Protective factors and resilience strategies.
\r\n\tFrederick Law Olmsted, who is considered the father of American landscape architecture, often commented that landscape architecture is a profession that creates natural design approaches in human interaction with the environment.
\r\n\tLandscape design answers the people's need for parks and gardens in urban areas.
\r\n\tIt is a necessary design tool to understand to make more livable places in our living environment. Landscape Planning gives an option to protect our natural resources and natural environment. It draws a balance between the use and protection of natural areas. Urban Design is one of the important issues for landscape architecture. It is a common point of architecture, planning, and the landscape architecture profession. It helps to create sustainable, healthy spaces in urban development. Rural planning and development is the core issue of landscape architecture that makes a balance between natural and human interactions.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book project welcomes research papers related to all Landscape Architecture topics. We hope to provide an opportunity for Landscape Architecture researchers to distribute information to the academic community.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-699-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-698-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-700-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bf47534a17fef030dc256b541482553c",bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Mustafa Ergen and Associate Prof. Yasar Bahri Ergen",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10766.jpg",keywords:"Landscape Design, Sustainable Development, Healthy Spaces, Livable Spaces, Protection of Nature, Landscape Planning, Urban Design, Rural Planning, Rural Development, Landscape Architecture, Townscapes, Vegetation Conservation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 12th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 11th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 30th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 29th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"22 minutes",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Mustafa Ergen received his Dr.-Eng. degree at the Technical University of Dortmund, Germany. His studies focus on cityscapes, urban and landscape planning, design, and Geographic Information Systems, and Remote Sensing.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Yasar Bahri Ergen received a Doctoral Degree from Gazi University, Turkey. Currently, he is the chair of the City and Regional Planning Department at Siirt University.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"166961",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Ergen",slug:"mustafa-ergen",fullName:"Mustafa Ergen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/166961/images/system/166961.jpg",biography:"Mustafa Ergen graduated from Abant İzzet Baysal University’s Department of Landscape Architecture in 2000 in Turkey. In 2005, he completed his first master’s degree at the Gebze Institute of Technology in Urban and Regional Planning in Turkey and his second master’s degree at Anhalt University of Applied Sciences in Landscape Architecture, Germany, in 2006. He studied Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing at the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania between 2007 and 2008 in Greece and was granted a specialization diploma in Environmental Management. He received the Dr.-Ing. degree at the Technical University of Dortmund, Germany, in 2013. In 2005, he started his professional life at the Yüzüncü Yıl University, Turkey, as a Research Assistant. Between 2010 and 2016, he worked in the Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture at Amasya University in Turkey. Currently, He works in the Department of Architecture at Siirt University in Turkey. He speaks English fluently, he has an intermediate level of the German language, and his mother tongue is Turkish. His studies focus on cityscapes, urban and landscape planning, design, and Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing.",institutionString:"Siirt University Email",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Siirt University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"167276",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yasar",middleName:"Bahri",surname:"Ergen",slug:"yasar-ergen",fullName:"Yasar Ergen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/167276/images/system/167276.jpg",biography:"Yasar Bahri Ergen graduated from İstanbul State Academy of Engineering and Architecture Department of Architecture in 1973. In 1976, he completed his master degree at the İstanbul State Academy of Engineering and Architecture in City Planning. From 1982 to 1984 he lived in the US to conduct research in his field of expertise. He received the Doctoral Degree from Gazi University in 1987. His academic life started in 1982 and took turn from the US to Gazi University. After 1995, he established Departments of Architecture and City and Regional Planning at Bozok University and Amasya University. In 2017, he established Faculty of Fine Arts and Design and the Faculty Departments at Siirt University. Currently, he is the chair of the City and Regional Planning Department at Siirt University.",institutionString:"Siirt University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"346794",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Miskulin",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/346794/images/15795_n.png",email:"mia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5235",title:"Sustainable Urbanization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76200e89c8c93b3c0b22062aa09a84ff",slug:"sustainable-urbanization",bookSignature:"Mustafa Ergen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5235.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"166961",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Ergen",slug:"mustafa-ergen",fullName:"Mustafa Ergen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6396",title:"Urban Agglomeration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da1643c7ce5482ec846a188d34ce2839",slug:"urban-agglomeration",bookSignature:"Mustafa Ergen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6396.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"166961",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Ergen",slug:"mustafa-ergen",fullName:"Mustafa Ergen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"70547",title:"Advances in Substance Abuse Prevention Practice and Science for Hispanic/Latinos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90399",slug:"advances-in-substance-abuse-prevention-practice-and-science-for-hispanic-latinos",body:'This chapter will provide an overview of substance use prevention for Hispanic/Latino youth. Based on US Census Bureau data Hispanics are the youngest major racial or ethnic group in the United States [1]. About one-third or 17.9 million of the nation’s Hispanic population is younger than 18 and about a quarter or 14.6 million of all Hispanics are millennials (ages 18–33 in 2014). Researchers and practitioners alike recognize the advantages of implementing prevention programming that averts the need for more intensive and costly drug treatments. Advances in prevention science have been highlighted in reports from the Institute of Medicine and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) among others. The question is whether such advances in scientifically based prevention efforts can also extend to Hispanic/Latino youth including those who are immigrants or non-English speaking. A second question is whether theoretical models used to develop and study drug prevention programs are adequate in terms of addressing core cultural values beliefs and traditions among Hispanic/Latinos. Have prominent and widely used prevention interventions been adapted studied and proven effective with Hispanic/Latino youth? Are culturally tailored evidence-based programs available?
