Therapeutic research works using BDNF.
\r\n\tLiterature showed the presence of ACE2 receptors on the membrane of erythrocyte or red blood cell (RBC), indicating that erythrocyte (RBC) can be considered as a peripheral biomarker for SARS-C0V2 infection.
\r\n\r\n\tIncreased levels of glycolysis and fragmentation of RBC membrane proteins were observed in the SARS-C0V2 infected patients, demonstrating that not only RBC’s metabolism and proteome but its membrane lipidome could be influenced by SARS-C0V2 infection changing the homeostasis of the infected erythrocyte. This altered RBC may result in the clot and thrombus formation; the major signs of critically ill Covid-19 patients.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book is going to be a succinct source of knowledge not only for the specialists, researchers, academics and the students in this area but for the general public who are concern about the present situation and are interested in knowing about simple non-invasive measures for identifying viral and bacterial infections through their red blood cells.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-121-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-120-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-122-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa5f4b6ef59e28b6e7c1a739c57c5d2f",bookSignature:"Prof. Kaneez Fatima Shad",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10494.jpg",keywords:"Spike Protein, Hemoglobin, Proteins for Oxygen Transport, Altered Protein Structures, RBC ACE Receptors, RBC ACE-2 Receptors, Carboxypeptidase, Mas Receptor, Metabolomics, Gas Transport, Glucose-6-Phosphate, Phosphoglycerate",numberOfDownloads:44,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 15th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 30th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 29th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 19th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 18th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Shad is a governing body member and mentor of Women in World Neuroscience (WWN), a division of the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO). She is also a member of IBRO-APRC Global Advocacy responsible for brain research funding distribution in this region.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31988/images/system/31988.jpg",biography:"Professor Kaneez Fatima Shad, a neuroscientist with a medical background, received Ph.D. in 1994 from the Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Australia, followed by a post-doc at the Allegheny University of Health Sciences, Philadelphia, USA. She taught Medical and Biological Sciences in various universities in Australia, the USA, UAE, Bahrain, Pakistan, and Brunei. During this period, she was also engaged in doing research by getting local and international grants (total of over 3.3 million USD) and translating them into products such as a rapid diagnostic test for stroke and other vascular disorders. She published over 60 articles in refereed journals, edited 8 books, and wrote 7 book chapters, presented at 97 international conferences, mentored 34 postgraduate students. Set up a company Shad Diagnostics for the development of cerebrovascular handheld diagnostic tool Stroke meter into a wearable.",institutionString:"University of Technology Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"University of Technology Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"75447",title:"Detection of Benzo[a]Pyrene Diol Epoxide-DNA Adducts in White Blood Cells of Asphalt Plant Workers in Syria",slug:"detection-of-benzo-a-pyrene-diol-epoxide-dna-adducts-in-white-blood-cells-of-asphalt-plant-workers-i",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"75206",title:"The Study of Some Possible Risk Factors for Arterial Thrombosis in the Example of Georgian Patients",slug:"the-study-of-some-possible-risk-factors-for-arterial-thrombosis-in-the-example-of-georgian-patients",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1624",title:"Patch Clamp Technique",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24164a2299d5f9b1a2ef1c2169689465",slug:"patch-clamp-technique",bookSignature:"Fatima Shad Kaneez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1624.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1359",title:"Underlying Mechanisms of Epilepsy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85f9b8dac56ce4be16a9177c366e6fa1",slug:"underlying-mechanisms-of-epilepsy",bookSignature:"Fatima Shad Kaneez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5780",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:"A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fe2c461c95b4ee2d886e30b89d71723",slug:"serotonin-a-chemical-messenger-between-all-types-of-living-cells",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6683",title:"Ion Channels in Health and Sickness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b02f45497488912833ba5b8e7cdaae8",slug:"ion-channels-in-health-and-sickness",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7842",title:"Basic and Clinical Understanding of Microcirculation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a57d5a701b51d9c8e17b1c80bc0d52e5",slug:"basic-and-clinical-understanding-of-microcirculation",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad, Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi and Nazar Luqman Bilgrami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7842.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9489",title:"Neurological and Mental Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c29557d356441eccf59b262c0980d81",slug:"neurological-and-mental-disorders",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad and Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"30013",title:"Long-Term Monitoring: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/33323",slug:"long-term-monitoring-an-overview",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/30013.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30013",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30013",totalDownloads:5020,totalViews:118,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 19th 2011",dateReviewed:"August 31st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 29th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/30013",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/30013",book:{slug:"epilepsy-histological-electroencephalographic-and-psychological-aspects"},signatures:"B. Mesraoua, D. Deleu and H. G. Wieser",authors:[{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",email:"boulenouar.mesraoua@wanadoo.fr",position:null,institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"94941",title:"Prof.",name:"Heinz Gregor",middleName:null,surname:"Wieser",fullName:"Heinz Gregor Wieser",slug:"heinz-gregor-wieser",email:"hgw@bluewin.ch",position:null,institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},{id:"130893",title:"Prof.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Deleu",fullName:"Dirk Deleu",slug:"dirk-deleu",email:"Ddeleu@hmc.org.qa",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"685",title:"Epilepsy",subtitle:"Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects",fullTitle:"Epilepsy - Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects",slug:"epilepsy-histological-electroencephalographic-and-psychological-aspects",publishedDate:"February 29th 2012",bookSignature:"Dejan Stevanovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/685.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28680",title:"Dr.",name:"Dejan",middleName:null,surname:"Stevanovic",slug:"dejan-stevanovic",fullName:"Dejan Stevanovic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29999",title:"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Epilepsy: An Overview with Our Findings",slug:"cellular-and-molecular-mechanisms-underlying-epilepsy-an-overview-with-our-findings",totalDownloads:4035,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Melda Yardimoglu, Gul Ilbay, Cannur Dalcik, Hakki Dalcik and Sibel Kokturk",authors:[{id:"19947",title:"Dr.",name:"Gul",middleName:null,surname:"Ilbay",fullName:"Gul Ilbay",slug:"gul-ilbay"},{id:"91028",title:"Prof.",name:"Melda",middleName:null,surname:"Yardimoglu",fullName:"Melda Yardimoglu",slug:"melda-yardimoglu"},{id:"93331",title:"Prof.",name:"Hakki",middleName:null,surname:"Dalcik",fullName:"Hakki Dalcik",slug:"hakki-dalcik"},{id:"96772",title:"Prof.",name:"Cannur",middleName:null,surname:"Dalcik",fullName:"Cannur Dalcik",slug:"cannur-dalcik"},{id:"128248",title:"Dr.",name:"Sibel",middleName:null,surname:"Kokturk",fullName:"Sibel Kokturk",slug:"sibel-kokturk"}]},{id:"30001",title:"The Blood-Brain Barrier and Epilepsy",slug:"the-blood-brain-barrier-and-epilepsy",totalDownloads:2770,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gul Ilbay, Cannur Dalcik, Melda Yardimoglu, Hakki Dalcik and Elif Derya Ubeyli",authors:[{id:"19947",title:"Dr.",name:"Gul",middleName:null,surname:"Ilbay",fullName:"Gul Ilbay",slug:"gul-ilbay"},{id:"91028",title:"Prof.",name:"Melda",middleName:null,surname:"Yardimoglu",fullName:"Melda Yardimoglu",slug:"melda-yardimoglu"},{id:"93331",title:"Prof.",name:"Hakki",middleName:null,surname:"Dalcik",fullName:"Hakki Dalcik",slug:"hakki-dalcik"},{id:"94602",title:"Prof.",name:"Elif Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Ubeyli",fullName:"Elif Derya Ubeyli",slug:"elif-derya-ubeyli"}]},{id:"30004",title:"EEG Signal Processing for Epilepsy",slug:"eeg-signal-processing-for-epilepsy-disease",totalDownloads:5938,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Carlos Guerrero-Mosquera, Armando Malanda Trigueros and Angel Navia-Vazquez",authors:[{id:"87909",title:"PhD.