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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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Approximately 7000 to 8000 different types have been identified and about 350 million people globally are affected in childhood and adulthood, resulting in enormous physical, mental, and psychological suffering and financial burden. It is imperative for medical scientists, clinicians, communities, and societies to ensure appropriate care is applied to ease the suffering of such patients. The extraordinary and unprecedented hallmark in the field of rare diseases has revolutionized modern human medicine with exciting and advancing developments of the genomic era over the last two decades. Patients with rare diseases have been receiving increasing benefits in care and life quality improvements than ever before. This book intends to share and exchange the advancing knowledge and experiences from the authors, who have the necessary expertise within the various topics and subjects in the research, diagnosis, and management of rare diseases. It is hoped they are able to provide further benefits to patients and families with the development of early and accurate diagnosis and effective therapies.",isbn:"978-1-83880-024-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-023-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-459-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83131",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"rare-diseases",numberOfPages:248,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"607a44edc1c494df4d5d126af71ca89c",bookSignature:"Zhan He Wu",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9135.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:4721,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 19th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 16th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 15th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 3rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 3rd 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"226446",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhan He",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"zhan-he-wu",fullName:"Zhan He Wu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226446/images/system/226446.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan He Wu graduated from Harbin Medical University, China, and received his Master’s degree in 1985 from the same university. \r\nHe received his Ph.D. degree in 1993 from the University of New South Wales, Australia. \r\nSince 1996, he has been working in the field of human genetic disease studies in the Sydney Genome Diagnostics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital Westmead, Affiliated to the University of Sydney, mainly on hematological malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma, and inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, including Fanconi anemia (it is named as the prone cancer syndrome and paradigm for cancer and aging research). \r\nDr. Zhan He Wu has published more than 60 original articles, more than 60 scientific conference presentations, and five chapters in books. He was granted as a Founding Fellow of Royal College of Pathologist for Australasia in 2011. In the past, he has organized many national scientific conferences. He was invited as the Chair for the Euro-Global Conference on Pediatrics and Neonatology 2018, 13–15, SEP, ROME, and delivered the welcome message as well. He has been involved in medical journal reviewing and editing and invited by nine international journals as a reviewer, associate editor, guest editor, editor, column chair, and so on. Currently, he is editing two professional books in English for a UK publisher: Germline Mutations Associated Leukemia and Rare Diseases.",institutionString:"University of Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"193",title:"Pathology",slug:"medicine-pathology"}],chapters:[{id:"69230",title:"Introductory Chapter: Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Rare Diseases",slug:"introductory-chapter-advances-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-rare-diseases",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"226446",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhan He",surname:"Wu",slug:"zhan-he-wu",fullName:"Zhan He Wu"}]},{id:"70762",title:"Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Diagnosis: Past and Present 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There are three types of lipids:
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Cis and trans bonds are isomers of fatty acids (Figure 2); nearly, all naturally occurring bonds are in cis configuration. Trans fatty acids are the results of partial hydrogenation, a process that is used to create solidified products such as margarine. Trans fatty acids are proinflammatory, increase LDL and decrease HDL-cholesterol, and increase risk for obesity, diabetes, and CVD. These deleterious effects of trans fats prompted the FDA to ban the production of partially hydrogenated oils in June 2018. Figure 2 illustrates how trans fats can stack neatly, one on top of the other, to create dense solid fats.
Cis- and trans-oleic acid.
Lipids are insoluble in water and are transported in the plasma (or extracellular fluids) by lipoproteins. These lipoproteins have, in their basic structure, a lipid core to be transported (triacylglycerols (TAG), phospholipids, and cholesterol esters). A hydrophilic layer in which apolipoproteins are embedded thus provides structural stability as well as identity for each type of the lipoprotein.
There are five major types of lipoprotein (Figure 3), classified based on their density (hence their size) from ultra-low-density lipoprotein (ULDL = chylomicrons) to very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Chylomicrons (CM) are the largest in diameter with the lowest density and the highest TAG content.
Lipid transport and storage.
CM, formed in the intestinal epithelial cells (enterocytes), are the lipoproteins involved in the transport of exogenous (dietary) lipids from the intestine to the lymphatic system into the circulation through the exogenous lipid metabolism pathway (Figure 3). These CM contain cholesterol esters (CE) and TAG, formed by re-esterification of FFA, and are carried to the peripheral tissues including muscles and adipose tissues. By the action of activated LPL, FFA are released and undergo beta-oxidation to be used as energy source or stored as fat in the adipose tissues. CM also, through the action of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), acquire CE from HDL in exchange of TAG. Furthermore, CM in the lymphatic system exchange apo A-I and apo A-II for apo C and E from HDL. Apo C is required for the activation of the LPL, and apo E is required for the recognition of the CM remnants by the liver’s receptors (Figure 3).
