhancements may be gained. Thus, the expected enhancement in the axial load capacity of the columns wrapped with FRP may be due to two factors; first: the confinement effect of the externally bonded transverse fibers, and second: the direct contribution of longitudinally aligned fibers. Different behaviour between steel and FRP composite was observed due to the stress-strain relationship of each material shown in Figure 3. Fiber-reinforced polymer is linear elastic up to final brittle rupture when subject to tension while steel has an elastic-plastic region [21]. This is a very important property in terms of structural use of FRP composite. A part from illustrating typical strength differences between these materials, these curves give a clear contrast between the brittle behaviour of FRP composite and the ductile behaviour of steel. Steel confinement is based on the same mechanics of FRP. However, a fundamental difference is due to the stress-strain behaviour of steel, which after the initial linearly elastic phase displays the yielding plateau. Therefore, after reaching the maximum value corresponding to the yielding stress, the confinement pressure remains constant (neglecting strain hardening).
4. Experimental Program
4.1. Materials Properties
- Thickness (per ply) : 1 mm
- Modulus
- Tensile strength
- Ultimate strain
Note that the tensile strength was defined based on the cross-sectional area of the coupons, while the elastic modulus was calculated from the stress-strain response.
4.2. Fabrication of Test Specimens
The experimental program was carried out on: 1) cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 160 mm and a height of 320 mm; 2) short columns specimens with a square cross section of 140x140 mm and a height of 280 mm. For all RC specimens the diameter of longitudinal and transverse reinforcing steel bars were respectively 12 mm and 8 mm. The longitudinal steel ratio was constant for all specimens and equal to 2.25%.The yield strength of the longitudinal and transversal reinforcement was 500 MPa and 235 MPa; respectively. The specimen notations are as follows. The first letter refers to section shape: C for circular and S for square. The next two letters indicate the type of concrete: PC for plain concrete and RC for reinforced concrete, followed by the concrete mixture: I for normal strength (26 MPa), II for medium strength (50 MPa) and III for high strength (62 MPa). The last letters specifies the number of CFRP layers (0L, 1L and 3L), followed by the number of specimen. Specimens involved in the experimental work are indicated in Table 1.
CPCI.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
CPCI.1L | 1 | 1 | |||
CPCI.3L | I | Ø160 x 320 | 3 | 1 | |
CRCI.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
CRCI.1L | 1 | 2 | |||
CRCI.3L | 3 | 2 | 26 | ||
SPCI.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
SPCI.1L | 1 | 1 | |||
SPCI.3L | I | 140x140x280 | 3 | 1 | |
SRCI.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
SRCI.1L | 1 | 2 | |||
SRCI.3L | 3 | 2 | |||
CPCII.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
CPCII.1L | 1 | 1 | |||
CPCII.3L | II | Ø160 x 320 | 3 | 1 | |
CRCII.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
CRCII.1L | 1 | 2 | |||
CRCII.3L | 3 | 2 | 50 | ||
SPCII.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
SPCII.1L | 1 | 1 | |||
SPCII.3L | II | 140x140x280 | 3 | 1 | |
SRCII.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
SRCII.1L | 1 | 2 | |||
SRCII.3L | 3 | 2 | |||
CPCIII.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
CPCIII.1L | 1 | 1 | |||
CPCIII.3L | III | Ø160 x 320 | 3 | 1 | |
CRCIII.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
CRCIII.1L | 1 | 2 | |||
CRCIII.3L | 3 | 2 | 62 | ||
SPCIII.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
SPCIII.1L | 1 | 1 | |||
SPCIII.3L | III | 140x140x280 | 3 | 1 | |
SRCIII.0L | 0 | 2 | |||
SRCIII.1L | 1 | 2 | |||
SRCIII.3L | 3 | 2 |
4.3. Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Wrapping
After 28 days of curing, the FRP jackets were applied to the specimens by hand lay-up of CFRP Wrap with an epoxy resin. The resin system used in this work was made of two parts, namely, resin and hardener. The components were thoroughly mixed with a mechanical agitator for at least 3 min. The concrete cylinders were cleaned and completely dried before the resin was applied. The mixed Sikadur-330 epoxy resin was directly applied onto the substrate at a rate of 0,7 kg/m2. The fabric was carefully placed into the resin with gloved hands and smooth out any irregularities or air pockets using a plastic laminating roller. The roller was continuously used until the resin was reflected on the surface of the fabric, an indication of fully wetting. After the application of the first wrap of the CFRP, a second layer of resin at a rate of 0,5 kg/m2 was applied on the surface of the first layer to allow the impregnation of the second layer of the CFRP, The third layer is made in the same way. Finally, a layer of resin was applied on the surface of wrapped cylinders. This system is a passive type in that tensile stress in the FRP is gradually developed as the concrete dilates. This expansion is confined by the FRP jacket, which is loaded in tension in the hoop direction. Each layer was wrapped around the cylinder with an overlap of ¼ of the perimeter to avoid sliding or debonding of fibers during tests and to ensure the development of full composite strength (Figure 4). The wrapped cylinder specimens were left at room temperature for 1 week for the epoxy to harden adequately before testing.