According to the review of literature conducted by Cuijpers [2], prevention programs have different goals, including the following: (a) increasing knowledge about drugs, (b) reducing the use, (c) delaying the onset of first use, (d) reducing abuse, and (e) minimizing the harm caused by the use. Prevention can be understood as any activity designed to avoid substance abuse and reduce its health and social consequences. This broad term can include actions aimed to reduce supply (e.g., based on the principle that the decreased availability of substances reduces the opportunities for abuse and dependence) and actions aimed to reduce demand (i.e., health promotion and disease prevention). In addition, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), based on a growing body of prevention science, offers principles concerning prevention which range from the importance of addressing risk and protective factors to implementing and enforcing family and community policies prohibiting substance use [3]. Unfortunately, the NIDA principles do not specifically address the importance of cultural risk or protective factors that may impact substance use among Hispanics. Principle 12 does offer some broad recommendation regarding culture, citing that when communities adapt programs to match their needs, they should still do their best to maintain as close to the original intervention as possible and maintain high fidelity, although this principle is related to program adaptation.
Hispanic adolescents experience health disparities related to substance use, emotional problems, and high-risk sexual behavior. By the 12th grade, Latino students report the highest rates of 30-day use of marijuana, inhalants, ecstasy, cocaine, crack, salvia, Vicodin, methamphetamine, crystal methamphetamine, over-the-counter cough medicines, and tobacco through use of hookah [4]. Additionally, over one-quarter of Latino adolescents report alcohol use in the last 30 days as well as reports of the highest rates of binge and heavy drinking [5]. Suicide ideation is elevated among Latino adolescents as 1 in 7 (16.7%) Latino adolescents report suicidal ideation and 1in 10 (10.2%) report having attempted suicide [6]. In 2012, Latina adolescents had higher rates of teenage pregnancy than any other racial and ethnic minority, with 43.6 births per 1000 females, ages 15–19 years old [7].
The fastest-growing drug problem in the United States is prescription drugs, and it is profoundly affecting the lives of teenagers. According to NIDA DrugFacts, prescription drug misuse and abuse is when someone takes a medication inappropriately (e.g., without a prescription). According to National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data on youth and young adults, more than 5700 youth in 2014 reported using prescription pain relievers without a doctor’s guidance for the first time.
A common misperception is that prescription drugs are safer or less harmful to one’s body than other kinds of drugs. However, there are a range of short- and long-term health consequences for each type of prescription drugs used inappropriately. When concerning opioids, which act on the same parts of the brain as heroin, the consequences of inappropriate use can cause drowsiness, nausea, constipation, and depending on the amount taken, slowed breathing and even respiratory failure [8]. In terms of trends in tobacco use and electronic cigarettes among youth, older students, Hispanics, and Whites are more likely to use e-cigarettes than younger students and Blacks. In the young adult population, males, Hispanics, Whites, and those with lower education are more likely to use e-cigarettes than females, Blacks, and those with higher levels of education [9]. Flavored products marketed as e-cigarettes have gained popularity among youth and adults, while health consequence data continues to highlight the negative health impact of these products.
Factors that drive the substance use behaviors of Hispanic youth may be quite similar to those found in the general population of youth, yet there are unique challenges, stressors, and other risk factors that play a role in the development of substance use among Hispanic/Latino youth [10]. Cultural values and language shifts, pre- and post-migration trauma, ethnic identified problems, and parent–child “acculturation gaps” are implicated in the onset of substance use in this growing population. A body of research on family stress, adaptation, and resilience by McCubbin and colleagues has established that stressors that impact minority groups, including Hispanics, can negatively impact and disrupt the family system [11]. In turn, how the family actively deals with their stressful conditions can strengthen family members, their relationships, and the family unit. Highly stressful conditions can overwhelm family functioning.
Acculturative stressors are a class of adverse conditions that can generate interpersonal, cultural and familial challenges. For example, cultural conflict following immigration can reverberate across generations. Such stressors may comprise chronic adversity that includes clashes between personal and family goals; an increase in individualistic views; a reduced sense of the importance of religion; increased intra-family conflicts; gender role conflict; and increased marital conflict. Families with more acculturative stress and who lack a strong social support system or resilience (i.e., family and friends, spiritual resources, access to public social services) or personal resources (i.e., self-esteem) can show a greater decline in family cohesion.
The physical and emotional demands of immigrating to the United States are well documented [12]. New data shows a 117% increase in unaccompanied children ages 12 and under caught at the US-Mexico border in fiscal year 2014 compared to fiscal year 2013. By comparison, the number of apprehensions of children 13–17 years old has by increased 12% in the past year [13]. Parental deportation is an increasingly common hardship experienced by the Hispanic youth. Nearly 33,000 noncitizen youth are in DHS custody each day, representing an over 50% increase from 2001. Chaudry and colleagues found most children of deported undocumented workers remained in the United States with their other parent or relative [14]. The negative consequences of forced family separation because of deportation on child well-being are documented [15, 16, 17, 18]. Children most at risk for negative behavioral or psychological changes are those who witnessed their parents’ arrest; children separated from their parents longer than 30 days; and children whose primary caregiver was deported [19].
The term
Research studies on acculturation and health status have been mixed, with some studies showing a positive relation between acculturation and health, while others demonstrate an inverse effect on health outcomes [26]. Furthermore, there is often considerable variation in these outcomes depending on factors such as country of origin, age, gender, years lived in the United States, education, and income [27]. For example, some research shows differences in health outcomes across a number of Latino/a subpopulations, with some subgroups experiencing higher morbidity and mortality rates, diabetes and hypertension, psychiatric disorders, and substance use disorders [27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. One potential factor driving these different outcomes is experiences of acculturative stress.
Recent work by the authors suggests that acculturation “gaps” between adolescents and their parents can impact healthy emotional development. An additional adversity often faced by Hispanic families involves family member separations due to immigration, such as when parents come to the United States first and children are separated for years. The reunification process can be stressful and painful rather than smooth and joyous. The work by Perreira and colleagues emphasizes how adversity and resilient responses are embedded in social contexts. From an adversities’ perspective, this involves loss of social position and class status, loss of vital extended family resources, loss of peer networks and community support, and economic and social segregation and marginalization. Unfamiliar social contexts, language barriers, and humiliation when confronted by racism and discrimination can further erode individual and family coping and resilience.
