1. Introduction
The term “ferroic” was introduced by Aizu in 1970, and presented a unified treatment of certain symmetry-dictated aspects of ferroelectric, ferroelastic, and ferromagnetic materials. Ferroelectric materials possess a spontaneous polarization that is stable and can be switched hysteretically by an applied electric field; antiferroelectric materials possess ordered dipole moments that cancel each other completely within each crystallographic unit cell. Ferromagnetic materials possess a spontaneous magnetization that is stable and can be swithched hysteretically by an applied magnetic field; antiferromagnetic materials possess ordered magnetic moments that cancel each other completely within each magnetic unit cell. By the original definition, a single-phase multiferroic material is one that possesses more than one ‘ferroic’ properties: ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism or ferroelasticity. But the classification of multiferroics has been broadened to include antiferroic order. Multiferroic materials, in which ferroelectricity and magnetism coexist, the control of magnetic properties by an applied electric field or, in contrast, the switching of electrical polarization by a magnetic field, have attracted a great deal of interest. Now we can classify multiferroic materials into two parts: one is single-phase materials; the other is layered or composite heterostructures. The most desirable situation would be to discover an intrinsic single-phase multiferroic material at room temperature. However, BiFeO3 is the only known perovskite oxides that exhibits both antiferromagnetism and ferroelectricity above room temperature. Thus, it is essential to broaden the searching field for new candidates, which resulted in considerable interest on designed novel single phase materials and layered or composite heterostructures.
2. Material designation and characterization
For ABO3 perovskite structured ferroelectric materials, they usually show antiferromagnetic order because the same B site magnetic element. While for the A2BB’O6 double perovskite oxides, the combination between B and B’ give rise to a ferromagnetic coupling. They are also expected to be multiferroic materials. The ferroelectric polarization is induced by the distortion which usually causes a lower symmetry. For device application, a large magnetoelectric effect is expected in the BiFeO3 and bismuth-based double perovskite oxides (BiBB’O6), many of which have aroused great interest like Bi2NiMnO6, BiFeO3-BiCrO3. But far as we know, few researches were focused on Bi2FeMnO6.
Multiferroic material is an important type of lead-free ferroelectrics. While they usually showed leaky properties and not well-shaped
2.1. Material designation
Magnetism and ferroelectricity exclude each other in single phase multiferroics. It is difficult for designing multiferroics with good magnetic and ferroelectric properties. Our interest is to design new candidate multiferroics based on BiFeO3. According to the Goodenough-Kanamori (GK) rules, many ferromagnets have been designed in double perovskite system (A2BB’O6) through the coupling of two B site ions with and without eg electrons. Because the complication of the double perovskite system, there are still some questions about the violation of the GK rules in some cases and the origin of the ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism. Nevertheless, it is believed that the B site superexchange interaction, the oxygen defects and the mixed cation valences are the important factors in determining the magnetic properties of the double perovskites. Therefore, the preparation methods and conditions will show a large influence on the magnetic properties of the fabricated double peroskites. In order to modify the antiferromagnetic properties of BiFeO3, novel single-phase Bi2FeMnO6 series materials were designed. We have obtained very interesting results and firstly succeeded in proofing that the designed Bi2FeMnO6 is another promising single-phase room temperature multiferroic material. Then we designed Nd: BiFeO3/YMnO3, Nd: BiFeO3/Bi2FeMnO6 to further study the B site superexchange interaction between Fe and Mn. Surprisingly, they also showed room temperature multiferroic properties. These exciting results provided us with more confidence in designing devices based on multiferroic materials. Different preparation methods also show large influence to their properties. The comparison between the samples of bulk, nano-powder and films is essential for the understanding of the underlying physics and the development of ferroelectric concepts.
2.1.1. Bi2FeMnO6 (BFM) and (LaxBi1-x)2FeMnO6 (LBFM)
BiFeO3 is a well-known multiferroic material with antiferromagntic with a Neel temperature of 643 K, which can be synthesized in a moderate condition. In contrast, BiMnO3 is ferromagnetic with Tc = 110 K and it needs high-pressure synthesis. Single phase Bi2FeMnO6 (BFM) ceramics could be synthesized by conventional solid state method as the target. The starting materials of Bi2O3, Fe3O4, MnCO3 were weighed according to the molecular mole ratio with 10 mol% extra Bi2O3. They were mixed, pressed into pellets and sintered at 800 °C for 3 h. Then the ceramics were crushed, ground, pressed into pellets and sintered again at 880 °C for 1 h. BFM films were deposited on (100) SrTiO3 substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method at 650°C with 500 ~ 600 mTorr dynamic oxygen.