4.4. Test Procedures
Specimens were loaded under a monotonic uni-axial compression load up to failure. The compressive load was applied at a rate corresponding to 0,24 MPa/s and was recorded with an automatic data acquisition system. Axial and lateral strains were measured using appreciable extensometer. The instrumentation included one radial linear variable differential transducers (LVDTs) placed in the form of a hoop at the mid-height of the specimens. Measurement devices also included three vertical LVDTs to measure the average axial strains. Prior to testing, all CFRP-wrapped cylinders, as well as the plain concrete cylinders, were capped with sulfur mortar at both ends.The test setup for the cylinders is as shown in Figure 5.
5. Test Results and Discussion
5.1. Overall Behavior
Compression behavior of the CFRP wrapped specimens was mostly similar in each series in terms of stress-strain curves and failure modes of the columns. From the average experimental results reported in Table 2, it can be seen that the increase in strength and axial strain varied according to the unconfined concrete strength, the cross section shape and the amount of confinement provided by CFRP (expressed in number of layers).
The test results described in Table 2 indicate that CFRP-confinemnt can significantly enhance the ultimate strengths and strains of both plain- and RC-columns. As observed for normal-strength RC specimens (26Mpa) with circular and square cross-sections, the average increase in strength were in the order of 69% and 22% over its unconfined concrete strength for columns with 1 layer, 141% and 46% for columns with 3 layers of CFRP jackets, respectively, while the respective values for medium-strength concrete (50 MPa) were 33% and 17% for 1 layer, 72% and 30% for 3 layers of CFRP jackets. Regarding high-strength concrete specimens (62 MPa) with circular and square cross-sections,
The axial strains corresponding to CFRP-confined columns (
Figure 6 shows the increase in compressive strength versus the unconfined concrete strength
Compared to the FRP-confinement-effectiveness, the confinement provided by the minimum transverse reinforcing steel required by Eurocode 2 led to a limited enhancement in both compressive strength and axial strain with respect to plain concrete specimens. With the exception of SRCI.0L specimens, where its presence contributed to a significant increase in the prism load carrying capacity and ductility as shown in Figures 6 and 7.
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CPCI.0L | 25.93 | 1.00 | 2.73 | 1.00 | 1.77 | 1.00 | ||
CPCI.1L | 25.93 | 39.63 | 1.52 | 12.78 | 4.68 | 13.12 | 7.41 | |
CPCI.3L | 66.14 | 2.55 | 15.16 | 5.55 | 13.18 | 7.44 | ||
I (26MPa) | CRCI.0L | 29.51 | 1.00 | 3.77 | 1.00 | 4.95 | 1.00 | |
CRCI.1L | 29.51 | 49.88 | 1.69 | 15.34 | 4.06 | 13.15 | 2.65 | |
CRCI.3L | 71.35 | 2.41 | 22.98 | 6.09 | 13.24 | 2.67 | ||
CPCII.0L | 49.46 | 1.00 | 1.69 | 1.00 | 1.33 | 1.00 | ||
CPCII.1L | 49.46 | 52.75 | 1.06 | 2.52 | 1.49 | 2.90 | 2.18 | |
CPCII.3L | 82.91 | 1.67 | 7.27 | 4.30 | 13.15 | 9.88 | ||
II (50MPa) | CRCII.0L | 58.24 | 1.00 | 3.02 | 1.00 | 5.05 | 1.00 | |
CRCII.1L | 58.24 | 77.51 | 1.33 | 8.36 | 2.76 | 13.16 | 2.60 | |
CRCII.3L | 100.41 | 1.72 | 13.58 | 4.49 | 13.18 | 2.61 | ||
CPCIII.0L |
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1.00 | 2.64 | 1.00 | 2.40 | 1.00 | |
CPCIII.1L | 61.81 | 62.68 | 1.01 | 3.04 | 1.15 | 2.46 | 1.02 | |
CPCIII.3L | 93.19 | 1.50 | 9.80 | 3.71 | 12.89 | 5.37 | ||
III (62MPa) | CRCIII.0L | 63.01 | 1.00 | 2.69 | 1.00 | 4.90 | 1.00 | |
CRCIII.1L | 63.01 | 76.21 | 1.20 | 3.75 | 1.39 | 5.20 | 1.06 | |
CRCIII.3L | 94.81 | 1.50 | 6.18 | 2.29 | 5.62 | 1.14 | ||
SPCI.0L | 24.77 | 1.00 | 2.17 | 1.00 | 3.62 | 1.00 | ||
SPCI.1L | 24.77 | 27.66 | 1.11 | 5.58 | 2.57 | 12.23 | 3.37 | |
SPCI.3L | 32.03 | 1.29 | 6.05 | 2.78 | 13.23 | 3.65 | ||
I (26MPa) | SRCI.0L | 33.59 | 1.00 | 4.29 | 1.00 | 9.38 | 1.00 | |
SRCI.1L | 33.59 | 41.02 | 1.22 | 6.08 | 1.41 | 11.58 | 1.23 | |
SRCI.3L | 49.12 | 1.46 | 8.40 | 1.95 | 14.38 | 1.53 | ||
SPCII.0L | 48.53 | 1.00 | 3.38 | 1.00 | 3.83 | 1.00 | ||
SPCII.1L | 48.53 | 52.52 | 1.08 | 4.03 | 1.19 | 7.34 | 1.91 | |
SPCII.3L | 58.25 | 1.20 | 6.72 | 1.98 | 9.88 | 2.57 | ||
II (50MPa) | SRCII.0L | 52.82 | 1.00 | 4.07 | 1.00 | 7.50 | 1.00 | |
SRCII.1L | 52.82 | 62.04 | 1.17 | 5.41 | 1.32 | 8.56 | 1.14 | |
SRCII.3L | 69.09 | 1.30 | 6.89 | 1.69 | 10.83 | 1.44 | ||
SPCIII.0L | 59.53 | 1.00 | 3.56 | 1.00 | 3.89 | 1.00 | ||
SPCIII.1L | 59.53 | 61.30 | 1.02 | 3.69 | 1.03 | 3.97 | 1.02 | |
SPCIII.3L | 70.35 | 1.18 | 4.94 | 1.38 | 6.69 | 1.71 | ||
III (62MPa) | SRCIII.0L | 63.79 | 1.00 | 3.75 | 1.00 | 5.71 | 1.00 | |
SRCIII.1L | 63.79 | 74.84 | 1.17 | 3.87 | 1.03 | 5.74 | 1.01 | |
SRCIII.3L | 79.59 | 1.24 | 5.14 | 1.37 | 7.96 | 1.39 |