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Mosquera",fullName:"Carlos Guerrero-Mosquera",slug:"carlos-guerrero-mosquera"},{id:"127894",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",middleName:null,surname:"Malanda Trigueros",fullName:"Armando Malanda Trigueros",slug:"armando-malanda-trigueros"},{id:"127895",title:"Dr.",name:"Ángel",middleName:null,surname:"Navia Vazquez",fullName:"Ángel Navia Vazquez",slug:"angel-navia-vazquez"}]},{id:"30007",title:"Automated Epileptic Seizure Detection Methods: A Review Study",slug:"automated-epileptic-seizure-detection-methods-a-review-study",totalDownloads:8808,totalCrossrefCites:15,signatures:"Alexandros T. Tzallas, Markos G. Tsipouras, Dimitrios G. Tsalikakis, Evaggelos C. Karvounis, Loukas Astrakas, Spiros Konitsiotis and Margaret Tzaphlidou",authors:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas"},{id:"94709",title:"Dr.",name:"Markos",middleName:null,surname:"Tsipouras",fullName:"Markos Tsipouras",slug:"markos-tsipouras"},{id:"94710",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsalikakis",fullName:"Dimitrios Tsalikakis",slug:"dimitrios-tsalikakis"},{id:"94712",title:"Dr.",name:"Loukas",middleName:null,surname:"Astrakas",fullName:"Loukas Astrakas",slug:"loukas-astrakas"},{id:"94714",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Konitsiotis",fullName:"Spiros Konitsiotis",slug:"spiros-konitsiotis"},{id:"94873",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Tzaphlidou",fullName:"Margarita Tzaphlidou",slug:"margarita-tzaphlidou"},{id:"128137",title:"Dr.",name:"Evaggelos",middleName:null,surname:"Karvounis",fullName:"Evaggelos Karvounis",slug:"evaggelos-karvounis"}]},{id:"30008",title:"Automated Non-Invasive Identification and Localization of Focal Epileptic Activity by Exploiting Information Derived from Surface EEG Recordings",slug:"automated-non-invasive-identification-and-localization-of-focal-epileptic-activity-by-exploiting-inf",totalDownloads:1495,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Amir Geva, Merav Ben-Asher, Dan Kerem, Mayer Aladjem and Alon Friedman",authors:[{id:"31020",title:"Prof.",name:"Alon",middleName:null,surname:"Friedman",fullName:"Alon Friedman",slug:"alon-friedman"},{id:"101306",title:"Dr",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Geva",fullName:"Amir Geva",slug:"amir-geva"},{id:"101307",title:"Dr.",name:"Dani",middleName:null,surname:"Kerem",fullName:"Dani Kerem",slug:"dani-kerem"},{id:"127445",title:"MSc.",name:"Merav",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Asher",fullName:"Merav Ben-Asher",slug:"merav-ben-asher"},{id:"127446",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayer",middleName:null,surname:"Aladjem",fullName:"Mayer Aladjem",slug:"mayer-aladjem"}]},{id:"30011",title:"Hyper-Synchronization, De-Synchronization, Synchronization and Seizures",slug:"hyper-synchronization-de-synchronization-synchronization-and-seizures",totalDownloads:2603,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jesús Pastor, Rafael García de Sola and Guillermo J. Ortega",authors:[{id:"27730",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Pastor",fullName:"Jesús Pastor",slug:"jesus-pastor"},{id:"36503",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael G",middleName:null,surname:"Sola",fullName:"Rafael G Sola",slug:"rafael-g-sola"},{id:"85177",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",fullName:"Guillermo Ortega",slug:"guillermo-ortega"}]},{id:"30013",title:"Long-Term Monitoring: An Overview",slug:"long-term-monitoring-an-overview",totalDownloads:5020,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"B. Mesraoua, D. Deleu and H. G. Wieser",authors:[{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua"},{id:"94941",title:"Prof.",name:"Heinz Gregor",middleName:null,surname:"Wieser",fullName:"Heinz Gregor Wieser",slug:"heinz-gregor-wieser"},{id:"130893",title:"Prof.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Deleu",fullName:"Dirk Deleu",slug:"dirk-deleu"}]},{id:"30015",title:"Neuropsychological Evaluation in Epilepsy Surgery – A Cross-Cultural Perspective",slug:"neuropsychological-evaluation-in-epilepsy-surgery-a-cross-cultural-perspective",totalDownloads:2286,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmed M. Hassan",authors:[{id:"85712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Ahmed Hassan",slug:"ahmed-hassan"}]},{id:"30016",title:"Psychic Seizures and Their Relevance to Psychosis in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy",slug:"psychic-seizures-and-their-relevance-to-psychosis-in-temporal-lobe-epilepsy",totalDownloads:15178,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kenjiro Fukao",authors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao"}]},{id:"30017",title:"Personality Profiles of Patients with Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures",slug:"personality-profiles-of-patients-with-psychogenic-non-epileptic-seizures",totalDownloads:2605,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Krzysztof Owczarek and Joanna Jędrzejczak",authors:[{id:"103725",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Owczarek",fullName:"Krzysztof Owczarek",slug:"krzysztof-owczarek"},{id:"127151",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Jedrzejczak",fullName:"Joanna Jedrzejczak",slug:"joanna-jedrzejczak"}]},{id:"30019",title:"Psychogenic Pseudoepileptic Seizures – From Ancient Time to the Present",slug:"psychogenic-pseudoepileptic-seizures-from-ancient-history-to-the-present",totalDownloads:2378,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Joanna Jędrzejczak and Krzysztof Owczarek",authors:[{id:"103725",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Owczarek",fullName:"Krzysztof Owczarek",slug:"krzysztof-owczarek"},{id:"127151",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Jedrzejczak",fullName:"Joanna Jedrzejczak",slug:"joanna-jedrzejczak"}]},{id:"30021",title:"Children with Cerebral Palsy and Epilepsy",slug:"children-with-cerebral-palsy-and-epilepsy",totalDownloads:1796,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Emira Švraka",authors:[{id:"29419",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emira",middleName:null,surname:"Švraka",fullName:"Emira Švraka",slug:"emira-svraka"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3293",title:"Recent Advances in Autism Spectrum Disorders",subtitle:"Volume I",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75b66fb38eb33a901ecd7e9279ff3c27",slug:"recent-advances-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-volume-i",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3293.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28359",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"43461",title:"Promoting Early Identification of Autism in the Primary Care Setting: Bridging the Gap Between What We Know and What We Do",slug:"promoting-early-identification-of-autism-in-the-primary-care-setting-bridging-the-gap-between-what-w",signatures:"Michael Siller, Lindee Morgan, Meghan Swanson and Emily Hotez",authors:[{id:"157704",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Siller",fullName:"Michael Siller",slug:"michael-siller"},{id:"157817",title:"Dr.",name:"Lindee",middleName:null,surname:"Morgan",fullName:"Lindee Morgan",slug:"lindee-morgan"},{id:"166393",title:"Dr.",name:"Meghan",middleName:null,surname:"Swanson",fullName:"Meghan Swanson",slug:"meghan-swanson"},{id:"166394",title:"BSc.",name:"Emily",middleName:null,surname:"Hotez",fullName:"Emily Hotez",slug:"emily-hotez"}]},{id:"43457",title:"Indicators of Autism in Iranian Children",slug:"indicators-of-autism-in-iranian-children",signatures:"Sayyed Ali Samadi and Roy McConkey",authors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi"},{id:"52156",title:"Prof.",name:"Roy",middleName:null,surname:"McConkey",fullName:"Roy McConkey",slug:"roy-mcconkey"}]},{id:"39073",title:"Prevalence of Pervasive Developmental Disorders – Croatia in Comparison with Other Countries of the World",slug:"prevalence-of-pervasive-developmental-disorders-croatia-in-comparison-with-other-countries-of-the-wo",signatures:"\ufeff\ufeffTomislav Benjak and Gorka Vuletic",authors:[{id:"28139",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomislav",middleName:null,surname:"Benjak",fullName:"Tomislav Benjak",slug:"tomislav-benjak"},{id:"157683",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorka",middleName:null,surname:"Vuletic",fullName:"Gorka Vuletic",slug:"gorka-vuletic"}]},{id:"43455",title:"Gut Microbiome and Brain-Gut Axis in Autism — Aberrant Development of Gut-Brain Communication and Reward Circuitry",slug:"gut-microbiome-and-brain-gut-axis-in-autism-aberrant-development-of-gut-brain-communication-and-rewa",signatures:"Elizabeth M. Sajdel-Sulkowska and Romuald Zabielski",authors:[{id:"35197",title:"Prof.