The stabilization of the single-phase Bi-based perovskites are difficult because of their tendency of multiphase formation and the high volatility of bismuth. Stabilization can be facilitated by a partial replacement of Bi3+ cations by La cations. In addition, LaMn1-xFexO3 including La2FeMnO6 has been also reported to be an interesting mixed-valence manganite with perovskite structure. Therefore, La was chosen to partially substitute Bi in Bi2FeMnO6 to stabilization the phase. Polycrystalline 20 mol% La doped Bi2FeMnO6 (LBFM) ceramic and film were also obtained using the similar preparation methods mentioned above.
Figure 1 (left) shows the XRD patterns of the BFM target and the film. Because BiFeO3 has a rhombohedral
The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for the film morphology characterization. The SEM images of the BFM films were shown in Figure 2. The film on Si shows fiber shaped morphology with different orientations, as marked as parallel fibers and inclined fibers. In the contrast, the film on STO substrate shows fibers with almost the same orientation. It is essential to understand the orientation and anisotropy properties to optimize and design functional devices. In the previous work, it is proved that BFM on (100) STO shows large magnetic anisotropy and out-of-plane is the easy magnetization direction. In this work, we focus mainly on the BFM film fabricated on STO substrates.
2.1.2. Nd: BiFeO3/ Bi2FeMnO6 (BFO/BFM)
In our former works, the doping of Nd into BiFeO3 was found to further improve the ferroelectric properties. The Bilayered Nd0.1Bi0.9FeO3 (Nd: BiFeO3)/ BFM films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate were fabricated using a PLD system. Nd: BiFeO3 films were fabricated at 550 ~ 580 °C with 200 mTorr dynamic oxygen pressure, and the BFM films were fabricated at 550 ~ 580 °C with ~10-5 Torr.
The surface morphology of the Nd: BiFeO3/Bi2FeMnO6 and Nd: BiFeO3 films were studied using an atomic force microscope (AFM), as shown in Fig. 3. It can be found that the corresponding root-mean-square roughness (Rrms) and the grain size (S) are different: Rrms (Nd: BiFeO3) < Rrms (Nd: BiFeO3/Bi2FeMnO6) < Rrms (Bi2FeMnO6), and S (Nd: BiFeO3) < S (Nd: BiFeO3/Bi2FeMnO6) < S (Bi2FeMnO6). Fig. 3 (a) revealed the morphology of the Nd: BiFeO3 film on the Bi2FeMnO6/Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si, which indicated that Nd: BiFeO3 had a larger growth rate on Bi2FeMnO6 than on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate.
2.1.3. Nd: BiFeO3/YMnO3 (BFO/YMO)
Another well-studied muliferroic material YMnO3 was chosen to from the Nd: BiFeO3/YMnO3 (BFO/YMO) heterostructure. The hexagonal manganite YMnO3, which shows an antiferromagnetic transition at
2.2. Ferroelectric characterization
The methods and special techniques for materials with weak ferroelectric properties will be explained and summarized in detail. For typical ferroelectric materials, it is easy to identify their ferroelectricity because we could obtain well-shaped ferroelectric polarization hysteresis loops (
2.2.1. P-E loop measurement
For the P-E loop measurment, Pt upper electrode with an area of 0.0314 mm2 were deposited by magnetron sputtering through a metal shadow mask. The ferroelectric properties were measured at room temperature by an aixACCT EASY CHECK 300 ferroelectric tester. Figure 4 shows the ferroelectric hysteresis loops of the Nd: BiFeO3/Bi2FeMnO6 film, the upper inset shows the polarization fatigue as a function of switching cycles up to 108 and the lower inset shows frequency dependence of the real part of dielectric permittivity. The remnant polarization
2.2.2. PUND: positive-up-negative-down test
As the definition of ferroelectricity is strict, a not-well-saturated loop might not be a proof of ferroelectricity, we have also measured the so-called positive-up-negative-down (PUND) test for Nd: BiFeO3/ BFM film. The applied voltage waveform is shown in Fig. 5. The switching polarization was observed using the triangle waveform as a function of time as shown in Fig. 5.