5.2. Stress-Strain Response
Representative stress-strain curves for each series of tested CFRP-wrapped specimens are reported in Figure 8 for normal-strength concrete (26 MPa), Figure 9 for medium-strength concrete (50 MPa) and in Figure 10 for high-strength concrete (62 MPa). These figures give the axial stress versus the axial and lateral strains for circular and square specimens with zero, one and three layers of CFRP wrap. It can be clearly noticed that both the stress and strain at failure for the confined specimens were higher than those for unconfned ones. These figures shows also how the ductility of the concrete specimens was affected by the increase of the degree of confinement.
The obtained stress-strain curves which characterize the CFRP confined concrete are mostly bilinear. The first zone is essentially a linear response governed by the stiffness of the unconfined concrete, which indicates that no confinement is activated in the CFRP wraps since the lateral strains in the concrete are very small. The strengthening effect of the CFRP layers begins only after the concrete has reached the peak strength of the unconfined concrete: transversal strains in the concrete activate the FRP jacket. In this region little increases of load produce large lateral expansions, and consequently a higher confining pressure. In the case of circular sections the section is fully confined, therefore the second slope is positive, showing the capacity of confining pressure to limit the effects of the deteriorated concrete core, which allows reaching higher stresses. With this type of stress-strain curves (the increasing type), both the compressive strength and the ultimate strain are reached at the same point and are significantly enhanced. Instead in the cases of square sections (sharp edges) with a small amount of FRP, the peak stress is similar to that of unconfined concrete, indicating the fact that the confining action is mostly limited at the corners, producing a confining pressure not sufficient to overcome the effect of concrete degradation. Otherwise with low levels of confinement (one CFRP layer), the second part of the bilinear curve shifts from strain hardening to a flat plateau, and eventually to a sudden strain softening with a drastically reduced ductility.
From the trends shown in Figures 8, 9 and 10, it is clear that, unlike normal strength concrete, in medium- to high- strength concrete, confining the specimens with one CFRP layer does not significantly change the stress-strain behavior of confined concrete from that of unconfined concrete except for a limited increase in compressive strength. In that case the stress-strain curve terminates at a stress
5.3. Failure Modes
Figure 11 illustrate the failure modes for circular and square columns wrapped with CFRP sheets. All the CFRP-wrapped cylinders failed by the rupture of the FRP jacket due to hoop tension. The CFRP-confined specimens failed in a sudden and explosive manner and were only preceded by some snapping sounds. Many hoop sections formed as the CFRP ruptured. These hoops were either concentrated in the central zone of the specimen or distributed over the entire height. The wider the hoop, the greater the section of concrete that remained attached to the inside faces of the delaminated CFRP. Regarding confined concrete prisms, failure initiated at or near a corner, because of the high stress concentration at these locations. Collapse occured almost without advance warning by sudden rupture of the composite wrap. For all confined specimens, delamination was not observed at the overlap location of the jacket, which confirmed the adequate stress transfer over the splice.
6. Model of FRP-Confined Concrete
6.1. Circular Columns
6.1.1. Compressive Strength of FRP-Confined Concrete
Various models for confinement of concrete with FRP have been developed. The majority of these models were performed on plain concrete specimens’ tests. A limited number of tests have been reported in the literature on the axial compressive strength and strain of reinforced-concrete specimens confined with FRP. Most of the existing strength models for FRP-confined concrete adopted the concept of Richart et al. (1929) [22], in which the strength at failure for concrete confined by hydrostatic fluid pressure takes the following form:
Where
According to the obtained test results, cylinder failure occurs before the FRP reached their ultimate strain capacities
- The curved shape of the composite wrap or misalignment of fibers may reduce the FRP axial strength;
- Near failure the concrete is internally cracked resulting in non-homogeneous deformations. Due to this non-homogeneous deformations and high loads applied on the cracked concrete, local stress concentrations may occur in the FRP reinforcement.