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Sajdel-Sulkowska",fullName:"Elizabeth Sajdel-Sulkowska",slug:"elizabeth-sajdel-sulkowska"}]},{id:"41291",title:"Why There Is no Link Between Measles Virus and Autism",slug:"why-there-is-no-link-between-measles-virus-and-autism",signatures:"Stephen A. Bustin",authors:[{id:"155548",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Bustin",fullName:"Stephen Bustin",slug:"stephen-bustin"}]},{id:"41866",title:'Vaccine Safety Study as an Interesting Case of "Over-Matching"',slug:"vaccine-safety-study-as-an-interesting-case-of-over-matching-",signatures:"M. Catherine DeSoto and Robert T. Hitlan",authors:[{id:"159286",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"DeSoto",fullName:"Catherine DeSoto",slug:"catherine-desoto"},{id:"159287",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert T.",middleName:null,surname:"Hitlan",fullName:"Robert T. Hitlan",slug:"robert-t.-hitlan"}]},{id:"41295",title:"Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype Induced by Maternal Immune Stimulation During Pregnancy",slug:"pro-inflammatory-phenotype-induced-by-maternal-immune-stimulation-during-pregnancy",signatures:"Nicholas M. Ponzio, Mili Mandal, Stella Elkabes, Pan Zhang, Junichi Sadoshima, Sayantani Basak, Peiyong Zhai and Robert Donnelly",authors:[{id:"158022",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Ponzio",fullName:"Ponzio",slug:"ponzio"}]},{id:"43452",title:"Valproic Acid in Autism Spectrum Disorder: From an Environmental Risk Factor to a Reliable Animal Model",slug:"valproic-acid-in-autism-spectrum-disorder-from-an-environmental-risk-factor-to-a-reliable-animal-mod",signatures:"Carmem Gottfried, Victorio Bambini-Junior, Diego Baronio, Geancarlo Zanatta, Roberta Bristot Silvestrin, Tamara Vaccaro and Rudimar Riesgo",authors:[{id:"31995",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmem",middleName:null,surname:"Gottfried",fullName:"Carmem Gottfried",slug:"carmem-gottfried"},{id:"43615",title:"Prof.",name:"Rudimar",middleName:null,surname:"Riesgo",fullName:"Rudimar Riesgo",slug:"rudimar-riesgo"},{id:"167294",title:"Prof.",name:"Victorio",middleName:null,surname:"Bambini-Junior",fullName:"Victorio Bambini-Junior",slug:"victorio-bambini-junior"},{id:"167295",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Baronio",fullName:"Diego Baronio",slug:"diego-baronio"},{id:"167296",title:"MSc.",name:"Geancarlo",middleName:null,surname:"Zanatta",fullName:"Geancarlo Zanatta",slug:"geancarlo-zanatta"},{id:"167297",title:"MSc.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestrin",fullName:"Roberta Silvestrin",slug:"roberta-silvestrin"},{id:"167298",title:"MSc.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Vaccaro",fullName:"Tamara Vaccaro",slug:"tamara-vaccaro"}]},{id:"43451",title:"Mnesic Imbalance or Hyperthymestic Syndrome as Cause of Autism Symptoms in Shereshevskii",slug:"mnesic-imbalance-or-hyperthymestic-syndrome-as-cause-of-autism-symptoms-in-shereshevskii",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Romero-Munguía",authors:[{id:"32986",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Ángel",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Munguía",fullName:"Miguel Ángel Romero-Munguía",slug:"miguel-angel-romero-munguia"}]},{id:"43450",title:"Genetic Evaluation of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"genetic-evaluation-of-individuals-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",signatures:"Eric C. Larsen, Catherine Croft Swanwick and Sharmila Banerjee- Basu",authors:[{id:"45742",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Larsen",fullName:"Eric Larsen",slug:"eric-larsen"}]},{id:"43446",title:"Genetic Etiology of Autism",slug:"genetic-etiology-of-autism",signatures:"Agnes Cristina Fett-Conte, Ana Luiza Bossolani-Martins and Patrícia Pereira-Nascimento",authors:[{id:"31969",title:"Prof.",name:"Agnes",middleName:"Cristina",surname:"Fett-Conte",fullName:"Agnes Fett-Conte",slug:"agnes-fett-conte"}]},{id:"43445",title:"Advances in Autism Research – The Genomic Basis of ASD",slug:"advances-in-autism-research-the-genomic-basis-of-asd",signatures:"Melanie Lacaria and James R. Lupski",authors:[{id:"163196",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:"R.",surname:"Lupski",fullName:"James Lupski",slug:"james-lupski"},{id:"163198",title:"Dr.",name:"Melanie",middleName:null,surname:"Lacaria",fullName:"Melanie Lacaria",slug:"melanie-lacaria"}]},{id:"43441",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Genomics",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorders-insights-from-genomics",signatures:"John J. Connolly and Hakon Hakonarson",authors:[{id:"158107",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Connolly",fullName:"John Connolly",slug:"john-connolly"}]},{id:"43440",title:"The Genetic Architecture of Autism and Related Conditions",slug:"the-genetic-architecture-of-autism-and-related-conditions",signatures:"Michael Gill, Graham Kenny and Richard Anney",authors:[{id:"155576",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Gill",fullName:"Michael Gill",slug:"michael-gill"},{id:"155695",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Anney",fullName:"Richard Anney",slug:"richard-anney"}]},{id:"43439",title:"Genetic and Environmental Factors in Autism",slug:"genetic-and-environmental-factors-in-autism",signatures:"Esra Guney and Elvan Iseri",authors:[{id:"44874",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvan",middleName:null,surname:"Iseri",fullName:"Elvan Iseri",slug:"elvan-iseri"},{id:"44984",title:"M.D.",name:"Esra",middleName:null,surname:"Guney",fullName:"Esra Guney",slug:"esra-guney"}]},{id:"43499",title:"Discovering the Genetics of Autism",slug:"discovering-the-genetics-of-autism",signatures:"Abdullah K. Alqallaf, Fuad M. Alkoot and Mash’el S. Aldabbous",authors:[{id:"42239",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alqallaf",fullName:"Abdullah Alqallaf",slug:"abdullah-alqallaf"},{id:"158644",title:"Dr.",name:"Fuad",middleName:"M.",surname:"Alkoot",fullName:"Fuad Alkoot",slug:"fuad-alkoot"},{id:"158645",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",middleName:null,surname:"Aldabbous",fullName:"Mashael Aldabbous",slug:"mashael-aldabbous"}]},{id:"43435",title:"Co-Occurrence of Developmental Disorders: Children Who Share Symptoms of Autism, Dyslexia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder",slug:"co-occurrence-of-developmental-disorders-children-who-share-symptoms-of-autism-dyslexia-and-attentio",signatures:"Ginny Russell and Zsuzsa Pavelka",authors:[{id:"33427",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginny",middleName:null,surname:"Russell",fullName:"Ginny Russell",slug:"ginny-russell"},{id:"167365",title:"Ms.",name:"Zsuzsa",middleName:null,surname:"Pavelka",fullName:"Zsuzsa Pavelka",slug:"zsuzsa-pavelka"}]},{id:"43433",title:"Pre-Existing Differences in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Intellectual Disability: A Review",slug:"pre-existing-differences-in-mothers-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorder-and-or-intellectual-di",signatures:"Jenny Fairthorne, Amanda Langridge, Jenny Bourke and Helen Leonard",authors:[{id:"158722",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Leonard",fullName:"Helen Leonard",slug:"helen-leonard"},{id:"163414",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jenny",middleName:null,surname:"Fairthorne",fullName:"Jenny Fairthorne",slug:"jenny-fairthorne"},{id:"163416",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Langridge",fullName:"Amanda Langridge",slug:"amanda-langridge"}]},{id:"43429",title:"Relationships, Sexuality, and Intimacy in Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"relationships-sexuality-and-intimacy-in-autism-spectrum-disorders",signatures:"Maria R. Urbano, Kathrin Hartmann, Stephen