Studies also indicate that US-born and more acculturated Mexican origin youth exhibit higher rates of externalizing behavior when compared to their less acculturated, Mexican-born peers. Markers of acculturation are consistently associated with externalizing outcomes like conduct problems, juvenile arrest, and substance use. US-born youth report less investment in education and lower academic aspirations than their Mexican-born peers [33]. Among immigrants, greater length of residence in the United States is associated with lowered academic motivation [34, 35]. Despite the stressful period of adjustment to a new set of cultural and linguistic changes, immigrants show resilience and better behavioral health compared to US-born Latino youth. The immigrant paradox primarily results from the progressive loss of traditional culture and associated negative health consequences associated with increasing generations or time in the United States [36].
Research examining the effects of both acculturation and stress find that stress partially mediates the relationship between acculturation and negative health behaviors. Stress impedes health by limiting access to salutogenic health behaviors and through maladaptive coping [37]. Hispanics under elevated stressor exposure are more likely to deny the stressor or to use maladaptive coping behaviors such as risky sex and substance abuse [38, 39].
Among youth, immigration, and acculturation-related stressors have also been found to predict greater drug use and risky sexual behavior [40, 41]. Recently, Cervantes and colleagues identified eight culturally based stress risk domains commonly experienced by Latino adolescents, ranging from acculturation gaps to family immigration-related stress [42]. Higher scores of cultural stress in these life domains were significantly related to both internalizing and externalizing behavioral health problems in Latino adolescents including polysubstance use [10, 42]. Effective interventions targeting immigration-related stress among Hispanics must promote healthy coping strategies for acculturation- and immigration-based stressors [43].
The implications of immigration and acculturation stressors are likely accentuated in new Hispanic settlement communities. New settlement areas are often hostile towards immigrants, creating a culture of fear where there is a heightened sense of anxiety that likely underlies social interaction and exaggerates possible stressor exposure. Birman and colleagues provide evidence that these hostile contextual conditions can affect the acculturation process and point to contextual factors such as immigrant density, acceptance of cultural diversity, and presence of social capital as core contextual issues [44].
Protective factors are those personal and environmental conditions and experiences that can counteract risk factors for substance use. For example, emphasis on family life is a central core value to most Hispanics and essential for their resilience in achieving normative life aims in the face of adverse social and environmental barriers. The concept of
Familism and the highly involved parenting practices that often come with familism have been linked to fewer behavior problems in children. The work by Perreira and colleagues has pointed to specific resiliency strategies utilized by Hispanic immigrant parents. These include (1) emphasizing with and respecting adolescents/children (i.e., developing a deep understanding of what they are going through in an unfamiliar context and admiring the strength shown by children in that difficult context); (2) seeking help and fostering social support (i.e., connecting to other Hispanics and building community); (3) developing bicultural coping skills (including teaching children about their heritage and American culture); and (4) improving communication with their children (e.g., speaking honestly about difficult situations and being attentive to the child’s needs).
Other forms of resilience can be found among Hispanic/Latino youth and families. These resources can be “mobilized” as part of any culturally focused prevention strategy. In one qualitative study of family resilience, Cervantes and Santisteban [57] reported specific, contextual resilience strategies mentioned by Hispanic/Latino families in confronting acculturation stressors (Table 1).
Acculturation risk factors | Suggested resilience strategies |
---|---|
Discrimination |
|
Immigration stress |
|
Family conflicts |
|
Health-related stress |
|
Marital problems |
|
Protective factors and resilience strategies.
Evidence-based drug prevention programming for Hispanic/Latinos does exist, although the number or programs is small. Familias Unidas, Familia Adelante, Strengthening the Bonds of Chicano Youth, and other similar programs will be highlighted here. The
REAL Groups is a small-group intervention designed to complement the school-based Keepin’ it Real (KIR) prevention program [62]. REAL Groups intervention is the result of a partnership with predominantly Mexican-American schools located in the central city neighborhoods of a southwestern US metropolitan area. The REAL Groups approach was designed as a companion to the larger KIR intervention and takes place over 10 weeks specifically targeting Latino, Hispanic, and Mexican-American children that appear to be more vulnerable to using drugs before entering adolescence. However, the outcomes of the REAL Groups intervention have been mixed and inconclusive, mainly due to the participants of the study being in the fifth grade with low drug use rates.
The mother/daughter intervention (MDI) approach is another program that involves substance abuse prevention strategies for youth [63]. This approach consists of 10 sessions via the internet which are to be completed at a rate of one session per week. In one study the MDI targeted young Black and Latina girls between the ages of 10 and 13 and their mothers. The outcome of the MDI showed that the girls who received the intervention reported lower levels of depression and higher levels of self-efficacy about their ability to avoid cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use.
Substance abuse treatment and prevention interventions also exist to address intrafamilial stress in Hispanic families, such as brief strategic family therapy (BSFT) and more recently culturally informed family therapy for adolescents (CIFTA) [64, 65]. Again, these studies have included predominately Cuban or other Caribbean Latino samples yet may prove beneficial when applied to other Hispanic/Latino groups.