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CRCI.1L.1 | 14 | 13.15 | 0.939 | |
CRCI.1L.2 | 14 | 13.16 | 0.940 | |
I (26 MPa) | CRCI.3L.1 | 14 | 14.06 | 1.004 |
CRCI.3L.2 | 14 | 12.42 | 0.887 | |
CPCI.1L.1 | 14 | 13.12 | 0.937 | |
CPCI.3L.1 | 14 | 13.18 | 0.941 | |
CRCII.1L.1 | 14 | 13.17 | 0.940 | |
CRCII.1L.2 | 14 | 13.16 | 0.940 | |
II (50 MPa) | CRCII.3L.1 | 14 | 13.20 | 0.942 |
CRCII.3L.2 | 14 | 13.17 | 0.940 | |
CPCII.1L.1 | 14 | 2.90 | 0.207 | |
CPCII.3L.1 | 14 | 13.15 | 0.939 | |
CRCIII.1L.1 | 14 | 7.79 | 0.556 | |
CRCIII.1L.2 | 14 | 2.61 | 0.186 | |
III (62 MPa) | CRCIII.3L.1 | 14 | 4.10 | 0.292 |
CRCIII.3L.2 | 14 | 7.15 | 0.510 | |
CPCIII.1L.1 | 14 | 2.46 | 0.175 | |
CPCIII.3L.1 | 14 | 12.89 | 0.920 |
In existing models for FRP-confined concrete, it is commonly assumed that the FRP ruptures when the hoop stress in the FRP jacket reaches its tensile strength from either flat coupon tests which is herein referred to as the FRP material tensile strength. This assumption is the basis for calculating the maximum confining pressure
However, experimental results show that, the FRP material tensile strength was not reached at the rupture of FRP in FRP-confined concrete. Table 4 provides the average ratios between the measured circumferential strain at FRP rupture (
Table 3 indicates that the assumption that the FRP ruptures when the stress in the jacket reaches the FRP material tensile strength is invalid for concrete confined by FRP wraps.
A simple equation is proposed to predict the peak strength of FRP-confined concrete of different unconfined strengths based on regression of test data reported in Table 4. Figure 12 shows the relation between actual confinement ratio
Using a reduction factor
Figure 13 is a plot of the strengthening ratio
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CRCI.1L.1 | 29.51 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 13.15 | 0.201 | 0.189 | 1.714 | 3.77 | 4.225 |
CRCI.1L.2 | 29.51 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 13.16 | 0.201 | 0.189 | 1.666 | 3.77 | 3.912 |
CRCI.3L.1 | 29.51 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 14.06 | 0.604 | 0.607 | 2.400 | 3.77 | 5.893 |
CRCI.3L.2 | 29.51 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 12.42 | 0.604 | 0.536 | 2.435 | 3.77 | 6.297 |
CPCI.1L.1 | 25.93 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 13.12 | 0.229 | 0.215 | 1.528 | 2.73 | 4.681 |
CPCI.3L.1 | 25.93 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 13.18 | 0.688 | 0.648 | 2.550 | 2.73 | 5.553 |
CRCII.1L.1 | 58.24 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 13.17 | 0.102 | 0.096 | 1.302 | 3.02 | 2.440 |
CRCII.1L.2 | 58.24 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 13.16 | 0.102 | 0.096 | 1.359 | 3.02 | 3.096 |
CRCII.3L.1 | 58.24 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 13.20 | 0.306 | 0.288 | 1.742 | 3.02 | 4.543 |
CRCII.3L.2 | 58.24 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 13.17 | 0.306 | 0.288 | 1.705 | 3.02 | 4.450 |
CPCII.1L.1 | 49.46 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 2.90 | 0.120 | 0.024 | 1.066 | 1.69 | 1.491 |
CPCII.3L.1 | 49.46 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 13.15 | 0.360 | 0.338 | 1.676 | 1.69 | 4.301 |
CRCIII.1L.1 | 63.01 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 7.79 | 0.094 | 0.052 | 1.237 | 2.69 | 1.706 |
CRCIII.1L.2 | 63.01 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 2.61 | 0.094 | 0.017 | 1.181 | 2.69 | 1.081 |
CRCIII.3L.1 | 63.01 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 4.10 | 0.283 | 0.082 | 1.506 | 2.69 | 1.438 |
CRCIII.3L.2 | 63.01 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 7.15 | 0.283 | 0.144 | 1.503 | 2.69 | 3.156 |
CPCIII.1L.1 | 61.81 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 2.46 | 0.096 | 0.016 | 1.014 | 2.64 | 1.151 |
CPCIII.3L.1 | 61.81 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 12.89 | 0.288 | 0.265 | 1.507 | 2.64 | 3.711 |
6.1.2. Axial Strain of FRP-Confined Concrete
Early investigation showed that for steel confined concrete, the axial compressive strain
Where
(a) Steel-based confined models (e.g. [1, 40]), Saadatmanesh et al. (1994) [1] assumed that:
where
(b) Empirical or analytical models (e.g. [10,21,24,29,30,36,39,41]), Teng et al. (2002) [21] proposed:
- For CFRP wrapped concrete:
- For design use:
(c) Recently, some models for predicting the axial stress and strain of FRP-confined concrete were suggested based on numerical method or plasticity analysis (e.g. [42,46]), whereas these models are often not suitable for direct use in design.