I. Deutsch, Gina M. Bondi Polychronopoulos and Vanessa Dorbin",authors:[{id:"32007",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:"I.",surname:"Deutsch",fullName:"Stephen Deutsch",slug:"stephen-deutsch"},{id:"41980",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Urbano",fullName:"Maria Urbano",slug:"maria-urbano"},{id:"157623",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathrin",middleName:null,surname:"Hartmann",fullName:"Kathrin Hartmann",slug:"kathrin-hartmann"},{id:"159397",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Gina Marie",middleName:"Bondi",surname:"Polychronopoulos",fullName:"Gina Marie Polychronopoulos",slug:"gina-marie-polychronopoulos"},{id:"160029",title:"Ms.",name:"Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"Dorbin",fullName:"Vanessa Dorbin",slug:"vanessa-dorbin"}]},{id:"42286",title:"Clinical Implications of a Link Between Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and Autism or Asperger’s Disorder – A Neurodevelopmental Frame for Helping Understanding and Management",slug:"clinical-implications-of-a-link-between-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-fasd-and-autism-or-asperger",signatures:"Kieran D. O’Malley, Susan D. Rich",authors:[{id:"155711",title:"Dr.",name:"Kieran D.",middleName:null,surname:"O'Malley",fullName:"Kieran D. O'Malley",slug:"kieran-d.-o'malley"}]},{id:"43427",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorders in People with Sensory and Intellectual Disabilities Symptom Overlap and Differentiating Characteristics",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorders-in-people-with-sensory-and-intellectual-disabilities-symptom-overlap-and-d",signatures:"Gitta De Vaan, Mathijs P.J. Vervloed, Harry Knoors and Ludo Verhoeven",authors:[{id:"156051",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Gitta",middleName:null,surname:"De Vaan",fullName:"Gitta De Vaan",slug:"gitta-de-vaan"},{id:"157224",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathijs",middleName:null,surname:"Vervloed",fullName:"Mathijs Vervloed",slug:"mathijs-vervloed"},{id:"166523",title:"Prof.",name:"Harry",middleName:null,surname:"Knoors",fullName:"Harry Knoors",slug:"harry-knoors"},{id:"166524",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludo",middleName:null,surname:"Verhoeven",fullName:"Ludo Verhoeven",slug:"ludo-verhoeven"}]},{id:"43421",title:"Empowering Families in the Treatment of Autism",slug:"empowering-families-in-the-treatment-of-autism",signatures:"Jennifer Elder",authors:[{id:"156987",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"Elder",fullName:"Jennifer Elder",slug:"jennifer-elder"}]},{id:"43419",title:"Collaboration Between Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Mental Health Professionals",slug:"collaboration-between-parents-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders-and-mental-health-professio",signatures:"Efrosini Kalyva",authors:[{id:"158901",title:"Dr.",name:"Efrosini",middleName:null,surname:"Kalyva",fullName:"Efrosini Kalyva",slug:"efrosini-kalyva"}]},{id:"43417",title:"Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"early-intensive-behavioural-intervention-in-autism-spectrum-disorders",signatures:"Olive Healy and Sinéad Lydon",authors:[{id:"156296",title:"Dr.",name:"Olive",middleName:null,surname:"Healy",fullName:"Olive Healy",slug:"olive-healy"}]},{id:"43414",title:"Feeding Issues Associated with the Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"feeding-issues-associated-with-the-autism-spectrum-disorders",signatures:"Geneviève Nadon, Debbie Feldman and Erika Gisel",authors:[{id:"157283",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:"G",surname:"Gisel",fullName:"Erika Gisel",slug:"erika-gisel"},{id:"157379",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Genevieve",middleName:null,surname:"Nadon",fullName:"Genevieve Nadon",slug:"genevieve-nadon"}]},{id:"42649",title:"Clinical Approach in Autism: Management and Treatment",slug:"clinical-approach-in-autism-management-and-treatment",signatures:"Rudimar Riesgo, Carmem Gottfried and Michele Becker",authors:[{id:"31995",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmem",middleName:null,surname:"Gottfried",fullName:"Carmem Gottfried",slug:"carmem-gottfried"},{id:"43615",title:"Prof.",name:"Rudimar",middleName:null,surname:"Riesgo",fullName:"Rudimar Riesgo",slug:"rudimar-riesgo"},{id:"160959",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Becker",fullName:"Michele Becker",slug:"michele-becker"}]},{id:"43411",title:"Building an Alternative Communication System for Literacy of Children with Autism (SCALA) with Context-Centered Design of Usage",slug:"building-an-alternative-communication-system-for-literacy-of-children-with-autism-scala-with-context",signatures:"Liliana Maria Passerino and Maria Rosangela Bez",authors:[{id:"30773",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Passerino",fullName:"Liliana Passerino",slug:"liliana-passerino"},{id:"158812",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria Rosangela",middleName:null,surname:"Bez",fullName:"Maria Rosangela Bez",slug:"maria-rosangela-bez"}]},{id:"43408",title:"Addressing Communication Difficulties of Parents of Children of the Autism Spectrum",slug:"addressing-communication-difficulties-of-parents-of-children-of-the-autism-spectrum",signatures:"Fernanda Dreux Miranda Fernandes, Cibelle Albuquerque de La Higuera Amato, Danielle Azarias Defense-Netvral, Juliana Izidro Balestro and Daniela Regina Molini-Avejonas",authors:[{id:"28286",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda Dreux Miranda",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",fullName:"Fernanda Dreux Miranda Fernandes",slug:"fernanda-dreux-miranda-fernandes"},{id:"38598",title:"Dr.",name:"Cibelle",middleName:null,surname:"Amato",fullName:"Cibelle Amato",slug:"cibelle-amato"},{id:"38599",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Molini-Avejonas",fullName:"Daniela Molini-Avejonas",slug:"daniela-molini-avejonas"},{id:"158284",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Balestro",fullName:"Juliana Balestro",slug:"juliana-balestro"},{id:"158286",title:"MSc.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Defense-Netvral",fullName:"Danielle Defense-Netvral",slug:"danielle-defense-netvral"}]},{id:"43407",title:"Early Intervention of Autism: A Case for Floor Time Approach",slug:"early-intervention-of-autism-a-case-for-floor-time-approach",signatures:"Rubina Lal and Rakhee Chhabria",authors:[{id:"28701",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubina",middleName:null,surname:"Lal",fullName:"Rubina Lal",slug:"rubina-lal"},{id:"158260",title:"Ms.",name:"Rakhee",middleName:null,surname:"Chhabria",fullName:"Rakhee Chhabria",slug:"rakhee-chhabria"}]},{id:"43405",title:"Early Communication Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"early-communication-intervention-for-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",signatures:"Gunilla Thunberg",authors:[{id:"31724",title:"Dr.",name:"Gunilla",middleName:null,surname:"Thunberg",fullName:"Gunilla Thunberg",slug:"gunilla-thunberg"}]},{id:"41296",title:"Atypical Sense of Self in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Neuro- Cognitive Perspective",slug:"atypical-sense-of-self-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-a-neuro-cognitive-perspective",signatures:"Viktoria Lyons and Michael Fitzgerald",authors:[{id:"28359",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald"},{id:"165744",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktoria",middleName:null,surname:"Lyons",fullName:"Viktoria Lyons",slug:"viktoria-lyons"}]},{id:"43403",title:"Critical Evaluation of the Concept of Autistic Creativity",slug:"critical-evaluation-of-the-concept-of-autistic-creativity",signatures:"Viktoria Lyons and Michael Fitzgerald",authors:[{id:"28359",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald"},{id:"165744",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktoria",middleName:null,surname:"Lyons",fullName:"Viktoria Lyons",slug:"viktoria-lyons"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"63549",title:"The Causative and Curative Roles of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Parkinson’s Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81215",slug:"the-causative-and-curative-roles-of-brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor-in-parkinson-s-disease",body:'Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, with high annual costs of treatment. The death of dopaminergic neurons and inflammation are the main cellular processes associated with motor and cognitive dysfunctions in PD [1, 2, 3, 4]; these events can be potentiated by the loss of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key neurotropic factor in degeneration and regeneration processes.