TAG and cholesterol from CM catabolism (remnants) are endogenously produced in the liver and are secreted in VLDL that contains apo B-100 (Figure 3). Similar to the process described above with CM, apo C and apo E are acquired from HDL where apo C activates LPL that catalyzes the hydrolysis of TG in VLDL producing FFA that are taken up by the muscles for energy production or stored in the adipose tissues. And again, as with CM, through the action of CETP, VLDL exchange cholesterol for TAG with HDL resulting in the formation of IDL which can be taken up by the liver via the apo E/remnant receptor or further reduced by hepatic lipase into LDL.
LDL contains only one apoprotein (B-100) and is taken up by the liver through LDL receptors with approximately one-third utilized by peripheral cells for membrane formation and steroidogenesis.
This process involves the mobilization of cholesterol from the plasma membranes of cells along the arterial walls and the delivery of the cholesterol to the liver in the form of cholesterol esters (CE), thus reducing cholesterol levels in the periphery and thereby reducing inflammation as well as atherosclerosis.
In the macrophages of the vessel wall, CEs are hydrolyzed via cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH), thereby releasing free cholesterol. This free cholesterol is transported outside the macrophages via adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) to apolipoprotein A1, forming nascent pre-β HDL. The free cholesterol is then esterified into CEs via lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and the nascent pre-β-HDL then becomes mature α-HDL which converts into mature α-HDL subtypes, α-HDL2 and α-HDL3. This process occurs in the vessel walls as well as in the plasma and is mediated by LCAT as well as hepatic lipase (HL) and endothelial lipase (EL). Mature α-HDL2 and α-HDL3 continue to acquire free cholesterol delivered from inside the cells via ABCG1, therefore increasing the amount of cholesterol carried to the liver via the CE-rich α-HDL via either direct or indirect pathways (Figure 4).
Reverse cholesterol transport pathway. C, cholesterol; CE, cholesteryl ester; LCAT, lecithin cholesterol ethyl transferase; PL, phospholipid; ApoA-1, apolipoprotein A-1.
In the direct hepatic cholesterol uptake pathway, CE-rich α-HDL binds to scavenger receptor B1 (SR B1) that recognizes Apo A1, and CEs are taken by hepatocytes and excreted in bile. In the indirect hepatic cholesterol uptake pathway, CE-rich α-HDL exchanges CE for TAG from the TAG-rich LAD and VLDL particles, a process that is facilitated by CETP, thereby forming a TAG-rich HDL and CE-rich LDL and VLDL. CEs are then taken by hepatocytes via LDL receptors, catabolized, and also excreted in the bile, as with the direct pathway.
The processes described above are well regulated in healthy states and are quite abnormal in dyslipidemia, leading to excess CVD as well as other disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), among others.
Certain disease states interfere with lipid transport pathways, leading to serious disorders. For example, in diabetes mellitus, relative insulin resistance causes underutilization of VLDLs and chylomicrons, eventually leading to hypertriacylglycerolemia and increased small-density LDLs which promotes atherosclerosis [8]. Among many other roles, insulin inhibits the release of free fatty acids (FFA) from the adipose tissues and suppresses hepatic VLDL secretion into the circulation. These mechanisms come into play in the role of diabetes as a risk factor for CVD including stroke [8].
Furthermore, the inability to suppress VLDL-triglyceride kinetics has been implicated in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [9], a serious complication that leads to CVD, cancer, and liver fibrosis and increases mortality [10].
In this short introductory chapter, we provided a brief overview of lipid metabolism highlighting the role of lipids as CVD risk factors, the various types of lipid structure and function as well as the exogenous (intestinal), and the endogenous lipid transport pathways through which fats are transported from the intestines and the liver, respectively, to the peripheral tissues. We also highlighted in some detail the reverse cholesterol transfer pathway via which cholesterol, in the form of cholesterol esters, are transported from the blood vessel walls and other tissues back to the liver for excretion in the bile.
The worldwide anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) releases in atmosphere, accounting for over 80% of greenhouse gases (GHGs: > 81% CO2, 10% methane, 7% nitrous oxide, ∼3% fluorinated gases [1, 2]), are emitted through numerous processes such as burning solid waste, trees, other biological materials, and especially fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) in power plants and energy production facilities, land use change, worldwide bushfires, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions in different industries (e.g., cement and steel factories) [3, 4, 5].