Figure 14 shows the relation between the strain enhancement ratio and the actual confinement ratio of the present test data. A linear relationship clearly exists. This diagram indicates that the axial strain of FRP-confined concrete can be related linearly to the actual confinement ratio. Based on regression of test data reported in Table 5, the axial strain of CFRP-wrapped concrete can be approximated by the following expression:
Replacing
Given that
6.1.3. Validation of the Proposed Model
Using above model, the compressive strength and axial strain of FRP-confined specimens collected from other studies [6,36,47,48] were predicted as shown in Tables 5 and 6 which clearly exhibits excellent agreement between the experimental and predicted results. The present model is more accurate in predcting the compressive strength but less accurate in predicting the axial strain.
In Figure 15 the strengthening ratio-confinement ratio and the strain enhancement ratio- confinement ratio plots for the test results of this work (circular and square specimens) are shown, together with their respective linear regressions. From these Figures, it can be seen that the the axial confined compressive strength and the corresponding axial strain, approximately, increase linearly with the increase in confining lateral pressure for all types of section geometry. There is also a great distinction between the tendency of the results obtained for circular columns and those for square ones.
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k2 | CFRP | 32 | 198 | 11.9 | 0.585 | 400 | 6.891 | 1.6 | 43.027 | 54.30 | 0.792 | ||||||
k8 | HFRP | 32 | 120 | 9.6 | 0.492 | 400 | 2.833 | 1.6 | 36.534 | 44.40 | 0.822 | ||||||
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CYL-5-1 | CFRP | 6.2 | 230 | 15 | 0.825 | 150 | 37.950 | 1.6 | 66.920 | 87.70 | 0.763 | ||||||
CYL-5-2 | CFRP | 6.2 | 230 | 15 | 0.825 | 150 | 37.950 | 1.6 | 66.920 | 82.70 | 0.809 | ||||||
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CI-M1 | CFRP | 41.1 | 250 | 15.2 | 0.165 | 152 | 8.250 | 1.6 | 54.300 | 52.60 | 1.032 | ||||||
CI-M3 | CFRP | 41.1 | 250 | 15.2 | 0.165 | 152 | 8.250 | 1.6 | 54.300 | 55.40 | 0.980 | ||||||
CII-M3 | CFRP | 38.9 | 247 | 15.2 | 0.33 | 152 | 16.302 | 1.6 | 64.983 | 65.80 | 0.987 | ||||||
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36 | CFRP | 38 | 240.7 | 15 | 1.02 | 152 | 48.456 | 1.6 | 115.530 | 129 | 0.895 | ||||||
39 | CFRP | 38 | 240.7 | 15 | 1.36 | 152 | 64.608 | 1.6 | 141.374 | 158.5 | 0.891 | ||||||
40 | CFRP | 37.7 | 260 | 15 | 0.11 | 152 | 5.644 | 1.6 | 46.731 | 48.50 | 0.963 | ||||||
41 | CFRP | 37.7 | 260 | 15 | 0.11 | 152 | 5.644 | 1.6 | 46.731 | 50.30 | 0.929 | ||||||
42 | CFRP | 44.2 | 260 | 15 | 0.11 | 152 | 5.644 | 1.6 | 53.231 | 48.10 | 1.106 | ||||||
43 | CFRP | 44.2 | 260 | 15 | 0.11 | 152 | 5.644 | 1.6 | 53.231 | 51.10 | 1.041 | ||||||
45 | CFRP | 44.2 | 260 | 15 | 0.22 | 152 | 11.289 | 1.6 | 62.263 | 62.90 | 0.989 | ||||||
46 | CFRP | 47.6 | 250.5 | 15 | 0.33 | 152 | 16.315 | 1.6 | 73.704 | 82.70 | 0.891 | ||||||
Average: 0.926 | |||||||||||||||||
Standard deviation: 0.101 | |||||||||||||||||
Coefficient of variation (%): 10.90 |
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k2 | CFRP | 0.00280 | 0.0111 | 5.55 | 0.0089 | 0.806 | ||||
k8 | HFRP | 0.00280 | 0.0059 | 5.55 | 0.0069 | 1.182 | ||||
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CYL-5-1 | CFRP | 0.00196 | 0.0910 | 5.55 | 0.0707 | 0.777 | ||||
CYL-5-2 | CFRP | 0.00203 | 0.0940 | 5.55 | 0.0730 | 0.777 | ||||
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CI-M1 | CFRP | 0.00256 | 0.0090 | 5.55 | 0.0079 | 0.885 | ||||
CI-M3 | CFRP | 0.00256 | 0.0111 | 5.55 | 0.0079 | 0.718 | ||||
CII-M3 | CFRP | 0.00256 | 0.0125 | 5.55 | 0.0110 | 0.885 | ||||
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36 | CFRP | 0.00217 | 0.0279 | 5.55 | 0.0196 | 0.704 | ||||
39 | CFRP | 0.00217 | 0.0354 | 5.55 | 0.0248 | 0.700 | ||||
40 | CFRP | 0.00275 | 0.0089 | 5.55 | 0.0077 | 0.869 | ||||
41 | CFRP | 0.00275 | 0.0091 | 5.55 | 0.0077 | 0.851 | ||||
42 | CFRP | 0.00260 | 0.0069 | 5.55 | 0.0070 | 1.019 | ||||
43 | CFRP | 0.00260 | 0.0088 | 5.55 | 0.0070 | 0.793 | ||||
45 | CFRP | 0.00260 | 0.0102 | 5.55 | 0.0088 | 0.866 | ||||
46 | CFRP | 0.00279 | 0.0130 | 5.55 | 0.0108 | 0.834 | ||||
Average: | 0.845 | |||||||||
Standard deviation: | 0.125 | |||||||||
Coefficient of variation (%): | 14.80 |