BDNF, discovered in 1982, is a pleiotropic neurotrophin (NT). The gene encoding for
This NT is synthesized as an inactive precursor form, pre-pro-BDNF that can be cleaved to form a mature neurotrophin that is transported to the plasma membrane and then released in an unprocessed manner. The “pre” sequence is normally deleted when it translocates through the Golgi membrane, producing the pro-BDNF of 32 kDa. Small amounts of a truncated 28 kDa pro-BDNF can also be formed in the endoplasmic reticulum without interfering with the final levels of active, mature 14 kDa BDNF (m-BDNF). The N-terminal pro-domain of BDNF facilitates intracellular trafficking and regulated secretion. After cleavage of N-terminal region, the m-BDNF is released, although this does not exclude the release of the pro-BDNF form [6].
The BDNF shows affinity for two types of receptors. The first is a 75 kDa glycoprotein from the family of tumor necrosis factor receptors, represented by p75 NTR and P75 + sortilin receptors, and the second is a receptor from the protein tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) family, which involves the TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, whose main ligands are neuronal growth factor (NGF), BDNF/neurotrophins (NT-4 and NT-3), respectively. The p75 receptor binds to the pro-BDNF isoform and can induce apoptosis and bind non-neurotrophic ligands such as the glycoprotein of rabies virus, amyloid peptides and also other pro-neurotrophins; it can also generate neurite retraction and synaptic weakening and facilitate long-term depression [6, 7, 8]. The m-BDNF binds to TrkB receptors promoting cell survival, neurite extension and long-term synaptic potentiation and improves learning and memory; it also promotes synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, formation of angiogenic tubes, regulation of neurotransmitter release and dendritic growth [5, 6, 9, 10, 11].
At the brain level, BDNF is produced in the hippocampus, amygdala,
Alterations of BDNF expression are implicated in the development of a variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and psychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia [14, 18]. However, several studies have shown that the therapeutic application of BDNF prevents neuronal degeneration after axotomy and other forms of neuronal injury [19, 20, 21, 22]. In addition, beneficial effects of BDNF have been reported in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, BDNF is now considered as a potential therapeutic agent for human neurodegenerative disease, for example, motor neuron disease and PD (Figure 1).
Causative and curative roles of BDNF. Schematic view of cognitive dysfunction mediated by binding of pro-BDNF to p75NTR receptor leading to apoptotic cell death. Induction of BDNF gene due to the binding of pro-BDNF to p75NTR + sortilin and mBDNF to TrkB receptors leading to cell survival mediated by NF-κB and CREB, respectively. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; mBDNF, mature BDNF; p75NTR, p75 neurotrophin receptor; NRAGE, p75NTR interacting protein; NRIF, neurotrophin receptor interacting factor; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor; MKK7, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7; ASK1, apoptotic signal-regulating kinase 1; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; IRAK, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; IκB, kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of B cells; TrkB, tropomyosin receptor kinase B; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositol 3-kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; PLC-γ, phospholipase C gamma; DAG, diacylglycerol; PKC, protein kinase C; IP3, inositol triphosphate; CaM, calmodulin; CaMK, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein.
The cause of PD is linked with several molecular factors related to the survival and susceptibility of the dopaminergic neurons (DN) of the
Recently, it has been proposed that the detection of a low concentration of BDNF in serum is a biomarker of the early stages of the disease [28, 29]. The low concentration of this neurotrophic factor in serum of PD patients may be due to a low transcription of the
Currently, well-known mechanisms of microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in neurotrophin gene regulation. These miRNAs are short non-coding RNAs of ∼22 nucleotides that are coupled to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and regulate the degradation of the RNAs [32]. Several miRNAs regulate BDNF expression and could be directly involved in the survival of DN. It has been reported that miR-1 represses the levels of BDNF expression through regulatory sites in the 3′-UTR sequence of the gene [33, 34, 35]. In addition, miR-1 levels have been found to be decreased in patients with PD compared with healthy individuals [36]. The decrease in miR-1 in patients with PD may be due to an activated mechanism to increase the expression of BDNF and promote the survival of the remaining DN in the SN.
In this regard, it has also been reported that BDNF is negatively regulated by the damage induced with neurotoxin in a murine model of Parkinsonism using MPP+. The MPTP neurotoxin is converted to MPP+ by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO-B), expressed by astrocytes. The MPP+ is then internalized into the DN specifically by the dopamine transporter and upon reaching toxic levels in the mitochondria and inhibits the complex I of the electron transport chain [37]. Zhang et al. [38] reported that the treatment with MPP+ led to an increased expression of miR-210-3p and decreased expression of BDNF. To corroborate the results, they performed the inhibition of miR-210-3p and observed that the levels of BDNF increased and the survival of the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive DN of the SN in mice injected with MPTP was also significantly improved. The regulation of BDNF expression has become a key strategy for the rescue of damaged DN in PD.
Another factor that alters the secretion of BDNF is the single nucleotide functional polymorphism Val66Met, whose effect has been widely studied in humans [39, 40, 41]. This polymorphism consists of a substitution of valine amino acid by methionine at position 66 of the precursor protein (pro-BDNF) causing a decrease in secretion induced by depolarization [42]. The distribution of alleles has been reported in several populations, with the Val/Val allele prevailing (from 59 to 72%), followed by Val/Met (from 25 to 38%) and with a lower prevalence of the Met/Met allele (from 2 to 4%) [43, 44, 45]. The effect of polymorphism has been studied with controversial results as some groups argue that there is an advantage of the carriers of the Met/Met allele, by showing a better cognitive performance than the individuals who presented the Val/Met allele [44]; other researchers conclude that the fact of carrying at least one 66Met allele has a high prevalence of having a greater cognitive deterioration when PD is present [43].
One of the main characteristics of PD is the formation of Lewy bodies that are composed mainly of α-synuclein protein [46]. Recently, it was found that this protein interacts with the neurotrophic receptor TrkB, inhibiting its internalization and its correct distribution. This interaction blocks BDNF signaling and results in increased death of DN induced by the MPTP [47]. In addition, α-synuclein has been shown to affect the retrograde axonal transport of BDNF and confirm the inhibition of the signaling pathway in a PD model [48]. The inhibition of this neurotrophic factor makes them susceptible to the DN of the SN and contributes to the symptoms observed in PD.
Currently, PD affects the adult population (˃65 years) and even young people [49, 50]. Although PD is multifactorial, indisputable signs of the disease include the progressive degeneration of the DN of the nigrostriatal pathway due to oxido-redox imbalance, followed by neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, Lewy bodies’ deposits and the generalized damage of the neural circuits that control movement [24, 51, 52].
The degenerative process develops mainly in the DN. In humans, the early loss of dopaminergic neurons from the SN drastically reduces the striatal dopamine concentration [53, 54]. The origin of the motor and non-motor alterations can be sporadic due to genetic deregulation. Several genetic alterations have been described in
The Parkinson’s motor symptoms are bradykinesia, rigidity, inclined posture and tremor at rest. Neuroimaging studies suggest that the motor signs of the disease appear when 50–70% of the DN damage is present [57]. Tremor at rest is the symptom that is present in more than 70% of the patients with PD; these idiopathic tremors are more noticeable when the patient is not performing a specific movement [58]. Electrophysiological studies suggest that tremor at rest in PD is generated by multiple oscillatory circuits that are operating at the same frequencies (4 ± 6 Hz); this tremor is improved with the administration of levodopa, while orthostatic tremor, in PD, is characterized by rapid and specific tremors that affect the legs and trunk when standing. This tremor presents a frequency of 14 ± 18 Hz, where levodopa has no effect, which indicates that the pathophysiology of orthostatic tremor in PD might be different from the tremor at rest [59].
The bradykinesia or slowness of movement is manifested by the decrease in manual dexterity or the difficulty to get up from where they are sitting. Also during the progress of the disease, patients show postural instability with increased risk of falls as they take much faster and shorter steps, and postural instability has a poor response to dopamine treatments [58]. The symptoms of PD are progressive; however, the rate of progression in motor symptoms is variable according to the period of development of the disease in which they occur [60].
Other motor imbalance is the hypomimia, which is characterized by the decrease in facial expression or in the number of eye blinks, blurred vision, altered look, speech alteration, as well as the presence of dystonia or movement disorders, which causes involuntary contractions of the muscles, stooped posture, difficulty turning, kyphosis or scoliosis, which refer to an abnormal curvature of the spine, walking with the drag of the feet, or “freezing” or inability to move in patients with advanced stage of PD [59].
In functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (fMRI) of akinetic patients, changes have been observed during the performance of a complex sequential motor task, showing a reduced functional magnetic resonance signal in the rostral part of the supplementary motor area and in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, these patients also showed a significant bilateral increase in the activation of the primary sensorimotor cortex, the premotor cortex lateral, the caudal part of the supplementary motor area, the inferior parietal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, and in other cortical motor areas [61]. It has been mentioned that during the earliest pathological stage of PD, neuronal degeneration occurs in motor nuclei of the brainstem, olfactory bulbs and limbic areas; as it proceeds, it continues to the temporal and paralimbic cortices, as well as to the thalamic nuclei, until reaching associative areas such as the prefrontal lobes, and to finally involve the first order and sensory motor areas [62, 63, 64].
However, Agosta et al. [65] found that the progression of the disease in patients with moderate and severe PD shows a small cortical atrophy compared with healthy individuals; this atrophy involves the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex; they also report that the loss of gray matter did not significantly worsen in later stages of the disease, with the thalamus showing this atrophy. They also observed that a microstructural damage of the white matter (WM) occurs with the increase in the severity of the disease, involving the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamocortical, interhemispheric and limbic pathways, as well as the extra motor association tracts. They correlate the damage in WM with the degree of cognitive deficit, considering that the damage in WM probably contributes to the more severe motor and non-motor dysfunctions that occur in patients in later stages.
Parkinson’s disease is associated with multiple cognitive deficits and an increased risk of dementia, especially in its late stage. In addition, alterations in visuospatial, attentional, executive and memory functions may occur [66]. Epidemiological studies show that cognitive impairments are present between 24 and 62% of patients with newly diagnosed PD, and in the long term about 15% of patients remain cognitively intact [67]. The incidence of dementia is approximately 100 per 100,000 patients per year among patients with PD, suggesting that people with PD have a three to six times greater risk of developing dementia than people of the same age without PD [68]. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in these cognitive deficits are not yet clear.
At present, neurotrophic factors have attracted attention from both clinical and experimental levels. BDNF is one of the key molecules in the modulation of cerebral plasticity and can induce long-term potentiation (LTP) through the activation of signal transduction routes; this LTP plays a key role in the neurophysiological basis for learning and memory [69]. In experimental animal models, it has been observed that the inhibition of BDNF signaling in knockout mice can affect spatial learning and memory; on the contrary, in the general population, it has been observed that at higher levels of BDNF in the hypothalamus there is a better cognitive function, including memory [70]. Recently, it has been detected that serum levels of BDNF decrease significantly in those diseases with cognitive deficits, such as Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment and Huntington’s disease [27, 71, 72].
At the clinical level, there has been an association between serum BDNF levels and cognitive impairment. For example, one study observed the association between the decreased levels of BDNF present in cerebrospinal fluid, which contributes to early cognitive deterioration in PD, in particular to executive-attentional dysfunction [20]. On the other hand, an increase in BDNF concentrations has been detected in the same sample type of individuals with this pathology with respect to non-diseased controls [31], which could be due to a glial activation to increase the synthesis of this neurotrophin in response to brain damage [19]. Some authors have reported the association between the Val66Met BDNF polymorphism and cognitive dysfunction in patients with PD [43, 44]; subjects with Met BDNF allele show decreased cognitive flexibility when compared to homozygous carriers of the Val BDNF allele [45] (Figure 2).
Val 66 Met/G196A BDNF polymorphism in Parkinson’s disease. Schematic representation showing the structure and location of BDNF gene and the location of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that leads to the disease. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
In basic research, it has been observed that a higher concentration of hippocampal BDNF improves spatial memory in Morris’s water maze [73]. The hippocampus is an important nucleus for learning and memory consolidation processes, and since BDNF plays an important role in the neuroplasticity of the hippocampus, the absence of this neurotrophin might affect the processes of learning and memory in the short and long term. Also, BDNF as well as TrKB has been shown in animal models to participate in the survival of DN in the SN [74], which is one of the main populations affected in PD. Therefore, the deficiency of BDNF, as well as its TrKB receptor, could be related to the loss of DN and the progression of the disease.
In studies of patients with dopaminergic neurodegeneration, a reduction in serum BDNF levels was observed, accompanied by a loss of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) binding, that is, a positive correlation was found between the striatal DAT junction and BDNF levels [75]. On the other hand, there are several reports showing an increase in serum BDNF levels and also improvement in cognitive performance in PD patients, who underwent cognitive rehabilitation, when compared to a placebo group. These findings suggest that serum BDNF levels may represent a biomarker for the effects of cognitive rehabilitation in PD patients affected with mild cognitive impairment [76].
Aging is another important variable that not only leads to the slow progression of PD but also hampers the medical treatment response [77]. There is aging without PD, but there is no PD without aging [78], showing decreased dopamine levels, increased sensitivity to mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in calcium channel activity, accumulation of iron and neuromelanin, changes in protein degradation pathways [79], striatal spine retraction [80] and loss of striatal spine density [81]. With advancing age, the loss of DA neurons is fully expressed in PD genetic models in
In the brain, next to nigrostriatal pathway, hippocampus is highly sensitive to aging and BDNF is critically involved in the regulation of age-related hippocampal decline [86]. In normal striatum, BDNF maintains dendritic spine density and synapse function, whereas in aged striatum, impaired BDNF signaling is common, which is further intensified in BDNF Val66Met SNP individuals [87]. With an increase in human age, BDNF mRNA levels remained same but TrkB mRNA levels decreased in hippocampus [88], indicating that BDNF-TrkB system of hippocampus is sensitive to aging [89] and deficiency of BDNF-TrkB signaling leads to the progression of PD [74]. Recent reports in aged brain suggest a diminished capacity of aged brain to transcribe, release and/or respond to BDNF [87]. As a result, treatment with TrkB agonist activates TrkB and downstream signaling cascades in BDNF-independent manner, which is neuroprotective both
At pre-clinical level, alterations in the synthesis and presence of BDNF are related to psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression [91, 92]. PD patients with Val66Met BDNF and G/G-BDNF-Val66Met polymorphisms are more predisposed to develop symptoms of anxiety or depression when observed at genetic level [39]. At the protein level observation, pro-BDNF is a facilitator of hippocampal long-term depression (LTD), and Val66Met pro-BDNF impairs memory function but pro-BDNF with Met completely inhibits hippocampal LTD indicating the antagonistic activities of pro-BDNF and BDNF on hippocampal LTD [93]. A
In this context, murine models has led to demonstrate the presence of the Val66MetBDNF polymorphism associated with anxiety-like behavior and significant increase of corticosterone, the physiological stress hormone, in serum [95]. Similar to human findings, the decreased production of BDNF in the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex [96, 97] can be reversed with antidepressant drugs [91]. Whereas Tuon et al. evaluated the anti-depressant effect of BDNF, in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) murine model, by replacing the pharmacological therapy with physical exercise and observed a decrease of depressive-like behavior, which was associated with the restoration of pro-BDNF, BDNF and TrkB receptor levels both in the hippocampus and the
Despite the importance of BDNF in plasticity and cellular maintenance, the serum levels of this NT have been studied [99]. Existing evidence shows that low concentration of BDNF is a risk factor to generate depression in PD patients [100].
In brain, BDNF not only mediates region-specific effects on synaptic function and neuronal morphology [8] but is also involved in various functions including aging [101], anxiety [102], chronic pain [103], deafness [104], depression [105] and long-term memory storage [9]. BDNF is proven to be the best therapeutic gene for treating metabolic syndrome [106], Friedreich’s ataxia [107], neuropsychiatric or neurocognitive disorders [108], brain ischemia [109], schizophrenia [110], glaucoma [111], epilepsy [112], spinocerebellar ataxia typ. 6 [113], Huntington’s disease [21], multiple sclerosis [114], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [115], spinal cord injury [116], Alzheimer’s disease [22] and PD [117].
Despite encouraging and numerous researches supporting the potential therapeutic role of BDNF in non-human primate trials, no satisfactory results were found in clinical trials due to the disability to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to reach degenerating neurons as such [118]. Hence, alternative methods like addition of poly ethylene glycol (PEG), either at N-terminal or at C-terminal, and vector-mediated BBB drug delivery were done to improve the BDNF distribution for use in clinical trials [119].