As an example of the expanding set of innovative research-based prevention programs for Hispanic/Latino youth, Familia Adelante will be will be discussed in some detail to exemplify one recently developed, culturally focused program. Familia Adelante is a drug prevention program that incorporates
Familia adelante: youth sessions summary | ||
---|---|---|
Session | Lesson | Lesson goal |
1 | Introduction | Have a clear understanding of the Familia adelante curriculum, its purpose, and the need for program evaluation |
2 | Concept building | To define prevention and its application in life, build rapport with group members, acknowledge Hispanic culture as a positive resiliency factor, learn the basic concepts of culture and stress |
3 | Feelings | Explore physical and emotional feelings, explain how feelings affect behavior; how to be assertive in relationships |
4 | Stress overview | What stress is and how it affects physical and emotional health as well as behavior |
5 | Acculturation stress | Hispanic acculturation stress, how to identify the consequences of physical and emotional stress, and what values may hold. Discussion of immigration-related stressors |
6 | School-related stress | Identify the stressors related to school, cultural, and ethnic differences and how this stress affects youth; help youth identify trusted adults to share stressful experiences |
7 | Negative peer pressure | Adaptive ways of coping with stress; how to cope with dating peer pressure around sexual behaviors. |
8 | Family stress | How to identify family stressors; effective ways to deal with cultural stressors, positive and negatives about having sex; explore acculturation gaps |
9 | Gang prevention | Understand Hispanic gangs, violence, and the importance of not becoming members of gangs |
10 | Substance abuse education | Specific drug information, dangers of drug use, other healthy activities, facts about drugs, effects of drugs on a person’s body, cultural pressures to use alcohol and other drugs |
11 | Family communication | Teach families healthy communication skills; revisit acculturation gaps stressors |
12 | Evaluation and celebration | Re-evaluate youth to assess effectiveness of program; certificates of completion awarded to participants |
Familia adelante session summary.
Given the lack of prevention programs that have used a grounded cultural theory or that have incorporated culturally relevant risk and protective factors, there is oftentimes a need to use other evidence-based prevention practices and approaches and to adapt those to the needs of local Hispanic/Latino community. In one literature review comparing cultural adaptations to either no treatment or unadapted treatments, researchers found that cultural adaptations can be more effective than either of these other conditions, especially for clients with a diagnosed mental health disorder [69]. When examined as a whole, the scientific literature on cultural adaptations shows treatment effects to be significant and moderate in size on average [69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75]. Still, researchers caution that conclusions about the need for cultural adaptations should be reserved until more studies that directly compare adapted and unadapted EBPPs are conducted.
Adapted interventions that address the powerful, everyday stressors experienced by Hispanic/Latino clients are likely to be perceived as more relevant and attractive to clients. Enhancing content of existing EBPPs to reflect the values (e.g., family, religion) and world views of Latino clients will also increase the cultural relevance of the intervention [69, 76]. Finally, there are a number of agency- and provider-level characteristics that must be considered before a decision to adapt an EBP is made. First and foremost is the capacity of a provider organization to systematically undertake an adaptation. Agency capacity refers to the financial and human capital resources, skills, knowledge, and in-kind support that are needed to take on each step of the adaptation process (outlined below). For example, an initial needs assessment may include conducting consumer, staff, and other stakeholder interviews or focus groups. Thus, an agency should be prepared to cover costs related to staffing of these additional activities, paying incentives for participants, offering childcare, providing food and providing transportation for participants, transcription of focus group data, data management, data analysis, and reporting.
Drug prevention science and practice continues to expand, and to some extent the field has made positive impact in the Hispanic/Latino community. Based on the research to date, sufficient evidence exists about culturally specific risk and protective factors associated with the onset of substance use [3, 42]. Additionally, the momentum is gathering for the development and study of culturally focused prevention interventions. Acculturation and related stressors have been shown to precipitate behavioral health problems, and the body of research on acculturation stress can serve as theoretical underpinnings for the development of additional contemporary, culturally sensitive programming. As prevention programming and the evidence base for Hispanic/Latino practices continues to expand, core theoretical considerations will drive effective prevention programming. Latino and other scholars agree that concepts of acculturation, acculturation stress, familismo,
In addition, there is growing evidence that factors such as acculturation stress, parent–child acculturation gaps, and prolonged discrimination (measured by allostatic load) may all play a role in the development of SUD among Hispanic/Latino youth. Programs such as Familia Adelante, which can be considered a culturally grounded model, address many of the acculturation and stress-related issues that resonate with many Hispanic/Latino youth. The development of prevention service approaches that include family and parent involvement is necessary, not only for the purpose of recruiting and retaining families but also as a way to promote and reinforce
Finally, we have outlined issues related to adapting existing EPBs for use in Hispanic/Latino communities. Research is fairly conclusive that adapting an EBP to the language and cultural characteristics of a particular ethnic community is better than not doing the adaption. Yet, the skills, capacity, and resources available to do good program adaptation must be in place. More specific research on program adaptations of generic prevention programs for Hispanic/Latino communities is needed.
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) research has attracted tremendous attention during the last decade. This interest is mainly given due to the low cost of this type of vehicles and its large application range in diverse areas such as surveillance, delivery, maintenance, inspection, transportation, work assistant, and aerial photography. For instance, UAVs could be provided with cameras so as to observe nature and wildlife. In addition, arms, grippers, or tethers might be installed to UAVs, for which UAVs can assist in construction, transportation, and carrying payloads. Different types of UAVs are considered as complex systems since their dynamic models are nonlinear, dynamically coupled, and the difficulty to establish a very accurate mathematical model. The design of UAV control systems has attracted many researchers worldwide, and many control techniques have been proposed for the aim of accomplishing a 6-DoFs dynamic and trajectory tracking control of UAVs. This chapter focuses on advanced nonlinear control approaches in order to enhance the dynamic performance of both dynamic and trajectory tracking control of UAVs. Nonlinear control theories have been developed among other control strategies due to their capacity to deal with the nonlinearity and the coupling components of the UAV state variables.
Quadcopters are one of the very common UAV platforms; in fact, the literature related to control design of quadcopters is extensive, and this type of UAVs is underactuated, nonlinear, and strongly coupled, which is hard to cope properly with conventional control methods. On the other hand, they have many advantages over conventional helicopters, which may be concluded as follows: capability of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), hovering and maneuverability, and low power consumption, since it has four small-scale propellers for thrust and orientation.