In addition, the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, USA forecast that the annual CO2 concentration will continue to rise in 2020, exceeding for the first time 415 ppm monthly [6], after the historical negative record of 415.39 ppm in May 2019. The higher and higher concentrations of CO2 together with methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases into atmosphere trap heat which causes the greenhouse effect producing the global warming and the climate change, triggering an escalation in the number and strength of natural disasters such tornados, floods, droughts, melting of ice from both poles, melting of mountain glaciers, and an increase in average sea levels [7, 8].
Among the many ways for carbon mitigation [9, 10], such as wind, solar, or hydro (waves) based electricity generation [4], waste management [11], chemical conversion of carbon [5], etc., one of the most mature technologies is the carbon capture and storage (CCS), which could contribute approximately 20% to CO2 emission reductions by 2050, as recommended by International Energy Agency (IEA) [12].
A key obstacle in the utilization on a large scale of CCS remain the operating and capital costs despite its great potential in many industries and petroleum refineries given their large CO2 emissions [13, 14]. In the cases of industrial processes that generate pure or rich CO2 gas streams the costs of CCS could be reduced but they are still an impediment to its deployment [13, 14].
In the last decade, many researchers focused almost exclusively on the development of improved sorbents with increased CO2 capacity and/or reduced heat of regeneration [14]. However, recent results [3, 5] show that whilst equilibrium CO2 capacity is a key determinant of process performance, phase equilibria, transport properties (e.g., viscosity, diffusion coefficients, etc.) and other thermophysical properties (e.g., heat capacity, density, etc.) have a significant effect on the capital cost, and thus on the price of the carbon captured.
In this context we recently focused on the phase behavior research of physical solvents for carbon dioxide capture. Phase equilibria (PE) at high-pressures (HP) of carbon dioxide with different classes of organic substances, such as alkanes [15], cycloalkanes [16, 17, 18], ethers [19, 20], alcohols [21, 22, 23, 24], esters, ketones, were investigated to illustrate the functional group effect on the solvent ability to dissolve CO2. As the experiments are usually expensive and very time consuming, equations of state (EoS) models are the most common approach for the correlation and/or prediction of phase equilibria and properties of the mixtures [25]. In this chapter we will also show modeling results with the General Equation of State (GEOS) [26, 27], Peng–Robinson (PR) [28] and Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) [29] equations of state (EoS) coupled with both classical van der Waals (two-parameter conventional mixing rule, 2PCMR). Our approach is rather predictive, and we are interested in the global phase behavior of the systems, not only on pressure-composition diagrams, for instance. Therefore, phase diagrams construction is also explained.
One of our laboratory experimental setup for measuring phase equilibria at high pressure consists of three modules: equilibrium cell, sampling and analyzing systems and control systems (Figure 1). The main component of the experimental apparatus is the high-pressure windowed cell with variable volume [30, 31, 32], coupled with the sampling and analyzing system [33, 34]. The sampling system consists of two high-pressure electromechanical sampling valves, namely the rapid on-line sampler injector (ROLSI™, MINES ParisTech/CEP-TEP – Centre énergétique et procédés, Fontainbleau, France [35]). The ROLSI valves are connected to the equilibrium cell and to a gas chromatograph (GC) through capillaries. The expansion chamber of the sampler injector is heated with a heating resistance, so the liquid samples are rapidly vaporized. A linear resistor coupled to an Armines/CEP/TEP regulator is used to heat the transferring lines between ROLSI and the GC. The GC (Perichrom) is equipped with a thermal conductivity detector, TCD, and a HP-Plot/Q column 30 m long and 0.530 mm diameter. Helium is the GC carrier gas at a flow rate of 30 mL/min. The setup is completed with a syringe pump Teledyne ISCO model 500D.
Schematic diagram of phase equilibria setup [
The working procedure to determine isothermal phase equilibria is briefly described. Firstly, the entire internal loop of the apparatus including the equilibrium cell is flushed several times with carbon dioxide. Any trace of carbon dioxide is then evacuated from the cell and lines with a vacuum pump. The next step is to load the organic substance in the equilibrium cell, which is previously degassed by using a vacuum pump and vigorously stirring. The lighter component (in this case CO2) is also filled with the syringe pump into equilibrium cell and the pressure is set to the desired value. The experiment continues by heating the cell to the required temperature. The mixture in the cell is stirred for a few hours to facilitate the approach to an equilibrium state. Then the stirrer is switched off for about one hour allowing complete separation of the coexisting phases. Samples from both liquid and vapor phases are withdrawn by ROLSI valves and analyzed with the GC. To check the repeatability, at least six samples of the liquid phase are normally analyzed at the equilibrium temperature and pressure. The sample sizes being very small, the equilibrium pressure in the cell remains constant.