However, very short half-life of BDNF limits the effectiveness as a therapeutic protein, and thus, exogenous delivery methods are necessary to translate BDNF-based therapies to the clinic. In this direction, gene delivery methods through viral vectors have gained lot of attention by researchers in the beginning, but later on, it was proved that the use of viral vectors in the clinic was proven difficult due to the limited biodistribution and host immunogenicity [120]. Later on, non-viral and nanocarrier (liposome and polyplex) mediated gene delivery drew the attention as nanotechnology offers new possibilities for designing vehicles. Along with the nanotechnology, proteomics also integrated leading to the production of fusion protein vectors and mimetics (both protein and non-protein). The outline of the potential therapeutic role of BDNF in treating neurodegenerative disorders, specific focus on PD, by various researches (Table 1) and the patents related to BDNF (Table 2) are tabulated.
Animal model (toxin) | Mode of BDNF supply | Result/outcome |
---|---|---|
Mouse (MPTP) [121, 122, 123] | Intranigral | Increased cell survival |
Non-peptide mimetics of BDNF | ||
Rat (6-OHDA) [117, 124, 125, 126, 127] | Intranigral transplants of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) secreting the BDNF protein | Regulated neurotrophic effect and proved vehicle for the targeted neurotrophic delivery |
Intranigral injections of recombinant human BDNF in healthy rats | Chronic BDNF did not attenuate dopaminergic parameters in either striatum or SN | |
Intra ventricular infusion | Adult brain parenchyma may recruit and/or generate new neurons | |
Intranigral neurotensin (NTS)-polyplex nanocarrier mediated gene delivery | Neurorecovery by neuritogenesis in early stage of PD | |
Intranigral recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector-mediated gene delivery | No signs of neuroprotection | |
Rat (MPTP) [128] | Transplanting genetically engineered fibroblasts expressing BDNF protein | Axonal regeneration |
Monkey (MPTP) [129] | Intrathecal infusion | Less neuronal loss and damage was observed in SN |
Rhesus monkey [130, 131] | Stimulation of BDNF secretion by caloric restriction; physical exercise | Increased neuronal survival and locomotor activity in both SN and striatum |
Therapeutic research works using BDNF.
Assignee/s | Inventor (date) | Title |
---|---|---|
Max-Planck Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Yves-Alain Barde (1989) | Brain derived neurotrophic factor |
Synergen Inc. | Frank Collins (1990) | Production of biologically active recombinant members of the NGF/BDNF family of neurotrophic proteins |
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. | Liat Hayardeny (2009) | Treatment of BDNF-related disorders using laquinimod |
Center for research and advanced studies of the national polytechnic institute | Daniel Martinez-Fong (2012) | Compositions and methods for Parkinson’s disease treatment by BDNF-flag gene transfer through neurotensin polyplex to nigral dopamine neurons |
Curna Inc., The Scripps Research Institute | Faghini Mohammad Ali and Coito Carlos (2013) | Treatment of brain derived neurotrophic factor related diseases by inhibition of natural antisense transcript to BDNF |
VDF FutureCeuticals | Zbigniew Pietrzkowski (2013) | Compositions and methods of BDNF activation |
Meiji Co., Ltd. | Midori Natsume (2015) | Promoting the production for the composition of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
Zhou Yi | Zhou Xinfu (2015) | Application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor protein as target for treating affective disorders |
Patents related to BDNF and its therapeutic role.
The experimental models of Parkinson give evidence of many recovery strategies to BDNF
The main objectives of experimental and clinical research include better understanding and proper diagnosis, developing new treatments and preventing them to the maximum extent. Currently, there are innumerable experimental pathology studies dedicated to solve the pathophysiology and possible treatment of PD. Based on this, clinical trials offer an excellent opportunity to help doctors and researchers to find better ways in detection, treatment or prevention in a safe way and, therefore, offer hope to people suffering from PD. Current studies include genetics, diagnostic imaging, studies that allow the identification of biomarkers of this disease, pharmacological treatment methods and various proposals for experimental therapies [132, 133]. Development and application of deep brain stimulation through implanting electrodes at specific sites to recover neuronal function is now a treatment option for some people with advanced PD when patients no longer respond to medications [134].
Having PD during aging involves rapid progression of motor impairment, altered mood and cognitive dysfunction. At the cellular level, there is a rapid loss of function and neuronal survival due to the absence of production of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF. In the preclinical phase, some experimental approaches evaluated in animal models have partially prevented the DN degeneration and neuroinflammation. However, these approaches have great challenges; the therapies should be specific to one cell population, guarantee biosafety for human use, low cost and induce a sustained therapeutic effect.
Although BDNF was found to be promising in animal models of PD, no significant results from clinical trials are reported [135], and thus, therapeutic usage of BDNF for PD in humans is not yet reported. However, as BDNF cannot pass through the BBB, intracranial administration is must and this may be overcome by delivering BDNF bound to certain molecular carriers that can cross BBB to avoid intracranial surgery-related complications and long-term effects on behavioral disorders [136]. In this aspect, researchers from University of California have combined BDNF with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for treating neurodegenerative diseases, but no published scientific reports exist on preclinical and clinical trials of MSC/BDNF stem cell product [137].
Brain-derived neurotropic factor is relevant to neuronal maintenance and participates in the survival of dopaminergic neurons. The deficit of this neurotrophin is the key for the pathophysiology of PD because it limits the regeneration of motor and cognitive circuits. The absence of BDNF could promote the cognitive dysfunction in vulnerable subjects. The knowledge of the synthesis and delivery routes of this neurotrophin will allow the search for better therapies focused in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
This work was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Catedra CONACyT # 1840) for DH-B and TC-LL, the Instituto de Neuroetologia from Universidad Veracruzana (DGI-174332015137 & CA-UV025) to MJR-H, the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (FIS/IMSS/PROT/G15/1480) to LMZ-F and PRODEP (UANL-PTC-908) to AV-O. AP-O received fellowship from CONACyT for postgraduate studies in Neuroethology (# 297410).