In the area of quadcopter literature, there is a variety of applications as aerial manipulation [1, 2], quadcopter pendulum [3], navigation and localization [4, 5], obstacle avoidance [6], altitude control [7], and cooperative and formation control [8, 9]. Moreover, several control schemes have been proposed including adaptive control [10, 11, 12, 13], fuzzy control [14], neural network control [15], linear parameter varying (LPV) control [16], predictive control [17, 18], nonlinear control methods [19, 20, 21, 22, 23], and sliding mode control [24, 25]. In [4], researchers propose localization, navigation, and mapping methods based on the characteristic map; feature map is selected to localize and navigate the UAV under investigation, while drawing up navigation strategy and avoidance strategy. In [5], PID controllers for the attitude, altitude, and position of a quadrotor are designed, and an outdoor experiment is conducted based on GPS to verify the performance, and desired trajectory’s waypoints are determined using Mission Planar software. The application of ultrasonic sensor is used to detect barriers during the flight, so that the position of the quadrotor is adjusted depending on the signal of the ultrasonic sensor in order to avoid collision [6]. Cascaded PID controller with the usage of laser range finder combined with accelerometer in order to determine the height of the vehicle has been presented in [7]; the proposed system is compared with the performance of the system using GPS combined with pressure gauge. However, the results of the proposed system exhibit better performance especially in the range of low altitude. Centralized formation flight control of a leader/follower structure of three quadcopters is proposed in [8] using LQR-PI, the trajectory of the leader defines the desired trajectory for the followers, and a pole placement controller is used for the leader and LQR-PI controllers for the followers. In case of communication loss between leader and any of the followers, the other follower quadcopter provides the leader’s states to the affected follower quadcopter in order to keep the formation intact. Whereas a multiagent consensus control incorporated with collision avoidance using model predictive control is presented in [9], the term of achieving formation and the term of repulsive potential are set in the index function to realize the formation control considering collision avoidance. The experiment is carried out using three quadrotor UAVs.
By looking to the quadcopter control systems, dynamic inversion and linear neural-network-based adaptive attitude control of a quadrotor UAV is introduced in [10]. Based on the time-scale separation principle, an attitude dynamic inverse controller and a trajectory dynamic inverse controller are deduced, respectively; the inverse error dynamics is regulated using PD controller, and a sigma-pi neural network is introduced to eliminate the inverse error adaptively to improve the robustness of the controller. Authors of [11] propose a compound adaptive backstepping and sliding mode control subject to unknown external disturbances and parametric uncertainties. A comparison study for the proposed method with and without adaptive control is investigated. An adaptive controller based on backstepping technique is employed for the trajectory tracking of quadrotor incorporating a fuzzy monitoring strategy to compensate the undesired dynamic error caused by lumped disturbances and total thrust input saturation [12]. Reference [13] introduces adaptive sliding mode controller for distributed control systems with mismatched uncertainty that exists in communication channels. A linear sliding surface is adopted to guarantee asymptotic stability of each subsystem, and an adaptive scheme that can update the unknown upper bound of uncertainty is applied. The distributed controller is constructed based on the information from the adaptive scheme and neighboring subsystems, such that each subsystem can keep stable and have good performance.
On the other hand, a tracking control system for the quadrotor UAV based on Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy control has been presented in [14]. At first, T-S fuzzy error model has been presented as three independent subsystems for altitude, attitude, and position. Then, T-S fuzzy feedback controller design procedure is applied for altitude, attitude, and position subsystems of the quadcopter. LMI algorithm has been utilized in order to calculate the controller’s gains. In [15], a sliding mode underactuated control (SMUC) is designed for the quadrotor UAV model with small uncertainty. In order to enhance the tracking response of the quadrotor UAV, recurrent-neural-network-based sliding-mode underactuated control (RNN-SMUC) with online recurrent neural network modeling and compensation of dynamical uncertainty is designed, and the RNN performs as an approximator. Finally, the combination of SMUC and RNN-SMUC with a transition as so-called hybrid neural-network-based sliding-mode underactuated control (HNN-SMUC) is developed. This development has the advantages of SMUC and RNN-SMUC; e.g., a better transient response of SMUC and an improved tracking performance of RNN-SMUC are accomplished. Furthermore, researchers of [16] compare between LPV controllers and LTI
Nonlinear control methods cover the majority of the applied approaches in the literature. For instance, [19] proposes nonlinear hybrid controller that utilizes the time response characteristics of the PID and the stability characteristics of the LQR; differential-flatness-based feedforward control is incorporated with the LQR to enhance the performance of the position system, whereas PID controllers are designed to control the attitude of the quadcopter. Authors of [20] utilize LQR, PID, and feedback linearization in order to design position-tracking model. The LQR controller is added to the feedback linearization model to optimize the control algorithm by determining a suitable cost function; the attitude of dynamic control was modeled so as to maintain desired quadcopter’s position despite the presence of disturbances. The performance of tracking position is optimized by adding PID loop control for pitch, roll, and yaw movement, and a comparison between the performance of the two nonlinear control techniques, including backstepping and feedback linearization with LQR, has been performed in [21]. The control laws have been derived depending on the nonlinear model with no linearization, and experiments for the attitude have been performed. Whereas in [22], the performance of sliding mode techniques has been verified and
Nonlinear control theory is the area of control theory that deals with nonlinear systems, time variant systems, or both. Different engineering applications motivate researchers to develop powerful nonlinear control methods, since a majority of these systems are considered to be nonlinear. The key reason behind the use of nonlinear control techniques is their capability to deal with the nonlinear characteristics of nonlinear systems such as underactuations, models uncertainty, and dynamic coupling. This chapter focuses on the following nonlinear control approaches:
Backstepping
Sliding mode control
Feedback linearization
It is a widely used nonlinear control technique, due to its significant inherited characteristics including: being a recursive controller approach, which depends on a proposed Lyapunov function for deriving the system control law; higher flexibility, to some extent, in avoiding key nonlinearity cancellation; and verifying the desired objective of stabilization and tracking [26, 27]. The procedure of deriving control laws depending on backstepping technique is concluded in, at first, determining the error function between the desired input and the system actual output, then outlining a Lyapunov function and determining virtual controls to make the derivative of the proposed Lyapunov function with a negative definite. Finally, these steps are repeated until obtaining the control law.