The calibration of the TCD for CO2 and organic substance is done by injecting known amounts of each component using gas chromatographic syringes. Calibration data are fitted to quadratic polynomials to obtain the mole number of the component versus chromatographic area. Then correlation coefficients of the GC calibration curves are calculated.
The uncertainties all variables and properties are estimated [21]. For the phase equilibrium compositions, the relative uncertainty of the mole fraction in the liquid and vapor phases are calculated using the procedure given by Scheidgen [37] and Chirico et al. [38].
A different working procedure is used when measuring critical points of systems at high-pressures. Thus, we start with a homogenous phase with unknown composition at random temperature and pressure. The pressure is modified by varying the volume of the cell with the manual pump to determine if we obtain a bubble or a dew point. If we obtain a bubble point, the temperature is slowly increased until the first dew point is observed, then the pressure is increased to a homogeneous phase and the composition is determined by sampling. Then the pressure is very slowly decreased until the first drops of liquid are observed. At this point, the temperature is slowly decreased simultaneously with reducing the volume, so the system is at the limit between homogeneous (single phase)-heterogeneous (two phases). The decreasing of temperature continues until the first gas bubbles are observed. The procedure is then repeated by introducing new amounts of CO2 and slowly cooling.
Equations of state (EoS) models are the most common approach for the correlation and prediction of phase equilibria and properties of the mixtures. Cubic and generalized van der Waals equations of state were actively studied, since van der Waals proposed his famous equation in 1873 [39]. Although the cubic EoSs have their known limitations [39, 40, 41], they are frequently used for practical applications. They offer the best balance between accuracy, simplicity, reliability, and speed of computation [39, 40, 41]. Therefore, cubic equations of state remain important and easy tools to calculate the phase behavior in many systems [40], even for complex mixtures like petroleum fluids [25].
The general cubic equation of state (GEOS) has the form:
The four parameters
The temperature function used is:
with the reduced temperature
with
where
It can be easily noticed that
The cubic GEOS equation is a general form for all the cubic equations of state with two, three, and four parameters [42]. This is the meaning of the statement cubic “general equation of state” used for GEOS. To obtain the parameters of the Peng–Robinson (PR) or Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) equations of state from the Eqs. (2–5) we set the following restrictions [42]:
or
giving
The equations for
The coefficients
Generally, negative values are common for the
The GEOS parameters
The phase equilibrium is represented using the Gibbs energy minimization criterion, which can be equivalently written as iso-fugacity criterion [43]:
where
Using the fugacity model for both phases, this equation becomes:
where
The fugacity coefficient of component
The vapor–liquid equilibrium calculation for
or
respectively.
The calculations were made using the software package
The phase diagram shows the domains occupied by the different phases of a system, the boundaries that separate these regions and the special points of the system, as a function of two independent variables. A practical choice of these variables is that of pressure (
The most known classification of phase diagram types was proposed by Scott and van Konyneburg [48]. They applied the van der Waals equation combined with van der Waals-type mixing rules in binary systems and quantitatively predicted almost all types of phase equilibria of fluids known from experiments. The results were presented in a global phase diagram and its pressure–temperature (
Type I – presents a critical liquid-vapor curve which connects the critical points of the two pure components;
Type II – presents two critical curves. It has a critical curve as in the case of type I and, in addition, a liquid–liquid critical curve that starts at an upper critical endpoint (UCEP) and evolves rapidly at high pressures and a three-phase liquid–liquid-vapor (LLV) equilibrium curve ending in UCEP;
Type III – presents three critical curves. A critical liquid-vapor curve that starts at the critical point of one of the pure components and ends in a UCEP where the curve of the three liquid–liquid-vapor phases ends; another liquid-vapor critical curve starting from the critical point of the other pure component and connecting with a liquid–liquid critical curve at very high pressures;
Type IV – presents two distinct liquid-vapor critical curves starting from each of the critical points of the pure components and a liquid–liquid–vapor equilibrium curve of the three phases bordering the two liquid–vapor critical curves, the two critical points where it intersects representing a UCEP and, respectively, a lower critical endpoint (LCEP). Also, in this type of diagram, a liquid–liquid critical curve is found at low temperatures, ending in another UCEP, in which an equilibrium curve of the three LLV phases ends;
Type V – presents a critical curve similar to that of type IV, but without the liquid–liquid critical curve and without the equilibrium curve of the three-phases at low temperatures;
Type VI – presents a critical curve as in the case of type I, but also a critical liquid–liquid curve that stretches between an LCEP and a UCEP, which also border the equilibrium curve of the three phases.