2.2.3. PFM characterization for BFM and LBFM film
Until now there is no report about the ferroelectric properties of BFM because the difficulty of obtaining well-shaped polarization hysteresis loops. Thus, it is important to study and understand the ferroelectric properties and leakage mechanisms in the BFM system. The emerging technique of piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is proved to be a powerful tool to study piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials in such cases and extensive contributions have been published. In PFM, the tip contacts with the sample surface and the deformation (expansion or contraction of the sample) is detected as a tip deflection. The local piezoresponse hysteresis loop and information on local ferroelectric behavior can be obtained because the strong coupling between polarization and electromechanical response in ferroelectric materials. In the present study, we attempts to use PFM to study the ferroelectric/piezoelectric properties in BFM and LBFM thin films. PFM response was measured with a conducting tip (Rh-coated Si cantilever, k~1.6 N m-1) by an SII Nanotechnology E-sweep AFM. PFM responses were measured as a function of applied DC bias (Vdc) with a small ac voltage applied to the bottom electrode (substrate) in the contact mode, and the resulting piezoelectric deformations transmitted to the cantilever were detected from the global deflection signal using a lock-in amplifier.
In Figure 6 (a), the smaller part A marked in red square was firstly poled with -10 V DC bias, and the total area of 3×3 µm2 was subsequently poled with +10 V DC bias. The domain switching in red square area was observed, while another similar area beside ‘A’ was also observed and marked as B in black square. It may be because the expansion of ferroelectric domain under the DC bias. To further understand its ferroelectric nature, the local piezoelectric response was measured with a DC voltage from -10 V to 10 V applied to the sample. The typical “butterfly” loop was observed but it is not symmetrical, and it is not well-shaped due to the asymmetry of the upper and bottom electrodes. According to the equation
Figure 7 shows the OP (a) and IP (b) PFM images of the LBFM film which was also fabricated on (100) STO substrate. Under ±10 V DC bias, PFM images were observed in the scans of the LBFM film, demonstrating that polarization reversal is indeed possible and proving that the LBFM film is ferroelectric at room temperature. At the voltage of 10 V, the sample has a maximum effective d33 of about 32 pm/V. The LBFM film shows improved piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties compared to the BFM film, indicating that through the doping or changing of other conditions, the ferroelectric property of BFM system could be improved as in the BiFeO3. The domain boundary is very clear and regular in LBFM, while in BFM it is obscure and expanded over the poled area. The propagation of domain wall is strongly influenced by local inhomogeneities (e.g. grain boundaries) and stress in polycrystalline ferroelectrics, which results in strong irregularity of the domain boundary. After the La substitution, it is assumed that the crystallization is better both in ceramics and films.
2.3. Magnetic characterization for BFM film
BFM is considered to be a new multiferroic material, it is important to study their magnetic properties. Magnetic properties were measured using the commercial Quantum Design SQUID magnetometer (MPMS). In the following, we will discuss the XPS measurements, the magnetization hysteresis loops, and the ZFC and FC courves for the BFM film fabricated on the (100) STO susbtrate.
2.3.1. XPS measurements
The valance states of Fe and Mn in the BFM film were carried out using PHI Quantera SXM x-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). Figure 8 shows the Fe 2p and Mn 2p photoelectron spectra of BFM film. It was reported that Fe 2p photoelectron peaks from oxidized iron are associated with satellite peaks, which is important for identifying the chemical states. The Fe2+ and Fe3+ 2p3/2 peaks always show the satellite peaks at 6 eV and 8 eV above the principal peaks at 709.5 eV and 711.2 eV, respectively. In Figure 8 (a), the satellite peaks were found just 8 eV above the 2p3/2 principal peak. It indicates that in this system Fe is mainly in the Fe3+ state. Figure 8 (b) shows typical XP spectra of Mn 2p. There are two main peaks corresponding to the 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 peaks, respectively. The peaks with higher binding energy above the main peaks as well as the splitting of the main peaks were observed in the film. It indicates the existence of Mn2+. Such shake-up satellite peaks were considered to be a typical behavior in Mn2+ systems.