Consider the following system:
Let us define the following error function as
and Lyapunov function as
In order to obtain the derivative of the proposed Lyapunov function with a negative definite,
where
Note: it is remarkable to mention that the parameters of a system would appear in the derived control law when using backstepping, so that an integral action is added to each virtual control during the procedure of deriving the control law, which is termed integral backstepping, and more details about backstepping method are described in [27].
Feedback linearization is also one of the major nonlinear design tools. It is used to cancel the nonlinear terms in a system’s model; this cancellation resulting in a linear system allows designing and incorporating linear controllers for a nonlinear system with the feedback linearization laws. To introduce the procedure of this strategy, we first introduce the notions of
In this chapter, we will pay attention to input-output linearization method. To obtain the input-output feedback linearization law, we simply repeat the calculation of the derivative of the system output along the state variables. Let us consider the system in (1) as,
The input-output linearization law would become:
Sliding mode control is considered one of the control tools of the variable structure systems (VSS), since it produces a discontinuous controller. It has the advantage of stabilizing and achieving robustness criteria against model uncertainty and disturbances. Sliding mode control theory depends on a sliding surface
Equivalent control law is one of the sliding mode control strategies; it consists of two terms, the first is produced by equaling the derivative of sliding surface
Constant rate reaching law, i.e.,
and constant plus proportional rate reaching law, i.e.,
where
Illustration of sign function.
With
where
The procedure for designing a sliding mode controller can be summarized by the following steps:
Designing the sliding surface
Determining the derivative of the sliding surface
Equaling the derivative of sliding surface with the appropriate reaching law
Deriving the control law from the previous step
The dynamic model of the quadcopter is delivered in this section; the details of the model can be seen in the literature [29, 30, 31]. The state variables of the quadcopter are defined as,
where
The equations of motion can be written as follows (10):
where
where
where
The control scheme of the quadcopter can be represented as in Figure 2, it consists of two loops: the attitude control loop and the inner loop, which produces the control commands for the quadcopter to move. Moreover, the position control loop and the outer loop produce the references for the inner loop.
The block diagram of the position control system of the quadcopter.
In this section, the control laws of the quadcopter will be derived using the aforementioned nonlinear control methods.
Control laws of the attitude and position of the quadcopter are derived using integral backstepping approach.
We will start deriving the control law of the attitude by defining the altitude error and the Lyapunov function as follows:
If the term
The term
Similar steps are repeated here to derive the control law,
Using a similar strategy as for
The control laws of the attitude of the quadcopter were derived in this section depending on integral backstepping method as follows:
The Cartesian motion of a quadcopter in the
The feedback linearization method is used in order to decouple the state variables of the quadcopter. This will enable us to derive the LQ-based control laws for the attitude, altitude, and position of the quadcopter.
The feedback linearization law of the attitude is given as follows:
where
The feedback linearization laws of the attitude are derived as follows:
The previous control laws linearize the mapping between the derivatives of the flat outputs
where
Here,
where
The goal of the optimal control is to determine the control feedback, for which the optimal controller minimizes a proposed cost function
where
The control law
where
LQR controller is capable to provide a high dynamic performance when used with linear or linearized control systems. However, LQR is not capable to ensure fast tracking of time varying command signals [33, 34]. Different types of LQRs are demonstrated in literatures [32]. Figure 3 shows an LQI regulator, with an integral action.
LQI optimal controller structure.
If the model of the linear system is extended by an error vector
where
Hence, the control law
In order to obtain the attitude and position control laws of the quadcopter using sliding mode control, the steps followed are discussed below.
In order to obtain the control laws of the quadcopter using sliding mode control, at first, the sliding surface should be determined as follows:
where
From the equation of motion, the second derivative of the error becomes
By equaling Eq. (41) to zero, we obtain
By using the constant and proportional rate reaching law formula
So that the control law of the altitude will become:
By following sliding mode control steps of design for the attitude of the quadcopter, we obtain
with
Same strategy will be followed to derive the control laws of the position as in integral backstepping and feedback linearization. The control laws of both
with
The discussed nonlinear approaches have been tested in MATLAB/Simulink based on the nonlinear quadcopter model of Eq. (10), as well as experimental verification is also conducted. For modeling and simulation of the proposed approaches, the simulation sample time was Ts = 100 μs and the solver used was Runge-Kutta with a fixed integration. Figures 4 and 5 show the system’s trajectory tracking response. Figure 4a depicts the system response when implementing the proposed integral backstepping approach. Figure 4b shows the system response using feedback linearization with LQI approach. Figure 4c represents the system response using sliding mode control. Figure 4a–c demonstrates the system trajectory tracking to a desired trajectory command signal, with the existing external disturbances. These disturbances are being added with the command signals at different time instances. The initial position of the desired trajectory was (2, 0, 0), but the quadcopter was initiated with a different initial position as (0, 0, 0). As seen from Figure 4a–c, for the three investigated control approaches, the actual trajectory at the start was a bit diverged from the desired trajectory. However, the actual trajectory was then converged to the desired one fast. Figure 5 exhibits the reference signals and the responses for x-, y-, and z axes of the quadcopter in the 3D space. These references on x and y axes were selected to be sinusoidal signals with 2 m of magnitude and 0.05 Hz of frequency. The command along z axis was a ramp signal with 0.2 m.s−1 velocity rate. Figure 6 shows the tracking errors of the quadcopter motion on x, y and z. However, as seen, the tracking error of the motion on the three axes converged to zero. But, a little divergence was observed, which were due to the existence of disturbance with the command signals.