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Unsubscribe unsuccessful, no matching records found in our database.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Unsuccessful",metaDescription:"Unsubscribe unsuccessful, no matching records found in our database.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-unsuccessful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndSecondStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Calorimetry - New Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb239599406f0b731bbfd62c1c8dbf3f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10712",title:"Thrombectomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"853e71d74c3dd5007277d3770e639d47",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10712.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10715",title:"Brain MRI",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d56c88c53776966959f41f8b75daafd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10715.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10730",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2ac3ed12d9db14ee4bc66d7808c82295",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:214},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",parent:{title:"Gastroenterology",slug:"gastroenterology"},numberOfBooks:56,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1687,numberOfWosCitations:492,numberOfCrossrefCitations:385,numberOfDimensionsCitations:921,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7888",title:"Hepatitis A and Other Associated Hepatobiliary Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e027bb08025546d9beb242d55e87c84c",slug:"hepatitis-a-and-other-associated-hepatobiliary-diseases",bookSignature:"Costin Teodor Streba, Cristin Constantin Vere, Ion Rogoveanu, Valeria Tripodi and Silvia Lucangioli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin Teodor",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-teodor-streba",fullName:"Costin Teodor Streba"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8330",title:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0f8ff2a0673b7be22f7e7c531a2e410",slug:"nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-an-update",bookSignature:"Emad Hamdy Gad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222727",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emad Hamdy",middleName:null,surname:"Gad",slug:"emad-hamdy-gad",fullName:"Emad Hamdy Gad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8838",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",subtitle:"Debates and Current Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17163eb18a082da0fe70ccc20b7fe69a",slug:"liver-cirrhosis-debates-and-current-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6718",title:"Hepatitis C",subtitle:"From Infection to Cure",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7448805e61bfa52ce552c427ad6f16fc",slug:"hepatitis-c-from-infection-to-cure",bookSignature:"Imran Shahid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6718.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6663",title:"Management of Chronic Liver Diseases",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"833ebcb9a2596f81deff0246ed7c9642",slug:"management-of-chronic-liver-diseases-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Xingshun Qi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6663.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6440",title:"Liver Research and Clinical Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4bbd66ccead286ab737f23feb053cf8",slug:"liver-research-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6073",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"Molecular Bases, Prevention and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6141320881651ddc40a3f35893c209e7",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-molecular-bases-prevention-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5931",title:"Stomach Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"489f823dd49e3fa397e477a8101ca4ff",slug:"stomach-disorders",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5714",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"132a5e5097b78a76535fde4196596ac9",slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6061",title:"Ascites",subtitle:"Physiopathology, Treatment, Complications and Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ead9b3e5c36413f9ff2c3129fbc57574",slug:"ascites-physiopathology-treatment-complications-and-prognosis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6014",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b812442f63938a061f1c84b2338bb187",slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",bookSignature:"Martina Smolic, Aleksandar Vcev and George Y. Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6014.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:56,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:85,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"22945",doi:"10.5772/17640",title:"Pathophysiology of Gastric Ulcer Development and Healing: Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Options",slug:"pathophysiology-of-gastric-ulcer-development-and-healing-molecular-mechanisms-and-novel-therapeutic-",totalDownloads:11792,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"peptic-ulcer-disease",title:"Peptic Ulcer Disease",fullTitle:"Peptic Ulcer Disease"},signatures:"Matteo Fornai, Luca Antonioli, Rocchina Colucci, Marco Tuccori and Corrado Blandizzi",authors:[{id:"28973",title:"Prof.",name:"Corrado",middleName:null,surname:"Blandizzi",slug:"corrado-blandizzi",fullName:"Corrado Blandizzi"},{id:"44227",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Fornai",slug:"matteo-fornai",fullName:"Matteo Fornai"},{id:"44229",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Antonioli",slug:"luca-antonioli",fullName:"Luca Antonioli"},{id:"44230",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocchina",middleName:null,surname:"Colucci",slug:"rocchina-colucci",fullName:"Rocchina Colucci"},{id:"44231",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Tuccori",slug:"marco-tuccori",fullName:"Marco Tuccori"}]},{id:"35446",doi:"10.5772/47946",title:"Delivery of Probiotic Microorganisms into Gastrointestinal Tract by Food Products",slug:"delivery-of-probiotic-microorganisms-into-gastrointestinal-tract-by-food-products",totalDownloads:5861,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"new-advances-in-the-basic-and-clinical-gastroenterology",title:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology",fullTitle:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology"},signatures:"Amir Mohammad Mortazavian, Reza Mohammadi and Sara Sohrabvandi",authors:[{id:"97458",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mortazavian",slug:"amir-m.-mortazavian",fullName:"Amir M. Mortazavian"},{id:"99974",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Sohrabvandi",slug:"sarah-sohrabvandi",fullName:"Sarah Sohrabvandi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45493",title:"Biliary Dyspepsia: Functional Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders",slug:"biliary-dyspepsia-functional-gallbladder-and-sphincter-of-oddi-disorders",totalDownloads:5553,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"dyspepsia-advances-in-understanding-and-management",title:"Dyspepsia",fullTitle:"Dyspepsia - Advances in Understanding and Management"},signatures:"Meena Mathivanan, Liisa Meddings and Eldon A. Shaffer",authors:[{id:"165693",title:"Dr.",name:"Eldon",middleName:null,surname:"Shaffer",slug:"eldon-shaffer",fullName:"Eldon Shaffer"}]},{id:"56262",title:"Anatomy of Esophagus",slug:"anatomy-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:2872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu and Taner Kıvılcım",authors:[{id:"200126",title:"M.D.",name:"Murat Ferhat",middleName:null,surname:"Ferhatoglu",slug:"murat-ferhat-ferhatoglu",fullName:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu"},{id:"206240",title:"Dr.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Kivilcim",slug:"taner-kivilcim",fullName:"Taner Kivilcim"}]},{id:"56068",title:"Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy",slug:"minimally-invasive-esophagectomy",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Rafael Cholvi Calduch, Isabel Mora Oliver, Fernando Lopez Mozos\nand Roberto Martí Obiol",authors:[{id:"203292",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"fernando-lopez",fullName:"Fernando Lopez"},{id:"203687",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Martí",slug:"roberto-marti",fullName:"Roberto Martí"},{id:"204943",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Cholvi",slug:"rafael-cholvi",fullName:"Rafael Cholvi"},{id:"204944",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Mora",slug:"isabel-mora",fullName:"Isabel Mora"}]},{id:"21425",title:"Histopathological Diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",slug:"histopathological-diagnosis-of-non-alcoholic-and-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease",totalDownloads:2948,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"liver-biopsy-in-modern-medicine",title:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine",fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine"},signatures:"Andrea Tannapfel and Berenike Flott-Rahmel",authors:[{id:"34863",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tannapfel",slug:"andrea-tannapfel",fullName:"Andrea Tannapfel"},{id:"53108",title:"Prof.",name:"Berenike",middleName:null,surname:"Flott-Rahmel",slug:"berenike-flott-rahmel",fullName:"Berenike Flott-Rahmel"}]},{id:"55879",title:"Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy (PHG)",slug:"portal-hypertensive-gastropathy-phg-",totalDownloads:1115,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"stomach-disorders",title:"Stomach Disorders",fullTitle:"Stomach Disorders"},signatures:"Samia Ali Gamie",authors:[{id:"204157",title:"Prof.",name:"Samia",middleName:null,surname:"Ali Abdo Gamie",slug:"samia-ali-abdo-gamie",fullName:"Samia Ali Abdo Gamie"}]},{id:"57005",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life in Antiviral-Treated Chronic Hepatitis C Patients",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-in-antiviral-treated-chronic-hepatitis-c-patients",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",fullTitle:"Update on Hepatitis C"},signatures:"Aleksandar Včev, Jelena Jakab, Lucija Kuna and Martina Smolić",authors:[{id:"154595",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:null,surname:"Vcev",slug:"aleksandar-vcev",fullName:"Aleksandar Vcev"},{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"},{id:"204953",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucija",middleName:null,surname:"Kuna",slug:"lucija-kuna",fullName:"Lucija Kuna"},{id:"205159",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Jakab",slug:"jelena-jakab",fullName:"Jelena Jakab"}]},{id:"55818",title:"Tissue Engineering of Esophagus",slug:"tissue-engineering-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Yabin Zhu, Mi Zhou and Ruixia Hou",authors:[{id:"40618",title:"Prof.",name:"Yabin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yabin-zhu",fullName:"Yabin Zhu"}]},{id:"55045",title:"Hemodynamic Optimization Strategies in Anesthesia Care for Liver Transplantation",slug:"hemodynamic-optimization-strategies-in-anesthesia-care-for-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:1298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"liver-cirrhosis-update-and-current-challenges",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",fullTitle:"Liver Cirrhosis - Update and Current Challenges"},signatures:"Alexander A. Vitin, Dana Tomescu and Leonard Azamfirei",authors:[{id:"201176",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Vitin",slug:"alexander-vitin",fullName:"Alexander Vitin"},{id:"202442",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:null,surname:"Tomescu",slug:"dana-tomescu",fullName:"Dana Tomescu"},{id:"202600",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Azamfirei",slug:"leonard-azamfirei",fullName:"Leonard Azamfirei"}]},{id:"56177",title:"Nutritional Management of Esophageal Cancer Patients",slug:"nutritional-management-of-esophageal-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Dimitrios Schizas, Irene Lidoriki, Demetrios Moris and Theodore\nLiakakos",authors:[{id:"203349",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Schizas",slug:"dimitrios-schizas",fullName:"Dimitrios Schizas"},{id:"204000",title:"MSc.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Lidoriki",slug:"irene-lidoriki",fullName:"Irene Lidoriki"},{id:"204001",title:"Dr.",name:"Demetrios",middleName:null,surname:"Moris",slug:"demetrios-moris",fullName:"Demetrios Moris"},{id:"204002",title:"Prof.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Liakakos",slug:"theodore-liakakos",fullName:"Theodore Liakakos"}]},{id:"46479",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/epilepsy-histological-electroencephalographic-and-psychological-aspects/long-term-monitoring-an-overview",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"epilepsy-histological-electroencephalographic-and-psychological-aspects",chapter:"long-term-monitoring-an-overview"},fullPath:"/books/epilepsy-histological-electroencephalographic-and-psychological-aspects/long-term-monitoring-an-overview",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()