Schematic representation of the six types of phase diagrams [
Subsequently, the classification of phase diagrams was enriched with several new types of critical curves [32]:
Type VII - this phase diagram shows the same type of liquid–liquid critical curve as type VI, but the liquid-vapor critical curve is composed of two sections ending in a UCEP, respectively in an LCEP, which in turn border a liquid–liquid-vapor curve of the three phases;
Type VIII -has a critical curve as in the case of type III which additionally presents a liquid–liquid critical line that starts at a lower critical limit point, LCEP and then goes to high pressures [30];
Type Vm - the critical curve is interrupted by a curve of the three phases and has a maximum and a minimum in pressure.
In the case of binary systems, especially, the sections
Each critical point on the critical liquid-vapor curve corresponds to a certain composition. The points near the critical point of component 1 are points in the mixture where the concentration of component 1 is very high, while the points located near the component 2 are critical points of the mixture in which its concentration is very high.
To construct a
All mixtures of components 1 and 2 are represented at low pressure by a single vapor phase (single-phase domain) and at high pressure by a single liquid phase (single-phase domain). The biphasic domain, delimited by the liquid curve, respectively by that of the vapors, corresponds to the equilibrium state between phases (liquid + vapors).
To construct a
The complexity of
Binary systems containing carbon dioxide and organic substances are of interest for CCS both from fundamental point of view and for the ability of different substances to dissolve CO2. Different classes of organic substances are studied to explore the functional group effect on the solvent ability to dissolve CO2. Several examples are discussed in the next sections.
As explained in previous section, the phase diagrams can be calculated using equations of state. The experimental data can be correlated at each temperature and sets (
One example is shown in Figure 7 where for the carbon dioxide +1-dodecanol binary system [22] are plotted the critical curves calculated with the PR/2PCMR model using the optimized binary interaction parameters obtained at 293.15 K (
Another possibility is to use one constant set of BIP to calculate the phase diagram. In the same figure, the critical curve (dark red continuous line) of the system is also calculated with a constant set of BIPS obtained by the averaging the optimized BIPs for the five temperatures mentioned (
The calculation with the average value of BIPs is not representing well the experimental critical data (blue full circles), therefore a modified set of BIPs (
A more severe test for an equation of state is to use the BIPs obtained for a mixture to calculate the phase diagram for other ones. Figure 8 illustrates the predictions of phase diagrams for five binary systems containing carbon dioxide and different classes of organic substances containing four C atoms: one normal alkane (n-butane, n-C4H10), one primary (1-butanol, C4H10O) and one secondary alcohol (2-butanol, C4H10O), one ester (ethyl acetate, C4H8O2), and one ether (1,2-dimethoxyethane (1,2-DME), C4H10O2).
The calculations were made with the SRK/2PCMR EoS. In all cases, the model predicts type II phase behavior, even if only for carbon dioxide +1-butanol and carbon dioxide +2-butanol there is experimental evidence that they exhibit liquid–liquid immiscibility [50]. One unique set of binary interaction parameters tailored for the carbon dioxide +2-butanol system was used to predict the phase behavior of the other four binary systems. Thus, SRK EoS was firstly used in a semi-predictive approach to obtain a set of binary parameters yielding good results for the binary system carbon dioxide +2-butanol (including VLE in the entire temperature range, critical curve). The set of binary parameters was calculated using the
The critical lines from Figure 8 indicate that the binary of carbon dioxide +1-butanol displays the larger range of immiscibility, followed by carbon dioxide +2-butanol, carbon dioxide +1,2-DME, and carbon dioxide + ethyl acetate, compared with the binary of carbon dioxide + n-butane, the corresponding n-alkane with the same carbon number.
The carbon dioxide +2-butanol binary system can be used as a model system as experimental data are available for the entire range of critical temperatures and pressures, including the UCEP [50]. Figure 9 shows the predicted critical lines for the carbon dioxide +2-butanol system with three models: GEOS, SRK, and PR using a single set of BIPs for each model [50]. The BIPs were obtained using the
The phase behavior of selected hydrocarbons and functional groups substances (alcohols, ethers, esters) is investigated to assess their capability as solvents/cosolvents for CO2 capture. Simple models as cubic equations of state have the capability to accurately predict the phase behavior of carbon dioxide + different organic substances binary systems. Phase diagrams are important tools in assessing the global behavior. The type of phase behavior is providing essential information for the operating domain of binary system.
This work was supported by a grant of Ministry of Research and Innovation, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0629, within PNCDI III.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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