Desired and actual trajectory, proposed integral backstepping response (4-a), feedback linearization with LQI response (4-b), and sliding mode control response (4-c).
Desired and actual trajectory, proposed integral backstepping response (5-a), feedback linearization with LQI response (5-b), and sliding mode control response (5-c).
Trajectory tracking errors, proposed integral backstepping response (6-a), feedback linearization with LQI response (6-b), and sliding mode control response (6-c).
The practical implementation, of the proposed control strategies of the attitude control of the quadcopter, has been validated using Arduino MEGA board with an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Figure 7 exhibits the practical UAV control system. Figure 8 shows the practical implementation results and response of pitch angle using integral backstepping controller. As noticed earlier, there is a static error with oscillating response. Figure 9a and b demonstrates the practical result and response of the roll angle when implementing integral backstepping and feedback linearization with LQI controllers, respectively.
Practical UAV control scheme.
Pitch practical response using integral backstepping.
Pitch practical response: (a) using integral backstepping and (b) feedback linearization with LQI.
As noticed from Figure 9a, there was an oscillating response for pitch angle control during transient state, of almost undesired of ±20° of overshoot and downshoot when implementing the proposed backstepping controller. But, high dynamic performance and fast tracking control were obtained for pitch angle control when implementing the proposed LQI controller with feedback linearization approach as seen in Figure 9b.
This chapter has discussed different advanced control techniques for UAV control. Nonlinear control theories have been reviewed among other control strategies due to their capacity to deal with the nonlinearity and the coupling components of the UAV state variables. This includes backstepping, feedback linearization, and sliding mode control. UAV nonlinear model has been derived and modeled in MATLAB®, and the proposed control strategies have been implemented. Simulation results obtained from the developed model with the control strategies were presented and discussed. Different path tracking and trajectories have been examined with successful and high dynamic performance. The developed control strategies have exhibited robustness against the UAV parameter mismatch and dynamic uncertainties.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119060},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo and Assistant Prof. Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10964",title:"Wearable Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0981ee7867892cc6e0a4edd65b792ac9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10964.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:44},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1174",title:"Neurochemistry",slug:"neurochemistry",parent:{title:"Molecular Neuroscience",slug:"molecular-neuroscience"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:97,numberOfWosCitations:63,numberOfCrossrefCitations:57,numberOfDimensionsCitations:113,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"neurochemistry",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7480",title:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"262be213941c1aaa0dd80896713f5e1f",slug:"neurochemical-basis-of-brain-function-and-dysfunction",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7040",title:"Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b85fe0e356faddc5ff53928dd5c3a142",slug:"recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research",bookSignature:"Willard J Costain and Robert B Laprairie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7040.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89884",title:"Dr.",name:"Willard James",middleName:null,surname:"Costain",slug:"willard-james-costain",fullName:"Willard James Costain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5780",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:"A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fe2c461c95b4ee2d886e30b89d71723",slug:"serotonin-a-chemical-messenger-between-all-types-of-living-cells",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3846",title:"Neurochemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671f065e6c1035adb042edc442626b8a",slug:"neurochemistry",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5258,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"46312",doi:"10.5772/57604",title:"The Blood Brain Barrier — Regulation of Fatty Acid and Drug Transport",slug:"the-blood-brain-barrier-regulation-of-fatty-acid-and-drug-transport",totalDownloads:3643,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"Siddhartha Dalvi, Ngoc On, Hieu Nguyen, Michael Pogorzelec,\nDonald W. Miller and Grant M. Hatch",authors:[{id:"130802",title:"Dr.",name:"Grant",middleName:null,surname:"Hatch",slug:"grant-hatch",fullName:"Grant Hatch"},{id:"170126",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Miller",slug:"donald-miller",fullName:"Donald Miller"},{id:"170127",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Pogorzelec",slug:"michael-pogorzelec",fullName:"Michael Pogorzelec"},{id:"170128",title:"Ms.",name:"Hieu",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hieu-nguyen",fullName:"Hieu Nguyen"},{id:"170129",title:"Dr.",name:"Ngoc",middleName:null,surname:"On",slug:"ngoc-on",fullName:"Ngoc On"},{id:"170130",title:"Dr.",name:"Siddhartha",middleName:null,surname:"Dalvi",slug:"siddhartha-dalvi",fullName:"Siddhartha Dalvi"}]},{id:"46317",doi:"10.5772/58232",title:"TRP Channels in Neuronal and Glial Signal Transduction",slug:"trp-channels-in-neuronal-and-glial-signal-transduction",totalDownloads:2500,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"Christian Harteneck and Kristina Leuner",authors:[{id:"169619",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Harteneck",slug:"christian-harteneck",fullName:"Christian Harteneck"},{id:"169620",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristina",middleName:null,surname:"Leuner",slug:"kristina-leuner",fullName:"Kristina Leuner"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68776",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Chemical Basis of Neural Function and Dysfunction",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-chemical-basis-of-neural-function-and-dysfunction",totalDownloads:430,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"neurochemical-basis-of-brain-function-and-dysfunction",title:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction"},signatures:"Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",authors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"},{id:"245650",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonei B.",middleName:null,surname:"Csoka",slug:"antonei-b.