6.2. Square Columns
6.2.1. Compressive Strength
The effective lateral confining pressure
were
The effective FRP strain coefficient represents the degree of participation of the FRP jacket, and the friction between concrete and FRP laminate. Type bond, geometry, FRP jacket thickness, and type of resin affect the effective FRP strain coefficient. From the experimental results (Table 7),
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SRCI.1L.1 | 33.59 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 10.28 | 197.989 | 0.097 | 0.105 | 1.2051 | 4.29 | 1.249 |
SRCI.1L.2 | 33.59 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 12.88 | 197.989 | 0.097 | 0.131 | 1.2373 | 4.29 | 1.585 |
SRCI.3L.1 | 33.59 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 13.47 | 197.989 | 0.292 | 0.413 | 1.4534 | 4.29 | 2.093 |
SRCI.3L.2 | 33.59 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 15.30 | 197.989 | 0.292 | 0.469 | 1.4713 | 4.29 | 1.825 |
SPCI.1L.1 | 24.77 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 12.23 | 197.989 | 0.132 | 0.169 | 1.1167 | 2.17 | 2.571 |
SPCI.3L.1 | 24.77 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 13.23 | 197.989 | 0.396 | 0.550 | 1.2931 | 2.17 | 2.788 |
SRCII.1L.1 | 52.82 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 7.60 | 197.989 | 0.061 | 0.049 | 1.2009 | 4.07 | 1.066 |
SRCII.1L.2 | 52.82 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 9.53 | 197.989 | 0.061 | 0.061 | 1.1484 | 4.07 | 1.594 |
SRCII.3L.1 | 52.82 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 11.56 | 197.989 | 0.185 | 0.225 | 1.2755 | 4.07 | 1.909 |
SRCII.3L.2 | 52.82 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 10.11 | 197.989 | 0.185 | 0.197 | 1.3406 | 4.07 | 1.476 |
SPCII.1L.1 | 48.53 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 7.34 | 197.989 | 0.067 | 0.051 | 1.0822 | 3.38 | 1.192 |
SPCII.3L.1 | 48.53 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 9.88 | 197.989 | 0.202 | 0.209 | 1.2003 | 3.38 | 1.988 |
SRCIII.1L.1 | 63.79 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 5.78 | 197.989 | 0.051 | 0.031 | 1.1422 | 3.75 | 1.026 |
SRCIII.1L.2 | 63.79 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 5.71 | 197.989 | 0.051 | 0.030 | 1.2043 | 3.75 | 1.037 |
SRCIII.3L.1 | 63.79 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 7.16 | 197.989 | 0.153 | 0.115 | 1.2475 | 3.75 | 1.338 |
SRCIII.3L.2 | 63.79 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 8.76 | 197.989 | 0.153 | 0.141 | 1.2478 | 3.75 | 1.402 |
SPCIII.1L.1 | 59.53 | 1 | 34 | 14 | 3.97 | 197.989 | 0.054 | 0.022 | 1.0297 | 3.56 | 1.036 |
SPCIII.3L.1 | 59.53 | 3 | 34 | 14 | 6.69 | 197.989 | 0.164 | 0.115 | 1.1818 | 3.56 | 1.387 |
Based on these observations, the effective equivalent lateral confining pressure
-For square section:
-For square section with round corners:
For the determination of the effectiveness factor
- For square section:
- For square section with round corners:
The confinement effectiveness coefficient
Where
By substituting the expression (18) or (19) into (20), the confinement effectiveness coefficient
- For square section:
- For square section with round corners:
Base on the linear equation previously proposed by Richart et al. (1929) [22] for uniformly confined concrete, the proposed model employs similar approach with several modifications accounting for the effect of the shape, effective FRP strain and effective confinement. The compressive strength of a square FRP-confined concrete column is proposed to be a simple modification of Equation (7) by the introduction of a confinement effectiveness coefficient denoted
Where
6.2.2. Axial Strain at Peak Stress
Similarly to the compressive strength, the axial strain at peak stress is proposed to be given by the following equation in which a different confinement effectiveness coefficient,
In Equation (25),
6.2.3. Comparison Between Proposed Model and Existing Test Data
Tables 8 and 9 show comparisons between the predictions of the proposed model and the experimental results collected from other studies [49,50,51,52] for the compressive strength and the axial strain at peak stress of FRP-confined concrete in square sections. Clearly, the present model is more accurate in predicting the compressive strength but less accurate in predicting the axial strain. Accurate predictions of the axial strain are an issue that will require a great deal of further research.