2.3.2. Magnetic hysteresis loops
For the BFM thin films, different substrates of Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si and STO were used and different fabrication conditions were attempted. Some unavoidable impurities and different structures were observed for the films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates. In order to discuss the origin of the ferromagnetic properties in BFM film, films on (100) STO were used for the study of magnetic properties. Figure 9 (a) shows the hysteresis loops measured at different temperatures. There is no significant change in the loop width from 5 K to 300 K. Figure 9 (b) shows the in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic field dependence of magnetization measured at 5 K. The film shows stress induced anisotropy from film/substrate mismatch which is an evidence of a Jahn-Teller effect and the out-of-plane is the easy magnetization direction. However, we observed experimentally that Mn shows multiple valence states despite the higher stability of the compound only containing Mn3+ ions in the film. It is possibly because the Mn2+ and Mn4+ cations could decrease the Jahn-Teller effect from Mn3+ in the film, which may result in less lattice distortion caused by Mn3+.
2.3.3. ZFC and FC measurements
Figure 10 shows temperature dependence of out-of-plane magnetization measured under zero-field-cooling (ZFC) and field-cooling (FC) conditions and in different magnetic fields. Similar to BiFeO3 (with a cusp at around 50 K) a spin-glass-like behavior below 100 K was observed with the cusp at about 25 K. As shown in Figure 10 (a), the irreversibility below 100 K between FC curve and ZFC curve is clear with applied field of 500 Oe and 1000 Oe, but it was suppressed in higher field above 5 kOe and shift to much lower temperature, which is a typical behavior of spin glass ordering. Above the temperature of 100 K for spin-glass-like behavior appearing, another magnetic transition at about 360 K was observed in Figure 10 (b). Hysteresis behavior disappears above this temperature as shown in Figure 9 (a), which indicated an antiferromagnetic transition happens at this temperature.
The film on STO was fabricated at higher temperature and higher oxygen pressure resulted in a good crystalline quality, less oxygen vacancies and no traceable impurity. BFM film on (100) STO made under these improved fabrication conditions will display enhanced magnetic properties. The magnetizations of BFM film at 1 T are estimated from
3. Conclusion
The piezoelectric/ferroelectric and magnetic properties of BFM series materials, which include BFM film and ceramic, LBFM film and ceramic, Nd: BiFeO3/ BFM film and Nd: BiFeO3/YMnO3 film, were studied in detail. In this chapter, we mainly focus on the BFM film. It was proved that stabilization can be facilitated by a partial replacement of Bi3+ cations by La cations. The film and ceramic showed different properties and after La doping, both ferroelectric and magnetic properties were improved.
The piezoelectric/ferroelectric properties of BFM series materials have been studied using different methods, including
The magnetic hysteresis loops and temperature dependent magnetization were also studied. BFM film with good crystalline quality and with enhanced magnetic properties was obtained on (100) SrTiO3 substrate through the optimization of the fabrication conditions. Similar to BiFeO3, the spin-glass-like behavior is observed below 100 K with the cusp at 25 K. The ZFC and FC curves measured from 2 K to 400 K show a kink at around 360 K and hysteresis disappears at 360 K, revealing a antiferromagnetic transition at this temperature. The observed anisotropy effects were caused by Jahn-Teller ions of Mn3+. Mn tends to form multiple valence states as in the film it is possibly because the Mn2+ and Mn4+ cations decrease the Jahn-Teller effect caused by Mn3+.
Several questions in weak ferroelectric materials still remained to be anwsered. We wish to share these questions and have more discussion based on the as-designed materials for further development of such ferroelectrics.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Shigeki Nimori, Dr. Hideaki Kitazawa, Dr. Minora Osada, Dr. Baowen Li of NIMS, Prof. Huarong Zeng of Shanghai Institute of Ceramics for the valuable discussions and Dr. Hideo Iwai of NIMS for the XPS measurement. This work was supported in part by grants from JSPS and ARC under the Japan-Australia Research Cooperative Program, and Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (21-09608).
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