-csoka",fullName:"Antonei B. Csoka"}]},{id:"64031",title:"Trends of Protein Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Diseases",slug:"trends-of-protein-aggregation-in-neurodegenerative-diseases",totalDownloads:1021,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"neurochemical-basis-of-brain-function-and-dysfunction",title:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction"},signatures:"Abdulbaki Agbas",authors:[{id:"250609",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdulbaki",middleName:null,surname:"Agbas",slug:"abdulbaki-agbas",fullName:"Abdulbaki Agbas"}]},{id:"63561",title:"Cannabis Use Disorder",slug:"cannabis-use-disorder",totalDownloads:669,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research",title:"Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research"},signatures:"Iris Balodis and James MacKillop",authors:null},{id:"55438",title:"Serotonin in Neurological Diseases",slug:"serotonin-in-neurological-diseases",totalDownloads:1360,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"serotonin-a-chemical-messenger-between-all-types-of-living-cells",title:"Serotonin",fullTitle:"Serotonin - A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells"},signatures:"Jolanta Dorszewska, Jolanta Florczak-Wyspianska, Marta Kowalska,\nMarcin Stanski, Alicja Kowalewska and Wojciech Kozubski",authors:[{id:"31962",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Dorszewska",slug:"jolanta-dorszewska",fullName:"Jolanta Dorszewska"},{id:"83372",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Kozubski",slug:"wojciech-kozubski",fullName:"Wojciech Kozubski"},{id:"183236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Florczak-Wyspianska",slug:"jolanta-florczak-wyspianska",fullName:"Jolanta Florczak-Wyspianska"},{id:"186528",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Kowalska",slug:"marta-kowalska",fullName:"Marta Kowalska"},{id:"197937",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Stanski",slug:"marcin-stanski",fullName:"Marcin Stanski"},{id:"197995",title:"Mrs.",name:"Alicja",middleName:null,surname:"Kowalewska",slug:"alicja-kowalewska",fullName:"Alicja Kowalewska"}]},{id:"68712",title:"Synaptic Transmission and Amino Acid Neurotransmitters",slug:"synaptic-transmission-and-amino-acid-neurotransmitters",totalDownloads:572,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"neurochemical-basis-of-brain-function-and-dysfunction",title:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction",fullTitle:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction"},signatures:"Manorama Patri",authors:[{id:"196763",title:"Dr.",name:"Manorama",middleName:null,surname:"Patri",slug:"manorama-patri",fullName:"Manorama Patri"}]},{id:"63068",title:"Quality Traits of Medical Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences and Derived Products Based on Comprehensive Mass-Spectrometry Analytical Investigation",slug:"quality-traits-of-medical-cannabis-sativa-l-inflorescences-and-derived-products-based-on-comprehensi",totalDownloads:662,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research",title:"Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research"},signatures:"Lorenzo Calvi, Radmila Pavlovic, Sara Panseri, Luca Giupponi,\nValeria Leoni and Annamaria Giorgi",authors:null},{id:"46316",title:"Accumulation of Abnormally Processed Tau Protein in Neuronal Cells as a Biomarker for Dementia",slug:"accumulation-of-abnormally-processed-tau-protein-in-neuronal-cells-as-a-biomarker-for-dementia",totalDownloads:2329,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"J. Luna-Muñoz, A. Martínez-Maldonado, V. Ibarra-Bracamontes, M.\nA. Ontiveros-Torres, I. Ferrer, B. Floran-Garduño, M. del C. Cárdenas-\nAguayo, R. Mena and M.A. Meraz Ríos",authors:[{id:"37331",title:"Prof.",name:"Isidre",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrer",slug:"isidre-ferrer",fullName:"Isidre Ferrer"},{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"42226",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Mena-López",slug:"raul-mena-lopez",fullName:"Raul Mena-López"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"158882",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamín",middleName:null,surname:"Florán-Garduño",slug:"benjamin-floran-garduno",fullName:"Benjamín Florán-Garduño"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169865",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Maldonado",slug:"alejandra-martinez-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandra Martinez-Maldonado"},{id:"169866",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ontiveros-Torres",slug:"miguel-angel-ontiveros-torres",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ontiveros-Torres"}]},{id:"62431",title:"The United Chemicals of Cannabis: Beneficial Effects of Cannabis Phytochemicals on the Brain and Cognition",slug:"the-united-chemicals-of-cannabis-beneficial-effects-of-cannabis-phytochemicals-on-the-brain-and-cogn",totalDownloads:1116,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research",title:"Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research"},signatures:"Katrina Weston-Green",authors:null},{id:"46370",title:"Genetics of Alzheimer´S Disease",slug:"genetics-of-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:2338,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"Victoria Campos-Peña, Rocío Gómez and Marco Antonio Meraz\nRíos",authors:[{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169615",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-Peña",slug:"victoria-campos-pena",fullName:"Victoria Campos-Peña"},{id:"170264",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez",slug:"rocio-gomez",fullName:"Rocío Gómez"}]},{id:"55260",title:"Energy Homeostasis by the Peripheral Serotonergic System",slug:"energy-homeostasis-by-the-peripheral-serotonergic-system",totalDownloads:1010,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"serotonin-a-chemical-messenger-between-all-types-of-living-cells",title:"Serotonin",fullTitle:"Serotonin - A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells"},signatures:"Hitoshi Watanabe, Michael Rose, Yoshinori Kanayama, Hitoshi\nShirakawa and Hisashi Aso",authors:[{id:"128157",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Rose",slug:"michael-rose",fullName:"Michael Rose"},{id:"180389",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Shirakawa",slug:"hitoshi-shirakawa",fullName:"Hitoshi Shirakawa"},{id:"198097",title:"Prof.",name:"Hisashi",middleName:null,surname:"Aso",slug:"hisashi-aso",fullName:"Hisashi Aso"},{id:"198154",title:"Dr.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"hitoshi-watanabe",fullName:"Hitoshi Watanabe"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"neurochemistry",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/effective-prevention-and-treatment-of-substance-use-disorders-for-racial-and-ethnic-minorities/advances-in-substance-abuse-prevention-practice-and-science-for-hispanic-latinos",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"effective-prevention-and-treatment-of-substance-use-disorders-for-racial-and-ethnic-minorities",chapter:"advances-in-substance-abuse-prevention-practice-and-science-for-hispanic-latinos"},fullPath:"/books/effective-prevention-and-treatment-of-substance-use-disorders-for-racial-and-ethnic-minorities/advances-in-substance-abuse-prevention-practice-and-science-for-hispanic-latinos",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()