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- | CFRP | 32.3 | 0.9 | 25 | 15.2 | 152 | 5 | 210.818 | 2.206 | 34.1 | 33.579 | 0.984 | ||
- | CFRP | 42.2 | 0.9 | 25 | 15.2 | 152 | 5 | 210.818 | 2.206 | 45.99 | 43.479 | 0.945 | ||
- | CFRP | 42.2 | 0.9 | 25 | 15.2 | 152 | 5 | 210.818 | 2.206 | 45.7 | 43.479 | 0.951 | ||
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S1R15 | CFRP | 33.7 | 0.165 | 257 | 17.58 | 150 | 15 | 199.705 | 5.076 | 35 | 36.644 | 1.046 | ||
S2R15 | CFRP | 33.7 | 0.33 | 257 | 17.58 | 150 | 15 | 199.705 | 10.15 | 50.4 | 39.589 | 0.785 | ||
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2B | CFRP | 42 | 0.9 | 82.7 | 15 | 152 | 5 | 210.818 | 7.202 | 39.4 | 46.177 | 1.172 | ||
2D1 | CFRP | 42 | 0.9 | 82.7 | 15 | 152 | 25 | 194.249 | 7.816 | 42.1 | 46.533 | 1.105 | ||
2D2 | CFRP | 42 | 0.9 | 82.7 | 15 | 152 | 25 | 194.249 | 7.816 | 44.1 | 46.533 | 1.055 | ||
2G1 | CFRP | 42 | 0.9 | 82.7 | 15 | 152 | 38 | 183.480 | 8.275 | 47.3 | 46.799 | 0.989 | ||
2G2 | CFRP | 42 | 0.9 | 82.7 | 15 | 152 | 38 | 183.480 | 8.275 | 50.4 | 46.799 | 0.928 | ||
2C | CFRP | 43.9 | 1.5 | 82.7 | 15 | 152 | 5 | 210.818 | 12.003 | 44.1 | 50.862 | 1.153 | ||
2E | CFRP | 43.9 | 1.2 | 82.7 | 15 | 152 | 25 | 194.249 | 10.422 | 50.8 | 49.944 | 0.983 | ||
6A | AFRP | 43 | 1.26 | 13.6 | 16.9 | 152 | 5 | 210.818 | 1.868 | 50.8 | 44.083 | 0.867 | ||
6D | AFRP | 43 | 5.04 | 13.6 | 16.9 | 152 | 5 | 210.818 | 7.472 | 54.3 | 47.334 | 0.871 | ||
6E | AFRP | 43 | 1.26 | 13.6 | 16.9 | 152 | 25 | 194.249 | 2.027 | 51.2 | 44.175 | 0.862 | ||
6F | AFRP | 43 | 2.52 | 13.6 | 16.9 | 152 | 25 | 194.249 | 4.055 | 51.2 | 45.351 | 0.885 | ||
6G | AFRP | 43 | 3.78 | 13.6 | 16.9 | 152 | 25 | 194.249 | 6.082 | 53.2 | 46.527 | 0.874 | ||
6H | AFRP | 43 | 5.04 | 13.6 | 16.9 | 152 | 25 | 194.249 | 8.110 | 55.2 | 47.703 | 0.864 | ||
6I | AFRP | 43 | 2.52 | 13.6 | 16.9 | 152 | 38 | 183.480 | 4.293 | 50.9 | 45.490 | 0.893 | ||
6J | AFRP | 43 | 3.78 | 13.6 | 16.9 | 152 | 38 | 183.480 | 6.439 | 52.7 | 46.735 | 0.886 | ||
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P300-R0-1P1 | GFRP | 54.8 | 1.04 | 23.8 | 21.2 | 100 | 0 | 141.421 | 5.046 | 54.50 | 57.726 | 1.059 | ||
P300-R0-1P2 | GFRP | 54.8 | 1.04 | 23.8 | 21.2 | 100 | 0 | 141.421 | 5.046 | 56.60 | 57.726 | 1.019 | ||
P300-R0-1P3 | GFRP | 54.8 | 1.04 | 23.8 | 21.2 | 100 | 0 | 141.421 | 5.046 | 57.20 | 57.726 | 1.009 | ||
P300-R8-1P1 | GFRP | 54.8 | 1.04 | 23.8 | 21.2 | 100 | 8 | 134.793 | 5.294 | 58.85 | 57.870 | 0.983 | ||
P300-R16-1P1 | GFRP | 54.8 | 1.04 | 23.8 | 21.2 | 100 | 16 | 128.166 | 5.568 | 60.56 | 58.029 | 0.958 | ||
Average: 0.966 | ||||||||||||||
Standard deviation: 0.097 | ||||||||||||||
Coefficient of variation (%): 10.04 |
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1 | CFRP | 0.002 | 0.004 | 4 | 0.0045 | 1.136 | |||
2 | CFRP | 0.002 | 0.0035 | 4 | 0.0044 | 1.262 | |||
3 | CFRP | 0.002 | 0.0035 | 4 | 0.0044 | 1.262 | |||
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S1R15 | CFRP | 0.001989 | 0.004495 | 4 | 0.0051 | 1.151 | |||
S2R15 | CFRP | 0.002 | 0.0087 | 4 | 0.0064 | 0.736 | |||
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2B | CFRP | 0.003 | 0.0069 | 4 | 0.0080 | 1.167 | |||
2D1 | CFRP | 0.003 | 0.0094 | 4 | 0.0082 | 0.875 | |||
2D2 | CFRP | 0.003 | 0.0089 | 4 | 0.0082 | 0.925 | |||
2G1 | CFRP | 0.003 | 0.0108 | 4 | 0.0083 | 0.774 | |||
2G2 | CFRP | 0.003 | 0.0116 | 4 | 0.0083 | 0.721 | |||
2C | CFRP | 0.003 | 0.0102 | 4 | 0.0092 | 0.909 | |||
2E | CFRP | 0.003 | 0.0135 | 4 | 0.0088 | 0.655 | |||
6A | AFRP | 0.003 | 0.0106 | 4 | 0.0065 | 0.615 | |||
6D | AFRP | 0.003 | 0.0124 | 4 | 0.0080 | 0.652 | |||
6E | AFRP | 0.003 | 0.0079 | 4 | 0.0065 | 0.831 | |||
6F | AFRP | 0.003 | 0.0097 | 4 | 0.0071 | 0.735 | |||
6G | AFRP | 0.003 | 0.011 | 4 | 0.0076 | 0.699 | |||
6H | AFRP | 0.003 | 0.0126 | 4 | 0.0082 | 0.655 | |||
6I | AFRP | 0.003 | 0.0096 | 4 | 0.0071 | 0.749 | |||
6J | AFRP | 0.003 | 0.0118 | 4 | 0.0077 | 0.660 | |||
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P300-R0-1P1 | GFRP | 0.0025 | 0.0088 | 4 | 0.0059 | 0.672 | |||
P300-R0-1P2 | GFRP | 0.0025 | 0.0090 | 4 | 0.0059 | 0.657 | |||
P300-R0-1P3 | GFRP | 0.0025 | 0.0098 | 4 | 0.0059 | 0.604 | |||
P300-R8-1P1 | GFRP | 0.0025 | 0.0091 | 4 | 0.0059 | 0.655 | |||
P300-R16-1P1 | GFRP | 0.0025 | 0.0098 | 4 | 0.0060 | 0.613 | |||
Average: | 0.815 | ||||||||
Standard deviation: | 0.214 | ||||||||
Coefficient of variation (%): | 26.30 |
7. Conclusions
The results of this investigation have confirmed previous observations on the efficiency of confining FRP wraps. More specifically, the following concluding remarks can be made.
• It is evident that in all cases the presence of external CFRP jackets increased the mechanical properties of PC and RC specimens, in different amount according to the number of composite layers, the concrete properties and the cross-section shape.
• The failure of CFRP wrapped specimens occurred in a sudden and ‘explosive’ way preceded by typical creeping sounds. For cylindrical specimens, the fiber rupture starts mainly in their central zone, then propagates towards other sections. Regarding confined concrete prisms, failure initiated at or near a corner, because of the high stress concentration at these locations,
• CFRP strengthened specimens showed a typical bilinear trend with a transition zone. On overall, both ultimate compressive strength and ultimate strain are reached at the same point and are variably enhanced depending on the effect of other parameters.
• The efficiency of the CFRP confinement is higher for circular than for square sections, as expected. The increase of ultimate strength of sharp edged sections is low, although there is a certain gain of load capacity and of ductility.
• The CFRP confinement on low-strength concrete specimens produced higher results in terms of strength and strains than for high-strength concrete similar specimens. Therefore, the effect of CFRP confinement on the bearing and deformation capacities decreases with increasing concrete strength;
• Increasing the amount of CFRP sheets produce an increase in the compressive strength of the confined column but with a rate lower compared to that of the deformation capacity.
• In existing models for FRP-confined concrete, it is commonly assumed that the FRP ruptures when the hoop stress in the FRP jacket reaches its tensile strength from either flat coupon tests which is herein referred to as the FRP material tensile strength. However, experimental results show that the FRP material tensile strength was not reached at the rupture of FRP in FRP-confined concrete and specimen’s failure occurs before the FRP reached their ultimate strain capacities. The failure occurs prematurely and the circumferential failure strain was lower than the ultimate strain obtained from standard tensile testing of the FRP composite. This phenomenon considerably affects the accuracy of the existing models for FRP-confined concrete. So on the basis of the effective lateral confining pressure of composite jacket and the effective circumferential FRP failure strain a new equations were proposed to predict the strength of FRP-confined concrete and corresponding strain for each of the cross section geometry used, circular and square. Further work is required to verify the applicability of the proposed models over a wider range of geometric and material parameters, to improve theirs accuracy (particularly that of the axial strain at peak stress) and to place theirs on a clear mechanical basis. Both additional tests and theoretical investigation are needed.
Acknowledgments
Authors thankfully acknowledge the support of Sika France S.A (Saint-Grégoire, Rennes) for providing the fiber-reinforced polymer materials.
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